A Prologue (including the phonology) ... 3-5The Body of the Grammar (by parts of speech) ... 6-61A Brief Syntax ... 61-66A Treatment of the Arithmetic ... 66-74A Note on the Written Language ... 74-75
A Prologue (including the phonology) ... 3-5The Body of the Grammar (by parts of speech) ... 6-61A Brief Syntax ... 61-66A Treatment of the Arithmetic ... 66-74A Note on the Written Language ... 74-75
A Prologue (including the phonology) ... 3-5
The Body of the Grammar (by parts of speech) ... 6-61
A Brief Syntax ... 61-66
A Treatment of the Arithmetic ... 66-74
A Note on the Written Language ... 74-75
In contrast Rodriguez'Arte, prepared under the influence of Alvarez'Institutiones, develops its description over the span of three books which treat both the spoken and written grammar in progressively greater detail. Thus:
The Introduction ... iii-vBook IThe Declensions ... 1-2vThe Conjugations ... 2v-54The Parts of Speech (Rudimenta) ... 55-80vBook IIThe Syntax of the Parts of Speech ... 83-168Styles, Pronunciation, Poetics, etc. ... 168-184Book IIIThe Written Language ... 184v-206vNames, Titles, etc. ... 206v-212vThe Arithmetic ... 212v-239
The Introduction ... iii-v
The Introduction ... iii-v
Book I
Book I
The Declensions ... 1-2vThe Conjugations ... 2v-54The Parts of Speech (Rudimenta) ... 55-80v
The Declensions ... 1-2v
The Conjugations ... 2v-54
The Parts of Speech (Rudimenta) ... 55-80v
Book II
Book II
The Syntax of the Parts of Speech ... 83-168Styles, Pronunciation, Poetics, etc. ... 168-184
The Syntax of the Parts of Speech ... 83-168
Styles, Pronunciation, Poetics, etc. ... 168-184
Book III
Book III
The Written Language ... 184v-206vNames, Titles, etc. ... 206v-212vThe Arithmetic ... 212v-239
The Written Language ... 184v-206v
Names, Titles, etc. ... 206v-212v
The Arithmetic ... 212v-239
Given these differing formats[10]it is clear that Collado is unable to cope adequately with the more complex aspects of the grammar, specifically those syntactic constructions to which Rodriguez devotes almost an entire book.
An analysis of Collado's description and a listing of the portions of Rodriguez' grammar from which material was taken yields the following:
Collado
Rodriguez
Phonology (3-5)
left brace
Parts of Speech (55-58)Book III (173-179v)
Nouns (6-13)
left brace
Declensions (1-2v)Parts of Speech (59-61)
Adjectives (9-11, 32-33)
left brace
Declensions (2-2v)Conjugations (47-52)Parts of Speech (61-67)
Pronouns (13-18)
left brace
Declensions (2v)Parts of Speech (67-68)
Verbs (18-49)
left brace
Conjugations (6v-54v)Parts of Speech (69-73)Syntax (83v-112v)
Adverbs (49-57)
left brace
Parts of Speech (73v-77)Syntax (113-125)
Prepositions (57-59)
left brace
Parts of Speech (73-73v)Syntax (140-148v)
Conjunctions (59-60)
left brace
Parts of Speech (76-76v)Syntax (130-137)
Exclamations (60-61)
left brace
Parts of Speech (76-76v)Syntax (125-130)
Syntax (61-66)
Book II (83-168)
Arithmetic (66-75)
Book III (212v-239)
Written Language (74-75)
Book III (184v-206v)
Two aspects of Japanese were not able to be described with any degree of satisfaction by Collado; the adjectives (adjectiva) and the prepositions (praepositio). His difficulties, attributable to the basic structural difference between Latin and Japanese, were compounded by the fact that Rodriguez too was unable to find a satisfactory solution to their description.
With respect to the adjectives, Collado attempts to deal with their functions in the manner appropriate to Latin, that is as a sub-class ofnouns (pp.9-11). He also recognizes their formal similarity to the verb and treats them briefly as a sub-class of the substantive verb (pp.32-33), but his heavy reliance upon the semantic categories of Latin does not permit him to follow Rodriguez who is able more clearly to recognize their formal as well as their functional distinctiveness.
Concerning prepositions, Collado was confronted with an all but insurmountable taxonomic problem. Here too Rodriguez was unable to develop a completely satisfactory descriptive framework. In theArtethe termposposiçãois used for those particles which function in a manner similar to the Latin prepositions; e.g.,tameni,taixite, andtomoni(cf. 73-73v and 140-148v); the termartigois used for those particles having the functions of the inflectional endings of Latin; e.g.,ga,ye, andni(cf. 1-2, 78, and 137-140); and the general termparticulais used to cover the broad spectrum of particles that include adverbs, conjunctions, and exclamations, as well as those otherwise unaccounted for elements which end phrases, clauses, and sentences; e.g.,no,nite, andyo(cf. 77-78 and 144-154v).
Collado, rather than attempting to refine the system suggested by Rodriguez, follows theArtein listing aspraepositiothose elements which translate the Latin prepositions (pp.57-59) but uses the termparticulato cover all the other particles of the language.
This tendency of Collado's to retreat from the challenging problems left unresolved by Rodriguez constitutes the greatest weakness of his description. Given concise grammatical descriptions on the one hand and over-simplified versions of previous works on the other, theArs Grammaticae Iaponicae Linguaeunfortunately falls among the latter.
In his shorter work, theArte Breveof 1620, Rodriguez retains the same general format, but makes every effort to reduce the description to its barest essentials. Thus:
Book IA General Note on the Language ... 1-2An Essay on How to Learn the Language ... 2v-6The Orthography ... 6-8Composition of the Syllables ... 8v-9vThe Way to Write and Pronounce the Letters ... 10-12vThe Declension of Nouns ... 13-18The Conjugation and Formation of Verbs ... 18-52Book IITheRudimenta... 52-59vThe Syntax ... 59v-66vBook IIIThe Written Language ... 67-75The Various Kinds of Names ... 75v-98v
Book I
Book I
A General Note on the Language ... 1-2An Essay on How to Learn the Language ... 2v-6The Orthography ... 6-8Composition of the Syllables ... 8v-9vThe Way to Write and Pronounce the Letters ... 10-12vThe Declension of Nouns ... 13-18The Conjugation and Formation of Verbs ... 18-52
A General Note on the Language ... 1-2
An Essay on How to Learn the Language ... 2v-6
The Orthography ... 6-8
Composition of the Syllables ... 8v-9v
The Way to Write and Pronounce the Letters ... 10-12v
The Declension of Nouns ... 13-18
The Conjugation and Formation of Verbs ... 18-52
Book II
Book II
TheRudimenta... 52-59vThe Syntax ... 59v-66v
TheRudimenta... 52-59v
The Syntax ... 59v-66v
Book III
Book III
The Written Language ... 67-75The Various Kinds of Names ... 75v-98v
The Written Language ... 67-75
The Various Kinds of Names ... 75v-98v
Of particular interest in the context of Collado's grammar is the manner in which Rodriguez displays the verbal system. While theArsGrammaticaepresents the verbal system as a series of alterational rules to be applied to the base forms, theArte Brevegoes even further than theArteto differentiate the formational rules from the conjugational displays. Rodriguez tries several devices to elucidate his material. For example, Charts A and B below represent very early attempts to use a bordered format for linguistic description.
In order to indicate the differences to be found between the descriptions presented by Rodriguez and Collado, I have extracted the formational rules from theArte Breveand, setting aside only two short appendices dealing with variant forms, present them here in their entirety.
THE CONJUGATION AND FORMATION OF THE TENSES AND MOODS OF THE VERBS
All the verbs of this language may be reduced(se reduzem)to four affirmative and three negative conjugations. This is because the negative conjugation of the adjectival verb, which we discussed before,[11]agrees with the second of the three conjugations; and the conjugation of the substantive verbSÇ’rai,SÇ’rÇ’, orsoro, which is an abbreviated form ofSamburai,samburÇ’[12]both in the affirmative and the negative is reduced to the third conjugation. At this point we will treat the three affirmative and three negative ordinary conjugations of the regular personal verbs.[13]Following this, and on account of its particular usage and formation, we will discuss the conjugation of the adjectival verb.
The verbs of this language do not change(naõ fẽ variedade)to show person and number as do those of Latin; rather, one form(voz)is used for all persons, singular and plural. Number and person are understood according to the subject(Naminativo [sic]), or pronoun, which is joined to the verb. The moods of the verb, which in this language have distinct forms for the tenses, are indicative, imperative, conjunctive, conditional, and preterit participle. The remaining moods are made up of these forms joined to certain particles. Each mood has but three tenses which have distinct forms; these are preterit, present, and future. These forms are signified by the Japanese terms(vocabulos)Quaco,ghenzai,mirai. The preterit imperfect and pluperfect are made up of the present, preterit, and preterit participle together with the substantive verb, as will be seen below in the conjugations.
Concerning the formation of the tenses and moods of the verbs in general, one is reminded that to understand the actual root(raiz)and the natural formation of all the tenses and moods, both affirmative and negative, it is extremely important to take notice of the usage of theGoyn,[14]which are the five vowels(cinco letras vogaes)in the syllables which are below each aforementioned formation; and that it is also important to understandCanadzucai,[15]which is the way to write withFiraganaas well as the way one joins together syllables, or letters, to form other words(palauras), while noticing which syllable is changed by which, what constitutes long, short, or diphthongal syllables, which combinations cause contraction(sincope), which cause augmentation(incremento)of the verb, whether one makes a syllable liquid(liquescit)[16]or not, and how the tenses of the moods are written with the sameCana.[17]The termGoyn, not only indicates the syllables, orCana, which are transformed to others, such asFa,Fe,Fi,Fo,Fu, which are changed to the closely related soundsBa,Be,Bi,Bo,BuandPa,Pe,Pi,Po,Pu; but it also indicates another kind of change from one sound to another in the same order(ordem), as happens among the syllablesFa,Fe,Fi,Fo,Fu.Ba,Be,Bi,Bo,Bu.Ma,Me,Mi,Mo,Mu,etc. where often by rule(regna)Mais changed toMi; or to the contraryButoBaandBitoBa, and likewise for others. The greater part of the formation of the tenses of each mood is confined to such changes, as is clearly seen in the way one writes the tense forms withCana. It is to this that another change belongs. That which exists among those syllables having a certain relationship and rapport between them, asMa,Fa,Ba,Pa;Me,Fe,Be,Pe;Mi,Fi,Bi,Pi;Mo,Fo,Bo,Po;Mu,Fu,Bu,Pu; withMuandV. Thus, what is writtenVmainCanais writtenMuma, andMumewritten forVmein order to conform more closely to its pronunciation.[18]AlsoMuis written forBu[19]so that all the harmony(armonia)in the formations of this language are contained in the rules forGoynandCanadzucai. Those who are informed see, as native speakers, how the tenses are formed for any mood, and which letter, or syllable, must be changed to another to affect a formation. Concerning this matter there is a booklet[20]which teachesCanadzucai, and the general rules on the subject. Teachers should have this booklet to teach more easily and advantageously those students who are learningCana. Lacking a knowledge ofGoynandCanadzucai, some of the rules which until now have been used in the formation of verbs (some of which I have let remain as they were), are not the original and natural rules as are theGoyn.[21]They are rather devices, some forming affirmative tenses and moods from negative forms and others forming them from yet other more remote sources, which appear to correspond to formational rules, but for which the proper rules are not known. The fact is that the affirmative as well as negative are formed from the affirmative, beginning with the root, as will be seen below.
Speaking in general of the formation of the verb, the forms of the indicative and imperative moods of all three conjugations are formed from the root of the verb. The rest of the tenses in the other affirmative moods are formed from either the indicative or imperative forms. In the same way, the negative indicative present is formed from the root of the verb and the other tenses of the indicative are formed fromthe present form. The other negative moods are formed from the indicative forms.
Formation of the Tenses for the Indicative and Imperative Moods of the Verbs of the First Affirmative Conjugation
The final syllables of the roots of the first affirmative conjugation, by which the verbs conjugated here are known, and from which the tenses of the indicative will be formed, end inE, with the exception of the verb "to do,"Xi, orIi, with its compounds and certain other verbs which end inI. The verbs which belong to the first conjugation, are as follows[in Charts A & B].
The verbXi"to do," with its compounds ending inXiorIi, follows the formation of the verbs of the first conjugation.IiisXiwhich has been changed(alterado)toIibecause it follows the letterN.Xiconforms to the rules for the syllables which are changed(se mudam)to others. Thus:
Xi
In the present changeXitoSuru. In the preterit addTato the root. In the future changeXitoXeô. In the imperative changeXitoXeand addYo,i, orsai. In the negative addNu, orzutoXe.
Suru, xita, xeô, ôzu, ôzuru, xeyo, xenu,orzu.
Faixi
Faisuru, faixita, faixeô, faixeyo, faixenu.
Tayxi[22]
Tassuru, taxxita,taxxeô, taxxeyo, taxxenu.
Gaxxi
Gassuru, gaxxita, gaxxeô, gaxxeyo, gaxxenu.
Zonji
In the presentIiis changed toZuru. In the preteritTais added to the root. In the futureIiis changed toIeô, etc.
Zonzuru, zonjita, zonjeô, ôzu, ôzuru, zonjeyo, zonjenu.
Caronji
Caronzuru, caronjita,etc.
Vomonji
Vomonzuru, vomonjita.
Sanji
Sanzuru, sanjita.
Goranji
Goranzuru, goranjita.
Soranji
Soranzuru, soranjita.
Ganji
Canzuru, canjita.
Manji
Manzuru, manjita.
Many of these verbs have another, less used, form made by addingRuto the root; e.g.,Abi, abiru;Mochiy, mochiyru;xiy, xiyru. Among these are some that have only this second form and lack the first; e.g.,Mi, miru;Ni, niru;Fi, firu;Cagammi, cagammiru;Ki, kiru"to dress," as distinct fromKi, kuru"to come"; andy, yru.
Chart A
[The Formation of First Conjugation Verbs Ending inE]
Syllables
Roots
Formation
Present
Preterit
Future
Imperative
Negative
Te,
Tate,
In the present changeTetoTçuru. The remainder are from the root. See above.
Tatçuru.
Tateta.
Tateô, ôzu, ôzuru.
Tateyo. Tatei, tatesay.[23]
Tatenu,or, zu.
Fate,
Fatçuru.
Fateta.
Fateô, ôzu, ôzuru.
Fateyo,etc.
Fatenu,or, zu.
Ie,
Maje,
ChangeIetoZuruin the present. The remainder are from the root. See above.
Mazuru.
Majeta.
Majeô.
Majeyo,etc.
Majenu,or, zu.
Xe,
Saxe,
In the present changeXetoSuru. The remainder are from the root. See above.
Sasuru.
Saxeta.
Saxeô.
Saxeyo.
Saxenu,or, zu.
Mairaxe,
Mairasuru.
Mairaxeta.
Mairaxeô.
Mairaxeyo,etc.
Mairaxenu,or, zu.
Chart B
Syllables
Roots
Formation
Present
Preterit
Future
Imperative
Negative
Be,
Curabe,
In the present tense of these eight forms, changeEtoVru. In the preterit addTato the root. In the futureô, ôzu, ôzuruto the root. In the Negative present addNu, orzuto the root.
Curaburu.
Curabeta.
Curabeô, ôzu, ôzuru.
Curabeyo, ei, sai.
Curabenu,or, Curabezu.
Fe,
Fe,
Furu,or, feru.
Feta.
Feô, ôzu, ôzuru.
Feyo, fei, fesai.
fenu, fezu.
Ghe,
Aghe,
Aghuru.
Agheta.
Agheô,
Agheyo,etc.
Aghenu,etc.
Ke,
Tokoke,
Todokuru.
Todoketa.
Todokeô.etc.
Todokenu,etc.
Me,
Motome,
Motomuru.
Motometa.
Motomeô.
Motomeyo,etc.
Motomenu,etc.
Ne,
Fane,
Fanuru.
Faneta.
Faneô.
Faneyo.
Fanenu.
Re,
Fanare,
Fanaruru.
Fanareta.
Fanareô.
Fanareyo.
Fanarenu.
Ye,
Ataye,
Atayuru.
Atayeta.
Atayeô.
Atayeyo.
Atayenu.
[De,]
De,
In the present changeDetoDzuru.The other tenses are formed, as above, from the root.
Dzuru.
Deta.
Deô, ôzu,etc.
Deyo,etc.
Denu.
Ide,
Idzuru.
Ideta.
Ideô, ôzu.
Ideyo.
Idenu.
MÇ’de,
MÇ’dzuru.
MÇ’deta.
This verb is defective and lacks other forms.
Mede,
Medzuru.
Medeta.
This verb is defective and has no other forms.
Formation of the Optative,Conjunctive, and Conditional Moods, and the Participle
The optative mood does not have forms of its own but compensates for this in part by adding to the imperative certain particles which indicate desire, in part by adding to the future indicative particles which show regret for not doing something, and in part by circumlocutions with the conditional mood and certain particles, as will be seen in the conjugations.
The conjunctive mood has two sorts of proper forms. The first is the common and ordinary form ending inEba, corresponding to the Latincum. The other ends inDomo, corresponding to the particle "although(posto que)." The other verbs of this mood do not have their own forms, but are expressed by circumlocutions as we shall see.[24]
The present tense of the first conjunctive is formed from the present indicative by changing the finalRutoReba; e.g.,Motomureba. For the preteritRebais added to the preterit indicative; e.g.,Motometareba. For the future the finalRuof the third form of the future indicative is changed toReba; e.g.,Motomeôzureba. For a second form of the future the syllableRǒis added to the indicative preterit perfect; e.g.,Motometarǒ. This particle isRanin the written language; e.g.,Motometaran.[25]An utterance(oraçam)does not end in this form, but must be followed by a noun.[26]
The present tense of the second conjunctive is formed by changing the finalRuof the present indicative toRedomo; e.g.,Motomuredomo. For the preteritRedomois added to the indicative preterit perfect; e.g.,Motometaredomo. Strictly speaking this form isMotomete aredomo, losing theEof the participle. Furthermore,Motometa, together with the other preterit forms inTais fromMotometearuwhich is first elided toMotometaruand then by common usage(pratica)toMotometa. All of which is seen in itsCanadzucai. For the future, the finalRuof the future indicative is changed toRedomo; e.g.,Motomeôzuredomo.
The conditional mood, for the present tense, is formed by adding the syllableBato the root of the verb andNarabaorNi voiteuato thepresent tense form; e.g.,Motomeba,motomuru naraba, andmotomuruni voiteua. For the preterit,Raba,Naraba, orNi voiteuaare added to the indicative preterit; e.g.,Motometaraba, which is in realityMotomete araba,motometa naraba, andmotometani voiteua. For the futureNarabaorNi voiteuaare added to the future forms; e.g.,Motomeô narabaandmotomeôni voiteua. The present tense forms are also used for the future.
Verbs of the First Conjugation That End inI
There are some irregular verbs ending inIwhich follow the formational rules of the first conjugation, both affirmative and negative. There are a precise number of them. Those which have been found to date are shown below. They are formed for the present indicative by changingItoUru, for the preterit by addingTato the root of the verb, and for the future by adding longû,ûzu, orûzuruto the same root. For the present conditionalBais added to the root, for the preteritRabais added to the preterit indicative, and for the futureNarabais added to the future indicative. For the present conjunctive theRuof the present indicative is changed toReba, for the preteritRebais added to the same preterit indicative, and for the future the finalRuof the future is changed toReba. All the other forms are formed as has been stated for the formation of the first conjugation. Thus:[27]
Abi
left brace
Abi, aburu, abita, abiû, ûzu, ûzuru, abiyo,orsai, abiba, taraba.
Cabi, caburu, cabita, cabiû, ûzu, ûzuru, biyo, sai, biba, bitaraba.
Carabi, caraburu, bita, biû, ûzu, ûzuru, biyo, sai, biba, taraba
Sabi, saburu, sabita, sabiû, ûzu, ûzuru, sabiyo, bisai, biba, taraba
Vabi, vaburu, vabita, vabiû, ûzu, ûzuru, yo, sai, biba, bitaraaba.
Obi
left brace
Nobi, buru, bita, biû, ûzu, ûzuru, biyo, bisai, biba, bitaraba.
Corobi, buru, bita, biû, biûzu, ûzuru, biyo, bisai, biba, bitaraba.
Forobi, buru, bita, biû, ûzu, ûzuru, biyo, bisai, biba, bitaraba.
Fitobi, bu, bita, biû, ûzu, ûzuru, biyo, bisai, biba, bitaraba.
Fokorobi, bu, bita, biû, ûzu, ûzuru, biyo, bisai, biba, bitaraba.
Ubi
left brace
Furubi, bu, bita, biû, ûzu, ûzuru, biyo, bisai, biba, bitaraba.
Vochi,
left brace
ChitoTçuru
right brace
Votçuru, chita, chiû, chiyo, chiba, tçureba.
Cuchi,
Cutçuru, chita, chiû, chiyo, chiba, tçureba.
Fagi,
left brace
ChangeGitoDzu
right brace
Fadzuru, fagita, giû, giyo, giba, gitaraba.
Vogi,
Vodzuru, gita, giû, giyo, giba, gitaraba.
Negi,
Nedzuru, gita, giû, giyo, giba, gitaraba.
Mochiy
right brace
the finalYtoYuru
left brace
Mochiyuru, mochiyta, chiyû, yûzu, ûzuru, iyo, yba, yttaraba.
Xiy,
Xiyuru, xiyta, yû iyo, yba ytaraba.
Mimixiy,
Mimixiyta, mimixiyte,Defective.
Mexiy,
Mexiytaru, mexiyte,Defective.
Y, yru, yta, yû, ûzu, ûzuru, yyo, yba, yreba.To be
Ki, kiru, kita kiû, kiyo,&c.To wear
Ki, kuru, kita, kô, kôzu, kôzuru, koyoorkoi.To Come
Coru, coruru, corita, coriû,&c.
Furi, fururu, furita, furiû,&c.
Iki, ikuru, ikita, ikiû,&c.
Ideki, idekuru, idekita, idekiû,&c.
Deki, dekuru, dekita, dekiû,&c.
Voki, vokuru, vokita, vokiû,&c.
Tçuki, tçukuru, tçukita, tçukiû,&c.
Vori, voruru, vorita, voriû,&c.
Vrami, vramuru, vramita, vramiû,&c.
Cagammi, cagammiru, cagammita, cagammiû,&c.
Mi, miru, mita, miû,&c.
Ni, niru, nita, niû,&c.
Sughi, sughuru, sughita, sughiû,&c.
Formation of the Verbs of the Second Conjugation
All the roots of second conjugation verbs end inI.There are eight final syllables for these verbs; i.e., Bi, Chi, Ghi, Ki, Mi, Ni, Ri, Xi.It is by these syllables that the verbs of the second conjugation (except for those mentioned above as being in the first conjugation) are recognized, and from which the tenses are formed.
The roots ending in the syllablesBi, Ghi, Ki, Mi,andRichange theItoVfor the present tense; e.g., Tobi, tobu; Coghi, coghu; Caki, caku; Yomi, yomu; Kiri, kiru.
Those ending inChichange toTçufor the present; e.g., Mochi, motçu; Cachi, catçu; Tachi, tatçu.
Those ending inNichange toNurufor the present; e.g., Xini, xinuru; Yni, ynuru.[28]
Those ending inXichange toSufor the present; e.g.,Fanaxi, fanasu;Cudaxi, cudasu;Taraxi, tarasu.
For the preterit those endingObiandOmichange toôda; e.g.,Yomi, yôda;Tobi, tôda;Yobi, yôda;Yorocobi, yorocôda.Tomibecomestonda.
Those ending inAbiandAmichange toÇ’da; e.g.,Yerabi, yerÇ’da;Vogami, vogÇ’da;Yami, yÇ’da.
Those ending inImichange toûda; e.g.,Najimi, najǔda;Nijimi, nijǔda;Ximi, xûda.[29]
Those ending inUmiandUbichange their endings toVndaor in some instancesûda. While some have two forms others have only one form which is seen in use, the more general isVnda; e.g.,Musubi, musunda;Susumi, susundaorsusûda;Nusumi, nusundaornusûda;Sumi, sundaorsûda;Cumi, cundaonly.
Those ending inEbiandEmichange toEôda; e.g.,Sakebi, sakeôda;Sonemi, soneôda.
Those ending inGhichange toIda; e.g.,Auoghi, auoida;Voyoghi, voyoida;Coghi, coida.
Those ending inNichange toInda; e.g.,Xini, xinda;Yni, ynda.
Those ending inChiandRichange toTta; e.g.,Machi, matta;Cachi, catta;Tachi, tatta;Kiri, kitta;Chiri, chitta;Cari, catta.
Those ending inKiandXichange toIta; e.g.,Caki, caita;Faki, faita;Nuki, nuita;Todoki, todoita;Sosoki, sosoita;Saxi, saita;Fataxi, fataita;Maxi, maitaormaxita;Coxi, coitaoroxita. The following addTato the root; e.g.,Moxi, moxita;Muxi, muxita;Fuxi, fuxita;Mexi, mexita.
The future can be formed in two ways. The first and more common way is to changeItoǒ,ǒzu, orǒzuru; e.g.,Yomi, yomǒ, yomǒzu, yomǒzuru;Yerabi, yerabǒ, etc.;Kiri, kirǒ;Xini, xinǒ;Auoghi, auogǒ.[30]Those ending inChichange toTǒ; e.g.,Cachi, catǒ, etc.;machi, matǒ. Those ending inXichange toSǒ; e.g.,Mǒxi, mǒsǒ;Nagaxi, nagasǒ;Mexi, mesǒ;Coxi, cosǒ, etc. The other way, which is easy too, is to change the finalVof the present indicative toǒ; e.g.,Yomu, yomǒ;Kiku, kikǒ;Mǒsu, mǒsǒ;Mesu, mesǒ. Those ending inçuchangetoTǒ; e.g.,Tatçu, tatǒ;Catçu, catǒ. Those ending inNuruchange toNǒ; e.g.,Xinuru, xinǒ;Ynuru, ynǒ. This second rule seems to be more naturally in accord with the rules for the Japanese language.
The imperative changes the finalIof the root toE. Those ending inChichange toTe; e.g.,Yome;Kike;Tamochi, tamote;Vchi, ute;Machi, mate.
The present conjunctive is formed by addingBato the imperative; e.g.,Yomeba;Tateba.[31]For the preterit,Rebais added to the preterit indicative; e.g.,Yôdarebe.[32]For the future the finalRuof the future indicative is changed toReba; e.g.,Yomǒzureba. The conjunctive inDomois formed in the same manner; e.g.,Yomedomo, yôdaredomo, yomǒzuredomo.
The conditional is formed from the future indicative by changing theǒtoAba; e.g.,Yomaba;Tataba.[33]The preterit is formed by addingRabato the indicative preterit; e.g.,Yôdaraba;Tattaraba.[34]
The preterit participle is formed from the preterit by changing theAtoE; e.g.,Yôde;Kite;Tatte. The present participle, inTe, is formed by addingTe['hand']to the root of any verb. This is properly a substantive and thus governs thegenitiveas do the other substantives. It does not indicate tense; e.g.,Yomite;Cakite;Machite, etc.
The negative present can be formed in two ways. The first, and that which accords with the rules forCanadzucai, is formed by changingIof the root toAnuorAzu; e.g.,Corobi, corobanu, corobazu;Yomi, yomanu, etc.;Coghi, coghanu;Caki, cacanu;[35]Kiri, kiranu;ini, inanu. Those ending inChichange toTanu; e.g.,Tachi, tatanu. Those ending inXichange toSanu; e.g.,Fanasanu. Another formation common to all is made with the future indicative by changingǒtoAnuorAzu; e.g.,Corobǒ, corobanu, corobazu;Yomǒ, yomanu, etc.;Coghǒ, coghanu;Cakǒ, cakanu;Kirǒ, kiranu;Inǒ, inanu;Tatǒ, tatanu;Matǒ, matanu;Fanasǒ, fanasanu. This rule is common to all three conjugations by changing the affirmative future indicativeǒtoAnuand theôandûtoNuorZu;[36]e.g.,Todomeô, todomenu, todomezu;Saxeô, saxenu, etc.;Tateô, tatenu;Miû, minu;Yomǒ, yomanu;Tatǒ, tatanu;Fanasǒ, fanasanu;Narauǒ, narananu;Vomouǒ, vomouanu;Furuuo, furuuanu. For the second conjugation preterit, those inNuare changed toNanda: e.g.,Yomananda. For the preterit participleDais changed toDe; e.g.,Yomanande. For the second form of the negative participle, theNuis changed toIde; e.g.,Yomaide, Corobaide,Tataide,Totonouaide. For the future the particlemajij[37]ormaiis added to the affirmative present indicative; e.g.,Yomumajij, yomumai;Matçumajij, matçumai.
Formation of the Third Conjugation and the Roots from Which the Tenses Are Formed
The final syllables of the third conjugation are the diphthongsAi,Oi,Vi. By these syllables the verbs are known to belong to this conjugation, and from them the tenses are formed. The present indicative is formed by changingAitoǒ,Oitoô, andVitoû; e.g.,Narai, narǒ;Vomoi, vomô;furui, furû. The preterit is formed by adding the syllableTato the present; e.g.,Narǒta,Vomôta,Furûta. The future is formed by changing the finalIof the root toVǒ, vǒzu, vǒzuru; e.g.,Narauǒ, narauǒzu, etc.;Vomouǒ, vomouǒzu, etc.;Furuuǒ, furuuǒzu, etc. The present imperative is formed by changing the finalItoYe; e.g.,Naraye,Vomoye,Furuye.
For the present conjunctiveBaorDomois added to the imperative; e.g.,Narayeba, narayedomo;Vomoyeba, vomoyedomo;Furuyeba, furuyedomo. For the preteritRebaorRedamo[38]is added to the indicative preterit; e.g.,Narǒtareba, narǒtaredomo;Vomôtareba, vomôtaredomo;Furûtareba, furûtaredomo.
The present conditional is formed by changingǒof the future toAba; e.g.,Narauaba,Vomouaba,Furuuaba. The preterit is formed by addingRabato the indicative preterit; e.g.,Narǒtaraba,Vomôtaraba,Furûtaraba.
The negative present is formed by changing theIof the root toVanuorvazu; e.g.,Narai, narauanu, narauazu;Vomoi, vomouanu, etc.;Furui, Furuuana, etc. This form can also be formed from the future by changing theǒtoAnuorazu; e.g.,Narauǒ, narananu, etc. For the preterit theNuis changed toNanda; e.g.,Narauananda. For the preterit participle theDais changed toDe; e.g.,Narauanande. For the second form theNuof the present is changed toIde; e.g.,Narauaide,Vomouaide,Furuuaide. For the future the particleMajii,[39]maji, ormaiis added to the affirmative present indicative;e.g.,Narǒmajii, narǒmaji, narǒmai;Vomômajii, ji, ormai;Furûmajii, ji, ormai.
The verbYy'to speak' becomesYû, yûta, yuǒ, yye, yuanu.Yeioryoi'to become sick' becomesYô, yôta, youǒ, yoye, yonanu. The substantive verbSaburai, which also belongs to this conjugation, becomesSaburǒ, saburauanu; andSǒraibecomesSǒrǒ, soro, sǒraite, sǒraye, sorouanu.
Rodriguez follows these formational rules with a full display of all the forms of the three conjugations. In his display he, like Alvarez before him, recapitulates the appropriate rules for each form. Collado nowhere presents his conjugational system as a paradigm but does, as we shall see, include a full complement of example sentences in his description, something which Rodriguez does not do in theArte Breve.
Bibliography
In the examination of any portion of the Christian materials certain works are indispensable. Father Johannes Laures, S.J.,Kirishitan Bunko(Tokyo, 1957) remains the basic bibliographic source for the study of all sources of the Christian Century, while Hashimoto Shinkichi,Kirishitan kyÅgi no kenkyÅ«(Tokyo, 1929) and Doi Tadao,Kirishitan gogaku no kenkyÅ«(Tokyo, 1942) serve as indespensible guides to our understanding of the linguistic aspects of the field. A later contribution to the general bibliography has been made by Fukushima Kunimichi,Kirishitan shiryÅ to kokugo kenkyÅ«(Tokyo, 1973).
The basic grammatical study of the period, based upon theshÅmonomaterials, is Yuzawa KÅkichirÅ,Muromachi jidai gengo no kenkyÅ«(Tokyo, 1958). More closely related to the language reflected in the text is his "Amakusabon Heike monogatari no gohÅ," inKyÅiku ronbunshÅ«(no. 539, Jan. 1929). An English treatment of the grammatical system of the period is to be found in R. L. Spear, "A Grammatical Study ofEsopo no Fabulas," an unpublished doctoral thesis (Michigan, 1966). The phonology has been carefully analyzed by ÅŒtomo Shin'ichi,Muromachi jidai no kokugo onsei no kenkyÅ«(Tokyo, 1963), with a valuable contribution made in English by J. F. Moran, "A Commentary on theArte Breve da Lingoa Iapaoof João Rodriguez, S.J., with Particular Reference to Pronunciation," an unpublished doctoral thesis (Oxford, 1971). This latter work presents an exhaustive examination of the phonological system reflected in theArte Breveof 1620 within the framework of Berhard Bloch's phonemic theory.
Two lexical works have been used as basic references in this translation. TheVocabulario de Lingoa de Iapam(hereafter theVocabulario) produced by the Jesuit Mission Press at Nagasaki in the years 1603 and 04. In a carefully annotated version by Professor Doi, under the titleNippo jisho(Tokyo, 1960), this work is the most important single source for the vocabulary of the period. The second work is theDictionarium sive Thesauri Linguae Iaponicae Compendium(hereafter theDictionarium) which is the companion piece to the present text. This dictionary has been carefully edited and cross-referenced by ÅŒtsuka Mitsunobu, under the titleKoriyaado Ra Su Nichi jiten(Tokyo, 1966). In this form it has served as a constant aid to the translator in the determination of the proper glosses for the lexical items in the text.
The aforementionedArteof 1604-08 by Rodriguez, has been the single most frequently used tool in the preparation of this translation.[40]As the most significant influence upon Collado's work and the source for most of his material, both theoretical and practical, I have related the two works at every point in the translation. In its Japanese version by Professor Doi,Rodorigesu Nihon daibunten(Tokyo, 1950), this work has been invaluable in gaining a clearer understanding of many of the passages which might have otherwise been obscure.
Rodriguez'Arte Breveof 1620, while having no influence upon the preparation of theArs Grammaticae, is nevertheless of fundamentalimportance as a work against which Collado's treatment of Japanese grammar is to be judged. This shorter grammar is as yet to be fully translated into English—Moran having limited his study to the treatment of the phonology.
With respect to the text itself I have made this translation on the basis of the facsimile edition published by the Tenri Central Library in 1972 as part of itsClassica Japonicaseries. ÅŒtsuka Takanobu,Koiyaado-cho Nihongo bunten(Tokyo, 1934) and its revised edition under the title ofKoriyaado Nihon bunten(Tokyo, 1957) have served as invaluable aids at every step of the translation.
ÅŒtsuka's second edition is of invaluable scholarly importance because it contains a cross-reference to the Spanish manuscript from which Collado prepared the printed Latin edition as well as a concordance to the Japanese vocabulary.[41]This translation attempts to supplement ÅŒtsuka's invaluable contribution by relating the Latin text of this grammar with Rodriguez'Arte.
Editorial Conventions
The Latin matrix of the text is printed in italic letters while the Japanese is in roman. For this translation I have reversed the convention. (In footnotes where the text is quoted the style of the original is followed.) In making editorial corrections in the Japanese material the corrected version is presented in brackets with periods to indicate the general location;
e.g.,mairu mai queredomo[... qeredomo]
e.g.,mairu mai queredomo[... qeredomo]
(The only exception to this rule is the correcting of a missing openo, q.v.) Sentences that have been taken from theArteare indicated by the parenthetical recording of the leaf number of the citation immediately after the sentence;
e.g.,xô tame no chôqui gia(22) 'it is....
e.g.,xô tame no chôqui gia(22) 'it is....
Shorter sentences and specific words that in all likelihood have been taken from theArteare not listed if they are to be found in the section elsewhere noted as being the source of the material covered. Anysignificant alteration in the form of the source is noted. Since theArteis numbered by the leaf,vis added to the number to indicate theverso.
All the corrections made by theerrata(on page 75 of the text) have been applied to the text without notation unless the correction is itself in error.
The punctuation follows the text with the following exceptions;
1. In translating from Latin the English follows modern rules of punctuation.
2. Single quotes have been introduced into the text to mark glosses and translations.
3. In transcribing the Japanese citations any alteration of the original punctuation is noted.
4. The spacing of words in Japanese—a relatively casual matter in the text—has been regularized on the basis of the predominant pattern.
5. Two specific rules, based upon Collado's more or less consistent usage, are followed in the citing of verb forms:
a. In the most frequent citation of verbs, where the root form is followed by the present indicative ending, a comma is used;
a. In the most frequent citation of verbs, where the root form is followed by the present indicative ending, a comma is used;
e.g.,ari,u;ague,uru;mochi,tçu
e.g.,ari,u;ague,uru;mochi,tçu
b. In an alternate form of citation, where the two forms are given in their entirety, a colon is used;
b. In an alternate form of citation, where the two forms are given in their entirety, a colon is used;
e.g.,ari:aru;ague:aguru;mochi:motçu
e.g.,ari:aru;ague:aguru;mochi:motçu
Spelling and accentuation are treated in the following manner:
1. Theſin all instances is represented bys.
2. The usage ofvanduhas been regularized: thevserves as the consonant; anduas the vowel, semi-vowel, and orthographic symbol; e.g.,vaga,uie,quan, andagueta.
3. The predictable nasalization—marked by a tilde in the text—has not been included in the translation unless the presence of nasalization is morphologically significant; e.g.,tobu:tõda.
4. The accent grave—which appears in no discernible pattern—is not transcribed in the translation.
5. The accent acute is used in the translation to mark the longú[u:] and the long, openó[ɔ:], in those places where the length is marked by Collado. Since the most frequent typographical error in the text is the failure to mark the presence of these long syllables, I follow the convention of correcting the absence of this feature in the Latin text by using the inverted caret in the translation. Thus, the appearance in the translation ofmósuindicates that Collado recorded the length of this word, either by an accent acute (e.g.,mósu), or an inverted caret (e.g.,mǒsu). The appearance ofmǒsuindicates that he did not, and that its absence is being corrected. The formmǒsuin the translation is therefore the shorthand equivalent for what would more regularly bemosu[mósu].
6. The circumflex, which indicates the long, closedô[o:], is corrected as other errors by placing the corrected version of the item in brackets; e.g.,roppio[roppiô].