The optative is formed by placingnegavacuvaoravarebefore the negative imperative and placingcaxiorganaafter it; e.g.,avare aguru na caxi'oh! if only you would not offer,' andnegavacuva na ague so ganawith the same meaning.
The preterit of the optative is formed by placingmono voafter the negative future; e.g.,aguru mai mono vo'oh! if only you would not have offered.'
The negative subjunctive is formed by changing theuwhich ends the negative present toeba; e.g.,agueneba'since he did not offer.'
The preterit of the subjunctive is formed by addingrebato the negative preterit of the indicative; e.g.,aguenanda reba'since he had not offered.'
The future of the subjunctive is formed by addingqerebato the negative future; e.g.,niguru mai qereba'since he is not going to escape.'
The permissive subjunctive is formed by addingdomoto the negative present after changing the finaluof the verb toe; e.g.,aguenedomo'although he cannot offer.' They also say, and this usage is preferred,aguenaidemooragueidemo'even if he not offer.'[90]
The preterit of the permissive subjunctive is formed by placingredomoafter the negative preterit; e.g.,aguenanda redomo'although he had not offered.'Aguenaidemooragueidemo'although he would not be allowed to offer,' is also said.
The permissive future is formed by addingqeredomoto the negative future; e.g.,aguru mai qeredomo'although he is not going to be allowed to offer.'(28
Another way of forming the permissive subjunctive is to place the particletomoafter the negative root; e.g.,aguezu tomo'although he is not going to be able to offer.' It is also formed by placingtoteafter the [negative] present subjunctive; e.g.,agueneba tote. A third way is to addmamaioormadeioto the negative present; e.g.,aguenu mamaiooraguenu madeio'although he cannot offer.'
The preterit is formed by placingritomoafter the negative preterit; e.g.,aguenanda ritomo'although he had not offered.' It is also formed by placingtoteafter the negative preterit of the subjunctive; e.g.,aguenanda reba tote, or better,aguenaidemooragueidemo'although he does not offer, or had not offered.'
The future is formed by placingtomoafter the negative future; e.g.,aguemai tomo'although he is not going to offer,'vochiidemo'although he will not fall.'
The present, preterit, and future infinitives are the present, preterit, and future negative indicative present tenses followed bycotoorto; e.g.,aguenu coto'not to offer,'aguenanda coto'not to have offered,'aguru mai coto'not to be going to offer.'
Sometimes they use the negative present instead of the preterit in all the conjugations; e.g.,mi maraxenu'I did not see.'
The negative gerund inDiis the same as the negative present or future; e.g.,aguenuoraguru mai'of not offering.'
The gerund inDois formed by placingniafter the negative root or the negative present tense; e.g.,aguezunioraguenuni'by not offering.' The same meaning is obtained withagueide,aguenaideoraguezu xite.
The gerund inDumis formed by placingtoteortameafter the [negative] present or future of the indicative; e.g.,aguenu tameoraguru mai tote'in order not to offer.'
The present, preterit, and future participles are formed by addingfitoormonoto the negative of the present, preterit, and future indicatives; e.g.,aguenu fito'he who is not offering,'aguenanda mono'he who did not offer,'aguru mai mono'he who will not offer,'aguenaide caraoragueide nochi'after he had not offered, after they did not offer, or after it was not offered.'
(29
The Second Affirmative Conjugation
All the roots of the second conjugation end iniand form their present tense by changingitou; e.g.,iomi:iomu'I read.' If the root ends inchiit changes its ending totçue.g.,machi:matçu'I wait.' If the root ends inxiit changes tosu; e.g.,coroxi:corosu'I kill.'
For the preterit, if the root ends inamiit changes toóda; e.g.,cami:códa'I ate, or chewed.' If it ends inebioremiit changes toeôda; e.g.,saqebi:saqeôda'I am injured,'sonemi:soneoda[soneôda] 'I envied, or I had envy.' If it ends inobioromiit changes toôda; e.g.,corobi:corôda'he fell,'comi:côda'it enclosed itself.' If it ends inumiit changes toúnda[unda]; e.g.,casumi:casunda'it is cloudy.' The same change is made for roots ending inimi; e.g.,canaximi:canaxúnda[canaxunda] 'he became sad.' If it ends inguiit changes toida; e.g.,fegui:feida'it is divided.'Xini,uruhas the preteritxinda'he is dead,' andini:uruhas the preteritinda'he left.' While in this respect they [xiniandini] are in the second conjugation, in the other tenses they are in the first. A root ending inchiorrichanges in the preterit totta; e.g.,mochi:motçuin the preterit becomesmotta'he received,'chiri,u:chitta'it is scattered.' Those which end inxiorqichange toita; e.g.,coroxi,u:coroita'he killed,'qiqi,u:qiita'he heard,'xiqi,u:xiita'he stretched it out.'
The future is formed by changing theiin which the root ends toó, ǒzu, ózuru; e.g.,iomó,iomǒzu, oriomózuru'you will read.' If the root ends inchiit changes totó; e.g.,machi:mató'I shall wait.' A root ending inxichanges tosó; e.g.,móxi,u:mósó'I shall say, or speak.'
The imperative is formed by changing theiin which the root ends toe; e.g.,iomi:iome'read! or may you read.' If the root ends inchiit changes tote; e.g.,machi:mate'wait!' The imperative is also formed by changing thenuin which the negative present ends toai; if you remove thenufromiomanuand replace it withaiit gives youyomai'read!'[91]This is a common rule for the third conjugation, but this imperative is used only when addressing inferiors.
The future of the imperative is the future absolute; e.g.,(30iomó'you will read.' This is used when addressing very low people.
The remaining tenses of the optative, subjunctive, gerund, and infinitive are formed in the same way and with the same particles as are used for each in the first conjugation.
The Second Negative Conjugation
The root of the negative second conjugation is made by changingi, in which the affirmative root ends, toazu; e.g.,iomi:iomazu'not reading.'
If the root ends inchithe present tense is formed by changing it totanu; e.g.,machi:matanu'I do not wait.' If it ends inxiit changes tosanu; e.g.,coroxi:corosanu'I do not kill.' If they end in any other way changeitoanu; e.g.,corobi:corobanu'I do not fall.'
The preterit is formed by changing thenuof the present tense tonanda; e.g.,corobanu:corobananda'I did not fall,'iomananda'I did not read.' The other tenses are formed in the same way as the negative first conjugation.
The Third Affirmative Conjugation
The roots of the third conjugation end inai,oi, orui. Those ending inaichange toóto form the present; e.g.,narai:naró'I learn.' Thoseending inoichange toô; e.g.,vomoi:vomô'I think.' Those ending inuichange toú; e.g.,cui:cú'I eat.'
The preterit is formed by addingtato the present tense; e.g.,naróta'I learned,'vomôta'I thought,'cúta'I ate.'
The pluperfect is formed by changing the finalaof the preterit toeand adding the verbgozaruin the present andgozattain the past, in the same way as we have described for the first conjugation; e.g.,naróte gozaruornarǒte gozatta'I have already learned.'
The future is formed by changing the finaliof the root tovó,vózu, orvózuru; e.g.,naravó,naravǒzu, ornaravózuru'I shall learn.' If the root ends inoiit is changed tovô,vôzu, orvôzuru[vǒ,vǒzu,(31orvǒzuru]; e.g.,vomoi:vomouô,vomovozu, orvomovôzuru[vomoi:vomovǒ,vomovǒzu, orvomovǒzuru] 'I shall think.'[92]
The imperative is formed by placingeafter the root; e.g.,naraie'learn!'toie'ask!'cuie'eat!'[93]It is also formed by removing the syllablenufrom the negative present tense and replacing it with the letteri; e.g.,naravai'learn!'tovai'ask!'cuvai'eat!' This form is used when addressing inferiors, as are those of the other conjugations.
The Third Negative Conjugation
The root of the third negative conjugation is formed by changing theiof the affirmative root tovazu; e.g.,naravazu,tovazu, andcuvazu. The present tense is formed by changing theitovanu; e.g.,naravanu'I do not learn,'tovanu'I do not ask,'cuvanu'I do not eat.'
The preterit is formed by changing theiof the root tovananda; e.g.,naravananda'I did not learn,'tovananda'I did not ask,'cuvananda'I did not eat.'
The pluperfect is formed by changing the finalaof the preterit toeand adding the verbgozaruorgozatta; e.g.,cuvanande gozatta'I hadnot eaten,' ornaravanande gozaru'I had not learned.' The remaining forms are like the other conjugations.[94]
If the substantive verb is placed after the gerund inDofor all the affirmative and negative conjugations, it means that the action signified by the gerund is or is not done; e.g.,aguete aró'it will already be offered,'cono qió ga caite gozaranu'this book is not written,'agueide arózu'he will not yet have offered.' The substantive verbs aregozaru:gozaranu,voru:vori nai,deaorgia:devanai,aru:aranuorgozaranu,voru:voranu,and each of these verbs follows the general rules for its conjugation.[95]
If the substantive verb from any of the conjugations is placed after the infinitive form it means that whatever is signified by the infinitive is, was, or will be; or the negative thereof; e.g.,aguru coto aró'it will be that he offers,' that is to say 'he will offer,'naróta coto gozaru mai'he will not learn.' All these substantive verbs are conjugated in the second conjugation to which they belong by virtue of the fact that their(32roots end ini;ari,u:gozari,u.
The Conjugation of the Negative Substantive Verb
The negative substantive verb isnai,gozanai, orvori naiwhich means 'not to be.' Its root isnaqu,gozanaqu, orvori naqu.
The preterit is formed by changing theiin which the present tense ends tocand then adding the preterit ofari,uwhich isatta; e.g.,nacattaorgozanacatta'he was not.' The other tenses are conjugated, as isari,u, in the second conjugation.
The imperative isnacare,nanaiso, ornai na'be not!'
The subjunctive is formed by changing theiof the present tense toqereba; e.g.,naqerebaorgozanaqereba'if it be not.'
The permissive subjunctive is formed by changing theiof the present toqeredomo; e.g.,gozanaqeredomo'although he is not.'
The preterit of the subjunctive is formed by addingredomoto the preterit of the indicative; e.g.,nacatta redomo'although he was not.'
The substantive [verb] with the particletomois formed with the root; e.g.,naqu tomo'even if it were not.' The gerund isnó,nóte,naqu xite, ornacatte'since it is not.' The remaining are formed as above, with the verbari,uadded, and are conjugated in the second conjugation.
Adjectives, when they do not precede verbs, are conjugated in the same way as the negative substantive verb. The adjectives, which have been said above to end inai,ei,oi,ui, andij, form their roots by changing the finalitoqu; e.g.,fucaquis the root of 'deep,'ioquthe root of 'good,'xiguequthe root of 'dense,'varuquthe root of 'bad,' andvonajiquthe root of 'the same.'
The present tense is the form (vox) of the adjective itself; e.g.,ioi'good,'fucai'deep,'varui'bad,'vonaji'the same.'[96]
The preterit is formed by changing theiof the adjective tocorqand addingari,u. This form is then conjugated according to(33the tense required by the sentence.
The permissive subjunctive withtomoisfucaqu tomoorfucai tomo'although deep.'
The gerund inDoisfucóte'since it was deep,'ióte'since it was good,'canaxiúte[canaxúte][97]'since it was sad,'xingueote[xigeôte][98]'since it was dense.' It also takes the form offucó xite,fucaqu xite, orfucacatte, or againiô xite,ioqu xite, oriocatte.
The adjectives which end innaare not conjugated. There is, however, a gerund inDo. For example,aqiracanahas for its gerundaqiracani xite'since it was clear,' and with the same meaning there isaqiraca de.Arisónahasarisǒni xite'since it became apparent, or easy to believe.'Iónahasiónias inióni xite'since it is in a good way, or since it has a good manner.'Cava ga fucóte vatarananda'because theriver was deep, I did not cross it,'xebǒte irarenu'since it was narrow, he was unable to enter,'varúte cuvarenu'it is inedible, or it cannot be eaten, because it is bad.' The other tenses of the adjective, as has been said, are formed with the verbari,uand conjugated according to the requirements of the sentence. The negative conjugation is also formed withari,u; e.g., if the root isfucacarazuthe present tense isfucacaranu'it is not deep.' The preterit isfucacarananda'it was not, etc.'
The Conditional Particles[99]
There are five particles which make an utterance (oratio) conditional;naraba,ni voite va,raba,va, andba. When the first two are placed after any verb, affirmative or negative, present, preterit, or future, the result is that the verb becomes conditional. For example;niguru naraba'if you flee,'iôda ni voite va'if you had read,'naravó naraba'if you will learn,'cuvazu ni voite va[100]'if you do not eat.' Sometimesvoi[voite] is removed fromni voite va;agueô ni va'if you would offer,'aguetaró ni va'if you would have offered.' Sometimesvoite[voite va] is removed, leaving onlyni; e.g.,mairó ni coso, nen goro ni mǒsǒzure(19) 'if I go, or if I shall have gone, I will tell him so in a friendly way,'xitaró ni coso, saisocu tçuqu maji qere(19) 'if I(34had done it, it would not have been done with diligence and persuasion.'
The particlerabais placed after the preterit;[101]e.g.,naróta raba'if I would have learned,'naravananda raba'if I would not have learned.'
The particlevais added to the negative roots of all three conjugations; e.g.,aguezu va'if I not offer,'iomazu va'if I not read,'naravazu va'if I not learn,'naqu va'if it not be,'fucacarazu va'if it be not deep.'
The particlebahas the same effect and is, likeva, joined to the root;aguezũba,iomazũba,naravazũba.[102]If the particlebareplaces the negativezu, an affirmative conditional is formed; e.g.,agueba, 'if I offer,'iomaba'if I read,'naravaba'if I learn,' andiocaraba'if it be good.' The particlevais not only added to the negative roots of adjectives, but also to the affirmative; e.g.,fucaqu va'if it be deep,'vonajiqu va'if it be the same.' Sometimes they use this expression to give the idea 'if it be nottoo troublesome, will you do it.' They also sayaguemajiqu va'if you would not offer.'
The particleni voite vais joined to nouns in such a way as to substitute for the substantive verb; e.g.,jójó ni voite va uqe toró(121v)[103]'I shall get it, if it be very good, or the best,'curuxicarazaru gui ni voite va'if it would not have been unpleasant, or if it had not been an unpleasant thing.'
If the particlesaieis placed in a clause (oratio) in which there is already a conditional particle, it adds strength to the meaning; e.g.,fune saie mairu naraba'if only a ship were to come,'sonata saie vocutabire naku va(118) 'if he be not tired,' or it might be said 'as for me, or as far as it depends upon me, I am not tired.'
The particlesaiealone sometimes forms a conditional; e.g.,Niffon no xôcocu ni saie caióna coto gozaru fodo ni[Nifon...] (118) 'if in the small kingdom of Japan things of this kind be found, or exist,' that is to say 'how much more there will be in a large one,'coco moto no tocai ni saie meivacu itasu ióni gozaru fodoni, etc.(118) 'on the voyage here I suffered very much, and so ...,'fito saie côquai suru mono vo iurusu ni ivan ia, Deus ni voite voia?[...va?] (118v) 'if one forgives one who repents, how much more will God,'core fodo xei vo iruru saie coto naricanuru ni; ucato xite va, incadeca banji canavǒzo?[...icadeca...] (119) 'if gathering all one's strength this can be done only with difficulty, how could it be done if it were done without any strength?,'core saie xinicui ni'if this be difficult to do,'fune de saie ioio tçuita(35ni, cachi va nananaca naru mai[...nacanaca naru mai] (119v) 'if I arrived by ship with such difficulties, without doubt I could not have done it on foot.'
The Potential Verb[104]
The placing of the particle rǒ[105]after the present or future tense makes a potential; e.g.,aguru rǒ'he perhaps offers,'nigueozurǒ[nigueôzurǒ] 'he will perhaps escape.'
The preterit is made by changingtatotçuand adding rǒ; e.g.,aguetçurǒ'he perhaps offered.' But if it is added to the negative preterit, thedamust be changed tozzu; e.g.,aguenanzzurǒ'it has perhaps not been offered, etc.'
The present potential is also formed by addingarǒzu[mo arǒzu] or other future verbs to the infinitive; e.g.,aguru coto mo arǒzuorague mo xôzu'he will perhaps offer.'
The preterit is formed by adding this same future to the preterit infinitive; e.g.,agueta coto mo arǒzu'he perhaps offered.'
The future isagueô coto mo arǒzu'he will perhaps offer.' The negative is formed in the same way; e.g.,aguenu,aguenanda, oraguru mai coto mo arǒzu'he perhaps does not offer, he perhaps did not offer, or he will perhaps not offer.' When we wish to say that something is perhaps the case we usemonoinstead ofcoto; e.g.,noxenanda mono de arózu'they perhaps did not place it aboard ship,'iqi chigǒta mono de arǒzu'they seem not to have met along the way,'moreqicoieta mono de gozarǒ ca to zonzuru'I believe it is perhaps as it has been said.'
To express the meaning 'become' the verbnari,uis added to the adjective and then conjugated according to the requirements of the adjective taken adverbally; e.g.,fucǒ naru'it becomes deep,'varǔ natta'it became bad.' Also they sayfucǒ aru'it is deep,' and sometimesfucǒ nai'it is not deep.' They obtain this same meaning by conjugatingnaiaccording to the tense required by the sentence. They also usefucǒ nai coto mo arǒzu'perhaps it will be that this is not deep.'(36
The Conjugation of Irregular Verbs[106]
The verbqi,uru'to come' hasquru'I come,'qita'I came,'côzu'I shall come,'coiorcoio'come!'qitareba'since he will have come, or would have come,'qitaredomo'although he came.' The negative root iscôzu[cozu] and the negative present isconu'I do not come.'Mede, which is the root of the verb meaning 'to enjoy,' has a present inmezzuruand its gerund inDoismedete'by enjoying.'Cui, which is the root of the verb meaning 'to be mournful,' has its present incuiuru.Its gerund inDoiscuite'by mourning,' its negative root iscuizu, and its negative present iscuinu.Araie, which is the root of the verb 'to be,'[107]has a present inaraiuruorarǒru'it is.'Furi, which is the root of the verb 'to become old,' has a preterit infurita'he became old,' and a gerund inDowhich isfurite'by becoming old.'Fe, the root of the verb meaning 'to cross over,' has a present infuru'he crosses over,' and a preterit infeta'he crossed over.'Tari,uis a verb which signifies that a thing is complete or entire. It has a present intaru'it is complete,' a preterit intatta'it was complete,' and a future intari maraxo[maraxô] 'it will be complete.' Its negative root istarazu, its negative present istaranu, its preterit istarananda'it was not complete,' its future istaru mai'it will not be complete,' and its imperfect subjunctive istaraneba'since it has not been completed.'
The [negative] permissive istaranedomo, the infinitive istaranu coto, and the gerund inDoistaraideortarazu xite. The verbtaxi:tasu, which means 'to complete, or finish,' has a future intaxi maraxô'I shall finish.'Tasanuis the negative present.Tari[Tarai] is the root of the verbtarǒwhich has the meaning 'to be completed.' In the negative the preterit istaravananda'it was not completed,' the subjunctive istaravaneba'since it is not completed,' the permissive istaravanedomo, the infinitive istaravanu coto, and the gerund inDoistaravaideortaravaxu xite[taravazu xite].Vocotariis the root of the verbvocotaru'to be negligent.' It has an infinitive invocotaru coto, a negative root invocotarazu, and a negative present invoicotaranu[vocotaranu].Voiis the root of a verb which has a preterit invoita'he was old.'(37Voitaruhas the same meaning. The negative present isvoinuand the gerund inDoisvoite.Ureiis the root of the verb 'to be sad.' It has a present inureô, an imperative inure io[ureie io][108]an infinitive inureoru coto[ureôru...].[109]Its gerund inDoisureite.Tomiis the root of the verbtomuortomeru'to become rich.' Its preterit istonda, its gerund inDoistonde, and its negative root istomazu.Saiguiri,umeans 'to go before, or anticipate.' Its preterit issaiguittaand its gerund inDoissaiguitte.
The Aforementioned Verbs—Their Formation and Diversity[110]
In this language there are simple active, causative active, passive, neutral, and impersonal verbs.[111]All are conjugated by the three conjugations according to the way in which their roots terminate.
From certain adjectives come (procedo) certain verbs; e.g., fromcatai'hard' comescatame,uru'I make hard' which is active,catamari,u'I become hard' which is neutral,catamerare,uru'I am made hard' which is passive. From the adjectivecanaxii'sad' comescanaximi,uwhich means 'to be sad.'
The causative verbs (verba faciendi facere) are formed with the particlessaxeorxe. The first is added to the roots of verbs in the first conjugation,[112]while the second is [not] added to the roots of the second and third conjugation, but rather to the negative present after thenuhas been removed; e.g.,aguesaxe,uru'I make him offer,'iomaxe,uru'I make him read,'naravaxe,uru'I make him learn.' All of these forms are in the first conjugation because the particles end ine. Sometimes, but rarely,saxefollows verbs of the second and third conjugation, but this is to make the verbs more elegant. It is used with the particlerareto honor someone; e.g.,iomasaxe rare,uru['he makes him read'].Padre va dojucu ni cathecismo vo naravasaxeraruru'the priest orders his servant to learn his cathecism,'[113]mono no fon vo fito ni(38iomasaxeraruru(162v.) 'he makes him read his book.'
The passive verbs (verba passiva) are made with the particlesrareandre. The particlerareis added to the active verbs, according to the way explained before, after removing thenufrom the negative form; e.g.,aguerare,uru'I am offered it,'iomare,uru'I am read to,'naravare,uru'I am taught.' They use these passive forms to mean 'to be read to by someone,' or 'to be, or not to be legible.' There are other passive forms which come from neutral verbs or verbs which have neutral meanings. They are also formed with the particlesrareandre, but when they are so formed they do not govern the cases common tothe passive (for which see below) but rather the cases of the verbs from which they come; e.g., fromagari,ucomesagarare,uru; and, sinceagari,u'I ascend' requires the accusative, this verb also requires the accusative. For example;cono iama ie agararenu(102) 'it is not possible to climb this mountain, or this mountain is unable to be climbed,'xiro cara derarenu(102) 'it is not possible to leave the castle,'xebóte irarenu(102) 'it is not possible to penetrate because it is too narrow, or confined,'cono michi va arucarenu(102) 'it is not possible to walk this street,'natçu va coco ni irare mai'it will not be possible to live here during the summer,'cono fude de va cacarenu(102) 'it cannot be written with this pen,'fima ga nóte cacarenanda(102) 'it cannot be written because of the lack of time,'cono bun ni coso cacaruru mono de gozare(69v) 'it will indeed be well written in this way,'axi ga itóte arucarenu(102) 'it is impossible to walk because of painful feet.' All of these passive verbs are of the first conjugation.[114]The neutral verbs (verba neutra) are those which have a neutral meaning; i.e., being initiated by oneself, and not by others. For example;ivo ga toruru'the fish are caught,'caje ga toruru'the wind ceases,'ito ga qiruru'the string is cut,'ji ga iomuru(100) 'the letter [Chinese character] is well read,'aqi,u'I am uncovered.'Qiri,u'I cut' is active,qirare,uruis passive, andqire,uru'I am cut' is neutral. This last form is used when a sword cuts well because it is sharp.Qiraxe,uruis a causative verb which means 'I make someone cut.'Ague,urumeans 'I raise,'aguerare,uru'I am raised' passively,aguesaxe,uru'I make someone raise,'agari,u'I am raised' neutrally,agarare,uru'to be ascendable,'agaraxe,uru'I cause something to be raised, or I cause him or it to raise himself or itself.' If to these verbs are added the particles which indicate honor (see below) other combinations are made. The adjectives when they are conjugated have a neutral meaning; e.g.,fidarui'I am thirsty,'fucacatta'it was deep.'
The impersonal verbs (verba impersonalia) do not name or refer to a person; e.g.,mi vo fatasu tomo itçuvari vo ivanu mono gia(39(69v) 'even if one were to die, one should not tell a lie,'mono mo tabezu saqe mo nomaide ichinichi fataraqu mono ca?(69v) 'is it possible to work all day without eating anything or drinking any wine?',xujin nomaie de sono ióna coto vo iú mono ca?'is it possible to speak this way in front of ones lord?' Concerning the conjugations for these verbs they follow the rules according to their roots.
The root of any verb of whatever conjugation can be taken from its conjugation and changed to another conjugation by adding one of the particles of honor (honor). The resulting form will belong to the conjugation determined by the final letter of the particle. These particles are:maraxi,uru,ari,u,saxerare,uru,xerare,uru,nasare,uru,saxemaxi,u,tamai,ó,rareandre.[115]
The particlemaraxidoes not add honor to that which is talked about, but rather it is used to speak honorably to those in front of us. For example;cui,umeans 'I eat,'[116]but a servant in front of his master will not saynezumi ga cúta'the mice ate the cheese'; he will rather saynezumi ga cui maraxita. By itselfcui,uis in the third conjugation because its root ends inui, but ifmaraxiis added it becomes a verb in the first conjugation. When we refer to something about a people (natio) we do not show honor to that word but only pay attention to the person we are speaking to by addingmaraxior not. For example, if we are addressing an inferior we sayNan ban jin va core vo cuvanu; but if we are addressing a person of nobility we sayNan ban jin va core vo cui maraxenu'Europeans do not eat this.' Whenari,uis added to the root of any verb it attaches a middling (mediocris) degree of honor; e.g.,modori aró ca?'are you going to come back?' If you addvoin front of the verb it is honored moderately (satis); e.g.,vomodori aró ca?'Your Lordship is going to come back?'Tono sama vo xini atta toqi'when the master died,'Deus cono xecai vo gosacu atta'God created the world.'[117]We use these particles when we are speaking with honored persons whom we like and with whom we are on friendly terms.
The particlenasare,urugives the highest (supremus), or moderately great (satis magnus) honor and is placed after the root of the verb; e.g.,Deus cono xecai vo gosacu nasareta'God created the world.'
The particlesrareandreadd a middling and not a great amountof honor to the verbs to which they are added. The particlerareis added mainly when we are talking about someone who is absent. It is formed by taking thenufrom the negative present and replacing(40it with this particle; e.g.,aguerare,urumeans 'I offer' when the person to whom the offering is made requires a middling degree of honor and respect (reverentia). This verb coincides letter for letter with the passive but is distinguished from it by the cases which it governs. The particlereis placed after verbs of the second and third conjugation only; e.g.,iomare,uru'to read' andnaravare,uru'to learn,' said of a person having a good reputation. We speak in this way when speaking of those who are equal to us and the servants of our lord, but not of other servants, or nobles.
The particlessaxemaxiandxemaxigive the same degree of honor asari,uandrareorre. These particles are added to the root of a first conjugation verb,[118]or to the negative present from which thenuhas been removed;aguesaxemasu'he offers.'Maxi,u[Xemaxi,u] is added to the negative present of the second and third conjugation verbs after taking awaynu; e.g.,iomaxemasu'he reads,' andnaravaxemasu'he learns.'
The particlessaxerare,uruandxerare,uruattribute great honor. The first is added to the negative present of verbs in the first conjugation[119]after thenuis removed, and the second is added to the [other] negatives in the same way; e.g.,aguesaxeraruru'I offer,'iomaxeraruru'I read,'naravaxeraruru'I learn.' Because these forms coincide letter for letter with the honorific causative, the particleari,umay be placed after the verb and the particlevomay be placed before to avoid confusion; e.g.,yomaxe aru[vo iomaxe aru] 'I read' andnaravaxe aru[vo naravaxe aru] 'I learn.'
The passive verb, concerning which see below, also permits the particlesaxerare,uru; e.g.,viamavaresaxeraruru(99v) 'I am honored.'
The particletamai,óbestows the highest honor. We use it when speaking of God, saints, kings, or generals. It is added to the roots of verbs and conjugated in the third conjugation. It is placed after the root of the passive form when referring to God; e.g.,Deus filio, umaretamǒ toqi'when the son of God was born,'Deus agamerare tamǒ'God is honored.'
The particletate matçuri,umakes the meaning of the verb to which it is added humble. It is placed after the root of affirmative verbs; e.g.,Deus vo gotaixet ni zonji tate matçuru coto va ichi sugureta jen gia'to love God is the supreme virtue.' This particle permits some degree of honor ifreis added to it after the finale[i] has been changed toa. Thus, when speaking of the saints in respect to God, one says,(41Sancto Domingo, Deus vo gotaixet ni zonji tatematçurareta'St. Dominic loved God.'
The particlemaraxi[mairaxi][120]is able to elevate to honor the particlerare; e.g.,tono iori cono coto vo Padre ni vataximairaxerareta'the lord gave it to the priest.'
Certain Verbs Which of Themselves Indicate Honor[121]
Mesare,uruindicates any act which can be done, or which is properly done by a noble person (persona nobilis). This includes such things as eating, drinking, sailing, riding a horse, etc.Vôxerare,urumeans that a noble person speaks.Vomaraxi,uruandvomaraxi ari,umean that a noble person gives.Voxe,uru[Vôxe,uru] andvôxe ari,umean that a middling person (persona mediocris) says or declares.
Verbs preceded byvôxeormexiare given the same degree of honor by either; e.g.,vôxe tçuqerare,uru'I declare,'mexi tçucavare,uru'I serve,' which have the same meanings astçuqerare,uruandtçucavare,uru. To call someone we usecoiwith an inferior, with someone not quite as inferior we useiorai, with someone a little better we usevaxei, whilevogiareis the superior way to call.Gozare, which means that your Lordship should come, andgozarǒin the future tense are even more honorable ways to indicate the imperative.Voide nasarei,voide nasareô, orvoide nasarei caximean 'might your Lordship come,' or 'Oh! would that your Lordship come.'Cudasare,urumeans that a noble person gives.Tamavari,umeans that a noble person gives to an inferior.Tamóri,umeans that a middling person gives.Mizzu vo nomaxete tamǒre'Give me a drink of water.'Cudasare,uruandtamóri,umeanthat a humble person eats honoring his food.Coximexi,uandqicoximexi,umean that a noble person eats and hears.Voboximexi,uandvoboximesare,urumean that a noble person thinks.Saxerare,urumeans that a noble person does.Nasare,uru,asobaxi,u, andasobasare,iuru[asobasare,uru] mean that a noble person does what is proper to him such as hunting, writing, reading, or reciting.Ii,úis used when the person addressed is humbler than the person or thing spoken to;(42andmexi,u[móxi,u] means the person or the thing spoken to is addressed with honor. Therefore I would be incorrect were I to saymi ni móxe'tell me!' I should rather saymi ni iie. I should not saytono ni iie'tell it to the lord,' but rathertono ni móxe.Mairi,umeans to go to a place to which honor should be shown; e.g.,iglesia ie maire'go to church!'Cure,uruandtoraxe,urumean to give in a way that humbles the person to whom the thing is given.Cui,úmeans 'to eat' without showing respect (respectus);mexi,ualso means 'to eat' but it is cultivated (urbanum); e.g., in addressing those deserving respect I will not saymexi vo cui maraxitabut rathermexi vo tabe maraxita'I ate.'Mairi,uorvomairari,u[vomairi ari,u] means that a middling person eats, whileagaraxerare,uruandvoagari ari,uare nobler ways to say this.Qiqi,umeans to hear anduqetamavari,uanduqetamóri,umean to hear in a way which honors the person heard; e.g.,goiqen vo uqetamǒtta'I heard your advice.'Móxi ague,urumeans to speak in a way which humbles oneself while bestowing honor on the person being addressed.Móxi ire,urumeans to speak between equals (equales).Chómon xi,urumeans to listen to the word of God.Goranji,zuruorgoranjerare,uruis to look at a noble thing.Xi,urumeans to do in common way,itaxi,umeans to do in a cultivated way, andtçucamatçuri,umeans to do in a humble way.
Cautionary Remarks on the Conjugations of the Verb[122]
The particlenamaplaced before any verb in any tense means that the action has been done poorly or in an incomplete manner; e.g.,nama aró'I wash poorly,'nama iaqu'I am incompletely broiled.'
If the particlestçui,cai,uchi,faxe,voi,ai, andtori[123]are placed in front of a verb they do not change the meaning, but they add emphasis; e.g.,uchi cobosuhas the same meaning ascobosu'I pour,'faxe noboruis the same asnoboru'I ascend,'voxi comi,uis the same ascomi,u'I enclose,'ai cavari,uis the same ascavari,u'I am changed,'tçui mavari,uis the same asmavari,u'I go around,' andtori firogue,uruis the same asfirogue,uru'I spread out.'
The particleqitteis the gerund inDofor the verbqiri,uand when it is placed after the roots of certain verbs it gives them great emphasis; e.g.,tanomiqitte'imploring with great prayers,'vomoiqitte(43'assuming a strong resolution.' The verbstanomiqiri,uandvomoiqiri,uare also used.
The particlema, when placed in front of certain verbs and nouns, gives them a stronger meaning; e.g.,mamucai'quite present,'macuroi'completely black.'
The particle, or better root of the verb,macari,u, when placed before verbs of motion, makes the verbs modest and a bit more cultivated; e.g.,macari noboru'I ascend,'macari cudari,u'I descend,' andmacari i,iru'I am present.'
The particlevaplaced after a sentence confirms what has been said before, as one might boast of making a prediction; e.g.,fune va cuchinotçu ie iru va'the ship calls at Kuchinotsu; and, if he says so or not, I say so,'aru va'see if it is not as I have said.'
The particleaidanimeans 'between' in the sense of the time consumed in performing an action; e.g.,agura aidani[aguru aidani] 'while offering,'iôda aidani'while he read,'naravózuru aidani'while he will learn.'
The particlegameans 'but;'só iú ga; nanto aró ca?'they say so, but will it be so?' or 'it may be so, but I don't know for certain,'furi va furu mai ga, fune no dasu coto naró ca xiranu'it's not raining any more, but I still don't know if it will be possible to launch the boat or not,'sono qinpen ni va gozaru mai ga; doco cara toraxeraruru zo?(20)[124]'there are probably none in the neighborhood, or in the surroundings, so from where can they be gotten?'
The particlegotoquis added to the present, preterit, and future tenses meaning 'in the same way'; e.g.,coxiraiuru gotoqu'in the same way as you furnish or carry out,'qiita gotoqu'as I heard.' The form is sometimesga gotoqu; e.g.,móxita ga gotoqu'as he said,'caracavózu ga gotoqu'as in jest I will tease or laugh at.' This same meaning is obtained withiǒni;Nifon no catagui vo xirareta iǒni, vôxeraruru(122v) 'he speaks as one who knows the customs of Japan,'[125]mósu ióni'as I say.' The particlefuriis also used for the same purpose; e.g.,toza no chijocu vo nogareôzuru tameni catana vo saita furi vo mixerareta(123) 'he showed himself wearing his sword in order to avoid the danger of infamy.'minu furi vo saxerareta(123) 'he made it known that he did not see.'
The particlesaieis used [with the negative] to mean 'not at all'; e.g.,mma saie nacatta(118)[126]'there are not any horses at all,'cotoba saie xiranu mono(118) 'he does not know how to speak at all,'ji saie mixiranu mono'he does not know any letters at all.' This same particle is used for emphasis; e.g.,qiden to saie mǒxeba(119) 'it would(44suffice if you were to say that you are,'Padre no tçucavaruru to saie móxeba'if only he had said that this was useful to the priest,' or one might say 'it would suffice if, etc.'
The particleqereis a confirmative particle which comes at the end of a sentence with the meaning 'therefore'; e.g.,maitta qere'therefore he came,'sate só aru qere'finally this is the situation.'[127]
The particlecosois of great importance among the Japanese for they use it first in an adversative sense (in sensu adversativo);core coso ió gozare[...iô...] 'he is truly good.'[128]If the sentence in which this particle is found ends in a verb, that verb ends ine, as in the example above. If the verb is in the preterit it ends inre; e.g.,yô coso gazattare!(117) 'you are welcome! (bene veneris!).' The exceptions to this rule are when the sentence does not end in a verb or an adjective; e.g.,core coso xixó yô[...io] (116) 'he is a true teacher,' when after the particlecosothere is in the sentence a gerund ine, a permissive intomo, or apotential preterit intçuróorzzuró;[129]e.g.,vare coso iro iro xinro tçucamatçutte cutatireba toxiiórini nari maraxita[...cutabireba toxiiorini...] (117) 'suffering many and various hardships, I became an old man,'vare coso corosaruru tomo'if I be killed,'fara coso tattçurǒ(117) 'he was perchance quite angry,'sato chicaqereba coso fi ga miiure(116) 'the fire is already seen because the village is so near.' This [last] sentence ends inebecause it does not contain an exception to the rule.Vóxerareta coto domo vo go côquai de coso gozarózure(97) 'without doubt you will do penance for what you have said,'catajiqe nǒ coso gozare(97) 'I congratulate you very much and thank you.' If someone says, 'Who did that?' the answer isPatre coso[Padre coso] 'the Priest did.' If someone asks, 'is there anyone who did that?' and if he does not hear, or does not understand the answer, and asks again, the person who answered will sayJuan coso'I have already said it was John.'
When someone is careless about what was said, or when he has not heard something and asks again, the answer is; e.g.,tovoru na to iieba'I have already told you not to pass through,'iome to iieba'I have already told you to read,'Padre coso to iieba'I have already told you that it is the Priest.'
Adding the particlesmaieniandsaqinito the negative present tense makes the construction affirmative; e.g.,iglesia ie mairanu maieni(141v) 'before he goes to church.' They are also added to the affirmative future tense; e.g.,mairǒzuru tote no saqini'a little before(45I come.'
The particletocorosignifies the time during which the action indicated by the verb is done. It is placed after the verb;taburu tocoro ni'when I was eating,'tabeta tocoro ni'after dinner,'tabeôzuru tocoro niortabeôzuru ni'when I will be eating.' It also serves as a reduplicative particle which denotes a reduplication to the degree possible; e.g.,jesu christo humanidad no von tocoro va(121v)[130]'Jesus Christ in so far as he was a man,'vonore ga foxxezaru tocoro vo fodocosu coto nacare(121) 'as you do not want done to you, do not do to others,'fudai no tocoro vo vo iurusu[...tocoro vo iurusu] (120v) 'I gave him his freedom,'fito no acu no tocoro ni va dôxin xenu(121v) 'I donot consent to the sins of man,'utagó tocoro mo nai(120v) 'there remains no place to doubt, or for doubt,'nocoru tocoro mo nai'it does not remain any more,'tçuini, sono tocoro ie mairózu(121v) 'finally he will arrive at this place,'fumbet ni voiobanu tocoro gia(121v) 'there are some things which are not understood, or to which one's comprehension does not extend,'nani mo nai tocoro vo iô qicoximexe(120v) 'will your Lordship kindly eat from this littleness which is nothing.' From these examples it is possible to see the force of this particle.
The particlestocoro,made, andmade de gozaruare often added to an utterance (cadentia). They do not have any special meaning and are the same ascoto de gozaru; e.g.,naranu madeornaranu coto de gozarumean the same asnaranu'it is not possible.'Guijet tçucamatçurǒ to zonzuru coto va cacugo itasanu coto gia(10v) 'the breaking of this friendship does not come to mind.' Here theitasanu coto giais the same asitasanualone.
The particlemadeiois used to confirm what has been said; e.g.,caita madeio'that which I wrote, I wrote.'
The particletoqiwhen added to the present tense, forms a preterit imperfect; e.g.,jennin tachi va saigo ni voiobi tamó toqi va buji ni gozatta'when saints arrive at the time of their death, they are peaceful and quiet.'
Changing thetaof the preterit totçuand thedaof the negative tozzu[131]the meaning becomes 'I do it this way and then that way'; e.g.,mono vo caitçu, iôzzu, nando xite curasu bacari gia'I spend my life reading, writing and doing other things,'tattçu itçu vocu iori zaxiqi ie ide zaxiqi iori vocu ie iri xitten battǒ xeraruru(11v) 'standing and sitting, entering and departing, he stands up and falls down.' The particlerigives the same meaning after the preterit; e.g.,xeqen no mono va netari voqitari nǒdari curasu bacari gia(11) 'men of the world spend their lives sleeping, arising, and drinking,'mazzu(46ite niva vo mo facaxetari, cusa vo mo ficaxetari iroiro no xigoto vo ategǒte cosó mairǒzure[...coso...] (10v) 'I shall go and sweep out the courtyard (atrium), pull up the weeds, and then having dispensed with these things I shall go,'ima cono io fuqe iuqeba nome ia, utaie ia fito bito motçu, utǒtçu sacamori suru(129) 'when it already is late atnight, urging themselves on to drink and sing, the men enjoy themselves dancing and singing.'
The particleie, which is the root of the verbie iuru[ie:uru][132]'I can,' signifies, when placed before negative verbs, that the action expressed by the verb cannot be done; e.g.,ie iomanu'I cannot read.' This particle is also placed after the infinitive; e.g.,iomanu coto vo ienu'I cannot read.'Iomi va ieide, oriomi mo ieide'since I could not read, or not being able to read' is also said. The infinitive sometimes acts as a substitute verb (suppositum verbum); e.g.,xinuru coto va vosoroxij'it is terrible to die.'
The particletai'I want' is added to the roots of verbs and signifies the desire to do the thing indicated by the verb; e.g.,mizzu vo nomi tai[133]'I want to drink some water,'mizzu vo nomi tó gozaruormizzu vo nomi tó zonzuru, but these last two forms are more noble. Here is an example of the noble form in the negative,tǒ mo nai; e.g.,mizzu vo nomi tǒ mo nai'I do not want to drink water,' andmizzu vo nomi tǒ mo gozaranu.Mairu tó mo zonjenumeans 'I do not want to go.' When the particletaiis added to adjectives, or verbs indicating a sensory act (actionem sensitiuam) in the first person,[134]theiis changed toc; and the verbari,uis added and conjugated in the tense required by the sentence; e.g.,cuitacatta'I wanted to eat.' If the verb is in the second or third person, theiis changed togand again the verbari,uis added, or an honorific particle depending upon what the person deserves, or without it as an absolute form. But if the person is inferior, theiis changed tocas said before.
The particledesometimes gives a subjunctive sense when it is added to nouns; e.g.,varãbe de xinda'he died a child, or when he was a child,'vare ga buchófó de tofó mo gozanai(163v)[135][...buchôfó...] 'since I am clumsy and not careful, nothing will work out in a way that will be harmonious.'
The particleió'way' is added to the roots of verbs and also to theverbs themselves. When the root governs the genitive, the verb governs the same case; e.g.,cono qiǒ no iomi ió va'the way of(47reading this book,' orcono qió vo iomu iǒ va. In the first sentenceqiǒis in the genitive with the particleno; in the second sentence it is in the accusative withvobecauseyomugoverns this case.Teisignifies an extraordinary and marvelous way of doing something; e.g.,machicanuru tei vo goron jerarei(122)[136]'might your Lordship observe the way that they are expectant.' Also,arisamameans 'way,'me mo aterarenu arisama gia'it is a way, or a form (figura), which is unable to be seen.'
Samaindicates the time of the action of the verb to which it is added while governing the case required by the verb. It is added to the root of the verb; e.g.,saqe vo nomi sama ni(105) 'when he actually drank the wine,'iado ie caieri sama ni(105) 'when he returned home,'fune iori agari sama ni(105) 'when he actually disembarked from the ship,'fune ni nori sama ni'when he actually boarded the ship.'
When there are in a sentence two verbs whose actions form a single action, the first verb is put into the form of the gerund inDo; e.g.,mizzu vo motte coi'bring some water, or come bringing water,'fune vo voite coi'bring the boat here, or come poling the boat,'core vo totte iqe'take this, or carry this and go.'
The gerund inDowhen added to verbs of asking, giving, or doing, means that one is asking to know or to acquire the thing which is indicated by the verb to which it is added; e.g.,nifon guchi vo voxiiete cure io'teach me Japanese,'sǒ voxerarete cudasaruru na[sǒ vôxerarete...] 'your Lordship ought not say that,'Deus no coto vo catatte tamǒre'do me the favor of relating to me those things which pertain to God.'
The particlemoplaced after the gerund inDo, whether it ends inteorde, means 'although'; e.g.,sǒ mǒxite mo'although you say so,'ica fodo susumete mo, corobu mai'no matter how much you try to persuade me, I will not deny the faith.' They also usesǒ mǒxeba atte mo'even if you say that,'dǒxitemo cǒxitemo(134v) 'what ever you do.'
If the particlecoso(see above) is added to the affirmative gerund inDo; and, if the sentence ends in this particle, the sentence becomesnegative; e.g.,mite coso'I did not see anything,'atte coso'there is no way.' But if the sentence does not end incoso, it becomes affirmative(48and emphatic; e.g.,mite coso gozare(116) 'I certainly saw.' The verb ends ineaccording to the rule explained above when the particlecosowas being discussed.
When the negative gerund inDo, which ends ine, is followed byva,naranu, orcanavanuit expresses necessity or the impossibility of the contrary; e.g.,mairaide canavanu(106v)[137]'it is necessary to go,'ivaide va no coto naredomo, nanto xô ca?'and if the thing which is said to be necessary happens, what shall I do?'xitagavaide naranu'it is necessary to obey.' The same meaning, but with less strength, is obtained with the future of the affirmative or negative infinitive and the permissive subjunctive indomo; e.g.,mairǒ coto de gozatta redomo(18)[138]'although I should have gone,'mairu mai queredomo[...qeredomo] (18)[139]'although I should not be going,'mairǒ coto de gozanacatta redomo(18) 'although I did not have to go.' They also use the negative gerund inDoto obtain the meaning of 'if not'; e.g.,òracio vo mǒsaide cú na'do not eat unless you have said your prayers.'
The gerund ineindicates an action already done; e.g.,mexi cúte coi'come after eating!'cono qió ga caite gozaru'this book was written,'chichi ni fumi vo cacaide cuiaxiú gozaru[...cuiaxú...] 'I am ashamed that I did not send a letter to your father,'cono qió ga caite gozaranu'this book was not written.'
The particlenagara, when added to the root of a verb, forms a gerund inDoif it is followed by a verb indicating a repugnant or contrary action; e.g.,toganin Deus iori bacutai no go von, o uqetatematçuri nagara; caietta somuqi tatematçuru[...go von vo uqe...][140]'sinners receiving, or even if sinners receive, benefits from God, they will offend him rather than be grateful,'Jesu Cristo Deus de gozari nagara, fito ni taixite cruz ni cacaraxerareta'while Jesus Christ was a God, he was crucified for man.'Nagarais also added to nouns; e.g.,quantai nagara(136v) 'although there was some lack of education,'sannin nagara(137) 'three at the same time, or even if there are three'aqiracanagara(136v) 'although he is famous.' In this instanceaqiraca naloses itsnaas do all the other adjectives that end inna.
The particleiasuiis added to the roots of active and passive verbs to form the supine inTu; e.g.,iomi iasui'easy to read,'corosare iasui'easy to be killed.' The same thing is achieved by the following way of speaking;iúte va vosoroxij'it is terrible to say,'mite va(49fuxiguina'it is admirable to see,'iú vo mo vosoroxij'it is terrible to say.'
First Section[141]
Adverbs are formed from adjectives ending inaiby changing theaitoó; e.g.,fucó'deeply,' for those ending inoiby changing theoitoô; e.g.,caxico[caxicô] 'wisely,' for those ending ineiby changing theeitoeô; e.g.,xigueo[xigueô] 'densely,' for those ending inuiby changing theuitoú; e.g.,aiǔ'in danger,' and for those ending inijby changing theijtoiú; e.g.,cavaiú'unhappily.'
Adverbs of Place[142]
The interrogative pronouns are eight in number;izzucu[?],izzucata[?],donata[?],doco?,dochi?,dochira?,dono tocoro[?], anddono fǒ?, and they signify 'which place?' To these adverbs are added the particlesva,no,ni,ie,vo,cara, andioriaccording to the case required, such as 'from where,' 'whither,' 'through which place,' 'in what place,' etc.Madecan also be added to them with the meaning of 'to the limit of which';doco made ie iqó ca[?] 'up to where will you go?' The interrogative particle,ca?orzo[?], is added to these questions but it is better to usezorather thancain sentences with an interrogative particle; e.g.,izzuru ie maitta zo'where did you go,'dono tocoro vo tovotta zo'at which place did you cross,'doco iori itta zo'through where did he enter,'dochi cara qita zo?'from where did he come?',donata va Pedro no iado zo[?] 'which is Peter's house?',doco ni voru zo[?] 'where, or in what place is he?' One may respond in many ways;cono tocoro,coto moto, [coco moto],core,conata,cochi,cochira,coco,cocora,cono cata,cono fǒ, which mean 'here (hic)';sono tocoro,soco moto,sore,sonata,sochi,sochira,soco,socora,sono cata,sono fǒ(50which mean 'there (istic)';ano tocoro,asoco moto,are,anata,achi,achira,asoco,asocora,ano cata,anofó, which mean 'there (illic).' To these particles are added the case particles. The interrogative adverbs with the case particles andmoadded mean 'everywhere,' 'through every place,' or 'to every place,' e.g.,dono tocoro ie mo tovorǒ'I shall go everywhere,'doco ni mo'everywhere,'doco cara mo'from everywhere.' However, if, instead ofmo,nari tomois added the meaning becomes 'any place,' in a distributive sense; e.g.,doco ie nari tomo mairǒ'I shall go to each place individually.' The same meaning is obtained bydoco zowith the case particles placed between thedocoand thezo; e.g.,doco ni zo aru fodo ni'if someone is any place.'Coco caxicomeans 'here and there.'Doco mo caxico momeans 'the whole place.' The case particles are placed beforemo; e.g.,doco ni mo caxico ni mo'in the whole place,' but after the adverb; e.g.,coco caxico ni'here and there,'coco caxico ie doco,caxico iori[coco caxico ie'to here and there,'coco caxico iori'from here and there'], etc.[143]
The particleuiemeans 'above.' The genitive case is placed before it; e.g.,fandai no uie ni voqe'place it on the table,'cono uie va gozaru mai'it will not be above this,' that is to say 'it will not be better than this,'sono uie ni'about that,'sono uie no sata vo catari are'tell me about that,'core va izzure iori mo uie de gozaru'one will not discover anything better than his,' that is to say 'this is the best.'Xitameans 'below.' It governs the genitive; e.g.,fandai no xita ni voqe'place it under the table,'micotoba no xita iori(141v) 'when the king finishes speaking,'voxita vo cudasarei(141v) 'would your Lordship be so kind as to give to me that which remains of your drink.'
The particlesobameans 'side' and governs the genitive; e.g.,fito no soba vo fanaruru'he separates himself from the side of another.'
The particlemaiemeans 'before' and governs the genitive; e.g.,fito no maie vo tovoru'I pass in front of someone else,'cacugo no maie(141v) 'according to ones disposition,'funbet no maie(141v) 'as I believe, or think, or according to the sense (iuxta sensum).'