Chapter 8

Greek.—Athenaeus quotes 35 writers of works, known or supposed to be dictionaries, for, as they are all lost, it is often difficult to decide on their nature. Of these, Anticlides, who lived after the reign of Alexander the Great, wroteΈξηγητικός, which seems to have been a sort of dictionary, perhaps explaining the words and phrases occurring in ancient stories. Zenodotus, the first superintendent of the great library of Alexandria, who lived in the reigns of Ptolemy I. and Ptolemy II., wroteΓλῶσσαι, and alsoΛέξεις ἐθνικαἰ, a dictionary of barbarous or foreign phrases. Aristophanes of Byzantium, son of Apelles the painter, who lived in the reigns of Ptolemy II. and Ptolemy III., and had the supreme management of the Alexandrian library, wrote a number of works, asΆττικαί Λέξεις, Λακωνικαί Γλῶσσαιwhich, from the titles, should be dictionaries, but a fragment of hisΛέξειςprinted by Boissonade, in his edition of Herodian (London, 1869, 8vo, pp. 181-189), is not alphabetical. Artemidorus, a pupil of Aristophanes, wrote a dictionary of technical terms used in cookery. Nicander Colophonius, hereditary priest of Apollo Clarius, born at Claros, near Colophon in Ionia, in reputation for 50 years, from 181 to 135, wroteΓλῶσσαιin at least three books. Parthenius, a pupil of the Alexandrian grammarian Dionysius (who lived in the 1st century before Christ), wrote on choice words used by historians. Didymus, calledχαλκένερος, who, according to Athenaeus, wrote 3500 books, and, according to Seneca, 4000, wrote lexicons of the tragic poets (of which book 28 is quoted), of the comic poets, of ambiguous words and of corrupt expressions. Glossaries of Attic words were written by Crates, Philemon, Philetas and Theodorus; of Cretan, by Hermon or Hermonax; of Phrygian, by Neoptolemus; of Rhodian, by Moschus; of Italian, by Diodorus of Tarsus; of foreign words, by Silenus; of synonyms, by Simaristus; of cookery, by Heracleon; and of drinking vessels, by Apollodorus of Cyrene. According to Suidas, the most ancient Greek lexicographer was Apollonius the sophist, son of Archibius. According to the common opinion, he lived in the time of Augustus at Alexandria. He composed a lexicon of words used by Homer,Λέξεις Όμηρικαί, a very valuable and useful work, though much interpolated, edited by Villoison, from a MS. of the 10th century, Paris, 1773, 4to, 2 vols.; and by Tollius, Leiden, 1788, 8vo; ed. Bekker, Berlin, 1833, 8vo. Erotian or Herodian, physician to Nero, wrote a lexicon on Hippocrates, arranged in alphabetical order, probably by some copyist, whom Klein calls “homo sciolus.” It was first published in Greek in H. StephaniDictionarium Medicum, Paris, 1564, 8vo; ed. Klein, Lipsiae, 1865, 8vo, with additional fragments. Timaeus the sophist, who, according to Ruhnken, lived in the 3rd century, wrote a very short lexicon to Plato, which, though much interpolated, is of great value, 1st ed. Ruhnken, Leiden, 1754; ed. locupletior, Lugd. Bat. 1789, 8vo. Aelius Moeris, called the Atticist, lived about 190a.d., and wrote an Attic lexicon, 1st ed. Hudson, Oxf. 1712, Bekker, 1833. Julius Pollux (Ίούλιος Πολυδεύκης) of Naucratis, in Egypt, died, aged fifty-eight, in the reign of Commodus (180-192), who made him professor of rhetoric at Athens. He wrote, besides other lost works, an Onomasticon in ten books, being a classed vocabulary, intended to supply all the words required by each subject with the usage of the best authors. It is of the greatest value for the knowledge both of language and of antiquities. First printed by Aldus, Venice, 1500, fol.; often afterwards; ed. Lederlinus and Hemsterhuis, Amst. 1706, 2 vols.; Dindorf, 1824, 5 vols., Bethe (1900 f.). Harpocration of Alexandria, probably of the 2nd century, wrote a lexicon on the ten Attic orators, first printed by Aldus, Ven. 1503, fol.; ed. Dindorf, Oxford, 1853, 8vo, 2 vols. from 14 MSS. Orion, a grammarian of Thebes, in Egypt, who lived between 390 and 460, wrote an etymological dictionary, printed by Sturz, Leipzig, 1820, 4to. Helladius a priest of Jupiter at Alexandria, when the heathen temples there were destroyed by Theophilus in 389 or 391 escaped to Constantinople, where he was living in 408. He wrote an alphabetical lexicon, now lost, chiefly of prose, called by Photius the largest (πολυστιχώτατον) which he knew. Ammonius, professor of grammar at Alexandria, and priest of the Egyptian ape, fled to Constantinople with Helladius, and wrote a dictionary of words similar in sound but different in meaning, which has been often printed in Greek lexicons, as Aldus, 1497, Stephanus, and separately by Valckenaer, Lugd. Bat. 1739, 4to, 2 vols., and by others. Zenodotus wrote on the cries of animals, printed in Valckenaer’sAmmonius; with this may be compared the work of Vincentio Caralucci,Lexicon vocum quae a brutis animalibus emittuntur, Perusia, 1779, 12mo. Hesychius of Alexandria wrote a lexicon, important for the knowledge of the language and literature, containing many dialectic and local expressions and quotations from other authors, 1st ed. Aldus, Ven. 1514, fol.; the best is Alberti and Ruhnken, Lugd. Bat. 1746-1766, fol. 2 vols.; collated with the MS. in St Mark’s library, Venice, the only MS. existing, by Niels Iversen Schow, Leipzig, 1792, 8vo; ed. Schmidt, Jena, 1867, 8vo. The foundation of this lexicon is supposed to have been that of Pamphilus, an Alexandrian grammarian, quoted by Athenaeus, which, according to Suidas, was in 95 books from Ε to Ω; Α to Δ had been compiled by Zopirion. Photius, consecrated patriarch of Constantinople, 25th December 857, living in 886, left a lexicon, partly extant, and printed with Zonaras, Lips. 1808, 4to, 3 vols., being vol. iii.; ed. Naber, Leidae, 1864-1865, 8vo, 2 vols. The most celebrated of the Greek glossaries is that of Suidas, of whom nothing is known. He probably lived in the 10th century. His lexicon is an alphabetical dictionary of words including the names of persons and places—a compilation of extracts from Greek writers, grammarians, scholiasts and lexicographers, very carelessly and unequally executed. It was first printed by Demetrius Chalcondylas, Milan, 1499, fol.; the best edition, Bernhardy, Halle, 1853, 4to, 2 vols. John Zonaras, a celebrated Byzantine historian and theologian, who lived in the 12th century, compiled a lexicon, first printed by Tittmann, Lips. 1808. 4to, 2 vols. An anonymous Greek glossary, entitledΈτυμολογικὸν μέγα,Etymologicum magnum, has been frequently printed. The first edition is by Musurus, Venitia, 1499, fol.; the best by Gaisford, Oxonii, 1848, fol. It contains many grammatical remarks by famous authorities, many passages of authors, and mythological and historical notices. The MSS. vary so much that they look like the works of different authors. To Eudocia Augusta of Makrembolis, wife of the emperors Constantine XI. and Romanus IV. (1059 to 1071), was ascribed a dictionary of history and mythology,Ίωνιά(bed of violets), first printed by D’Ansse de Villoison,Anecdota Graeca, Venetiis, 1781, 4to, vol. i. pp. 1-442. It was supposed to have been of much value before it was published. Thomas, Magister Officiorum under Andronicus Palaeologus, afterward called as a monk Theodulus, wroteΈκλογαὶ ὀνομάτων Άττικῶν, printed by Callierges, Romae, 1517, 8vo: Papias,Vocabularium, Mediolani, 1476, fol.: Craston, an Italian Carmelite monk of Piacenza, compiled a Greek and Latin lexicon, edited by Bonus Accursius, printed at Milan, 1478, fol.: Aldus, Venetiis, 1497, fol.: Guarino, born about 1450 at Favora, near Camarino, who called himself both Phavorinus and Camers, published hisThesaurusin 1504. These three lexicons were frequently reprinted. Estienne,Thesaurus, Genevae, 1572, fol., 4 vols.; ed. Valpy, Lond. 1816-1826, 6 vols. fol.; Paris, 1831-1865, 9 vols. fol., 9902 pages:Κιβωτός, the ark, was intended to give the whole language, ancient and modern, but vol. i., Constantinople, 1819, fol., 763 pages, Α to Δ, only appeared, as the publication was put an end to by the events of 1821.English.—Jones, London, 1823, 8vo: Dunbar, Edin. 3rd ed. 1850, 4to: Liddell and Scott, 8th ed. Oxford, 1897, 4to.French.—Alexandre, 12th ed. Paris, 1863, 8vo; 1869-1871, 2 vols: Chassang, ib. 1872, 8vo.Italian.—Camini, Torino, 1865, 8vo, 972 pages: Müller, ib. 1871, 8vo.Spanish.—Diccionario manual, por les padres Esculapios, Madrid, 1859, 8vo.German.—Passow, 5th ed. Leipzig, 1841-1857, 4to: Jacobitz and Seiler, 4th ed. ib. 1856, 8vo: Benseler, ib. 1859, 8vo: Pape, Braunschweig, 1870-1874, 8vo, 4 vols. Prellwitz,Etymologisches Wörterbuch der griechischen Sprache, new edition, 1906: Herwerden,Lexicon Graecum suppletorium et dialecticum, 1902.Dialects.—Attic: Moeris, ed. Pierson, Lugd. Bat. 1759. 8vo.Attic Orators: Reiske, Oxon. 1828, 8vo, 2 vols.Doric: Portus, Franckof. 1605, 8vo.Ionic: Id. ib. 1603, 8vo; 1817; 1825.Prosody.—Morell, Etonae, 1762, 4to; ed. Maltby, Lond. 1830, 4to: Brasse, Lond. 1850, 8vo.Rhetoric.—Ernesti, Lips. 1795, 8vo.Music.—Drieberg, Berlin, 1855.Etymology.—Curtius, Leipzig, 1858-1862: Lancelot, Paris, 1863, 8vo.Synonyms.—Peucer, Dresden, 1766, 8vo: Pillon, Paris, 1847, 8vo.Proper Names.—Pape, ed. Sengebusch, 1866, 8vo, 969 pages.Verbs.—Veitch, 2nd ed. Oxf. 1866.Terminations.—Hoogeveen, Cantab. 1810, 4to: Pape, Berlin, 1836, 8vo.Particular Authors.—Aeschylus: Wellauer, 2 vols. Lips. 1830-1831, 8vo.Aristophanes: Caravella, Oxonii, 1822, 8vo.Demosthenes: Reiske, Lips. 1775, 8vo.Euripides: Beck, Cantab. 1829, 8vo.Herodotus: Schweighäuser, Strassburg, 1824, 8vo, 2 vols.Hesiod: Osoruis, Neapol. 1791, 8vo.Homer: Apollonius Sophista, ed. Tollius, Lugd. Bat., 1788, 8vo: Schaufelberger, Zürich, 1761-1768, 8vo, 8 vols.: Crusius, Hanover, 1836, 8vo: Wittich, London, 1843, 8vo: Döderlein, Erlangen, 8vo, 3 vols.: Eberling, Lipsiae, 1875, 8vo: Autenrieth, Leipzig, 1873, 8vo; London, 1877, 8vo.Isocrates: Mitchell, Oxon. 1828, 8vo.Pindar: Portus, Hanov. 1606, 8vo.Plato: Timaeus, ed. Koch, Lips. 1828, 8vo: Mitchell, Oxon. 1832, 8vo: Ast, Lips. 1835-1838, 8vo, 3 vols.Plutarch: Wyttenbach, Lips. 1835, 8vo, 2 vols.Sophocles: Ellendt, Regiomonti, 1834-1835, 8vo ed.; Genthe, Berlin, 1872, 8vo.Thucydides: Bétant, Geneva, 1843-1847, 8vo, 2 vols.Xenophon: Sturtz, Lips. 1801-1804, 8vo, 4 vols.: Cannesin (Anabasis, Gr.-Finnish), Helsirgissä, 1868, 8vo: Sauppe, Lipsiae, 1869, 8vo.Septuagint: Hutter, Noribergae, 1598, 4to: Biel, Hagae, 1779-1780, 8vo.New Testament: Lithocomus, Colon, 1552, 8vo: Parkhurst, ed. Major, London, 1845, 8vo: Schleusner (juxta ed. Lips. quartam), Glasguae, 1824, 4to.Medieval and Modern Greek.—Meursius, Lugd. Bat. 1614, 4to: Critopulos, Stendaliae, 1787, 8vo: Portius, Par. 1635, 4to: Du Cange, Paris, 1682, fol., 2 vols.; Ludg. 1688, fol.English.—Polymera, Hermopolis, 1854, 8vo: Sophocles, Cambr. Mass. 1860-1887: Contopoulos, Athens, 1867, 8vo; Smyrna, 1868-1870, 8vo, 2 parts, 1042 pages.French.—Skarlatos, Athens, 1852, 4to: Byzantius, ib. 1856, 8vo, 2 vols.: Varvati, 4th ed. ib., 1860, 8vo.Italian.—Germano, Romae, 1622, 8vo: Somavera, Parigi, 1709, fol., 2 vols.: Pericles, Hermopolis, 1857, 8vo.German.—Schmidt, Lips. 1825-1827, 12mo, 2 vols.: Petraris, Leipz. 1897.Polyglots.—Koniaz (Russian and Fr.), Moscow, 1811, 4to; Schmidt (Fr.-Germ.), Leipzig, 1837-1840, 12mo, 3 vols.: Theocharopulas de Patras (Fr.-Eng.), Munich, 1840, 12mo.Latin.—Johannes de Janua,CatholiconorSumma, finished in 1286, printed Moguntiæ 1460, fol.; Venice, 1487; and about 20 editions before 1500: Johannes,Comprehensorium, Valentia, 1475, fol.: Nestor Dionysius,Onomasticon, Milan, 1477, fol.: Stephanus, Paris, 1531, fol., 2 vols.: Gesner, Lips. 1749, fol., 4 vols.: Forcellini, Patavii, 1771, fol., 4 vols.Polyglot.—Calepinus, Reggio, 1502, fol. (Aldus printed 16 editions, with the Greek equivalents of the Latin words; Venetiis, 1575, fol., added Italian, French and Spanish; Basileae, 1590, fol., is in 11 languages; several editions, from 1609, are called Octolingue; many of the latter 2 vol. editions were edited by John Facciolati): Verantius (Ital., Germ., Dalmatian, Hungarian), Venetiis, 1595, 4to: Lodereckerus (Ital., Germ., Dalm., Hungar., Bohem., Polish), Pragae, 1605, 4to.English.—Promptorium parvulorum, compiled in 1440 by Galfridus Grammaticus, a Dominican monk of Lynn Episcopi, in Norfolk, was printed by Pynson, 1499; 8 editions, 1508-1528, ed. Way, Camden Society, 1843-1865, 3 vols. 4to;Medulla grammaticis, probably by the same author, MS. written 1483; printed asOrtus vocabulorum, by Wynkyn de Worde, 1500; 13 editions 1509-1523; Sir Thomas Elyot, London, 1538, fol.; 2nd ed. 1543;Bibliotheca Eliotae, ed. Cooper, ib. 1545, fol.: Huloet,Abecedarium, London, 1552, fol.;Dictionarie, 1572, fol.: Cooper, London, 1565, fol.; 4th edition, 1584, fol.: Baret,Alvearie, ib. 1575, fol.; 1580, fol.: Fleming, ib. 1583, fol.: Ainsworth, London, 1736, 4to; ed. Morell, London, 1796, 4to, 2 vols.; ed. Beatson and Ellis, ib. 1860, 8vo: Scheller, translated by Riddle, Oxford, 1835, fol.: Smith, London, 1855, 8vo; 1870: Lewis and Short, Oxford, 1879.Eng.-Latin.—Levins,Manipulus puerorum, Lond. 1570, 4to: Riddle, ib. 1838, 8vo: Smith, ib. 1855, 8vo.French.—Catholicon parvum, Geneva, 1487: Estienne,Dictionnaire, Paris, 1539, fol. 675 pages; enlarged 1549; ed. Huggins, Lond. 1572: Id.Dictionarium Latino-Gallicum, Lutetiae, 1546, fol.; Paris, 1552; 1560: Id.,Dictionariolum puerorum, Paris, 1542, 4to:Les Mots français, Paris, 1544, 4to; the copy in the British Museum has the autograph of Queen Catherine Parr: Thierry (Fr.-Lat.), Paris, 1564, fol.: Danet, Ad usum Delphini, Paris, 1700, 4to, 2 vols.; and frequently: Quicherat, 9th ed. Paris, 1857, 8vo: Theil, 3rd ed. Paris, 1863, 8vo: Freund, ib. 1835-1865, 4to, 3 vols.German.—Joh. Melber, of Gerolzhofen,Vocabularius praedicantium, of which 26 editions are described by Hain (Repertorium, No. 11,022, &c.), 15 undated, 7 dated 1480-1495, 4to, and 3 after 1504:Vocabularius gemma gemmarum, Antwerp, 1484, 4to; 1487; 12 editions, 1505-1518: Herman Torentinus,Elucidarius carminum, Daventri, 1501, 4to; 22 editions, 1504-1536: Binnart, Ant. 1649, 8vo: Id.,Biglotton, ib. 1661; 4th ed. 1688: Faber, ed. Gesner, Hagae Com. 1735, fol., 2 vols.: Hederick, Lips. 1766, 8vo, 2 vols.: Ingerslev, Braunschweig, 1835-1855, 8vo, 2 vols.:Thesaurus linguae Latinae, Leipzig, 1900: Walde,Lateinisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 1906.Italian.—Seebar (Sicilian translation of Lebrixa), Venet. 1525, 8vo: Venuti, 1589, 8vo: Galesini, Venez. 1605, 8vo: Bazzarini and Bellini, Torino, 1864, 4to, 2 vols. 3100 pages.Spanish.—Salmanticae, 1494, fol.; Antonio de Lebrixa, Nebrissenis, Compluti, 1520, fol., 2 vols.: Sanchez de la Ballesta, Salamanca, 1587, 4to: Valbuena, Madrid, 1826, fol.Portuguese.—Bluteau,Lisbon, 1712-1728, fol., 10 vols: Fonseca, ib. 1771, fol.: Ferreira, Paris, 1834, 4to; 1852.Romansch.—Promptuario di voci volgari, Valgrisii, 1565, 4to.Vlach.—Divalitu, Bucuresci, 1852, 8vo.Swedish.—Vocabula, Rostock, 1574, 8vo; Stockholm, 1579: Lindblom, Upsala, 1790, 4to.Dutch.—Binnart, Antw. 1649, 8vo: Scheller, Lugd. Bat. 1799, 4to, 2 vols.Flemish.—Paludanus, Gandavi, 1544, 4to.Polish.—Macinius, Königsberg, 1564, fol.: Garszynski, Breslau, 1823, 8vo, 2 vols.Bohemian.—Johannes Aquensis, Pilsnae, 1511, 4to: Reschel, Olmucii, 1560-1562, 4to, 2 vols.: Cnapius, Cracovia, 1661, fol., 3 vols.Illyrian.—Bellosztenecz, Zagrab, 1740, 4to: Jambresich (also Germ. and Hungar.), Zagrab, 1742, 4to.Servian.—Swotlik, Budae, 1721, 8vo.Hungarian.—Molnar, Frankf. a. M. 1645, 8vo: Pariz-Papai, Leutschen, 1708, 8vo; 1767.Finnish.—Rothsen, Helsingissä, 1864, 8vo.Poetic.—Epithetorum et synonymorum thesaurus, Paris, 1662, 8vo, attributed to Chatillon; reprinted by Paul Aler, a German Jesuit, asGradus ad Parnassum, Paris, 1687, 8vo; many subsequent editions:Schirach, Hal. 1768, 8vo: Noel, Paris, 1810, 8vo; 1826: Quicherat, Paris, 1852, 8vo: Young, London, 1856, 8vo.Erotic.—Rambach, Stuttgart, 1836, 8vo.Rhetorical.—Ernesti, Lips. 1797, 8vo.Civil Law.—Dirksen, Berolini, 1837, 4to.Synonyms.—Hill, Edinb. 1804, 4to: Döderlein, Lips. 1826-1828, 8vo, 6 vols.Etymology.—Danet, Paris, 1677, 8vo: Vossius, Neap. 1762, fol., 2 vols.: Salmon, London, 1796, 8vo, 2 vols.: Nagel, Berlin, 1869, 8vo; Latin roots, with their French and English derivatives, explained in German: Zehetmayr, Vindobonae, 1873, 8vo: Vaniček, Leipz. 1874, 8vo.Barbarous.—Marchellus, Mediol. 1753, 4to; Krebs, Frankf. a. M. 1834, 8vo; 1837.Particular Authors.—Caesar: Crusius, Hanov. 1838, 8vo.Cicero: Nizzoli, Brescia, 1535, fol.; ed. Facciolati, Patavii, 1734, fol.; London, 1820, 8vo, 3 vols.: Ernesti, Lips. 1739, 8vo; Halle, 1831.Cornelius Nepos: Schmieder, Halle, 1798, 8vo; 1816: Billerbeck, Hanover, 1825, 8vo.Curtius Rufus: Crusius, Hanov. 1844, 8vo.Horace: Ernesti, Berlin, 1802-1804, 8vo, 3 vols.: Döring, Leipz. 1829, 8vo.Justin: Meinecke, Lemgo, 1793, 8vo; 2nd ed. 1818.Livy: Ernesti, Lips. 1784, 8vo; ed Schäfer, 1804.Ovid: Gierig, Leipz. 1814: (Metamorphoses) Meinecke, 2nd ed., Lemgo, 1825, 8vo: Billerbeck (Do.), Hanover, 1831, 8vo.Phaedrus: Oertel, Nürnberg, 1798, 8vo: Hörstel, Leipz. 1803, 8vo: Billerbeck Hanover, 1828, 8vo.Plautus: Paraeus, Frankf. 1614, 8vo.Pliny: Denso, Rostock, 1766, 8vo. Pliny, jun.: Wensch, Wittenberg, 1837-1839, 4to.Quintilian: Bonnellus, Leipz. 1834, 8vo.Sallust: Schneider, Leipz. 1834, 8vo: Crusius, Hanover, 1840, 8vo.Tacitus: Bötticher, Berlin, 1830, 8vo.Velleius Paterculus: Koch, Leipz. 1857, 8vo.Virgil:Clavis, London, 1742, 8vo: Braunhard, Coburg, 1834, 8vo.Vitruvius: Rode, Leipz. 1679, 4to, 2 vols.: Orsini, Perugia, 1801, 8vo.Old Italian Languages.—Fabretti, Torini, 1858, 4to.Umbrian: Huschke, Leipz. 1860, 8vo.Oscan and Sabellian: Id. Elberfeld, 1856, 8vo.Medieval Latin.—Du Cange,Glossarium, Paris, 1733-1736, fol., 6 vols.; Carpentier, Suppl., Paris, 1766, fol., 4 vols.; ed. Adelung, Halae, 1772-1784, 8vo, 6 vols.; ed. Henschel, Paris, 1840-1850, 4to, 7 vols. (vol. vii. contains a glossary of Old French): Brinckmeier, Gotha, 1850-1863, 8vo, 2 vols.: Hildebrand (Glossarium saec. ix.), Götting. 1854, 4to: Diefenbach,Glossarium, Frankf. 1857, 4to: Id.Gloss. novum, ib. 1867, 4to.Ecclesiastical.—Magri, Messina, 1644, 4to; 8th ed. Venezia, 1732; Latin translation,Magri Hierolexicon, Romae, 1677, fol.; 6th ed. Bologna, 1765, 4to, 2 vols.Romance Languages.Romance Languages generally.—Diez, Bonn, 1853, 8vo; 2nd ed. ib. 1861-1862, 8vo, 2 vols.; 3rd ed. ib. 1869-1870, 8vo, 2 vols.; transl. by Donkin, 1864, 8vo.French.—Ranconet,Thresor, ed. Nicot, Paris, 1606, fol.; ib. 1618, 4to: Richelet, Genève, 1680, fol., 2 vols.; ed. Gattel, Paris, 1840, 8vo, 2 vols.The French Academy, after five years’ consideration, began their dictionary, on the 7th of February 1639, by examining the letter A, which took them nine months to go through. The word Académie was for some time omitted by oversight. They decided, on the 8th of March 1638, not to cite authorities, and they have since always claimed the right of making their own examples. Olivier justifies them by saying that for eighty years all the best writers belonged to their body, and they could not be expected to cite each other. Their design was to raise the language to its last perfection, and to open a road to reach the highest eloquence. Antoine Furetière, one of their members, compiled a dictionary which he says cost him forty years’ labour for ten hours a day, and the manuscript filled fifteen chests. He gave words of all kinds, especially technical, names of persons and places, and phrases. As a specimen, he published hisEssai, Paris, 1684, 4to; Amst. 1685, 12mo. The Academy charged him with using the materials they had prepared for their dictionary, and expelled him, on the 22nd of January 1685, for plagiarism. He died on the 14th of May 1688, in the midst of the consequent controversy and law suit. His complete work was published, with a preface by Bayle, La Haye and Rotterdam, 1690, fol., 3 vols.; again edited by Basnage de Beauval, 1701; La Haye, 1707, fol., 4 vols. From the edition of 1701 the very popular so-calledDictionnaire de Trevoux, Trevoux, 1704, fol., 2 vols., was made by the Jesuits, who excluded everything that seemed to favour the Calvinism of Basnage. The last of its many editions is Paris, 1771, fol., 8 vols. The Academy’s dictionary was first printed Paris, 1694, fol., 2 vols. They began the revision in 1700; second edition 1718, fol., 2 vols.; 3rd, 1740, fol., 2 vols.; 6th, 1835, 2 vols. 4to, reprinted 1855; Supplément, by F. Raymond, 1836, 4to; Complément, 1842, 4to, reprinted 1856;Dictionnaire historique, Paris, 1858-1865, 4to, 2 parts (A to Actu), 795 pages, published by the Institut: Dochez, Paris, 1859, 4to: Bescherelle, ib. 1844, 4to, 2 vols.; 5th ed. Paris, 1857, 4to, 2 vols.; 1865; 1887: Landais, Paris, 1835; 12th ed. ib. 1854, 4to, 2 vols.: Littré, Paris, 1863-1873, 4to, 4 vols. 7118 pages: Supplément, Paris, 1877, 4to: Godefroy (with dialects from 9th to 15th cent.), Paris, 1881-1895, andComplément: Hatzfield, Darmesteter, and Thomas, Paris, 1890-1900: Larive and Fleury, (mots et choses, illustré), Paris, 1884-1891.English.—Palsgrave,Lesclaircissement de la langue francoyse, London, 1530, 4to, 2 parts; 1852: Hollyband, London, 1533, 4to: Cotgrave, ib. 1611, fol.: Boyer, La Haye, 1702, 4to, 2 vols.; 37th ed. Paris, 1851, 8vo, 2 vols.: Fleming and Tibbins, Paris, 1846-1849, 4to, 2 vols.; ib. 1854, 4to, 2 vols.; ib. 1870-1872, 4to, 2 vols.: Tarver, London, 1853-1854, 8vo, 2 vols.; 1867-1872: Bellows, Gloucester, 1873, 16mo; ib. 1876.Ideological, or Analogical.—Robertson, Paris, 1859, 8vo: Boissière, Paris, 1862, 8vo.Etymology.—Lebon, Paris, 1571, 8vo: Ménage, ib. 1650, 4to. Pougens projected aTrésor des origines, his extracts for which, filling nearly 100 volumes folio, are in the library of the Institut. He published a specimen, Paris, 1819, 4to. After his death,Archéologie française, Paris, 1821, 8vo, 2 vols., was compiled from his MSS., which were much used by Littré: Scheler, Bruxelles, 1862, 8vo; 1873: Brachet, 2nd ed. Paris, 1870, 12mo; English trans. Kitchin, Oxf. 1866, 8vo.Greek Words.—Trippault, Orleans, 1580, 8vo: Morin, Paris, 1809, 8vo.German Words.—Atzler, Cöthen, 1867, 8vo.Oriental Words.—Pihan, Paris, 1847, 8vo; 1866: Devic, ib. 1876, 8vo.Neology.—Desfontaines, 3rd ed. Amst. 1728, 12mo: Mercier, Paris, 1801, 8vo, 2 vols.: Richard, ib. 1842, 8vo; 2nd ed. 1845.Poetic.—Dict. des rimes(by La Noue), Geneve, 1596, 8vo; Cologny, 1624, 8vo: Carpentier,Le Gradus français, Paris, 1825, 8vo, 2 vols.Erotic.—De Landes, Bruxelles, 1861, 12mo.Oratory.—Demandre and Fontenai, Paris, 1802, 8vo: Planche, ib. 1819-1820, 8vo, 3 vols.Pronunciation.—Féline, ib. 1857, 8vo.Double Forms.—Brachet, ib. 1871, 8vo.Epithets.—Daire, ib. 1817, 8vo.Verbs.—Bescherelle, ib. 1855, 8vo, 2 vols.: 3rd ed. 1858.Participles.—Id., ib. 1861, 12mo.Difficulties.—Boiste, London, 1828, 12mo: Laveaux, Paris, 1872, 8vo, 843 pages.Synonyms.—Boinvilliers, Paris, 1826, 8vo: Lafaye, ib. 1858, 8vo; 1861; 1869: Guizot, ib. 1809, 8vo; 6th ed. 1863; 1873.Homonyms.—Zlatagorski (Germ., Russian, Eng.), Leipzig, 1862, 8vo, 664 pages.Imitative Words.—Nodier,Onomatopées, ib. 1828, 8vo.Technology.—D’Hautel, ib. 1808, 8vo, 2 vols.: Desgranges, ib. 1821, 8vo: Tolhausen (Fr., Eng., Germ.), Leipz. 1873, 8vo, 3 vols.Faults of Expression.—Roland, Gap, 1823, 8vo: Blondin, Paris, 1823, 8vo.Particular Authors.—Corneille: Godefroy, ib. 1862, 8vo, 2 vols.: Marty-Laveaux, ib. 1868, 8vo, 2 vols.La Fontaine: Lorin, ib. 1852, 8vo.Malherbe: Regnier, ib. 1869, 8vo.Molière: Genin, ib. 1846, 8vo: Marty-Laveaux, ib. 8vo.Racine: Marty-Laveaux, ib. 1873, 8vo, 2 vols.Mmede Sévigné: Sommer, ib. 1867, 8vo, 2 vols.Old French.—La Curne de St Palaye prepared a dictionary, of which he only publishedProjet d’un glossaire, Paris, 1756, 4to. His MSS. in many volumes are in the National Library, and were much used by Littré. They were printed by L. Favre, and fasciculi 21-30 (tom. iii.), Niort, 4to, 484 pages, were published in February 1877. Lacombe (vieux langage), Paris, 1766, 2 vols. 4to: Kelham (Norman and Old French), London, 1779, 8vo: Roquefort (langue romane), Paris, 1808, 8vo; Supplément, ib. 1820, 8vo: Pougens,Archéologie, ib. 1821, 8vo, 2 vols.: Burguy, Berlin, 1851-1856, 8vo, 3 vols.: Laborde (Notice des émaux ... du Louvre, part ii.), Paris, 1853, 8vo, 564 pages:3Gachet (rhymed chronicles), Bruxelles, 1859, 4to: Le Héricher (Norman, English and French), Paris, 1862, 3 vols. 8vo: Hippeau (12th and 13th centuries), Paris, 1875, 8vo.Dialects.—Jaubert (central), Paris, 1856-1857, 8vo, 2 vols.: Baumgarten (north and centre), Coblentz, 1870, 8vo: Azais,Idiomes romans du midi, Montpellier, 1877.Austrasian: François. Metz, 1773, 8vo.Auvergne: Mège, Riom, 1861, 12mo.Bearn: Lespi, Pau, 1858, 8vo.Beaucaire: Bonnet (Bouguirén), Nismes, 1840, 8vo.Pays de Bray: Decorde, Neufchâtel, 1852, 8vo.Burgundy: Mignard, Dijon, 1870, 8vo.Pays de Castres: Couzinié, Castres, 1850, 4to.Dauphiné: Champollion-Figeac, Paris, 1809, 8vo: Jules, Valence, 1835, 8vo; Paris, 1840, 4to.Dep. of Doubs: Tissot (Patois des Fourg, arr. de Pontarlier) Besançon, 1865, 8vo.Forez: Gras, Paris, 1864, 8vo; Neolas, Lyon, 1865, 8vo.Franche Comté: Maisonforte, 2nd ed. Besançon, 1753, 8vo.Gascony: Desgrouais (Gasconismes corrigés), Toulouse, 1766, 8vo; 1769; 1812, 12mo, 2 vols.; 1825, 8vo, 2 vols.Dep. of Gers: Cenac-Montaut, Paris, 1863, 8vo.Geneva: Humbert, Geneve, 1820, 8vo.Languedoc: Odde, Tolose, 1578, 8vo: Doujat, Toulouse, 1638, 8vo: De S.[auvages], Nismes, 1756, 2 vols.; 1785; Alais, 1820: Azais, Beziers, 1876, &c., 8vo: Hombres, Alais, 1872, 4to: Thomas (Greek words) Montpellier, 1843, 4to.Liége: Forir, Liége, 1866, 8vo, vol i. 455 pages.Lille: Vermesse, Lille, 1861, 12mo: Debuire du Buc ib., 1867, 8vo.Limousin: Beronie, ed. Vialle (Corrèze), Tulle, 1823, 4to.Lyonnais, Forez, Beaujolais: Onofrio, Lyon, 1864, 8vo.Haut Maine: R[aoul] de M.[ontesson], Paris, 1857; 1859, 503 pages.Mentone: Andrews, Nice, 1877, 12mo.Dep. de la Meuse: Cordier, Paris, 1853, 8vo.Norman: Edélestand and Alfred Duméril, Caen, 1849, 8vo: Dubois, ib. 1857, 8vo: Le Héricher (Philologie topographique), Caen, 1863, 4to: Id. (éléments scandinaves), Avranches, 1861, 12mo: Metivier (Guernsey), London, 1870, 8vo: Vasnier (arrond de Pont Audemer), Rouen, 1861, 8vo: Delboulle (Vallée d’Yères), Le Havre, 1876.Picardy: Corblet, Amiens, 1851, 8vo.Poitou, Saintonge, Aunis: Favre, Niort, 1867, 8vo.Poitou: Beauchet-Filleau, Paris, 1864, 8vo: Levrier, Niort, 1867, 8vo: Lalanne, Poitiers, 1868, 8vo.Saintonge: Boucherie, Angoulême, 1865, 8vo: Jonain, Royan, 1867, 8vo.Savoy: Pont (Terratzu de la Tarantaise), Chambery, 1869, 8vo.La Suisse Romande: Bridel, Lausanne, 1866, 8vo.Dep. of Tarn: Gary, Castre, 1845, 8vo.Dep. of Vaucluse: Barjavel, Carpentras, 1849, 8vo.Walloon (Rouchi): Cambresier, Liége, 1787, 8vo: Grandgagnage, ib. 1845-1850, 8vo. 2 vols.: Chavée, Paris, 1857, 18mo: Vermesse, Doudi, 1867, 8vo. Sigart (Montois), Bruxelles, 1870, 8vo.Slang.—Oudin,Curiositez Françaises, Paris, 1640, 8vo: Baudeau de Saumaise (Précieuses, Langue de Ruelles), Paris, 1660, 12mo; ed. Livet, ib. 1856: Le Roux,Dict. Comique, Amst. 1788, and 6 other editions: Carême Prenant [i.e.Taumaise], (argot réforme), Paris, 1829, 8vo: Larchey (excentricitées du langage), Paris, 1860, 12mo; 5th ed. 1865: Delvau (langue verte, Parisian), Paris, 1867, 8vo: Larchey, Paris, 1873, 4to, 236 pages.Provençal.—Pallas, Avignon, 1723, 4to: Bastero,La Crusca Provenzale, Roma, 1724, fol. vol. i. only: Raynouard, Paris, 1836-1844, 8vo, 6 vols.: Garcin, Draguignand, 1841, 8vo, 2 vols.: Honnorat, Digne, 1846-1849, 4to, 4 vols. 107,201 words: Id.,Vocab. fr. prov., ib. 1848, 12mo, 1174 pages.Spanish.—Covarruvias Orosco, Madrid, 1611, fol.: ib. 1673-1674, fol. 2 vols.; Academia Española, Madrid, 1726-1739, fol. 6 vols.; 8th ed. 1837: Caballero, Madrid, 1849, fol.; 8th ed. ib. 1860, 4to, 2 vols.: Cuesta, ib. 1872, fol. 2 vols.: Campano, Paris, 1876, 18mo, 1015 pages. Cuervo, 1886-1894; Monlau, 1881; Zerola, Toro y Gomes, and Isaza, 1895; Serrano (encyclopaedic) 1876-1881.English.—Percivall, London, 1591, 4to: Pineda, London, 1740, fol.: Connelly and Higgins, Madrid, 1797-1798, 4to, 4 vols.: Neuman and Baretti, 9th ed. London, 1831, 8vo, 2 vols.; 1874.French.—Oudin, Paris, 1607, 4to, 1660; Gattel, Lyon, 1803, 4to, 2 vols.: Dominguez, Madrid, 1846, 8vo, 6 vols.: Blanc, Paris, 1862, 8vo, 2 vols.German.—Wagener, Hamb. 1801-1805, 8vo, 4 vols.: Seckendorp, ib. 1823, 8vo, 3 vols.: Franceson, 3rd ed. Leipzig, 1862, 8vo, 2 vols.Italian.—Franciosini, Venezia, 1735, 8vo, 2 vols.; Cormon y Manni, Leon, 1843, 16mo, 2 vols.: Romero, Madrid, 1844, 4to.Synonyms.—Diccionario de Sinonimos, Paris, 1853, 4to.Etymology.—Aldrete, Madrid, 1682, fol.: Monlau y Roca, ib. 1856, 12mo; Barcia, 1881-1883.Arabic Words.—Hammer Purgstall, Wien, 1855, 8vo: Dozy and Engelmann, 2d ed. Leiden, 1869, 8vo.Ancient.—Sanchez, Paris, 1842, 8vo.Rhyming.—Garcia de Rengifo (consonancias) Salmantica, 1592, 4to; 1876.Don Quixote.—Beneke (German), Leipzig, 1800, 16mo; 4th ed. Berlin, 1841, 16mo.Dialects.—Aragonese: Peralta, Zaragoza, 1836, 8vo: Borao, ib. 1859, 4to.Catalan: Rocha de Girona (Latin), Barcinone, 1561, fol.:Dictionari Catala(Lat. Fr. Span.), Barcelona, 1642, 8vo: Lacavalleria (Cat.-Lat.), ib. 1696, fol.: Esteve, ed. Belvitges, &c. (Catal.-Sp. Lat.), Barcelona, 1805-1835, fol. 2 vols.: Saura (Cat.-Span.), ib. 1851, 16mo; 2nd ed.(Span.-Cat.), ib. 1854; 3rd ed. (id.) ib. 1862, 8vo: Labernia, ib. 1844-1848, 8vo, 2 vols. 1864.Gallegan: Rodriguez, Coruña, 1863, 4to: Cuveira y Piñol, Madrid, 1877, 8vo. Majorca: Figuera, Palma, 1840, 4to: Amengual, ib. 1845, 4to.Minorca:Diccionario, Madrid, 1848, 8vo.Valencian: Palmyreno, Valentiae, 1569: Ros, Valencia, 1764, 8vo: Fuster, ib. 1827, 8vo: Lamarca, 2nd ed. ib. 1842, 16mo.Cuba:Glossary of Creole Words, London, 1840, 8vo: Pichardo, 1836; 2nd ed. Havana, 1849, 8vo; 3rd ed. ib. 1862, 8vo; Madrid, 1860, 4to.Portuguese.—Lima, Lisbon, 1783, 4to: Moraes da Silva, ib. 1789, 4to, 2 vols.; 6th ed. 1858: Academia real das Sciencas, ib. 1793, tom. i., ccvi. and 544 pages (A to Azurrar); Faria, ib. 1849, fol. 2 vols.; 3rd ed. ib. 1850-1857, fol. 2 vols. 2220 pages.English.—Vieyra, London, 1773, 2 vols. 4to: Lacerda, Lisboa, 1866-1871, 4to, 2 vols.French.—Marquez, Lisboa, 1756-1761, fol. 2 vols.: Roquette, Paris, 1841, 8vo, 2 vols.; 4th ed. 1860: Marques, Lisbonne, 1875, fol. 2 vols.: Souza Pinto, Paris, 1877, 32mo, 1024 pages.German.—Wagener, Leipzig, 1811-1812, 8vo, 2 vols.: Wollheim, ib. 1844, 12mo, 2 vols.: Bösche, Hamburg, 1858, 8vo, 2 vols. 1660 pages.Italian.—Costa e Sá, Lisboa, 1773-1774, fol. 2 vols. 1652 pages: Prefumo, Lisboa, 1853, 8vo, 1162 pages.Ancient.—Joaquim de Sancta Rosa de Viterbo, ib. 1798, fol. 2 vols.; 1824, 8vo.Arabic Words.—Souza, ib. 1789, 4to; 2nd ed. by S. Antonio Moura, ib. 1830, 224 pages.Oriental and African Words, not Arabic.—Saõ Luiz, ib. 1837, 4to, 123 pages.French Words.—Id., ib. 1827, 4to; 2nd ed. Rio de Janeiro, 1835, 8vo.Synonyms.—Id., ib. 1821, 4to; 2nd ed. ib. 1824-1828, 8vo. Fonseca, Paris, 1833, 8vo; 1859, 18mo, 863 pages.Homonyms.—De Couto, Lisboa, 1842, fol.Poetic.—Luzitano (i.e.Freire), ib. 1765, 8vo, 2 vols.; 3rd ed. ib. 1820, 4to, 2 vols.Rhyming.—Couto Guerreiro, Lisboa, 1763, 4to.Naval.—Tiberghien, Rio de Janeiro, 1870, 8vo.Ceylon-Portuguese.—Fox, Colombo, 1819, 8vo: Callaway, ib. 1823, 8vo.Italian.—Accarigi,Vocabulario, Cento, 1543, 4to: Alunno,Lafabrica del mundo, Vinezia, 1548, fol.: Porccachi, Venetia, 1588, fol.: Accademici della Crusca,Vocabulario, Venez. 1612, fol.; 4th ed. Firenze, 1729-1738, fol. 6 vols.: Costa and Cardinali, Bologna, 1819-1826, 4to, 7 vols.: Tommaseo and Bellini, Torino, 1861, &c., 4to, 4 vols.: Petrocchi, 1884-1891.English.—Thomas, London, 1598, 4to: Florio, London, 1598, 4to, 1611: Baretti, London, 1794, 2 vols.: 1854, 8vo, 2 vols.: Petronj and Davenport, Londra, 1828, 8vo, 3 vols.: Grassi, Leipz. 1854, 12mo: Millhouse, Lond., 1868, 8vo, 2 vols. 1348 pages.French.—Alberti, Paris, 1771, 4to, 2 vols.; Milan, 1862: Barberi, Paris, 1838, 4to, 2 vols.: Renzi, Paris, 1850, 8vo.German.—Libro utilissimo, Venetiis, 1499, 4to: Valentini, Leipzig, 1834-1836, 4to, 4 vols.Etymology.—Menage, Geneva, 1685, fol.: Bolza, Vienna, 1852, 4to.Provençal Words.—Nannucci, Firenze, 1840, 8vo.Synonyms.—Rabbi, Venezia, 1774, 4to; 10th ed. 1817; Tommaseo, Firenze, 1839-1840, 4to, 2 vols.: Milano, 1856, 8vo; 1867.Verbs.—Mastrofini, Roma, 1814, 4to, 2 vols.Select Words and Phrases.—Redi, Brescia, 1769, 8vo.Incorrect Words and Phrases.—Molassi, Parma, 1830-1841, 8vo, 854 pages.Supposed Gallicisms.—Viani, Firenze, 1858-1860, 8vo, 2 vols.Additions To the Dictionaries.—Gherardini, Milano, 1819-1821, 8vo, 2 vols.; ib. 1852-1857, 8vo, 6 vols.Rhyming.—Falco, Napoli, 1535, 4to: Ruscelli, Venetia, 1563, 8vo; 1827: Stigliani, Roma, 1658, 8vo: Rosasco, Padova, 1763, 4to; Palermo, 1840, 8vo.Technical.—Bonavilla-Aquilino, Mil. 1819-1821, 8vo, 5 vols.; 2nd ed. 1829-1831, 4to, 2 vols.: Vogtberg (Germ.), Wein, 1831, 8vo.Particular Authors.—Boccaccio: Aluno,Le ricchezze della lingua volgare, Vinegia, 1543. fol.Dante: Blanc, Leipzig, 1852, 8vo; Firenze, 1859, 8vo.Dialects.—Bergamo: Gasparini, Mediol. 1565: Zappetini, Bergamo, 1859, 8vo: Tiraboschi (anc. and mod.), Turin, 1873, 8vo.Bologna: Bumaldi, Bologna, 1660, 12mo: Ferrari, ib. 1820, 8vo; 1838, 4to.Brescia: Gagliardi, Brescia, 1759, 8vo: Melchiori, ib. 1817-1820, 8vo:Vocabularietto, ib. 1872, 4to.Como: Monti, Milano, 1845, 8vo.Ferrara: Manini, Ferrara, 1805, 8vo: Azzi, ib. 1857, 8vo.Friuli: Scala, Pordenone, 1870, 8vo.Genoa: Casaccia, Gen. 1842-1851, 8vo; 1873, &c.: Paganini, ib. 1857, 8vo.Lombardy: Margharini, Tuderti, 1870, 8vo.Mantua: Cherubini, Milano, 1827, 4to.Milan: Varon, ib. 1606, 8vo: Cherubini, ib. 1814, 8vo, 2 vols.; 1841-1844, 8vo, 4 vols.; 1851-1861, 8vo, 5 vols.: Banfi, ib. 1857, 8vo: 1870, 8vo.Modena: Galvani, Modena, 1868, 8vo.Naples: Galiani, Napoli, 1789, 12mo, 2 vols.Parma: Peschieri, Parma, 1828-1831, 8vo, 3 vols. 1840; Malespina, ib. 1856, 8vo, 2 vols.Pavia:Dizionario domestico pavese, Pavia, 1829, 8vo: Gambini, ib. 1850, 4to, 346 pages.Piacenza: Nicolli, Piacenza, 1832: Foresti, ib. 1837-1838, 8vo, 2 pts.Piedmont: Pino, Torino, 1784, 4to: Capello (Fr.), Turin, 1814, 8vo, 2 pts.: Zalli (Ital. Lat. Fr.), Carmagnola, 1815, 8vo, 2 vols: Sant’ Albino, Torino, 1860, 4to.Reggio:Vocabulario Reggiano, 1832.Romagna: Morri, Fienza, 1840.Rome:Raccolto di voci Romani e Marchiani, Osimo, 1769, 8vo.Roveretano and Trentino: Azzolini, Venezia, 1856, 8vo.Sardinia: Porru, Casteddu, 1832, fol.: Spano, Cagliari, 1851-1852, fol. 3 vols.Sicily: Bono (It. Lat.), Palermo, 1751-1754, 4to, 3 vols.; 1783-1785, 4to, 5 vols.: Pasqualino, ib. 1785-1795, 4to, 5 vols.: Mortillaro, ib. 1853, 4to, 956 pages: Biundi, ib. 1857, 12mo, 578 pages: Traina, ib. 1870, 8vo.Siena: Barbagli, Siena, 1602, 4to.Taranto: Vincentiis, Taranto, 1872, 8vo.Turin: Somis di Chavrie, Torino, 1843, 8vo.Tuscany: Luna, Napoli, 1536, 4to: Politi, Roma, 1604, 8vo; Venezia, 1615; 1628; 1665; Paulo, ib. 1740, 4to.Vaudois: Callet, Lausanne, 1862, 12mo.Venetian: Patriarchi (Veneziano e padevano), Padova, 1755, 4to; 1796, 1821: Boerio, Venezia, 1829, 4to; 1858-1859; 1861.Verona: Angeli, Verona, 1821, 8vo.Vicenza: Conti, Vicenza, 1871, 8vo.Lingua Franca.—Dictionnaire de la langue Franque, ou Petit Mauresque, Marseille, 1830, 16mo, 107 pages.Slang.—Sabio (lingua Zerga), Venetia, 1556, 8vo; 1575:Trattato degli bianti, Pisa, 1828, 8vo.Romansh.—Promptuario de voci volgari e Latine, Valgrisii, 1565, 4to:Der, die, das, oder Nomenclatura(German nouns explained in Rom.), Scoul, 1744, 8vo: Conradi, Zurich, 1820, 8vo; 1826, 12mo, 2 vols.: Carisch, Chur, 1821, 8vo; 1852, 16mo.Vlach.—Lesicon Rumanese(Lat. Hung. Germ.), Budae, 1825, 4to: Bobb (Lat. Hung.), Clus, 1822-1823, 4to, 2 vols.French.—Vaillant, Boucoureshti, 1840, 8vo: Poyenar, Aaron and Hill, Boucourest, 1840-1841, 4to, 2 vols.; Jassi, 1852, 16mo, 2 vols.: De Pontbriant, Bucuresci, 1862, 8vo: Cihac, Frankf. 1870, 8vo: Costinescu, Bucuresci, 1870, 8vo, 724 pages: Antonescu, Bucharest, 1874, 16mo, 2 vols. 919 pages.German.—Clemens, Hermanstadt, 1823, 8vo: Isser, Kronstadt, 1850: Polyzu, ib. 1857, 8vo.Teutonic: (1)Scandinavian.Icelandic.—Latin.—Andreae, Havniae, 1683, 8vo: Halderson (Lat. Danish), ib. 1814, 4to, 2 vols.English.—Cleasby-Vigfusson, Oxford, 1874, 4to.German.—Dieterich, Stockholm, 1844, 8vo: Möbius, Leipzig, 1866, 8vo.Danish.—Jonssen, Kjöbenhavn, 1863, 8vo.Norwegian.—Kraft, Christiania, 1863, 8vo: Fritzner, Kristiania, 1867, 8vo.Poetic.—Egilsson (Latin), Hafniae, 1860, 8vo; 1864.Swedish.—Kindblad, Stockholm, 1840, 4to: Almqvist, Örebro, 1842-1844, 8vo: Dalin,Ordbog.Stockholm, 1850-1853, 8vo, 2 vols. 1668 pages; 1867, &c. 4to (vol. i. ii., A to Fjermare, 928 pages): Id.,Handordbog, ib. 1868, 12mo, 804 pages; Svenska Academien. Stockholm, 1870, 4to (A) pp. 187.Latin.—Stjernhjelm, Holm, 1643, 4to: Verelius, Upsala, 1691, 8vo: Ihre (Sueo-Gothicum),Upsala, 1769, fol. 2 vols.English.—Serenius, Nyköping, 1757, 4to: Brisnon, Upsala, 1784, 4to: Widegren, Stockholm, 1788, 4to; Brisman, Upsala, 1801, 4to; 3rd ed. 1815, 2 vols.: Deleen Örebro, 1829, 8vo: Granberg, ib. 1832, 12mo: Nilssen, Widmark, &c., Stockholm, 1875, 8vo.French.—Möller, Stockholm, 1745, 4to: Björkengren, ib. 1795, 2 vols.: Nordforss, ib. 1805, 8vo, 2 vols.: 2nd ed. Örebro, 1827, 12mo: West, Stockh. 1807, 8vo: Dalin, ib. 1842-1843, 4to, 2 vols.; 1872.German.—Dähnert, Holmiae, 1746, 4to: Heinrich, Christiansund, 1814, 4to, 2 vols.; 4th ed. Örebro, 1841, 12mo: Helms, Leipzig, 1858, 8vo; 1872.Danish.—Höst, Kjöbenhavn, 1799, 4to: Welander, Stockholm, 1844, 8vo: Dalin, ib. 1869, 16mo: Kaper, Kjöbenhavn, 1876, 16mo.Etymology.—Tamm, Upsala, 1874, &c., 8vo (A and B), 200 pages.Foreign Words.—Sahlstedt, Wästerås, 1769, 8vo: Andersson (20,000), Stockholm, 1857, 16mo: Tullberg, ib. 1868, 8vo: Ekbohrn, ib. 1870, 12mo: Dalin, ib. 1870, &c., 8vo.Synonyms.—Id., ib. 1870, 12mo.Naval.—Ramsten, ib. 1866, 8vo.Technical.—Jungberg, ib. 1873, 8vo.Dialects.—Ihre, Upsala, 1766, 4to: Rietz, Lund, 1862-1867, 4to, 859 pages.Bohuslän:Idioticon Bohusiense, Götaborg, 1776, 4to.Dalecarlia: Arborelius, Upsala, 1813, 4to.Gothland: Hof (Sven), Stockholmiae, 1772, 8vo: Rääf (Ydre), Örebro, 1859, 8vo.Halland: Möller, Lund, 158, 8vo.Helsingland: Lenström, ib. 1841, 8vo: Fornminnessällskap, Hudikswall, 1870, 8vo.Norwegian.—Jenssen, Kjöbenhavn, 1646, 8vo: Pontoppidan, Bergen, 1749, 8vo: Hanson (German), Christiania, 1840, 8vo: Aasen, ib. 1873, 8vo, 992 pages.Danish.—Aphelen, Kopenh, 1764, 4to, 2 vols.; 1775, 4to, 3 vols.: Molbech, Kjöbenhavn, 1833, 8vo, 2 vols.: ib. 1859, 2 vols.: Videnskabernes Selskab, ib. 1793-1865, Kalkar.English.—Berthelson (Eng. Dan.), 1754, 4to: Wolff, London, 1779, 4to. Bay, ib. 1807, 8vo, 2 vols.; 1824, 8vo: Hornbeck, ib. 1863, 8vo: Ferrall and Repp, ib. 1814, 16mo; 1873, 8vo: Rosing, Copenhagen, 1869, 8vo: Ancker, ib. 1874, 8vo.French.—Aphelen, 1754, 8vo: Id., ib. 1759, 4to, 2 vols.; 2nd ed. 1772-1777, vol. i. ii.German.—Id., ib. 1764, 4to, 2 vols.: Grönberg, 2nd ed. Kopenh. 1836-1839, 12mo, 2 vols.; 1851, Helms, Leipzig, 1858, 8vo.Synonyms.—Müller, Kjöbenhavn, 1853, 8vo.Foreign Words.—Hansen, Christiania, 1842, 12mo.Naval.—Wilsoet, Copenhagen, 1830, 8vo: Fisker (French), Kjöbenhavn, 1839, 8vo.Old Danish.—Molbech, ib. 1857-1868, 8vo, 2 vols.Dialects.—Id., ib. 1841, 8vo.Bornholm: Adler,ib.1856, 8vo.South Jutland: Kok, 1867, 8vo.Slang.—Kristiansen (Gadesproget), ib. 1866, 8vo. p. 452.(2)Germanic.Teutonic.—Comparative.—Meidinger, Frankf. a. M. 1833, 8vo, 2nd ed. 1836, 8vo.Gothic.—Junius, Dortrecht, 1665, 4to: 1671; 1684, Diefenbach (comparative), Franckf. a. M. 1846-1851, 2 vols. 8vo: Schulze, Magdeburg, 1848, 4to: 1867, 8vo: Skeat, London, 1868, 4to: Balg (Comparative Glossary), Magvike, Wisconsin, 1887-1889.Ulphilas(editions with dictionaries).—Castilionaeus, Mediol, 1829, 4to: Gabelentz and Löbe, Altenburg, 1836-1843, 4to, 2 vols.: Gaugengigl, Passau, 1848, 8vo: Stamm, Paderborn, 1857: Stamm and Heyne, ib. 1866, 8vo.Anglo-Saxon.—Latin.—Somner (Lat. Eng.), Oxonii, 1659, fol.: Benson, ib. 1701, 8vo: Lye (A.-S. and Gothic), London, 1772, fol. 2 vols.: Ettmüller, Quedlinburg, 1851, 8vo. 838 pages.English.—Bosworth, London, 1838, 8vo, 721 pages: Id. (Compendious), 1848, 278 pages. Corson (A.-S. and Early English), New York, 1871, 8vo, 587 pages; Toller (based on Bosworth), Oxford, 1882-1898.German.—Bouterwek, Gütersloh, 1850, 8vo, 418 pages: Grein (Poets), Göttingen, 1861-1863, 8vo, 2 vols.: Leo, Halle, 1872, 8vo.English.—Cockeram, London, 1623, 8vo: 9th ed. 1650: Blount, ib. 1656, 8vo: Philips, The new World of Words, London, 1658, fol.: Bailey, London, 1721, 8vo; 2nd ed. ib. 1736, fol.; 24th ed. ib. 1782, 8vo: Johnson, ib. 1755, fol. 2 vols.; ed. Todd, London, 1818, 4to, 4 vols.; ib. 1827. 4to, 3 vols.; ed. Latham, ib. 1866-1874, 4to, 4 vols. (2 in 4 parts): Barclay, London, 1774, 4to; ed. Woodward, ib. 1848: Sheridan, ib. 1780, 4to, 2 vols.: Webster, New York, 1828, 4to, 2 vols.; London, 1832, 4to, 2 vols.; ed. Goodrich and Porter, 1865, 4to: Richardson, ib. 1836, 4to, 2 vols.; Supplement, 1856: Ogilvie,Imperial Dictionary, Glasgow, 1850-1855, 8vo, 3 vols. (the new edition of Ogilvie by Charles Annandale, 4 vols., 1882, was an encyclopaedic dictionary, which served to some extent as the foundation of theCentury Dictionary); Boag,Do., Edinburgh, 1852-1853, 8vo, 2 vols.: Craik, ib. 1856, 8vo: Worcester, Boston, 1863, 4to. Stormouth and Bayne, 1885; Murray and Bradley,The Oxford English Dictionary, 1884-  ; Whitney,The Century Dict., New York, 1889-1891; Porter,Webster’s Internat. Dict., Springfield, Massachusetts, 1890; Funk,Standard Dict., New York, 1894; Hunter,The Encyclopaedic Dict., 1879-1888.Etymology.—Skinner, Londini, 1671, fol.: Junius, Oxonii, 1743, fol.: Wedgewood, London, 1859-1865, 3 vols.; ib. 1872, 8vo. Skeat, Oxford, 1881; Fennell (Anglicized words), Camb. 1892.Pronouncing.—Walker, London, 1774, 4to: by Smart, 2nd ed. ib. 1846, 8vo.Pronouncing in German.—Hausner, Frankf. 1793, 8vo; 3rd ed. 1807; Winkelmann, Berlin, 1818, 8vo: Voigtmann, Coburg, 1835, 8vo: Albert, Leipz. 1839, 8vo: Bassler, ib. 1840, 16mo.Analytical.—Booth, Bath, 1836, 4to: Roget,Thesaurus, London, 1852, 8vo; 6th ed. 1857; Boston, 1874.Synonyms.—Piozzi, London, 1794, 8vo, 2 vols.: L. [abarthe], Paris, 1803, 8vo, 2 vols.: Crabb, London, 1823, 8vo; 11th ed. 1859: C. J. Smith, ib. 1871, 8vo, 610 pages.Reduplicated Words.—Wheatley, ib. 1866, 8vo.Surnames.—Arthur, New York, 1857, 12mo, about 2600 names: Lower, ib. 1860, 4to.Particles.—Le Febure de Villebrune, Paris, 1774, 8vo.Rhyming.—Levins,Manipulus Puerorum, London, 1570, 4to; ed. Wheatley, ib. 1867, 8vo: Walker, London, 1775, 8vo; 1865, 8vo.Shakespeare.—Nares, Berlin, 1822, 4to; ed. Halliwell and Wright, London, 1859, 8vo: Schmidt, Berlin, 1874.Old English.—Spelman, London [1626], fol. (A to I only); 1664 (completed); 1687 (best ed.): Coleridge (1250-1300), ib. 1859, 8vo: Stratmann (Early Eng.), Krefeld, 1867, 8vo; 2nd ed. 1873, 4to: Bradley (new edition of Stratman), Oxford, 1891; Matzner and Bieling, Berlin, 1878- .Old and Provincial.—Halliwell, London, 1844-1846, 8vo; 2nd ed. ib. 1850, 2 vols.: 6th ed. 1904: Wright, ib. 1857, 8vo, 2 vols.; 1862.Dialects.—Ray, ib. 1674, 12mo: Grose, ib. 1787, 8vo; 1790: Holloway, Lewes, 1840, 8vo; Wright,Eng. Dialect Dict., London, 1898-1905, 28 vols.Scotch: Jamieson, Edin. 1806, 4to, 2 vols.; Supplement, 1826, 2 vols.; abridged by Johnstone, ib. 1846, 8vo: Brown, Edin, 1845, 8vo: Motherby (German), Königsberg, 1826-1828, 8vo: (Shetland and Orkney), Edmonston, London, 1866, 8vo: (Banffshire), Gregor, ib. 1866, 8vo.North Country: Brockett, London, 1839, 8vo, 2 vols.Berkshire: [Lousley] ib. 1852, 8vo,Cheshire: Wilbraham, ib. 1817, 4to; 1826, 12mo: Leigh, Chester, 1877, 8vo.Cumberland:Glossary, ib. 1851, 12mo: Dickenson, Whitehaven, 1854, 12mo; Supplement, 1867: Ferguson (Scandinavian Words), London, 1856, 8vo.Derbyshire: Hooson (mining), Wrexham, 1747, 8vo: Sleigh, London, 1865, 8vo.Dorset: Barnes, Berlin, 1863, 8vo.Durham: [Dinsdale] (Teesdale), London, 1849, 12mo.Gloucestershire: Huntley (Cotswold), ib. 1868, 8vo.Herefordshire: [Sir George Cornewall Lewis,] London, 1839, 12mo.Lancashire: Nodal and Milner, Manchester Literary Club, 1875, 8vo, Morris (Furness), London, 1869, 8vo: R. B. Peacock (Lonsdale, North and South of the Sands), ib. 1869, 8vo.Leicestershire: A. B. Evans, ib. 1848, 8vo.Lincolnshire: Brogden, ib. 1866, 12mo: Peacock (Manley & Corringham), ib. 1877, 8vo.Norfolk and Suffolk; Forby, London, 1830, 8vo, 2 vols.Northamptonshire: Sternberg, ib. 1851, 8vo: Miss Anne E. Baker, ib. 1866, 8vo, 2 vols. 868 pages.Somersetshire: Jennings, ib. 1869, 8vo: W. P. Williams and W. A. Jones, Taunton, 1873, 8vo.Suffolk: Moor, Woodbridge, 1823, 12mo: Bowditch (Surnames), Boston, U.S., 1851, 8vo; 1858; 3rd ed. London, 1861, 8vo, 784 pages.Sussex: Cooper, Brighton, 1836, 8vo: Parish, Farncombe, 1875, 8vo.Wiltshire: Akerman, London, 1842, 12mo.Yorkshire (North and East), Toone, ib. 1832, 8vo: (Craven), Carr, 2nd ed. London, 1828, 8vo, 2 vols.: (Swaledale), Harland, ib. 1873, 8vo: (Cleveland), Atkinson, ib. 1868, 4to, 653 pages: (Whitby) [F. K. Robinson], ib. 1876, 8vo: (Mid-Yorkshire and Lower Niddersdale), C. Clough Robinson, ib. 1876, 8vo: (Leeds), Id., ib. 1861, 12mo: (Wakefield), Banks, ib. 1865, 16mo: (Hallamshire), Hunter, London, 1829, 8vo.Ireland: (Forth and Bargy, Co. Wexford), Poole, London, 1867, 8vo.America: Pickering, Boston, 1816, 8vo: Bartlett, New York, 1848, 8vo; 3rd ed. Boston, 1860. 8vo; Dutch transl. by Keijzer, Gorinchen, 1854, 12mo; Germ. transl. by Köhler, Leipz. 1868, 8vo. Elwyn, Philadelphia, 1859. 8vo.Negro English: Kingos, St Croix, 1770, 8vo: Focke (Dutch), Leiden, 1855, 8vo: Wullschlaegel, Löbau, 1856, 8vo. 350 pages.Slang.—Grose, London, 1785, 8vo; 1796: Hotten, ib. 1864, 8vo; 1866; Farmer & Henley (7 vols., 1890-1904).Frisic.—Wassenbergh, Leeuwarden, 1802, 8vo: Franeker, 1806, 8vo: Outzen, Kopenh. 1837, 4to: Hettema (Dutch), Leuwarden, 1832, 8vo; 1874, 8vo, 607 pages: Winkler (Nederdeutsch en Friesch Dialectikon), ’s Gravenhage, 1874, 8vo, 2 vols. 1025 pages.Old Frisic.—Wiarda (Germ.), Aurich, 1786, 8vo: Richthofen, Göttingen, 1840, 4to.North Frisic.—Bendson (Germ.), Leiden, 1860, 8vo: Johansen (Föhringer und Amrumer Mundart), Kiel, 1862, 8vo.East Frisic.—Stürenburg, Aurich, 1857, 8vo.Heligoland.—Oelrichs, s. l., 1836, 16mo.Dutch.—Kok, 2nd ed. Amst. 1785-1798, 8vo, 38 vols.: Weiland, Amst. 1790-1811, 8vo, 11 vols.: Harrebomée, Utrecht, 1857, 4to; 1862-1870, 8vo, 3 vols.: De Vries and Te Winkel, Gravenh. 1864, &c., 4to (new ed. 1882- ); Dale, ib. 4th ed. 1898;English.—Hexham, ed. Manley, Rotterdam, 1675-1678, 4to: Holtrop, Dortrecht, 1823-1824, 8vo, 2 vols.: Bomhoff, Nimeguen, 1859, 8vo, 2 vols. 2323 pages: Jaeger, Gouda, 1862, 16mo: Calisch, Tiel, 1871, &c., 8vo.French.—Halma, Amst. 1710, 4to; 4th ed. 1761: Marin, ib. 1793, 4to, 2 vols.: Winkelman, ib. 1793, 4to, 2 vols.: Mook, Zutphen, 1824-1825, 8vo, 4 vols.; Gouda, 1857, 8vo, 2 vols. 2818 pages: Kramers, ib. 1859-1862, 2 vols. 16mo.German.—Kramer, Nürnb. 1719, fol.; 1759, 4to, 2 vols.; ed. Titius, 1784, Weiland, Haag, 1812, 8vo: Terwen, Amst. 1844, 8vo.Etymology.—Franck, 1884-1892.Oriental Words.—Dozy, ’s Gravenhage, 1867, 8vo.Genders of Nouns.—Bilderdijk, Amst. 1822, 8vo, 2 vols.Spelling.—Id., ’s Gravenhage, 1829, 8vo.Frequentatives.—De Jager, Gouda, 1875, 8vo, vol. i.Old Dutch.—Suringer, Leyden, 1865, 8vo.Middle Dutch.—De Vries, ’s Gravenhage, 1864, &c., 4to. Verwijs and Verdam, ib. 1885-  .Flemish.—Kilian, Antw. 1511, 8vo; ed. Hasselt, Utrecht, 1777, 4to, 2 vols.French.—Berlemont, Anvers, 1511, 4to: Meurier, ib. 1557, 8vo: Rouxell and Halma, Amst. 1708, 4to; 6th ed. 1821: Van de Velde and Sleeckx, Brux. 1848-1851, 8vo, 2440 pages; ib.1860, 8vo, 2 vols.Ancient Names of Places.—Grandgagnage (East Belgium), Bruxelles, 1859, 8vo.German.—Josua Pictorius (Maaler),Die teütsch Spraach, Tiguri, 1561, 8vo; Stieler, Nürnb. 1691, 4to: Adelung, Leipz. 1774-1786, 4to, 5 vols.; 1793-1818, 5 vols.: Campe, Braunschweig, 1807-1811, 4to, 5 vols.: Grimm, Leipzig, 1854, &c., 4to: Sanders, ib. 1860-1865, 4to, 3 vols. 1885: Diefenbach and Wülcker (High and Low German, to supplement Grimm), Frankf. a. M. 1874, 1885, 8vo.; Kluge, Strassburg, 1883; Heine, Leipzig, 1890-1895; Weigand, Giessen, 1873.English.—Adelung, 1783-1796, 8vo, 3 vols.: Hilpert, Karlsruhe, 1828-1829, 8vo, 2 vols.; 1845-1846, 4to, 2 vols.: Flügel, Leipz. 1830, 8vo, 2 vols.; London, 1857, 8vo; Leipzig, 1870: Müller, Cöthen, 1867, 8vo, 2 vols.French.—Laveaux, Strassburg, 1812, 4to: Mozin, Stuttgard, 1811-1812, 4to, 4 vols.; 1842-1846, 8vo, 4 vols., 3rd ed. 1850-1851, 8vo: Schuster, Strasb. 1859, 8vo: Daniel, Paris, 1877, 16mo.Old High German.—Haltaeus, Lipsiae, 1758, fol. 2 vols.: Graff, Berlin, 1834-1846, 4to, 7 vols.: Brinckmeier, Gotha, 1850-1863, 4to, 2 vols.: Kehrein (from Latin records), Nordhausen, 1863, 8vo. Schade, Halle, 1872-1882.Middle High German.—Ziemann, Quedlinburg, 1838, 8vo: Benecke, Müller and Zarnche, Leipz. 1854-1866, 8vo, 3 vols.: Lexer, Leipzig, 1870, 8vo.Middle Low German.—Schiller and Lübben, Bremen, 1872, &c., 8vo, in progress.Low German.—Vollbeding, Zerbst, 1806, 8vo: Kosegarten, Griefswald, 1839, 4to; 1856, &c., 4to.Etymology.—Helvigius, Hanov. 1620, 8vo: Wachter, Lipsiae, 1737, fol. 2 vols.: Kaindl, Salzbach, 1815-1830, 8vo, 7 vols.: Heyse, Magdeburg, 1843-1849, 8vo, 3 vols.: Kehrein, Wiesbaden, 1847-1852, 2 vols.Synonyms.—Eberhard, Maas, and Grüber, 4th ed. Leipzig, 1852-1863, 8vo, 4 vols.: Aue (Engl.), Edinb. 1836, 8vo: Eberhard, 11th ed. Berlin, 1854, 12mo: Sanders, Hamburg, 1872, 8vo, 743 pages.Foreign Words.—Campe, Braunschweig, 1813, 4to: Heyse,Fremdwörterbuch, Hannover, 1848, 8vo.Names.—Pott. Leipz. 1853, 8vo: Michaelis (Taufnamen), Berlin, 1856, 8vo: Förstemann (Old Germ.) Nordhausen, 1856-1859, 4to, 2 vols. 1573 pages, 12,000 names: Steub (Oberdeutschen), München, 1871, 8vo.Luther.—Dietz, Leipzig, 1869-1872, 8vo, 2 vols.Dialects.—Popowitsch, Wien, 1780, 8vo: Fulda, Berlin, 1788, 8vo: Klein, Frankf. 1792, 8vo, 2 vols.: Kaltschmidt, Nordlingen, 1851, 4to; 1854, 5th ed. 1865.Aix-la-Chapelle, Müller and Weitz, Aachen, 1836, 12mo.Appenzell: Tobler, Zürich, 1837, 8vo.Austria: Höfer, Linz, 1815, 8vo; Castelli, Wien, 1847, 12mo: Scheuchenstül (mining), ib. 1856, 8vo.Bavaria: Zaupser, München, 1789, 8vo: Deling, ib. 1820, 2 vols.: Schmeller, Stuttg. 1827-1837, 8vo, 4 vols.; 2nd ed. München, 1872, 4to, vol. i. 1799 pages.Berlin: Trachsel. Berlin, 1873, 8vo.Bremen: Bremisch Deutsch Gesellschaft, Bremen, 1767-1771, 1869, 8vo, 6 vols. Oelrich (anc. statutes), Frankf. a. M. 1767, 8vo.Carinthia: Ueberfelder, Klagenfurt, 1862, 8vo: Lexe, Leipzig, 1862, 8vo.Cleves: De Schueren,Teuthonista, Colon, 1477, fol.; Leiden, 1804, 4to.Göttingen: Schambach, Hannover, 1838, 8vo.Hamburg: Richey, Hamb. 1873, 4to; 1755, 8vo.Henneberg: Reinwold, Berlin and Stettin, 1793, 1801, 8vo, 2 vols.: Brückner, Meiningen, 1843, 4to.Hesse: Vilmar, Marburg, 1868, 8vo, 488 pages.Holstein: Schütz Hamb. 1800-1806, 8vo, 4 vols.Hungary: Schoer, Wien, 1858.Livonia: Bergmann, Salisburg, 1785, 8vo: Gutzeit, Riga, 1859-1864, 8vo, 2 parts.Upper Lusatia: Anton, Görlitz, 1825-1839, 13 parts.Luxembourg: Gangler, Lux. 1847, 8vo, 406 pages.Mecklenburg and Western Pomerania: M., Leipzig, 1876, 8vo, 114 pages.Nassau: Kehrein, Weilburg, 1860, 8vo.Osnaburg: Strodtmann, Leipz. 1756, 8vo.Pomerania and Rügen: Dähnert, Stralsund, 1781, 4to.Posen: Bernd, Bonn, 1820, 8vo.Prussia: Bock, Königsb. 1759, 8vo: Hennig, ib. 1785, 8vo.Saxony: Schmeller (from Heliand, &c.), Stuttg. 1840, 4to.Silesia: Berndt, Stendal, 1787, 8vo.Swabia: Schmid, Berlin, 1795, 8vo; Stuttg. 1831, 8vo.Switzerland: Stalder, Aarau, 1807-1813, 8vo, 2 vols.Thuringia: Keller, Jena, 1819, 8vo.Transylvania: Schuller, Prag, 1865, 8vo.Tirol: Schöpf, Innspruck, 1866, 8vo.Venetian Alps: Schmeller, Wien, 1854, 8vo.Vienna: Hugel, ib. 1873, 8vo.Hunting.—Westerwald: Schmidt, Hadamar, 1800, 8vo; Kehrein, Wiesbaden, 1871, 12mo.Slang.—Gauner Sprache: Schott, Erlangen, 1821, 8vo: Grolmann, Giessen, 1822, 8vo: Train, Meissen, 1833, 8vo: Anton, 2nd ed. Magdeburg, 1843, 8vo; 1859: Avé-Lallemant,Das Deutsche Gaunerthun, Leipzig, 1858-1862, 8vo, vol. iv. pp. 515-628.Student Slang: Vollmann (Burschicoses), Ragaz, 1846, 16mo, 562 pages.Celtic.Celtic generally.—Lluyd, Archaeologia Britannica, Oxford, 1707, folio: Bullet, Besançon, 1754-1860, fol. 2 vols.Irish.—Cormac, bishop of Cashel, born 831, slain in battle 903, wrote a Glossary,Sanas Cormaic, printed by Dr Whitley Stokes, London, 1862, 8vo, with another, finished in 1569, by O’Davoren, a schoolmaster at Burren Castle, Co. Clare: O’Clery, Lovanii, 1643, 8vo: MacCuirtin (Eng.-Irish), Paris, 1732, 4to: O’Brien, ib. 1768, 4to; Dublin, 1832, 8vo: O’Reilly, 1817, 4to: 1821; ed. O’Donovan, ib. 1864, 4to, 725 pages: Foley (Eng.-Irish), ib. 1855, 8vo: Connellan (do.), 1863, 8vo.Gaelic.—Macdonald, Edin. 1741, 8vo: Shaw, London, 1780, 4to, 2 vols.: Allan, Edin. 1804, 4to: Armstrong, London, 1825, 4to: Highland Society, ib. 1828, 4to, 2 vols.: Macleod and Dewar, Glasgow, 1853, 8vo.Manx.—Cregeen, Douglas, 1835, 8vo: Kelly, ib. 1866, 8vo, 2 vols.Welsh.—Latin.—Davies, London, 1632, fol.: Boxhornius, Amstelodami, 1654, 4to.English.—Salesbury, London, 1547, 4to: 1551: Richards, Bristol, 1759, 8vo: Owen (W.), London, 1793-1794, 8vo, 2 vols.; 1803, 4to, 3 vols.: Walters, ib. 1794, 4to: Owen-Pughe, Denbigh, 1832, 8vo; 3rd ed. Pryse, ib. 1866, 8vo: D. S. Evans (Eng.-Welsh), ib. 1852-1853, 8vo; 1887.Cornish.—Pryce,Archaeologia, Sherborne, 1770, 4to: Williams, Llandovery, 1862-1865, 4to.Names.—Bannister (20,000), Truro, 1869-1871, 8vo.Breton.—Legadeuc,Le Catholicon breton, finished 1464, printed at Lantrequier, 1499, fol. 210 pages; 1501, 4to; L’Orient, 1868, 8vo: Quicquer de Roskoff, Morlaix, 1633, 8vo: Rostrenen, Rennes, 1732, 4to, 978 pages; ed. Jolivet, Guingamps, 1834, 8vo, 2 vols.: l’A.[rmerie], Leyde, 1744, 8vo; La Haye, 1756: Lepelletier, Paris, 1752, fol.: Legonidec, Angouleme, 1821, 8vo; St Brieuc, 1847-1850, 4to, 924 pages.Dialect of Léon.—Troude (Fr.-Bret.), Brest, 1870, 8vo; Id. (Bret.-Fr.), ib. 1876, 8vo, 845 pages.Diocese of Vannes.—Armerie, Leyde, 1774, 8vo.Basque.Basque.—Larramendi, St Sebastian, 1745, fol. 2 vols.; ed. Zuazua, ib. 1854, fol.; Chaho, Bayonne, 1856, 4to, 1867: Fabre, ib. 1870, 8vo: Van Eys, Paris, 1873, 8vo: Egúren, Madrid, 1877.Baltic.Lithuanian.—Szyrwid, 3rd ed., Vilnae, 1642, 8vo; 5th ed. 1713: Schleicher, Prag, 1856-1857, 8vo, 2 vols.: Kurmin, Wilno, 1858, 8vo: Kurschat, Halle, 1870, &c., 8vo.Lettic.—Mancelius, Riga, 1638, 4to: Elvers, ib. 1748, 8vo: Lange, Mitau, 1777, 4to: Sjögren, Petersburg, 1861, 4to: Ulmann, ed. Bielenstein, Riga, 1872, &c., 8vo.Prussian.—Bock, Königsberg, 1759, 8vo: Hennig, ib. 1785, 8vo: Nesselmann, Berlin, 1873, 8vo: Pierson, ib. 1875, 8vo.Slavonic.Slavonic generally.—Franta-Sumavski (Russ. Bulg. Old Slav. Boh. Polish), Praga, 1857, 8vo, Miklosich, Wien, 1886.Old Slavonic.—Beruinda, Kiev, 1627, 8vo; Kuteinsk, 1653, 4to: Polycarpi (Slav. Greek, Latin), Mosque, 1704, 4to: Alexyeev, St Petersb. 1773, 8vo; 4th ed. ib. 1817-1819, 8vo, 5 vols.: Russian Imp. Academy, ib. 1847, 4to, 4 vols.: Miklosich, Vindobonae, 1850: 4to; 1862-1865, 8vo, Mikhailovski, St Petersb. 1875, 8vo: Charkovski, Warschaw, 1873, 8vo.Russian.—Russian Academy, St Petersburg, 1789-1794, 4to, 6 vols.; 1806-1822, ib. 1869, 8vo, 3 vols.: Dahl, Moskva, 1862-1866, fol. 4 vols.; d., ib. 1873, &c., 4to; a 3rd edition, 1903, &c.French-Germ.-Eng.—Reiff, ib. 1852-1854, 4to.German, Latin.—Holterhof, Moskva, 1778, 8vo, 2 vols.; 3rd ed. 1853-1855, 8vo, 2 vols.: Weismann, ib. 1731, 4to; 1782, and frequently.French, German.—Nordstet, ib. 1780-1782, 4to, 2 vols.: Heym, Moskau, 1796-1805, 4to, 4 vols.: Booch-Arkossi and Frey, Leipzig, 1871, &c., 8vo.English.—Nordstet, London, 1780, 4to: Grammatin and Parenogo, Moskva, 1808-1817, 4to, 4 vols.French.—Tatischeff, 2nd ed. St Petersb. 1798, 8vo, 2 vols.; Moskau, 1816, 4to, 2 vols.: Reiff, St Petersb. 1835-1836, 8vo, 2 vols.: Makaroff, ib. 1872, 8vo, 2 vols, 1110 pages; 1873-1874, 12mo, 2 vols.German.—Pawlowski, Riga, 1859, 8vo: Lenström, Mitau, 1871, 8vo.Swedish.—Geitlin, Helsingfors, 1833, 12mo: Meurmann, ib. 1846, 8vo.Polish.—Jakubowicz, Warszawa, 1825-1828, 8vo, 2 vols.: Amszejewicz, ib. 1866, 8vo: Szlezigier, ib. 1867, 8vo.Technical.—Grakov (Germ.), St Petersb. 1872, 8vo.Naval.—Butakov, ib. 1837.Dialects.—North-west Russia: Gorbachevski (old language, in Russian), Vilna, 1874, 8vo, 418 pages.White Russia: Nosovich (Russian), St Petersburg, 1870, 4to, 760 pages.Red Russia: Patritzkii (German), Lemberg, 1867, 8vo, 2 vols. 842 pages.Ukraine: Piskanov (Russian), Odessa, 1873, 4to, 156 pages.Polish.—Linde (explained in Lat. Germ. and 13 Slav dialects), Warszawie, 1807-1814, 4to, 6 vols. 4574 pages.English.—[Rykaczewski],Complete Dictionary, Berlin, 1849-1851, 8vo, 2 vols.: Rykaczewski, Berlin, 1866, 16mo, 1161 pages.French and German.—Troc, Leipz. 1742-1764, 8vo, 4 vols.; 4th ed. ib. 1806-1822, 4to, 4 vols.: Bandtke, Breslau, 1806, 8vo, 2 vols.; 1833-1839, 8vo.French.—Schmidt, Leipzig, 1870, 16mo.Russian and German.—Schmidt (J. A. E.), Breslau, 1834, 8vo.German.—Mrongovius, Königsberg, 1765; 1835, 4to; 1837: Troianski, Berlin, 1835-1838, 8vo, 2 vols.: Booch-Arkossi, Leipzig, 1864-1868, 8vo, 2 vols.: Jordan, ib. 1866, 8vo.Italian.—Plazowski, Warszawa, 1860, 8vo. 2 vols. 730 pages.Russian.—Potocki, Lipsk, 1873, &c., 12mo.Wendish.—Matthäi, Budissen, 1721, 8vo: Bose, Grimma, 1840, 8vo: Pfuhl, w Budzsinje, 1866, 8vo, 1210 pages.Upper Lusatian.—Pfuhl and Jordan, Leipz. 1844, 8vo.Lower Lusatian.—Zwahr, Spremberg, 1847, 8vo.Czech.—Rohn (Germ. Lat.), Prag, 1780, 4to, 4 vols.: Dobrowski and Hanka, ib. 1802-1821, 4to, 2 vols.Lat. Germ. Hungar.—Jungmann, Praze, 1835-1839, 6 vols. 4to, 5316 pages.German.—Thàm, Prag. 1805-1807, 8vo, 2 vols.: Sumavski, ib. 1844-1846, 8vo, 2 vols.: Koneney, ib. 1855, 18mo, 2 vols.: Rank (Germ. Boh.), ib. 1860, 16mo, 775 pages.Technical.—Spatny, ib. 1864, 8vo: Kheil (names of goods, Germ. Boh.), ib. 1864, 8vo, 432 pages.Hunting.—Spatny, ib. 1870, 8vo, 137 pages.South Slavic.—Richter and Ballman, Wien, 1839-1840, 8vo, 2 vols.Servian.—Karajić (Germ. Lat.), ib. 1818, 8vo; 1852: Lavrovski (Russian), St Petersb. 1870, 8vo, 814 pages.Bosnian.—Micalia, Laureti, 1649, 8vo.Slovak.—Bernolak (Lat. Germ. Hung.), Budae, 1825-1827, 8vo, 6 vols.: Loos (Hung. and Germ.), Pest, 1869, &c., 3 vols.Slovene.—Gutsmann, Klagenfurt, 1789, 4to: Relkovich, Wien, 1796, 4to, 2 vols.: Murko, Grätz, 1838, 8vo, 2 vols.: Janezić, Klagenfurt, 1851, 12mo.Dalmatian.—Ardelio della Bella, Venezia, 1728, 8vo; 2nd ed. Ragusae, 1785, 4to: Stulli, ib. 1801-1810, 4to, 2 vols.Croatian.—Habdelich, Grätz, 1670, 8vo: Sulek, Agram, 1854-1860, 8vo, 2 vols. 1716 pages.Carinthian.—Lexer, Leipzig, 1862, 8vo.Old Servian.—Danitziye (Servian), Belgrad, 1864, 8vo, 3 vols.Bulgarian.—Daniel (Romaic, Albanian, Rumanian, and Bulgarian), Moschopolis, 1770; Venice, 1802, 4to.English.—Morse and Vassiliev, Constantinople, 1860, 8vo.Russian.—Borogoff, Vienna, 1872, &c., 8vo.Ugrian.Ugrian, Comparative.—Donner, Helsingfors, 1874, 8vo, in progress: Budenz (Ugrian-Magyar), Budapest, 1872-1875, 8vo.Lappish.—Manuale, Holmiae, 1648, 8vo: Fjellström, ib. 1738, 8vo: Leem and Sandberg, Havn. 1768-1781, 4to, 2 parts: Lindahl and Oehrling, Holm. 1780, 8vo.North Lappish.—Stockfleht, Christiania, 1852, 8vo.Finnish.—Juslenius, Holmiae, 1745, 4to, 567 pages: Renvall, Aboae, 1826, 4to, 2 vols.: Europaeus, Helsingissä, 1852-1853, 16mo, 2 vols. 742 pages: Lunin, Derpt, 1853, 8vo: Eurén, Tavashuus, 1860, 8vo: Ahlman, ib. 1864, 8vo: Wiedemann, St Petersb. 1869, 4to: Godenhjelm (Germ.), Helsingfors, 1871: Lönnrot, Helsingissä, 1874.Naval.—Stjerncreutz, ib. 1863, 8vo.Esthonian.—Hupel, Mitau, 1818, 8vo, 832 pages: Körber, Dorpat, 1860, 8vo: Wiedemann, St Petersb. 1869, 4to, 1002 pages: Aminoff (Esth.-Finnish), Helsingissä, 1869, 8vo: Meves (Russian), Riga, 1876, 12mo.Permian.—Rogord (Russian), St Petersb. 1869, 8vo, 420 pages.Votiak.—Wiedemann, Reval, 1847, 8vo: Ahlquist, Helsingfors, 1856, 4to.Cheremiss.—Budenz, Pest, 1866, 8vo.Ersa-Mordvine.—Wiedemann, St Petersb. 1865, 4to.Moksha-Mordvine.—Ahlquist, ib. 1862, 8vo.Magyar.—Szabo, Kassan, 1792, 8vo: Guczor and Fogarazi (Hung. Academy), Pesth, 1862, 8vo, in progress.English.—Dallos, Pesth, 1860, 8vo.French.—Kiss, ib. 1844, 12mo, 2 vols.: Karady, Leipz. 1848, 12mo: Mole, Pesth, 1865, 8vo, 2 vols.German.—Schuster, Wien, 1838, 8vo: Bloch, Pesth, 1857, 4to, 2 vols.: Ballagi, ib. 1857, 8vo; 6th ed. 1905, 8vo, 2 vols.: Loos, ib. 1870, 8vo, 914 pages.Etymological.—Dankovsky (Lat.-Germ.), Pressburg, 1853, 8vo: Kresznerics (under roots, in Hung.), Budân, 1831-1832, 4to, 2 vols.: Podhorsky (from Chinese roots, in Germ.), Budapest, 1877, 8vo.New Words.—Kunoss, Pesth, 1836, 8vo; 1844.Turkish.—Arab. Pers.—Esaad Effendi, Constantinople, 1802, fol.Romaic.—Alexandrides, Vienna, 1812, 4to.Polyglotts.—Pianzola (Ital. Grec. volgare, e Turca), Padova, 1789, 4to: Ciakciak (Ital. Armeno, Turco), Venice, 1804, 4to; 2nd ed. 1829: Azarian (Ellenico, Ital. Arm. Turco), Vienna, 1848, 8vo: Mechitarist Congregation (Ital. Francese, Arm. Turco), ib. 1846, 8vo.Latin.—Mesgnien-Meninski, Viennae, 1680, fol. 3 vols.; ed. Jenisch and Klezl, ib. 1780-1802, fol. 4 vols.English.—Sauerwein, London, 1855, 12mo: Redhouse, ib. 1856, 8vo, 1176 pages: Id., Eng. Turkish, ib. 860, 8vo.French.—Kieffer and Bianchi (Turk.-Fr.), Paris, 1835-1837, 2 vols. 2118 pages: Bianchi (Fr.-Turk.) Paris, 1843-1846, 8vo, 2 vols. 2287 pages; 1850, 8vo, 2 vols.: Mallouf, ib. 1863-1867, 8vo, 2 vols.French and German.—Zenker (Arab. Pers.), Leipz, 1862-1876, 4to, 2 vols, 982 pages.German.—Korabinsky, Pressburg, 1788, 8vo: Vambéry, Constantinople, 1858, 8vo.Italian.—Molina, Roma, 1641, 8vo: Masais, Firenze, 1677, 8vo: Ciadyrgy, Milano, 1832-1834, 4to, 2 vols.Russian.—Budagov (Comparative lexicon of the Turkish-Tartar dialects), St Petersburg, 1869, 8vo, 2 vols.Gipsy.—Bischoff, Ilmenau, 1827, 8vo: Truxillo, Madrid, 1844, 8vo: Jimenes, Sevilla, 1846, 16mo: Baudrimont, Bordeaux, 1862, 8vo: Vaillant, Paris, 1868, 8vo: Paspati; Constantinople, 1870, 4to: Borrow,Romany Lavo Lil, London, 1874, 8vo: Smart and Crofton, London, 1875, 8vo.Albanian.—Blanchus, Romae, 1635, 8vo: Kaballioti (Romaic, Wallach. Alb.), Venice, 1770, 8vo: Xylander, Frankfurt a. M. 1835, 8vo: Hahn, Jena, 1854, 4to: Rossi da Montalto, Roma, 1866, 8vo.ASIASemitic.—Polyglotts.—Thurneissius, Berolini, 1585, fol.: Thorndike, London, 1635, fol.: Schindler, Pentaglotton, Frankf, ad M. 1653, fol.: Hottinger, Heptaglotton, ib. 1661, fol.: Castellus, London, 1669, fol. 2 vols. (Hebrew, Chaldaic, Syriac, Samaritan, Aethiopic and Arabic in one alphabet; Persian separately. It occupied him for seventeen years, during which he worked sixteen to eighteen hours a day): Otho, Frankf. a. M. 1702, 4to (the same languages with Rabbinical).Hebrew.—About 875, Zemaḥ, head of the school of Pumbeditha, wrote a Talmudical dictionary of words and things, arranged in alphabetical order, which is lost. About 880, Jehudah ben ’Alan, of Tiberias, and Jehudah ibn Koreish, of Tahurt, in Morocco wrote Hebrew dictionaries. Saadia ben Joseph (born 892, died 942), of Fayum, in Upper Egypt, wroteןורגא רפכ, probably a Hebrew-Arabic dictionary. Menaḥem ben Jacob Ibn Sarūq (born 910, died about 970), of Tortosa and Cordova, wrote a copious Hebrew dictionary, first printed by Herschell F. Filipowski, Edinburgh, 1855, 8vo, from five MSS. David ben Abraham, of Fās, wrote, in Arabic, a large Hebrew dictionary, the MS. of which, a quarto of 313 leaves on cotton paper, was found about 1830 by A. Firkowitz, of Eupatoria, in the cellar of a Qaraite synagogue in Jerusalem. The age of this work cannot be ascertained. About 1050, Ali ben Suleiman wrote a dictionary in Arabic, on the plan of that of David ben Abraham. The MS. of 429 leaves belongs to Firkowitz. Haja ben Sherira, the famous teacher of the Academy of Pumbeditha, wrote a Hebrew dictionary in Arabic, calledal Ḥāvi(The Gathering), arranged alphabetically in the order of the last radical letter. This dictionary is lost, as well as that of the Spaniard Isaac ben Saul, of Lucena. Iona ibn Ganaḥ, of Cordova, born about 985, wrote a Hebrew dictionary in Arabic calledKitāb al Azul(Book of Roots). This, as well as a Hebrew translation by Samuel ibn Tabōn, is extant in MS., and was used by Gesenius in hisThesaurus. Rabbi David ben Joseph ḳimḥi died soon after 1232. His lexicon of roots, calledםישוש, was printed at Naples 1490, fol.; Constantinople, 1513, fol.; Naples, 1491, 8vo; Venice, 1552; Berolini, 1838, 4to.Tishbi(The Tishbite), by Elijah ben Asher, the Levite, so called because it contained 712 roots, was printed at Isny 1541, 8vo and 4to, and often afterwards.Latin.—Münster, Basileae, 1523, 8vo; 5 editions to 1564: Zamora, Compluti, 1526, fol.: Pellicanus, Argentorati, 1540, fol.: Reuchlin, Basil, 1556, fol.: Avenarius, Wittebergae, 1568, fol.; auctus, 1589: Pagnini, Lugd. Bat. 1575, fol.; 1577; Genevae, 1614; Buxtorf, Basil. 1607, 8vo; 1615, and many other editions: Frey (Lat.-Eng.), 2nd ed. London, 1815, 8vo: Gesenius,Thesaurus, Leipz. 1829-1858, 4to, 3 vols.English.—Bale, London, 1767, 4to: Parkhurst, ib. 1792, 4to: Lee, ib. 1840, 8vo: Gesenius, translated by Robinson, ib. 1844, 8vo; by Tregelles, ib. 1846, 4to: Fuerst, 4th ed. transl. by Davidson, ib. 1866, 8vo: 1871, 8vo, 1547 pages.French.—Leigh, Amst. 1703, 4to: Glaire, Paris, 1830, 8vo; 1843.German.—Gesenius, Leipzig, 1810-1812, 8vo, 2 vols.: Fuerst, ib. 1842, 16mo: ib. 1876, 8vo, 2 vols.Italian.—Modena, Venetia, 1612, 4to; 1640; Coen, Reggio, 1811, 8vo: Fontanella, Venezia, 1824, 8vo.Dutch.—Waterman, Rotterdam, 1859, &c., 8vo.Hungarian.—Ehrentheil (Pentateuch), Pest, 1868, 8vo.Romaic.—Loundes, Melité. 1845, 8vo, 987 pages.

Greek.—Athenaeus quotes 35 writers of works, known or supposed to be dictionaries, for, as they are all lost, it is often difficult to decide on their nature. Of these, Anticlides, who lived after the reign of Alexander the Great, wroteΈξηγητικός, which seems to have been a sort of dictionary, perhaps explaining the words and phrases occurring in ancient stories. Zenodotus, the first superintendent of the great library of Alexandria, who lived in the reigns of Ptolemy I. and Ptolemy II., wroteΓλῶσσαι, and alsoΛέξεις ἐθνικαἰ, a dictionary of barbarous or foreign phrases. Aristophanes of Byzantium, son of Apelles the painter, who lived in the reigns of Ptolemy II. and Ptolemy III., and had the supreme management of the Alexandrian library, wrote a number of works, asΆττικαί Λέξεις, Λακωνικαί Γλῶσσαιwhich, from the titles, should be dictionaries, but a fragment of hisΛέξειςprinted by Boissonade, in his edition of Herodian (London, 1869, 8vo, pp. 181-189), is not alphabetical. Artemidorus, a pupil of Aristophanes, wrote a dictionary of technical terms used in cookery. Nicander Colophonius, hereditary priest of Apollo Clarius, born at Claros, near Colophon in Ionia, in reputation for 50 years, from 181 to 135, wroteΓλῶσσαιin at least three books. Parthenius, a pupil of the Alexandrian grammarian Dionysius (who lived in the 1st century before Christ), wrote on choice words used by historians. Didymus, calledχαλκένερος, who, according to Athenaeus, wrote 3500 books, and, according to Seneca, 4000, wrote lexicons of the tragic poets (of which book 28 is quoted), of the comic poets, of ambiguous words and of corrupt expressions. Glossaries of Attic words were written by Crates, Philemon, Philetas and Theodorus; of Cretan, by Hermon or Hermonax; of Phrygian, by Neoptolemus; of Rhodian, by Moschus; of Italian, by Diodorus of Tarsus; of foreign words, by Silenus; of synonyms, by Simaristus; of cookery, by Heracleon; and of drinking vessels, by Apollodorus of Cyrene. According to Suidas, the most ancient Greek lexicographer was Apollonius the sophist, son of Archibius. According to the common opinion, he lived in the time of Augustus at Alexandria. He composed a lexicon of words used by Homer,Λέξεις Όμηρικαί, a very valuable and useful work, though much interpolated, edited by Villoison, from a MS. of the 10th century, Paris, 1773, 4to, 2 vols.; and by Tollius, Leiden, 1788, 8vo; ed. Bekker, Berlin, 1833, 8vo. Erotian or Herodian, physician to Nero, wrote a lexicon on Hippocrates, arranged in alphabetical order, probably by some copyist, whom Klein calls “homo sciolus.” It was first published in Greek in H. StephaniDictionarium Medicum, Paris, 1564, 8vo; ed. Klein, Lipsiae, 1865, 8vo, with additional fragments. Timaeus the sophist, who, according to Ruhnken, lived in the 3rd century, wrote a very short lexicon to Plato, which, though much interpolated, is of great value, 1st ed. Ruhnken, Leiden, 1754; ed. locupletior, Lugd. Bat. 1789, 8vo. Aelius Moeris, called the Atticist, lived about 190a.d., and wrote an Attic lexicon, 1st ed. Hudson, Oxf. 1712, Bekker, 1833. Julius Pollux (Ίούλιος Πολυδεύκης) of Naucratis, in Egypt, died, aged fifty-eight, in the reign of Commodus (180-192), who made him professor of rhetoric at Athens. He wrote, besides other lost works, an Onomasticon in ten books, being a classed vocabulary, intended to supply all the words required by each subject with the usage of the best authors. It is of the greatest value for the knowledge both of language and of antiquities. First printed by Aldus, Venice, 1500, fol.; often afterwards; ed. Lederlinus and Hemsterhuis, Amst. 1706, 2 vols.; Dindorf, 1824, 5 vols., Bethe (1900 f.). Harpocration of Alexandria, probably of the 2nd century, wrote a lexicon on the ten Attic orators, first printed by Aldus, Ven. 1503, fol.; ed. Dindorf, Oxford, 1853, 8vo, 2 vols. from 14 MSS. Orion, a grammarian of Thebes, in Egypt, who lived between 390 and 460, wrote an etymological dictionary, printed by Sturz, Leipzig, 1820, 4to. Helladius a priest of Jupiter at Alexandria, when the heathen temples there were destroyed by Theophilus in 389 or 391 escaped to Constantinople, where he was living in 408. He wrote an alphabetical lexicon, now lost, chiefly of prose, called by Photius the largest (πολυστιχώτατον) which he knew. Ammonius, professor of grammar at Alexandria, and priest of the Egyptian ape, fled to Constantinople with Helladius, and wrote a dictionary of words similar in sound but different in meaning, which has been often printed in Greek lexicons, as Aldus, 1497, Stephanus, and separately by Valckenaer, Lugd. Bat. 1739, 4to, 2 vols., and by others. Zenodotus wrote on the cries of animals, printed in Valckenaer’sAmmonius; with this may be compared the work of Vincentio Caralucci,Lexicon vocum quae a brutis animalibus emittuntur, Perusia, 1779, 12mo. Hesychius of Alexandria wrote a lexicon, important for the knowledge of the language and literature, containing many dialectic and local expressions and quotations from other authors, 1st ed. Aldus, Ven. 1514, fol.; the best is Alberti and Ruhnken, Lugd. Bat. 1746-1766, fol. 2 vols.; collated with the MS. in St Mark’s library, Venice, the only MS. existing, by Niels Iversen Schow, Leipzig, 1792, 8vo; ed. Schmidt, Jena, 1867, 8vo. The foundation of this lexicon is supposed to have been that of Pamphilus, an Alexandrian grammarian, quoted by Athenaeus, which, according to Suidas, was in 95 books from Ε to Ω; Α to Δ had been compiled by Zopirion. Photius, consecrated patriarch of Constantinople, 25th December 857, living in 886, left a lexicon, partly extant, and printed with Zonaras, Lips. 1808, 4to, 3 vols., being vol. iii.; ed. Naber, Leidae, 1864-1865, 8vo, 2 vols. The most celebrated of the Greek glossaries is that of Suidas, of whom nothing is known. He probably lived in the 10th century. His lexicon is an alphabetical dictionary of words including the names of persons and places—a compilation of extracts from Greek writers, grammarians, scholiasts and lexicographers, very carelessly and unequally executed. It was first printed by Demetrius Chalcondylas, Milan, 1499, fol.; the best edition, Bernhardy, Halle, 1853, 4to, 2 vols. John Zonaras, a celebrated Byzantine historian and theologian, who lived in the 12th century, compiled a lexicon, first printed by Tittmann, Lips. 1808. 4to, 2 vols. An anonymous Greek glossary, entitledΈτυμολογικὸν μέγα,Etymologicum magnum, has been frequently printed. The first edition is by Musurus, Venitia, 1499, fol.; the best by Gaisford, Oxonii, 1848, fol. It contains many grammatical remarks by famous authorities, many passages of authors, and mythological and historical notices. The MSS. vary so much that they look like the works of different authors. To Eudocia Augusta of Makrembolis, wife of the emperors Constantine XI. and Romanus IV. (1059 to 1071), was ascribed a dictionary of history and mythology,Ίωνιά(bed of violets), first printed by D’Ansse de Villoison,Anecdota Graeca, Venetiis, 1781, 4to, vol. i. pp. 1-442. It was supposed to have been of much value before it was published. Thomas, Magister Officiorum under Andronicus Palaeologus, afterward called as a monk Theodulus, wroteΈκλογαὶ ὀνομάτων Άττικῶν, printed by Callierges, Romae, 1517, 8vo: Papias,Vocabularium, Mediolani, 1476, fol.: Craston, an Italian Carmelite monk of Piacenza, compiled a Greek and Latin lexicon, edited by Bonus Accursius, printed at Milan, 1478, fol.: Aldus, Venetiis, 1497, fol.: Guarino, born about 1450 at Favora, near Camarino, who called himself both Phavorinus and Camers, published hisThesaurusin 1504. These three lexicons were frequently reprinted. Estienne,Thesaurus, Genevae, 1572, fol., 4 vols.; ed. Valpy, Lond. 1816-1826, 6 vols. fol.; Paris, 1831-1865, 9 vols. fol., 9902 pages:Κιβωτός, the ark, was intended to give the whole language, ancient and modern, but vol. i., Constantinople, 1819, fol., 763 pages, Α to Δ, only appeared, as the publication was put an end to by the events of 1821.English.—Jones, London, 1823, 8vo: Dunbar, Edin. 3rd ed. 1850, 4to: Liddell and Scott, 8th ed. Oxford, 1897, 4to.French.—Alexandre, 12th ed. Paris, 1863, 8vo; 1869-1871, 2 vols: Chassang, ib. 1872, 8vo.Italian.—Camini, Torino, 1865, 8vo, 972 pages: Müller, ib. 1871, 8vo.Spanish.—Diccionario manual, por les padres Esculapios, Madrid, 1859, 8vo.German.—Passow, 5th ed. Leipzig, 1841-1857, 4to: Jacobitz and Seiler, 4th ed. ib. 1856, 8vo: Benseler, ib. 1859, 8vo: Pape, Braunschweig, 1870-1874, 8vo, 4 vols. Prellwitz,Etymologisches Wörterbuch der griechischen Sprache, new edition, 1906: Herwerden,Lexicon Graecum suppletorium et dialecticum, 1902.Dialects.—Attic: Moeris, ed. Pierson, Lugd. Bat. 1759. 8vo.Attic Orators: Reiske, Oxon. 1828, 8vo, 2 vols.Doric: Portus, Franckof. 1605, 8vo.Ionic: Id. ib. 1603, 8vo; 1817; 1825.Prosody.—Morell, Etonae, 1762, 4to; ed. Maltby, Lond. 1830, 4to: Brasse, Lond. 1850, 8vo.Rhetoric.—Ernesti, Lips. 1795, 8vo.Music.—Drieberg, Berlin, 1855.Etymology.—Curtius, Leipzig, 1858-1862: Lancelot, Paris, 1863, 8vo.Synonyms.—Peucer, Dresden, 1766, 8vo: Pillon, Paris, 1847, 8vo.Proper Names.—Pape, ed. Sengebusch, 1866, 8vo, 969 pages.Verbs.—Veitch, 2nd ed. Oxf. 1866.Terminations.—Hoogeveen, Cantab. 1810, 4to: Pape, Berlin, 1836, 8vo.Particular Authors.—Aeschylus: Wellauer, 2 vols. Lips. 1830-1831, 8vo.Aristophanes: Caravella, Oxonii, 1822, 8vo.Demosthenes: Reiske, Lips. 1775, 8vo.Euripides: Beck, Cantab. 1829, 8vo.Herodotus: Schweighäuser, Strassburg, 1824, 8vo, 2 vols.Hesiod: Osoruis, Neapol. 1791, 8vo.Homer: Apollonius Sophista, ed. Tollius, Lugd. Bat., 1788, 8vo: Schaufelberger, Zürich, 1761-1768, 8vo, 8 vols.: Crusius, Hanover, 1836, 8vo: Wittich, London, 1843, 8vo: Döderlein, Erlangen, 8vo, 3 vols.: Eberling, Lipsiae, 1875, 8vo: Autenrieth, Leipzig, 1873, 8vo; London, 1877, 8vo.Isocrates: Mitchell, Oxon. 1828, 8vo.Pindar: Portus, Hanov. 1606, 8vo.Plato: Timaeus, ed. Koch, Lips. 1828, 8vo: Mitchell, Oxon. 1832, 8vo: Ast, Lips. 1835-1838, 8vo, 3 vols.Plutarch: Wyttenbach, Lips. 1835, 8vo, 2 vols.Sophocles: Ellendt, Regiomonti, 1834-1835, 8vo ed.; Genthe, Berlin, 1872, 8vo.Thucydides: Bétant, Geneva, 1843-1847, 8vo, 2 vols.Xenophon: Sturtz, Lips. 1801-1804, 8vo, 4 vols.: Cannesin (Anabasis, Gr.-Finnish), Helsirgissä, 1868, 8vo: Sauppe, Lipsiae, 1869, 8vo.Septuagint: Hutter, Noribergae, 1598, 4to: Biel, Hagae, 1779-1780, 8vo.New Testament: Lithocomus, Colon, 1552, 8vo: Parkhurst, ed. Major, London, 1845, 8vo: Schleusner (juxta ed. Lips. quartam), Glasguae, 1824, 4to.

Medieval and Modern Greek.—Meursius, Lugd. Bat. 1614, 4to: Critopulos, Stendaliae, 1787, 8vo: Portius, Par. 1635, 4to: Du Cange, Paris, 1682, fol., 2 vols.; Ludg. 1688, fol.English.—Polymera, Hermopolis, 1854, 8vo: Sophocles, Cambr. Mass. 1860-1887: Contopoulos, Athens, 1867, 8vo; Smyrna, 1868-1870, 8vo, 2 parts, 1042 pages.French.—Skarlatos, Athens, 1852, 4to: Byzantius, ib. 1856, 8vo, 2 vols.: Varvati, 4th ed. ib., 1860, 8vo.Italian.—Germano, Romae, 1622, 8vo: Somavera, Parigi, 1709, fol., 2 vols.: Pericles, Hermopolis, 1857, 8vo.German.—Schmidt, Lips. 1825-1827, 12mo, 2 vols.: Petraris, Leipz. 1897.Polyglots.—Koniaz (Russian and Fr.), Moscow, 1811, 4to; Schmidt (Fr.-Germ.), Leipzig, 1837-1840, 12mo, 3 vols.: Theocharopulas de Patras (Fr.-Eng.), Munich, 1840, 12mo.

Latin.—Johannes de Janua,CatholiconorSumma, finished in 1286, printed Moguntiæ 1460, fol.; Venice, 1487; and about 20 editions before 1500: Johannes,Comprehensorium, Valentia, 1475, fol.: Nestor Dionysius,Onomasticon, Milan, 1477, fol.: Stephanus, Paris, 1531, fol., 2 vols.: Gesner, Lips. 1749, fol., 4 vols.: Forcellini, Patavii, 1771, fol., 4 vols.Polyglot.—Calepinus, Reggio, 1502, fol. (Aldus printed 16 editions, with the Greek equivalents of the Latin words; Venetiis, 1575, fol., added Italian, French and Spanish; Basileae, 1590, fol., is in 11 languages; several editions, from 1609, are called Octolingue; many of the latter 2 vol. editions were edited by John Facciolati): Verantius (Ital., Germ., Dalmatian, Hungarian), Venetiis, 1595, 4to: Lodereckerus (Ital., Germ., Dalm., Hungar., Bohem., Polish), Pragae, 1605, 4to.English.—Promptorium parvulorum, compiled in 1440 by Galfridus Grammaticus, a Dominican monk of Lynn Episcopi, in Norfolk, was printed by Pynson, 1499; 8 editions, 1508-1528, ed. Way, Camden Society, 1843-1865, 3 vols. 4to;Medulla grammaticis, probably by the same author, MS. written 1483; printed asOrtus vocabulorum, by Wynkyn de Worde, 1500; 13 editions 1509-1523; Sir Thomas Elyot, London, 1538, fol.; 2nd ed. 1543;Bibliotheca Eliotae, ed. Cooper, ib. 1545, fol.: Huloet,Abecedarium, London, 1552, fol.;Dictionarie, 1572, fol.: Cooper, London, 1565, fol.; 4th edition, 1584, fol.: Baret,Alvearie, ib. 1575, fol.; 1580, fol.: Fleming, ib. 1583, fol.: Ainsworth, London, 1736, 4to; ed. Morell, London, 1796, 4to, 2 vols.; ed. Beatson and Ellis, ib. 1860, 8vo: Scheller, translated by Riddle, Oxford, 1835, fol.: Smith, London, 1855, 8vo; 1870: Lewis and Short, Oxford, 1879.Eng.-Latin.—Levins,Manipulus puerorum, Lond. 1570, 4to: Riddle, ib. 1838, 8vo: Smith, ib. 1855, 8vo.French.—Catholicon parvum, Geneva, 1487: Estienne,Dictionnaire, Paris, 1539, fol. 675 pages; enlarged 1549; ed. Huggins, Lond. 1572: Id.Dictionarium Latino-Gallicum, Lutetiae, 1546, fol.; Paris, 1552; 1560: Id.,Dictionariolum puerorum, Paris, 1542, 4to:Les Mots français, Paris, 1544, 4to; the copy in the British Museum has the autograph of Queen Catherine Parr: Thierry (Fr.-Lat.), Paris, 1564, fol.: Danet, Ad usum Delphini, Paris, 1700, 4to, 2 vols.; and frequently: Quicherat, 9th ed. Paris, 1857, 8vo: Theil, 3rd ed. Paris, 1863, 8vo: Freund, ib. 1835-1865, 4to, 3 vols.German.—Joh. Melber, of Gerolzhofen,Vocabularius praedicantium, of which 26 editions are described by Hain (Repertorium, No. 11,022, &c.), 15 undated, 7 dated 1480-1495, 4to, and 3 after 1504:Vocabularius gemma gemmarum, Antwerp, 1484, 4to; 1487; 12 editions, 1505-1518: Herman Torentinus,Elucidarius carminum, Daventri, 1501, 4to; 22 editions, 1504-1536: Binnart, Ant. 1649, 8vo: Id.,Biglotton, ib. 1661; 4th ed. 1688: Faber, ed. Gesner, Hagae Com. 1735, fol., 2 vols.: Hederick, Lips. 1766, 8vo, 2 vols.: Ingerslev, Braunschweig, 1835-1855, 8vo, 2 vols.:Thesaurus linguae Latinae, Leipzig, 1900: Walde,Lateinisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 1906.Italian.—Seebar (Sicilian translation of Lebrixa), Venet. 1525, 8vo: Venuti, 1589, 8vo: Galesini, Venez. 1605, 8vo: Bazzarini and Bellini, Torino, 1864, 4to, 2 vols. 3100 pages.Spanish.—Salmanticae, 1494, fol.; Antonio de Lebrixa, Nebrissenis, Compluti, 1520, fol., 2 vols.: Sanchez de la Ballesta, Salamanca, 1587, 4to: Valbuena, Madrid, 1826, fol.Portuguese.—Bluteau,Lisbon, 1712-1728, fol., 10 vols: Fonseca, ib. 1771, fol.: Ferreira, Paris, 1834, 4to; 1852.Romansch.—Promptuario di voci volgari, Valgrisii, 1565, 4to.Vlach.—Divalitu, Bucuresci, 1852, 8vo.Swedish.—Vocabula, Rostock, 1574, 8vo; Stockholm, 1579: Lindblom, Upsala, 1790, 4to.Dutch.—Binnart, Antw. 1649, 8vo: Scheller, Lugd. Bat. 1799, 4to, 2 vols.Flemish.—Paludanus, Gandavi, 1544, 4to.Polish.—Macinius, Königsberg, 1564, fol.: Garszynski, Breslau, 1823, 8vo, 2 vols.Bohemian.—Johannes Aquensis, Pilsnae, 1511, 4to: Reschel, Olmucii, 1560-1562, 4to, 2 vols.: Cnapius, Cracovia, 1661, fol., 3 vols.Illyrian.—Bellosztenecz, Zagrab, 1740, 4to: Jambresich (also Germ. and Hungar.), Zagrab, 1742, 4to.Servian.—Swotlik, Budae, 1721, 8vo.Hungarian.—Molnar, Frankf. a. M. 1645, 8vo: Pariz-Papai, Leutschen, 1708, 8vo; 1767.Finnish.—Rothsen, Helsingissä, 1864, 8vo.Poetic.—Epithetorum et synonymorum thesaurus, Paris, 1662, 8vo, attributed to Chatillon; reprinted by Paul Aler, a German Jesuit, asGradus ad Parnassum, Paris, 1687, 8vo; many subsequent editions:Schirach, Hal. 1768, 8vo: Noel, Paris, 1810, 8vo; 1826: Quicherat, Paris, 1852, 8vo: Young, London, 1856, 8vo.Erotic.—Rambach, Stuttgart, 1836, 8vo.Rhetorical.—Ernesti, Lips. 1797, 8vo.Civil Law.—Dirksen, Berolini, 1837, 4to.Synonyms.—Hill, Edinb. 1804, 4to: Döderlein, Lips. 1826-1828, 8vo, 6 vols.Etymology.—Danet, Paris, 1677, 8vo: Vossius, Neap. 1762, fol., 2 vols.: Salmon, London, 1796, 8vo, 2 vols.: Nagel, Berlin, 1869, 8vo; Latin roots, with their French and English derivatives, explained in German: Zehetmayr, Vindobonae, 1873, 8vo: Vaniček, Leipz. 1874, 8vo.Barbarous.—Marchellus, Mediol. 1753, 4to; Krebs, Frankf. a. M. 1834, 8vo; 1837.Particular Authors.—Caesar: Crusius, Hanov. 1838, 8vo.Cicero: Nizzoli, Brescia, 1535, fol.; ed. Facciolati, Patavii, 1734, fol.; London, 1820, 8vo, 3 vols.: Ernesti, Lips. 1739, 8vo; Halle, 1831.Cornelius Nepos: Schmieder, Halle, 1798, 8vo; 1816: Billerbeck, Hanover, 1825, 8vo.Curtius Rufus: Crusius, Hanov. 1844, 8vo.Horace: Ernesti, Berlin, 1802-1804, 8vo, 3 vols.: Döring, Leipz. 1829, 8vo.Justin: Meinecke, Lemgo, 1793, 8vo; 2nd ed. 1818.Livy: Ernesti, Lips. 1784, 8vo; ed Schäfer, 1804.Ovid: Gierig, Leipz. 1814: (Metamorphoses) Meinecke, 2nd ed., Lemgo, 1825, 8vo: Billerbeck (Do.), Hanover, 1831, 8vo.Phaedrus: Oertel, Nürnberg, 1798, 8vo: Hörstel, Leipz. 1803, 8vo: Billerbeck Hanover, 1828, 8vo.Plautus: Paraeus, Frankf. 1614, 8vo.Pliny: Denso, Rostock, 1766, 8vo. Pliny, jun.: Wensch, Wittenberg, 1837-1839, 4to.Quintilian: Bonnellus, Leipz. 1834, 8vo.Sallust: Schneider, Leipz. 1834, 8vo: Crusius, Hanover, 1840, 8vo.Tacitus: Bötticher, Berlin, 1830, 8vo.Velleius Paterculus: Koch, Leipz. 1857, 8vo.Virgil:Clavis, London, 1742, 8vo: Braunhard, Coburg, 1834, 8vo.Vitruvius: Rode, Leipz. 1679, 4to, 2 vols.: Orsini, Perugia, 1801, 8vo.

Old Italian Languages.—Fabretti, Torini, 1858, 4to.Umbrian: Huschke, Leipz. 1860, 8vo.Oscan and Sabellian: Id. Elberfeld, 1856, 8vo.

Medieval Latin.—Du Cange,Glossarium, Paris, 1733-1736, fol., 6 vols.; Carpentier, Suppl., Paris, 1766, fol., 4 vols.; ed. Adelung, Halae, 1772-1784, 8vo, 6 vols.; ed. Henschel, Paris, 1840-1850, 4to, 7 vols. (vol. vii. contains a glossary of Old French): Brinckmeier, Gotha, 1850-1863, 8vo, 2 vols.: Hildebrand (Glossarium saec. ix.), Götting. 1854, 4to: Diefenbach,Glossarium, Frankf. 1857, 4to: Id.Gloss. novum, ib. 1867, 4to.Ecclesiastical.—Magri, Messina, 1644, 4to; 8th ed. Venezia, 1732; Latin translation,Magri Hierolexicon, Romae, 1677, fol.; 6th ed. Bologna, 1765, 4to, 2 vols.

Romance Languages.

Romance Languages generally.—Diez, Bonn, 1853, 8vo; 2nd ed. ib. 1861-1862, 8vo, 2 vols.; 3rd ed. ib. 1869-1870, 8vo, 2 vols.; transl. by Donkin, 1864, 8vo.

French.—Ranconet,Thresor, ed. Nicot, Paris, 1606, fol.; ib. 1618, 4to: Richelet, Genève, 1680, fol., 2 vols.; ed. Gattel, Paris, 1840, 8vo, 2 vols.

The French Academy, after five years’ consideration, began their dictionary, on the 7th of February 1639, by examining the letter A, which took them nine months to go through. The word Académie was for some time omitted by oversight. They decided, on the 8th of March 1638, not to cite authorities, and they have since always claimed the right of making their own examples. Olivier justifies them by saying that for eighty years all the best writers belonged to their body, and they could not be expected to cite each other. Their design was to raise the language to its last perfection, and to open a road to reach the highest eloquence. Antoine Furetière, one of their members, compiled a dictionary which he says cost him forty years’ labour for ten hours a day, and the manuscript filled fifteen chests. He gave words of all kinds, especially technical, names of persons and places, and phrases. As a specimen, he published hisEssai, Paris, 1684, 4to; Amst. 1685, 12mo. The Academy charged him with using the materials they had prepared for their dictionary, and expelled him, on the 22nd of January 1685, for plagiarism. He died on the 14th of May 1688, in the midst of the consequent controversy and law suit. His complete work was published, with a preface by Bayle, La Haye and Rotterdam, 1690, fol., 3 vols.; again edited by Basnage de Beauval, 1701; La Haye, 1707, fol., 4 vols. From the edition of 1701 the very popular so-calledDictionnaire de Trevoux, Trevoux, 1704, fol., 2 vols., was made by the Jesuits, who excluded everything that seemed to favour the Calvinism of Basnage. The last of its many editions is Paris, 1771, fol., 8 vols. The Academy’s dictionary was first printed Paris, 1694, fol., 2 vols. They began the revision in 1700; second edition 1718, fol., 2 vols.; 3rd, 1740, fol., 2 vols.; 6th, 1835, 2 vols. 4to, reprinted 1855; Supplément, by F. Raymond, 1836, 4to; Complément, 1842, 4to, reprinted 1856;Dictionnaire historique, Paris, 1858-1865, 4to, 2 parts (A to Actu), 795 pages, published by the Institut: Dochez, Paris, 1859, 4to: Bescherelle, ib. 1844, 4to, 2 vols.; 5th ed. Paris, 1857, 4to, 2 vols.; 1865; 1887: Landais, Paris, 1835; 12th ed. ib. 1854, 4to, 2 vols.: Littré, Paris, 1863-1873, 4to, 4 vols. 7118 pages: Supplément, Paris, 1877, 4to: Godefroy (with dialects from 9th to 15th cent.), Paris, 1881-1895, andComplément: Hatzfield, Darmesteter, and Thomas, Paris, 1890-1900: Larive and Fleury, (mots et choses, illustré), Paris, 1884-1891.English.—Palsgrave,Lesclaircissement de la langue francoyse, London, 1530, 4to, 2 parts; 1852: Hollyband, London, 1533, 4to: Cotgrave, ib. 1611, fol.: Boyer, La Haye, 1702, 4to, 2 vols.; 37th ed. Paris, 1851, 8vo, 2 vols.: Fleming and Tibbins, Paris, 1846-1849, 4to, 2 vols.; ib. 1854, 4to, 2 vols.; ib. 1870-1872, 4to, 2 vols.: Tarver, London, 1853-1854, 8vo, 2 vols.; 1867-1872: Bellows, Gloucester, 1873, 16mo; ib. 1876.Ideological, or Analogical.—Robertson, Paris, 1859, 8vo: Boissière, Paris, 1862, 8vo.Etymology.—Lebon, Paris, 1571, 8vo: Ménage, ib. 1650, 4to. Pougens projected aTrésor des origines, his extracts for which, filling nearly 100 volumes folio, are in the library of the Institut. He published a specimen, Paris, 1819, 4to. After his death,Archéologie française, Paris, 1821, 8vo, 2 vols., was compiled from his MSS., which were much used by Littré: Scheler, Bruxelles, 1862, 8vo; 1873: Brachet, 2nd ed. Paris, 1870, 12mo; English trans. Kitchin, Oxf. 1866, 8vo.Greek Words.—Trippault, Orleans, 1580, 8vo: Morin, Paris, 1809, 8vo.German Words.—Atzler, Cöthen, 1867, 8vo.Oriental Words.—Pihan, Paris, 1847, 8vo; 1866: Devic, ib. 1876, 8vo.Neology.—Desfontaines, 3rd ed. Amst. 1728, 12mo: Mercier, Paris, 1801, 8vo, 2 vols.: Richard, ib. 1842, 8vo; 2nd ed. 1845.Poetic.—Dict. des rimes(by La Noue), Geneve, 1596, 8vo; Cologny, 1624, 8vo: Carpentier,Le Gradus français, Paris, 1825, 8vo, 2 vols.Erotic.—De Landes, Bruxelles, 1861, 12mo.Oratory.—Demandre and Fontenai, Paris, 1802, 8vo: Planche, ib. 1819-1820, 8vo, 3 vols.Pronunciation.—Féline, ib. 1857, 8vo.Double Forms.—Brachet, ib. 1871, 8vo.Epithets.—Daire, ib. 1817, 8vo.Verbs.—Bescherelle, ib. 1855, 8vo, 2 vols.: 3rd ed. 1858.Participles.—Id., ib. 1861, 12mo.Difficulties.—Boiste, London, 1828, 12mo: Laveaux, Paris, 1872, 8vo, 843 pages.Synonyms.—Boinvilliers, Paris, 1826, 8vo: Lafaye, ib. 1858, 8vo; 1861; 1869: Guizot, ib. 1809, 8vo; 6th ed. 1863; 1873.Homonyms.—Zlatagorski (Germ., Russian, Eng.), Leipzig, 1862, 8vo, 664 pages.Imitative Words.—Nodier,Onomatopées, ib. 1828, 8vo.Technology.—D’Hautel, ib. 1808, 8vo, 2 vols.: Desgranges, ib. 1821, 8vo: Tolhausen (Fr., Eng., Germ.), Leipz. 1873, 8vo, 3 vols.Faults of Expression.—Roland, Gap, 1823, 8vo: Blondin, Paris, 1823, 8vo.Particular Authors.—Corneille: Godefroy, ib. 1862, 8vo, 2 vols.: Marty-Laveaux, ib. 1868, 8vo, 2 vols.La Fontaine: Lorin, ib. 1852, 8vo.Malherbe: Regnier, ib. 1869, 8vo.Molière: Genin, ib. 1846, 8vo: Marty-Laveaux, ib. 8vo.Racine: Marty-Laveaux, ib. 1873, 8vo, 2 vols.Mmede Sévigné: Sommer, ib. 1867, 8vo, 2 vols.Old French.—La Curne de St Palaye prepared a dictionary, of which he only publishedProjet d’un glossaire, Paris, 1756, 4to. His MSS. in many volumes are in the National Library, and were much used by Littré. They were printed by L. Favre, and fasciculi 21-30 (tom. iii.), Niort, 4to, 484 pages, were published in February 1877. Lacombe (vieux langage), Paris, 1766, 2 vols. 4to: Kelham (Norman and Old French), London, 1779, 8vo: Roquefort (langue romane), Paris, 1808, 8vo; Supplément, ib. 1820, 8vo: Pougens,Archéologie, ib. 1821, 8vo, 2 vols.: Burguy, Berlin, 1851-1856, 8vo, 3 vols.: Laborde (Notice des émaux ... du Louvre, part ii.), Paris, 1853, 8vo, 564 pages:3Gachet (rhymed chronicles), Bruxelles, 1859, 4to: Le Héricher (Norman, English and French), Paris, 1862, 3 vols. 8vo: Hippeau (12th and 13th centuries), Paris, 1875, 8vo.Dialects.—Jaubert (central), Paris, 1856-1857, 8vo, 2 vols.: Baumgarten (north and centre), Coblentz, 1870, 8vo: Azais,Idiomes romans du midi, Montpellier, 1877.Austrasian: François. Metz, 1773, 8vo.Auvergne: Mège, Riom, 1861, 12mo.Bearn: Lespi, Pau, 1858, 8vo.Beaucaire: Bonnet (Bouguirén), Nismes, 1840, 8vo.Pays de Bray: Decorde, Neufchâtel, 1852, 8vo.Burgundy: Mignard, Dijon, 1870, 8vo.Pays de Castres: Couzinié, Castres, 1850, 4to.Dauphiné: Champollion-Figeac, Paris, 1809, 8vo: Jules, Valence, 1835, 8vo; Paris, 1840, 4to.Dep. of Doubs: Tissot (Patois des Fourg, arr. de Pontarlier) Besançon, 1865, 8vo.Forez: Gras, Paris, 1864, 8vo; Neolas, Lyon, 1865, 8vo.Franche Comté: Maisonforte, 2nd ed. Besançon, 1753, 8vo.Gascony: Desgrouais (Gasconismes corrigés), Toulouse, 1766, 8vo; 1769; 1812, 12mo, 2 vols.; 1825, 8vo, 2 vols.Dep. of Gers: Cenac-Montaut, Paris, 1863, 8vo.Geneva: Humbert, Geneve, 1820, 8vo.Languedoc: Odde, Tolose, 1578, 8vo: Doujat, Toulouse, 1638, 8vo: De S.[auvages], Nismes, 1756, 2 vols.; 1785; Alais, 1820: Azais, Beziers, 1876, &c., 8vo: Hombres, Alais, 1872, 4to: Thomas (Greek words) Montpellier, 1843, 4to.Liége: Forir, Liége, 1866, 8vo, vol i. 455 pages.Lille: Vermesse, Lille, 1861, 12mo: Debuire du Buc ib., 1867, 8vo.Limousin: Beronie, ed. Vialle (Corrèze), Tulle, 1823, 4to.Lyonnais, Forez, Beaujolais: Onofrio, Lyon, 1864, 8vo.Haut Maine: R[aoul] de M.[ontesson], Paris, 1857; 1859, 503 pages.Mentone: Andrews, Nice, 1877, 12mo.Dep. de la Meuse: Cordier, Paris, 1853, 8vo.Norman: Edélestand and Alfred Duméril, Caen, 1849, 8vo: Dubois, ib. 1857, 8vo: Le Héricher (Philologie topographique), Caen, 1863, 4to: Id. (éléments scandinaves), Avranches, 1861, 12mo: Metivier (Guernsey), London, 1870, 8vo: Vasnier (arrond de Pont Audemer), Rouen, 1861, 8vo: Delboulle (Vallée d’Yères), Le Havre, 1876.Picardy: Corblet, Amiens, 1851, 8vo.Poitou, Saintonge, Aunis: Favre, Niort, 1867, 8vo.Poitou: Beauchet-Filleau, Paris, 1864, 8vo: Levrier, Niort, 1867, 8vo: Lalanne, Poitiers, 1868, 8vo.Saintonge: Boucherie, Angoulême, 1865, 8vo: Jonain, Royan, 1867, 8vo.Savoy: Pont (Terratzu de la Tarantaise), Chambery, 1869, 8vo.La Suisse Romande: Bridel, Lausanne, 1866, 8vo.Dep. of Tarn: Gary, Castre, 1845, 8vo.Dep. of Vaucluse: Barjavel, Carpentras, 1849, 8vo.Walloon (Rouchi): Cambresier, Liége, 1787, 8vo: Grandgagnage, ib. 1845-1850, 8vo. 2 vols.: Chavée, Paris, 1857, 18mo: Vermesse, Doudi, 1867, 8vo. Sigart (Montois), Bruxelles, 1870, 8vo.Slang.—Oudin,Curiositez Françaises, Paris, 1640, 8vo: Baudeau de Saumaise (Précieuses, Langue de Ruelles), Paris, 1660, 12mo; ed. Livet, ib. 1856: Le Roux,Dict. Comique, Amst. 1788, and 6 other editions: Carême Prenant [i.e.Taumaise], (argot réforme), Paris, 1829, 8vo: Larchey (excentricitées du langage), Paris, 1860, 12mo; 5th ed. 1865: Delvau (langue verte, Parisian), Paris, 1867, 8vo: Larchey, Paris, 1873, 4to, 236 pages.

Provençal.—Pallas, Avignon, 1723, 4to: Bastero,La Crusca Provenzale, Roma, 1724, fol. vol. i. only: Raynouard, Paris, 1836-1844, 8vo, 6 vols.: Garcin, Draguignand, 1841, 8vo, 2 vols.: Honnorat, Digne, 1846-1849, 4to, 4 vols. 107,201 words: Id.,Vocab. fr. prov., ib. 1848, 12mo, 1174 pages.

Spanish.—Covarruvias Orosco, Madrid, 1611, fol.: ib. 1673-1674, fol. 2 vols.; Academia Española, Madrid, 1726-1739, fol. 6 vols.; 8th ed. 1837: Caballero, Madrid, 1849, fol.; 8th ed. ib. 1860, 4to, 2 vols.: Cuesta, ib. 1872, fol. 2 vols.: Campano, Paris, 1876, 18mo, 1015 pages. Cuervo, 1886-1894; Monlau, 1881; Zerola, Toro y Gomes, and Isaza, 1895; Serrano (encyclopaedic) 1876-1881.English.—Percivall, London, 1591, 4to: Pineda, London, 1740, fol.: Connelly and Higgins, Madrid, 1797-1798, 4to, 4 vols.: Neuman and Baretti, 9th ed. London, 1831, 8vo, 2 vols.; 1874.French.—Oudin, Paris, 1607, 4to, 1660; Gattel, Lyon, 1803, 4to, 2 vols.: Dominguez, Madrid, 1846, 8vo, 6 vols.: Blanc, Paris, 1862, 8vo, 2 vols.German.—Wagener, Hamb. 1801-1805, 8vo, 4 vols.: Seckendorp, ib. 1823, 8vo, 3 vols.: Franceson, 3rd ed. Leipzig, 1862, 8vo, 2 vols.Italian.—Franciosini, Venezia, 1735, 8vo, 2 vols.; Cormon y Manni, Leon, 1843, 16mo, 2 vols.: Romero, Madrid, 1844, 4to.Synonyms.—Diccionario de Sinonimos, Paris, 1853, 4to.Etymology.—Aldrete, Madrid, 1682, fol.: Monlau y Roca, ib. 1856, 12mo; Barcia, 1881-1883.Arabic Words.—Hammer Purgstall, Wien, 1855, 8vo: Dozy and Engelmann, 2d ed. Leiden, 1869, 8vo.Ancient.—Sanchez, Paris, 1842, 8vo.Rhyming.—Garcia de Rengifo (consonancias) Salmantica, 1592, 4to; 1876.Don Quixote.—Beneke (German), Leipzig, 1800, 16mo; 4th ed. Berlin, 1841, 16mo.Dialects.—Aragonese: Peralta, Zaragoza, 1836, 8vo: Borao, ib. 1859, 4to.Catalan: Rocha de Girona (Latin), Barcinone, 1561, fol.:Dictionari Catala(Lat. Fr. Span.), Barcelona, 1642, 8vo: Lacavalleria (Cat.-Lat.), ib. 1696, fol.: Esteve, ed. Belvitges, &c. (Catal.-Sp. Lat.), Barcelona, 1805-1835, fol. 2 vols.: Saura (Cat.-Span.), ib. 1851, 16mo; 2nd ed.(Span.-Cat.), ib. 1854; 3rd ed. (id.) ib. 1862, 8vo: Labernia, ib. 1844-1848, 8vo, 2 vols. 1864.Gallegan: Rodriguez, Coruña, 1863, 4to: Cuveira y Piñol, Madrid, 1877, 8vo. Majorca: Figuera, Palma, 1840, 4to: Amengual, ib. 1845, 4to.Minorca:Diccionario, Madrid, 1848, 8vo.Valencian: Palmyreno, Valentiae, 1569: Ros, Valencia, 1764, 8vo: Fuster, ib. 1827, 8vo: Lamarca, 2nd ed. ib. 1842, 16mo.Cuba:Glossary of Creole Words, London, 1840, 8vo: Pichardo, 1836; 2nd ed. Havana, 1849, 8vo; 3rd ed. ib. 1862, 8vo; Madrid, 1860, 4to.

Portuguese.—Lima, Lisbon, 1783, 4to: Moraes da Silva, ib. 1789, 4to, 2 vols.; 6th ed. 1858: Academia real das Sciencas, ib. 1793, tom. i., ccvi. and 544 pages (A to Azurrar); Faria, ib. 1849, fol. 2 vols.; 3rd ed. ib. 1850-1857, fol. 2 vols. 2220 pages.English.—Vieyra, London, 1773, 2 vols. 4to: Lacerda, Lisboa, 1866-1871, 4to, 2 vols.French.—Marquez, Lisboa, 1756-1761, fol. 2 vols.: Roquette, Paris, 1841, 8vo, 2 vols.; 4th ed. 1860: Marques, Lisbonne, 1875, fol. 2 vols.: Souza Pinto, Paris, 1877, 32mo, 1024 pages.German.—Wagener, Leipzig, 1811-1812, 8vo, 2 vols.: Wollheim, ib. 1844, 12mo, 2 vols.: Bösche, Hamburg, 1858, 8vo, 2 vols. 1660 pages.Italian.—Costa e Sá, Lisboa, 1773-1774, fol. 2 vols. 1652 pages: Prefumo, Lisboa, 1853, 8vo, 1162 pages.Ancient.—Joaquim de Sancta Rosa de Viterbo, ib. 1798, fol. 2 vols.; 1824, 8vo.Arabic Words.—Souza, ib. 1789, 4to; 2nd ed. by S. Antonio Moura, ib. 1830, 224 pages.Oriental and African Words, not Arabic.—Saõ Luiz, ib. 1837, 4to, 123 pages.French Words.—Id., ib. 1827, 4to; 2nd ed. Rio de Janeiro, 1835, 8vo.Synonyms.—Id., ib. 1821, 4to; 2nd ed. ib. 1824-1828, 8vo. Fonseca, Paris, 1833, 8vo; 1859, 18mo, 863 pages.Homonyms.—De Couto, Lisboa, 1842, fol.Poetic.—Luzitano (i.e.Freire), ib. 1765, 8vo, 2 vols.; 3rd ed. ib. 1820, 4to, 2 vols.Rhyming.—Couto Guerreiro, Lisboa, 1763, 4to.Naval.—Tiberghien, Rio de Janeiro, 1870, 8vo.Ceylon-Portuguese.—Fox, Colombo, 1819, 8vo: Callaway, ib. 1823, 8vo.

Italian.—Accarigi,Vocabulario, Cento, 1543, 4to: Alunno,Lafabrica del mundo, Vinezia, 1548, fol.: Porccachi, Venetia, 1588, fol.: Accademici della Crusca,Vocabulario, Venez. 1612, fol.; 4th ed. Firenze, 1729-1738, fol. 6 vols.: Costa and Cardinali, Bologna, 1819-1826, 4to, 7 vols.: Tommaseo and Bellini, Torino, 1861, &c., 4to, 4 vols.: Petrocchi, 1884-1891.English.—Thomas, London, 1598, 4to: Florio, London, 1598, 4to, 1611: Baretti, London, 1794, 2 vols.: 1854, 8vo, 2 vols.: Petronj and Davenport, Londra, 1828, 8vo, 3 vols.: Grassi, Leipz. 1854, 12mo: Millhouse, Lond., 1868, 8vo, 2 vols. 1348 pages.French.—Alberti, Paris, 1771, 4to, 2 vols.; Milan, 1862: Barberi, Paris, 1838, 4to, 2 vols.: Renzi, Paris, 1850, 8vo.German.—Libro utilissimo, Venetiis, 1499, 4to: Valentini, Leipzig, 1834-1836, 4to, 4 vols.Etymology.—Menage, Geneva, 1685, fol.: Bolza, Vienna, 1852, 4to.Provençal Words.—Nannucci, Firenze, 1840, 8vo.Synonyms.—Rabbi, Venezia, 1774, 4to; 10th ed. 1817; Tommaseo, Firenze, 1839-1840, 4to, 2 vols.: Milano, 1856, 8vo; 1867.Verbs.—Mastrofini, Roma, 1814, 4to, 2 vols.Select Words and Phrases.—Redi, Brescia, 1769, 8vo.Incorrect Words and Phrases.—Molassi, Parma, 1830-1841, 8vo, 854 pages.Supposed Gallicisms.—Viani, Firenze, 1858-1860, 8vo, 2 vols.Additions To the Dictionaries.—Gherardini, Milano, 1819-1821, 8vo, 2 vols.; ib. 1852-1857, 8vo, 6 vols.Rhyming.—Falco, Napoli, 1535, 4to: Ruscelli, Venetia, 1563, 8vo; 1827: Stigliani, Roma, 1658, 8vo: Rosasco, Padova, 1763, 4to; Palermo, 1840, 8vo.Technical.—Bonavilla-Aquilino, Mil. 1819-1821, 8vo, 5 vols.; 2nd ed. 1829-1831, 4to, 2 vols.: Vogtberg (Germ.), Wein, 1831, 8vo.Particular Authors.—Boccaccio: Aluno,Le ricchezze della lingua volgare, Vinegia, 1543. fol.Dante: Blanc, Leipzig, 1852, 8vo; Firenze, 1859, 8vo.Dialects.—Bergamo: Gasparini, Mediol. 1565: Zappetini, Bergamo, 1859, 8vo: Tiraboschi (anc. and mod.), Turin, 1873, 8vo.Bologna: Bumaldi, Bologna, 1660, 12mo: Ferrari, ib. 1820, 8vo; 1838, 4to.Brescia: Gagliardi, Brescia, 1759, 8vo: Melchiori, ib. 1817-1820, 8vo:Vocabularietto, ib. 1872, 4to.Como: Monti, Milano, 1845, 8vo.Ferrara: Manini, Ferrara, 1805, 8vo: Azzi, ib. 1857, 8vo.Friuli: Scala, Pordenone, 1870, 8vo.Genoa: Casaccia, Gen. 1842-1851, 8vo; 1873, &c.: Paganini, ib. 1857, 8vo.Lombardy: Margharini, Tuderti, 1870, 8vo.Mantua: Cherubini, Milano, 1827, 4to.Milan: Varon, ib. 1606, 8vo: Cherubini, ib. 1814, 8vo, 2 vols.; 1841-1844, 8vo, 4 vols.; 1851-1861, 8vo, 5 vols.: Banfi, ib. 1857, 8vo: 1870, 8vo.Modena: Galvani, Modena, 1868, 8vo.Naples: Galiani, Napoli, 1789, 12mo, 2 vols.Parma: Peschieri, Parma, 1828-1831, 8vo, 3 vols. 1840; Malespina, ib. 1856, 8vo, 2 vols.Pavia:Dizionario domestico pavese, Pavia, 1829, 8vo: Gambini, ib. 1850, 4to, 346 pages.Piacenza: Nicolli, Piacenza, 1832: Foresti, ib. 1837-1838, 8vo, 2 pts.Piedmont: Pino, Torino, 1784, 4to: Capello (Fr.), Turin, 1814, 8vo, 2 pts.: Zalli (Ital. Lat. Fr.), Carmagnola, 1815, 8vo, 2 vols: Sant’ Albino, Torino, 1860, 4to.Reggio:Vocabulario Reggiano, 1832.Romagna: Morri, Fienza, 1840.Rome:Raccolto di voci Romani e Marchiani, Osimo, 1769, 8vo.Roveretano and Trentino: Azzolini, Venezia, 1856, 8vo.Sardinia: Porru, Casteddu, 1832, fol.: Spano, Cagliari, 1851-1852, fol. 3 vols.Sicily: Bono (It. Lat.), Palermo, 1751-1754, 4to, 3 vols.; 1783-1785, 4to, 5 vols.: Pasqualino, ib. 1785-1795, 4to, 5 vols.: Mortillaro, ib. 1853, 4to, 956 pages: Biundi, ib. 1857, 12mo, 578 pages: Traina, ib. 1870, 8vo.Siena: Barbagli, Siena, 1602, 4to.Taranto: Vincentiis, Taranto, 1872, 8vo.Turin: Somis di Chavrie, Torino, 1843, 8vo.Tuscany: Luna, Napoli, 1536, 4to: Politi, Roma, 1604, 8vo; Venezia, 1615; 1628; 1665; Paulo, ib. 1740, 4to.Vaudois: Callet, Lausanne, 1862, 12mo.Venetian: Patriarchi (Veneziano e padevano), Padova, 1755, 4to; 1796, 1821: Boerio, Venezia, 1829, 4to; 1858-1859; 1861.Verona: Angeli, Verona, 1821, 8vo.Vicenza: Conti, Vicenza, 1871, 8vo.Lingua Franca.—Dictionnaire de la langue Franque, ou Petit Mauresque, Marseille, 1830, 16mo, 107 pages.Slang.—Sabio (lingua Zerga), Venetia, 1556, 8vo; 1575:Trattato degli bianti, Pisa, 1828, 8vo.

Romansh.—Promptuario de voci volgari e Latine, Valgrisii, 1565, 4to:Der, die, das, oder Nomenclatura(German nouns explained in Rom.), Scoul, 1744, 8vo: Conradi, Zurich, 1820, 8vo; 1826, 12mo, 2 vols.: Carisch, Chur, 1821, 8vo; 1852, 16mo.

Vlach.—Lesicon Rumanese(Lat. Hung. Germ.), Budae, 1825, 4to: Bobb (Lat. Hung.), Clus, 1822-1823, 4to, 2 vols.French.—Vaillant, Boucoureshti, 1840, 8vo: Poyenar, Aaron and Hill, Boucourest, 1840-1841, 4to, 2 vols.; Jassi, 1852, 16mo, 2 vols.: De Pontbriant, Bucuresci, 1862, 8vo: Cihac, Frankf. 1870, 8vo: Costinescu, Bucuresci, 1870, 8vo, 724 pages: Antonescu, Bucharest, 1874, 16mo, 2 vols. 919 pages.German.—Clemens, Hermanstadt, 1823, 8vo: Isser, Kronstadt, 1850: Polyzu, ib. 1857, 8vo.

Teutonic: (1)Scandinavian.

Icelandic.—Latin.—Andreae, Havniae, 1683, 8vo: Halderson (Lat. Danish), ib. 1814, 4to, 2 vols.English.—Cleasby-Vigfusson, Oxford, 1874, 4to.German.—Dieterich, Stockholm, 1844, 8vo: Möbius, Leipzig, 1866, 8vo.Danish.—Jonssen, Kjöbenhavn, 1863, 8vo.Norwegian.—Kraft, Christiania, 1863, 8vo: Fritzner, Kristiania, 1867, 8vo.Poetic.—Egilsson (Latin), Hafniae, 1860, 8vo; 1864.

Swedish.—Kindblad, Stockholm, 1840, 4to: Almqvist, Örebro, 1842-1844, 8vo: Dalin,Ordbog.Stockholm, 1850-1853, 8vo, 2 vols. 1668 pages; 1867, &c. 4to (vol. i. ii., A to Fjermare, 928 pages): Id.,Handordbog, ib. 1868, 12mo, 804 pages; Svenska Academien. Stockholm, 1870, 4to (A) pp. 187.Latin.—Stjernhjelm, Holm, 1643, 4to: Verelius, Upsala, 1691, 8vo: Ihre (Sueo-Gothicum),Upsala, 1769, fol. 2 vols.English.—Serenius, Nyköping, 1757, 4to: Brisnon, Upsala, 1784, 4to: Widegren, Stockholm, 1788, 4to; Brisman, Upsala, 1801, 4to; 3rd ed. 1815, 2 vols.: Deleen Örebro, 1829, 8vo: Granberg, ib. 1832, 12mo: Nilssen, Widmark, &c., Stockholm, 1875, 8vo.French.—Möller, Stockholm, 1745, 4to: Björkengren, ib. 1795, 2 vols.: Nordforss, ib. 1805, 8vo, 2 vols.: 2nd ed. Örebro, 1827, 12mo: West, Stockh. 1807, 8vo: Dalin, ib. 1842-1843, 4to, 2 vols.; 1872.German.—Dähnert, Holmiae, 1746, 4to: Heinrich, Christiansund, 1814, 4to, 2 vols.; 4th ed. Örebro, 1841, 12mo: Helms, Leipzig, 1858, 8vo; 1872.Danish.—Höst, Kjöbenhavn, 1799, 4to: Welander, Stockholm, 1844, 8vo: Dalin, ib. 1869, 16mo: Kaper, Kjöbenhavn, 1876, 16mo.Etymology.—Tamm, Upsala, 1874, &c., 8vo (A and B), 200 pages.Foreign Words.—Sahlstedt, Wästerås, 1769, 8vo: Andersson (20,000), Stockholm, 1857, 16mo: Tullberg, ib. 1868, 8vo: Ekbohrn, ib. 1870, 12mo: Dalin, ib. 1870, &c., 8vo.Synonyms.—Id., ib. 1870, 12mo.Naval.—Ramsten, ib. 1866, 8vo.Technical.—Jungberg, ib. 1873, 8vo.Dialects.—Ihre, Upsala, 1766, 4to: Rietz, Lund, 1862-1867, 4to, 859 pages.Bohuslän:Idioticon Bohusiense, Götaborg, 1776, 4to.Dalecarlia: Arborelius, Upsala, 1813, 4to.Gothland: Hof (Sven), Stockholmiae, 1772, 8vo: Rääf (Ydre), Örebro, 1859, 8vo.Halland: Möller, Lund, 158, 8vo.Helsingland: Lenström, ib. 1841, 8vo: Fornminnessällskap, Hudikswall, 1870, 8vo.

Norwegian.—Jenssen, Kjöbenhavn, 1646, 8vo: Pontoppidan, Bergen, 1749, 8vo: Hanson (German), Christiania, 1840, 8vo: Aasen, ib. 1873, 8vo, 992 pages.

Danish.—Aphelen, Kopenh, 1764, 4to, 2 vols.; 1775, 4to, 3 vols.: Molbech, Kjöbenhavn, 1833, 8vo, 2 vols.: ib. 1859, 2 vols.: Videnskabernes Selskab, ib. 1793-1865, Kalkar.English.—Berthelson (Eng. Dan.), 1754, 4to: Wolff, London, 1779, 4to. Bay, ib. 1807, 8vo, 2 vols.; 1824, 8vo: Hornbeck, ib. 1863, 8vo: Ferrall and Repp, ib. 1814, 16mo; 1873, 8vo: Rosing, Copenhagen, 1869, 8vo: Ancker, ib. 1874, 8vo.French.—Aphelen, 1754, 8vo: Id., ib. 1759, 4to, 2 vols.; 2nd ed. 1772-1777, vol. i. ii.German.—Id., ib. 1764, 4to, 2 vols.: Grönberg, 2nd ed. Kopenh. 1836-1839, 12mo, 2 vols.; 1851, Helms, Leipzig, 1858, 8vo.Synonyms.—Müller, Kjöbenhavn, 1853, 8vo.Foreign Words.—Hansen, Christiania, 1842, 12mo.Naval.—Wilsoet, Copenhagen, 1830, 8vo: Fisker (French), Kjöbenhavn, 1839, 8vo.Old Danish.—Molbech, ib. 1857-1868, 8vo, 2 vols.Dialects.—Id., ib. 1841, 8vo.Bornholm: Adler,ib.1856, 8vo.South Jutland: Kok, 1867, 8vo.Slang.—Kristiansen (Gadesproget), ib. 1866, 8vo. p. 452.

(2)Germanic.

Teutonic.—Comparative.—Meidinger, Frankf. a. M. 1833, 8vo, 2nd ed. 1836, 8vo.

Gothic.—Junius, Dortrecht, 1665, 4to: 1671; 1684, Diefenbach (comparative), Franckf. a. M. 1846-1851, 2 vols. 8vo: Schulze, Magdeburg, 1848, 4to: 1867, 8vo: Skeat, London, 1868, 4to: Balg (Comparative Glossary), Magvike, Wisconsin, 1887-1889.Ulphilas(editions with dictionaries).—Castilionaeus, Mediol, 1829, 4to: Gabelentz and Löbe, Altenburg, 1836-1843, 4to, 2 vols.: Gaugengigl, Passau, 1848, 8vo: Stamm, Paderborn, 1857: Stamm and Heyne, ib. 1866, 8vo.

Anglo-Saxon.—Latin.—Somner (Lat. Eng.), Oxonii, 1659, fol.: Benson, ib. 1701, 8vo: Lye (A.-S. and Gothic), London, 1772, fol. 2 vols.: Ettmüller, Quedlinburg, 1851, 8vo. 838 pages.English.—Bosworth, London, 1838, 8vo, 721 pages: Id. (Compendious), 1848, 278 pages. Corson (A.-S. and Early English), New York, 1871, 8vo, 587 pages; Toller (based on Bosworth), Oxford, 1882-1898.German.—Bouterwek, Gütersloh, 1850, 8vo, 418 pages: Grein (Poets), Göttingen, 1861-1863, 8vo, 2 vols.: Leo, Halle, 1872, 8vo.

English.—Cockeram, London, 1623, 8vo: 9th ed. 1650: Blount, ib. 1656, 8vo: Philips, The new World of Words, London, 1658, fol.: Bailey, London, 1721, 8vo; 2nd ed. ib. 1736, fol.; 24th ed. ib. 1782, 8vo: Johnson, ib. 1755, fol. 2 vols.; ed. Todd, London, 1818, 4to, 4 vols.; ib. 1827. 4to, 3 vols.; ed. Latham, ib. 1866-1874, 4to, 4 vols. (2 in 4 parts): Barclay, London, 1774, 4to; ed. Woodward, ib. 1848: Sheridan, ib. 1780, 4to, 2 vols.: Webster, New York, 1828, 4to, 2 vols.; London, 1832, 4to, 2 vols.; ed. Goodrich and Porter, 1865, 4to: Richardson, ib. 1836, 4to, 2 vols.; Supplement, 1856: Ogilvie,Imperial Dictionary, Glasgow, 1850-1855, 8vo, 3 vols. (the new edition of Ogilvie by Charles Annandale, 4 vols., 1882, was an encyclopaedic dictionary, which served to some extent as the foundation of theCentury Dictionary); Boag,Do., Edinburgh, 1852-1853, 8vo, 2 vols.: Craik, ib. 1856, 8vo: Worcester, Boston, 1863, 4to. Stormouth and Bayne, 1885; Murray and Bradley,The Oxford English Dictionary, 1884-  ; Whitney,The Century Dict., New York, 1889-1891; Porter,Webster’s Internat. Dict., Springfield, Massachusetts, 1890; Funk,Standard Dict., New York, 1894; Hunter,The Encyclopaedic Dict., 1879-1888.Etymology.—Skinner, Londini, 1671, fol.: Junius, Oxonii, 1743, fol.: Wedgewood, London, 1859-1865, 3 vols.; ib. 1872, 8vo. Skeat, Oxford, 1881; Fennell (Anglicized words), Camb. 1892.Pronouncing.—Walker, London, 1774, 4to: by Smart, 2nd ed. ib. 1846, 8vo.Pronouncing in German.—Hausner, Frankf. 1793, 8vo; 3rd ed. 1807; Winkelmann, Berlin, 1818, 8vo: Voigtmann, Coburg, 1835, 8vo: Albert, Leipz. 1839, 8vo: Bassler, ib. 1840, 16mo.Analytical.—Booth, Bath, 1836, 4to: Roget,Thesaurus, London, 1852, 8vo; 6th ed. 1857; Boston, 1874.Synonyms.—Piozzi, London, 1794, 8vo, 2 vols.: L. [abarthe], Paris, 1803, 8vo, 2 vols.: Crabb, London, 1823, 8vo; 11th ed. 1859: C. J. Smith, ib. 1871, 8vo, 610 pages.Reduplicated Words.—Wheatley, ib. 1866, 8vo.Surnames.—Arthur, New York, 1857, 12mo, about 2600 names: Lower, ib. 1860, 4to.Particles.—Le Febure de Villebrune, Paris, 1774, 8vo.Rhyming.—Levins,Manipulus Puerorum, London, 1570, 4to; ed. Wheatley, ib. 1867, 8vo: Walker, London, 1775, 8vo; 1865, 8vo.Shakespeare.—Nares, Berlin, 1822, 4to; ed. Halliwell and Wright, London, 1859, 8vo: Schmidt, Berlin, 1874.Old English.—Spelman, London [1626], fol. (A to I only); 1664 (completed); 1687 (best ed.): Coleridge (1250-1300), ib. 1859, 8vo: Stratmann (Early Eng.), Krefeld, 1867, 8vo; 2nd ed. 1873, 4to: Bradley (new edition of Stratman), Oxford, 1891; Matzner and Bieling, Berlin, 1878- .Old and Provincial.—Halliwell, London, 1844-1846, 8vo; 2nd ed. ib. 1850, 2 vols.: 6th ed. 1904: Wright, ib. 1857, 8vo, 2 vols.; 1862.Dialects.—Ray, ib. 1674, 12mo: Grose, ib. 1787, 8vo; 1790: Holloway, Lewes, 1840, 8vo; Wright,Eng. Dialect Dict., London, 1898-1905, 28 vols.Scotch: Jamieson, Edin. 1806, 4to, 2 vols.; Supplement, 1826, 2 vols.; abridged by Johnstone, ib. 1846, 8vo: Brown, Edin, 1845, 8vo: Motherby (German), Königsberg, 1826-1828, 8vo: (Shetland and Orkney), Edmonston, London, 1866, 8vo: (Banffshire), Gregor, ib. 1866, 8vo.North Country: Brockett, London, 1839, 8vo, 2 vols.Berkshire: [Lousley] ib. 1852, 8vo,Cheshire: Wilbraham, ib. 1817, 4to; 1826, 12mo: Leigh, Chester, 1877, 8vo.Cumberland:Glossary, ib. 1851, 12mo: Dickenson, Whitehaven, 1854, 12mo; Supplement, 1867: Ferguson (Scandinavian Words), London, 1856, 8vo.Derbyshire: Hooson (mining), Wrexham, 1747, 8vo: Sleigh, London, 1865, 8vo.Dorset: Barnes, Berlin, 1863, 8vo.Durham: [Dinsdale] (Teesdale), London, 1849, 12mo.Gloucestershire: Huntley (Cotswold), ib. 1868, 8vo.Herefordshire: [Sir George Cornewall Lewis,] London, 1839, 12mo.Lancashire: Nodal and Milner, Manchester Literary Club, 1875, 8vo, Morris (Furness), London, 1869, 8vo: R. B. Peacock (Lonsdale, North and South of the Sands), ib. 1869, 8vo.Leicestershire: A. B. Evans, ib. 1848, 8vo.Lincolnshire: Brogden, ib. 1866, 12mo: Peacock (Manley & Corringham), ib. 1877, 8vo.Norfolk and Suffolk; Forby, London, 1830, 8vo, 2 vols.Northamptonshire: Sternberg, ib. 1851, 8vo: Miss Anne E. Baker, ib. 1866, 8vo, 2 vols. 868 pages.Somersetshire: Jennings, ib. 1869, 8vo: W. P. Williams and W. A. Jones, Taunton, 1873, 8vo.Suffolk: Moor, Woodbridge, 1823, 12mo: Bowditch (Surnames), Boston, U.S., 1851, 8vo; 1858; 3rd ed. London, 1861, 8vo, 784 pages.Sussex: Cooper, Brighton, 1836, 8vo: Parish, Farncombe, 1875, 8vo.Wiltshire: Akerman, London, 1842, 12mo.Yorkshire (North and East), Toone, ib. 1832, 8vo: (Craven), Carr, 2nd ed. London, 1828, 8vo, 2 vols.: (Swaledale), Harland, ib. 1873, 8vo: (Cleveland), Atkinson, ib. 1868, 4to, 653 pages: (Whitby) [F. K. Robinson], ib. 1876, 8vo: (Mid-Yorkshire and Lower Niddersdale), C. Clough Robinson, ib. 1876, 8vo: (Leeds), Id., ib. 1861, 12mo: (Wakefield), Banks, ib. 1865, 16mo: (Hallamshire), Hunter, London, 1829, 8vo.Ireland: (Forth and Bargy, Co. Wexford), Poole, London, 1867, 8vo.America: Pickering, Boston, 1816, 8vo: Bartlett, New York, 1848, 8vo; 3rd ed. Boston, 1860. 8vo; Dutch transl. by Keijzer, Gorinchen, 1854, 12mo; Germ. transl. by Köhler, Leipz. 1868, 8vo. Elwyn, Philadelphia, 1859. 8vo.Negro English: Kingos, St Croix, 1770, 8vo: Focke (Dutch), Leiden, 1855, 8vo: Wullschlaegel, Löbau, 1856, 8vo. 350 pages.Slang.—Grose, London, 1785, 8vo; 1796: Hotten, ib. 1864, 8vo; 1866; Farmer & Henley (7 vols., 1890-1904).

Frisic.—Wassenbergh, Leeuwarden, 1802, 8vo: Franeker, 1806, 8vo: Outzen, Kopenh. 1837, 4to: Hettema (Dutch), Leuwarden, 1832, 8vo; 1874, 8vo, 607 pages: Winkler (Nederdeutsch en Friesch Dialectikon), ’s Gravenhage, 1874, 8vo, 2 vols. 1025 pages.Old Frisic.—Wiarda (Germ.), Aurich, 1786, 8vo: Richthofen, Göttingen, 1840, 4to.North Frisic.—Bendson (Germ.), Leiden, 1860, 8vo: Johansen (Föhringer und Amrumer Mundart), Kiel, 1862, 8vo.East Frisic.—Stürenburg, Aurich, 1857, 8vo.Heligoland.—Oelrichs, s. l., 1836, 16mo.

Dutch.—Kok, 2nd ed. Amst. 1785-1798, 8vo, 38 vols.: Weiland, Amst. 1790-1811, 8vo, 11 vols.: Harrebomée, Utrecht, 1857, 4to; 1862-1870, 8vo, 3 vols.: De Vries and Te Winkel, Gravenh. 1864, &c., 4to (new ed. 1882- ); Dale, ib. 4th ed. 1898;English.—Hexham, ed. Manley, Rotterdam, 1675-1678, 4to: Holtrop, Dortrecht, 1823-1824, 8vo, 2 vols.: Bomhoff, Nimeguen, 1859, 8vo, 2 vols. 2323 pages: Jaeger, Gouda, 1862, 16mo: Calisch, Tiel, 1871, &c., 8vo.French.—Halma, Amst. 1710, 4to; 4th ed. 1761: Marin, ib. 1793, 4to, 2 vols.: Winkelman, ib. 1793, 4to, 2 vols.: Mook, Zutphen, 1824-1825, 8vo, 4 vols.; Gouda, 1857, 8vo, 2 vols. 2818 pages: Kramers, ib. 1859-1862, 2 vols. 16mo.German.—Kramer, Nürnb. 1719, fol.; 1759, 4to, 2 vols.; ed. Titius, 1784, Weiland, Haag, 1812, 8vo: Terwen, Amst. 1844, 8vo.Etymology.—Franck, 1884-1892.Oriental Words.—Dozy, ’s Gravenhage, 1867, 8vo.Genders of Nouns.—Bilderdijk, Amst. 1822, 8vo, 2 vols.Spelling.—Id., ’s Gravenhage, 1829, 8vo.Frequentatives.—De Jager, Gouda, 1875, 8vo, vol. i.Old Dutch.—Suringer, Leyden, 1865, 8vo.Middle Dutch.—De Vries, ’s Gravenhage, 1864, &c., 4to. Verwijs and Verdam, ib. 1885-  .

Flemish.—Kilian, Antw. 1511, 8vo; ed. Hasselt, Utrecht, 1777, 4to, 2 vols.French.—Berlemont, Anvers, 1511, 4to: Meurier, ib. 1557, 8vo: Rouxell and Halma, Amst. 1708, 4to; 6th ed. 1821: Van de Velde and Sleeckx, Brux. 1848-1851, 8vo, 2440 pages; ib.1860, 8vo, 2 vols.Ancient Names of Places.—Grandgagnage (East Belgium), Bruxelles, 1859, 8vo.

German.—Josua Pictorius (Maaler),Die teütsch Spraach, Tiguri, 1561, 8vo; Stieler, Nürnb. 1691, 4to: Adelung, Leipz. 1774-1786, 4to, 5 vols.; 1793-1818, 5 vols.: Campe, Braunschweig, 1807-1811, 4to, 5 vols.: Grimm, Leipzig, 1854, &c., 4to: Sanders, ib. 1860-1865, 4to, 3 vols. 1885: Diefenbach and Wülcker (High and Low German, to supplement Grimm), Frankf. a. M. 1874, 1885, 8vo.; Kluge, Strassburg, 1883; Heine, Leipzig, 1890-1895; Weigand, Giessen, 1873.English.—Adelung, 1783-1796, 8vo, 3 vols.: Hilpert, Karlsruhe, 1828-1829, 8vo, 2 vols.; 1845-1846, 4to, 2 vols.: Flügel, Leipz. 1830, 8vo, 2 vols.; London, 1857, 8vo; Leipzig, 1870: Müller, Cöthen, 1867, 8vo, 2 vols.French.—Laveaux, Strassburg, 1812, 4to: Mozin, Stuttgard, 1811-1812, 4to, 4 vols.; 1842-1846, 8vo, 4 vols., 3rd ed. 1850-1851, 8vo: Schuster, Strasb. 1859, 8vo: Daniel, Paris, 1877, 16mo.Old High German.—Haltaeus, Lipsiae, 1758, fol. 2 vols.: Graff, Berlin, 1834-1846, 4to, 7 vols.: Brinckmeier, Gotha, 1850-1863, 4to, 2 vols.: Kehrein (from Latin records), Nordhausen, 1863, 8vo. Schade, Halle, 1872-1882.Middle High German.—Ziemann, Quedlinburg, 1838, 8vo: Benecke, Müller and Zarnche, Leipz. 1854-1866, 8vo, 3 vols.: Lexer, Leipzig, 1870, 8vo.Middle Low German.—Schiller and Lübben, Bremen, 1872, &c., 8vo, in progress.Low German.—Vollbeding, Zerbst, 1806, 8vo: Kosegarten, Griefswald, 1839, 4to; 1856, &c., 4to.Etymology.—Helvigius, Hanov. 1620, 8vo: Wachter, Lipsiae, 1737, fol. 2 vols.: Kaindl, Salzbach, 1815-1830, 8vo, 7 vols.: Heyse, Magdeburg, 1843-1849, 8vo, 3 vols.: Kehrein, Wiesbaden, 1847-1852, 2 vols.Synonyms.—Eberhard, Maas, and Grüber, 4th ed. Leipzig, 1852-1863, 8vo, 4 vols.: Aue (Engl.), Edinb. 1836, 8vo: Eberhard, 11th ed. Berlin, 1854, 12mo: Sanders, Hamburg, 1872, 8vo, 743 pages.Foreign Words.—Campe, Braunschweig, 1813, 4to: Heyse,Fremdwörterbuch, Hannover, 1848, 8vo.Names.—Pott. Leipz. 1853, 8vo: Michaelis (Taufnamen), Berlin, 1856, 8vo: Förstemann (Old Germ.) Nordhausen, 1856-1859, 4to, 2 vols. 1573 pages, 12,000 names: Steub (Oberdeutschen), München, 1871, 8vo.Luther.—Dietz, Leipzig, 1869-1872, 8vo, 2 vols.Dialects.—Popowitsch, Wien, 1780, 8vo: Fulda, Berlin, 1788, 8vo: Klein, Frankf. 1792, 8vo, 2 vols.: Kaltschmidt, Nordlingen, 1851, 4to; 1854, 5th ed. 1865.Aix-la-Chapelle, Müller and Weitz, Aachen, 1836, 12mo.Appenzell: Tobler, Zürich, 1837, 8vo.Austria: Höfer, Linz, 1815, 8vo; Castelli, Wien, 1847, 12mo: Scheuchenstül (mining), ib. 1856, 8vo.Bavaria: Zaupser, München, 1789, 8vo: Deling, ib. 1820, 2 vols.: Schmeller, Stuttg. 1827-1837, 8vo, 4 vols.; 2nd ed. München, 1872, 4to, vol. i. 1799 pages.Berlin: Trachsel. Berlin, 1873, 8vo.Bremen: Bremisch Deutsch Gesellschaft, Bremen, 1767-1771, 1869, 8vo, 6 vols. Oelrich (anc. statutes), Frankf. a. M. 1767, 8vo.Carinthia: Ueberfelder, Klagenfurt, 1862, 8vo: Lexe, Leipzig, 1862, 8vo.Cleves: De Schueren,Teuthonista, Colon, 1477, fol.; Leiden, 1804, 4to.Göttingen: Schambach, Hannover, 1838, 8vo.Hamburg: Richey, Hamb. 1873, 4to; 1755, 8vo.Henneberg: Reinwold, Berlin and Stettin, 1793, 1801, 8vo, 2 vols.: Brückner, Meiningen, 1843, 4to.Hesse: Vilmar, Marburg, 1868, 8vo, 488 pages.Holstein: Schütz Hamb. 1800-1806, 8vo, 4 vols.Hungary: Schoer, Wien, 1858.Livonia: Bergmann, Salisburg, 1785, 8vo: Gutzeit, Riga, 1859-1864, 8vo, 2 parts.Upper Lusatia: Anton, Görlitz, 1825-1839, 13 parts.Luxembourg: Gangler, Lux. 1847, 8vo, 406 pages.Mecklenburg and Western Pomerania: M., Leipzig, 1876, 8vo, 114 pages.Nassau: Kehrein, Weilburg, 1860, 8vo.Osnaburg: Strodtmann, Leipz. 1756, 8vo.Pomerania and Rügen: Dähnert, Stralsund, 1781, 4to.Posen: Bernd, Bonn, 1820, 8vo.Prussia: Bock, Königsb. 1759, 8vo: Hennig, ib. 1785, 8vo.Saxony: Schmeller (from Heliand, &c.), Stuttg. 1840, 4to.Silesia: Berndt, Stendal, 1787, 8vo.Swabia: Schmid, Berlin, 1795, 8vo; Stuttg. 1831, 8vo.Switzerland: Stalder, Aarau, 1807-1813, 8vo, 2 vols.Thuringia: Keller, Jena, 1819, 8vo.Transylvania: Schuller, Prag, 1865, 8vo.Tirol: Schöpf, Innspruck, 1866, 8vo.Venetian Alps: Schmeller, Wien, 1854, 8vo.Vienna: Hugel, ib. 1873, 8vo.Hunting.—Westerwald: Schmidt, Hadamar, 1800, 8vo; Kehrein, Wiesbaden, 1871, 12mo.Slang.—Gauner Sprache: Schott, Erlangen, 1821, 8vo: Grolmann, Giessen, 1822, 8vo: Train, Meissen, 1833, 8vo: Anton, 2nd ed. Magdeburg, 1843, 8vo; 1859: Avé-Lallemant,Das Deutsche Gaunerthun, Leipzig, 1858-1862, 8vo, vol. iv. pp. 515-628.Student Slang: Vollmann (Burschicoses), Ragaz, 1846, 16mo, 562 pages.

Celtic.

Celtic generally.—Lluyd, Archaeologia Britannica, Oxford, 1707, folio: Bullet, Besançon, 1754-1860, fol. 2 vols.

Irish.—Cormac, bishop of Cashel, born 831, slain in battle 903, wrote a Glossary,Sanas Cormaic, printed by Dr Whitley Stokes, London, 1862, 8vo, with another, finished in 1569, by O’Davoren, a schoolmaster at Burren Castle, Co. Clare: O’Clery, Lovanii, 1643, 8vo: MacCuirtin (Eng.-Irish), Paris, 1732, 4to: O’Brien, ib. 1768, 4to; Dublin, 1832, 8vo: O’Reilly, 1817, 4to: 1821; ed. O’Donovan, ib. 1864, 4to, 725 pages: Foley (Eng.-Irish), ib. 1855, 8vo: Connellan (do.), 1863, 8vo.

Gaelic.—Macdonald, Edin. 1741, 8vo: Shaw, London, 1780, 4to, 2 vols.: Allan, Edin. 1804, 4to: Armstrong, London, 1825, 4to: Highland Society, ib. 1828, 4to, 2 vols.: Macleod and Dewar, Glasgow, 1853, 8vo.

Manx.—Cregeen, Douglas, 1835, 8vo: Kelly, ib. 1866, 8vo, 2 vols.

Welsh.—Latin.—Davies, London, 1632, fol.: Boxhornius, Amstelodami, 1654, 4to.English.—Salesbury, London, 1547, 4to: 1551: Richards, Bristol, 1759, 8vo: Owen (W.), London, 1793-1794, 8vo, 2 vols.; 1803, 4to, 3 vols.: Walters, ib. 1794, 4to: Owen-Pughe, Denbigh, 1832, 8vo; 3rd ed. Pryse, ib. 1866, 8vo: D. S. Evans (Eng.-Welsh), ib. 1852-1853, 8vo; 1887.

Cornish.—Pryce,Archaeologia, Sherborne, 1770, 4to: Williams, Llandovery, 1862-1865, 4to.Names.—Bannister (20,000), Truro, 1869-1871, 8vo.

Breton.—Legadeuc,Le Catholicon breton, finished 1464, printed at Lantrequier, 1499, fol. 210 pages; 1501, 4to; L’Orient, 1868, 8vo: Quicquer de Roskoff, Morlaix, 1633, 8vo: Rostrenen, Rennes, 1732, 4to, 978 pages; ed. Jolivet, Guingamps, 1834, 8vo, 2 vols.: l’A.[rmerie], Leyde, 1744, 8vo; La Haye, 1756: Lepelletier, Paris, 1752, fol.: Legonidec, Angouleme, 1821, 8vo; St Brieuc, 1847-1850, 4to, 924 pages.Dialect of Léon.—Troude (Fr.-Bret.), Brest, 1870, 8vo; Id. (Bret.-Fr.), ib. 1876, 8vo, 845 pages.Diocese of Vannes.—Armerie, Leyde, 1774, 8vo.

Basque.

Basque.—Larramendi, St Sebastian, 1745, fol. 2 vols.; ed. Zuazua, ib. 1854, fol.; Chaho, Bayonne, 1856, 4to, 1867: Fabre, ib. 1870, 8vo: Van Eys, Paris, 1873, 8vo: Egúren, Madrid, 1877.

Baltic.

Lithuanian.—Szyrwid, 3rd ed., Vilnae, 1642, 8vo; 5th ed. 1713: Schleicher, Prag, 1856-1857, 8vo, 2 vols.: Kurmin, Wilno, 1858, 8vo: Kurschat, Halle, 1870, &c., 8vo.

Lettic.—Mancelius, Riga, 1638, 4to: Elvers, ib. 1748, 8vo: Lange, Mitau, 1777, 4to: Sjögren, Petersburg, 1861, 4to: Ulmann, ed. Bielenstein, Riga, 1872, &c., 8vo.

Prussian.—Bock, Königsberg, 1759, 8vo: Hennig, ib. 1785, 8vo: Nesselmann, Berlin, 1873, 8vo: Pierson, ib. 1875, 8vo.

Slavonic.

Slavonic generally.—Franta-Sumavski (Russ. Bulg. Old Slav. Boh. Polish), Praga, 1857, 8vo, Miklosich, Wien, 1886.

Old Slavonic.—Beruinda, Kiev, 1627, 8vo; Kuteinsk, 1653, 4to: Polycarpi (Slav. Greek, Latin), Mosque, 1704, 4to: Alexyeev, St Petersb. 1773, 8vo; 4th ed. ib. 1817-1819, 8vo, 5 vols.: Russian Imp. Academy, ib. 1847, 4to, 4 vols.: Miklosich, Vindobonae, 1850: 4to; 1862-1865, 8vo, Mikhailovski, St Petersb. 1875, 8vo: Charkovski, Warschaw, 1873, 8vo.

Russian.—Russian Academy, St Petersburg, 1789-1794, 4to, 6 vols.; 1806-1822, ib. 1869, 8vo, 3 vols.: Dahl, Moskva, 1862-1866, fol. 4 vols.; d., ib. 1873, &c., 4to; a 3rd edition, 1903, &c.French-Germ.-Eng.—Reiff, ib. 1852-1854, 4to.German, Latin.—Holterhof, Moskva, 1778, 8vo, 2 vols.; 3rd ed. 1853-1855, 8vo, 2 vols.: Weismann, ib. 1731, 4to; 1782, and frequently.French, German.—Nordstet, ib. 1780-1782, 4to, 2 vols.: Heym, Moskau, 1796-1805, 4to, 4 vols.: Booch-Arkossi and Frey, Leipzig, 1871, &c., 8vo.English.—Nordstet, London, 1780, 4to: Grammatin and Parenogo, Moskva, 1808-1817, 4to, 4 vols.French.—Tatischeff, 2nd ed. St Petersb. 1798, 8vo, 2 vols.; Moskau, 1816, 4to, 2 vols.: Reiff, St Petersb. 1835-1836, 8vo, 2 vols.: Makaroff, ib. 1872, 8vo, 2 vols, 1110 pages; 1873-1874, 12mo, 2 vols.German.—Pawlowski, Riga, 1859, 8vo: Lenström, Mitau, 1871, 8vo.Swedish.—Geitlin, Helsingfors, 1833, 12mo: Meurmann, ib. 1846, 8vo.Polish.—Jakubowicz, Warszawa, 1825-1828, 8vo, 2 vols.: Amszejewicz, ib. 1866, 8vo: Szlezigier, ib. 1867, 8vo.Technical.—Grakov (Germ.), St Petersb. 1872, 8vo.Naval.—Butakov, ib. 1837.Dialects.—North-west Russia: Gorbachevski (old language, in Russian), Vilna, 1874, 8vo, 418 pages.White Russia: Nosovich (Russian), St Petersburg, 1870, 4to, 760 pages.Red Russia: Patritzkii (German), Lemberg, 1867, 8vo, 2 vols. 842 pages.Ukraine: Piskanov (Russian), Odessa, 1873, 4to, 156 pages.

Polish.—Linde (explained in Lat. Germ. and 13 Slav dialects), Warszawie, 1807-1814, 4to, 6 vols. 4574 pages.English.—[Rykaczewski],Complete Dictionary, Berlin, 1849-1851, 8vo, 2 vols.: Rykaczewski, Berlin, 1866, 16mo, 1161 pages.French and German.—Troc, Leipz. 1742-1764, 8vo, 4 vols.; 4th ed. ib. 1806-1822, 4to, 4 vols.: Bandtke, Breslau, 1806, 8vo, 2 vols.; 1833-1839, 8vo.French.—Schmidt, Leipzig, 1870, 16mo.Russian and German.—Schmidt (J. A. E.), Breslau, 1834, 8vo.German.—Mrongovius, Königsberg, 1765; 1835, 4to; 1837: Troianski, Berlin, 1835-1838, 8vo, 2 vols.: Booch-Arkossi, Leipzig, 1864-1868, 8vo, 2 vols.: Jordan, ib. 1866, 8vo.Italian.—Plazowski, Warszawa, 1860, 8vo. 2 vols. 730 pages.Russian.—Potocki, Lipsk, 1873, &c., 12mo.

Wendish.—Matthäi, Budissen, 1721, 8vo: Bose, Grimma, 1840, 8vo: Pfuhl, w Budzsinje, 1866, 8vo, 1210 pages.Upper Lusatian.—Pfuhl and Jordan, Leipz. 1844, 8vo.Lower Lusatian.—Zwahr, Spremberg, 1847, 8vo.

Czech.—Rohn (Germ. Lat.), Prag, 1780, 4to, 4 vols.: Dobrowski and Hanka, ib. 1802-1821, 4to, 2 vols.Lat. Germ. Hungar.—Jungmann, Praze, 1835-1839, 6 vols. 4to, 5316 pages.German.—Thàm, Prag. 1805-1807, 8vo, 2 vols.: Sumavski, ib. 1844-1846, 8vo, 2 vols.: Koneney, ib. 1855, 18mo, 2 vols.: Rank (Germ. Boh.), ib. 1860, 16mo, 775 pages.Technical.—Spatny, ib. 1864, 8vo: Kheil (names of goods, Germ. Boh.), ib. 1864, 8vo, 432 pages.Hunting.—Spatny, ib. 1870, 8vo, 137 pages.

South Slavic.—Richter and Ballman, Wien, 1839-1840, 8vo, 2 vols.Servian.—Karajić (Germ. Lat.), ib. 1818, 8vo; 1852: Lavrovski (Russian), St Petersb. 1870, 8vo, 814 pages.Bosnian.—Micalia, Laureti, 1649, 8vo.Slovak.—Bernolak (Lat. Germ. Hung.), Budae, 1825-1827, 8vo, 6 vols.: Loos (Hung. and Germ.), Pest, 1869, &c., 3 vols.Slovene.—Gutsmann, Klagenfurt, 1789, 4to: Relkovich, Wien, 1796, 4to, 2 vols.: Murko, Grätz, 1838, 8vo, 2 vols.: Janezić, Klagenfurt, 1851, 12mo.Dalmatian.—Ardelio della Bella, Venezia, 1728, 8vo; 2nd ed. Ragusae, 1785, 4to: Stulli, ib. 1801-1810, 4to, 2 vols.Croatian.—Habdelich, Grätz, 1670, 8vo: Sulek, Agram, 1854-1860, 8vo, 2 vols. 1716 pages.Carinthian.—Lexer, Leipzig, 1862, 8vo.Old Servian.—Danitziye (Servian), Belgrad, 1864, 8vo, 3 vols.

Bulgarian.—Daniel (Romaic, Albanian, Rumanian, and Bulgarian), Moschopolis, 1770; Venice, 1802, 4to.English.—Morse and Vassiliev, Constantinople, 1860, 8vo.Russian.—Borogoff, Vienna, 1872, &c., 8vo.

Ugrian.

Ugrian, Comparative.—Donner, Helsingfors, 1874, 8vo, in progress: Budenz (Ugrian-Magyar), Budapest, 1872-1875, 8vo.

Lappish.—Manuale, Holmiae, 1648, 8vo: Fjellström, ib. 1738, 8vo: Leem and Sandberg, Havn. 1768-1781, 4to, 2 parts: Lindahl and Oehrling, Holm. 1780, 8vo.North Lappish.—Stockfleht, Christiania, 1852, 8vo.

Finnish.—Juslenius, Holmiae, 1745, 4to, 567 pages: Renvall, Aboae, 1826, 4to, 2 vols.: Europaeus, Helsingissä, 1852-1853, 16mo, 2 vols. 742 pages: Lunin, Derpt, 1853, 8vo: Eurén, Tavashuus, 1860, 8vo: Ahlman, ib. 1864, 8vo: Wiedemann, St Petersb. 1869, 4to: Godenhjelm (Germ.), Helsingfors, 1871: Lönnrot, Helsingissä, 1874.Naval.—Stjerncreutz, ib. 1863, 8vo.

Esthonian.—Hupel, Mitau, 1818, 8vo, 832 pages: Körber, Dorpat, 1860, 8vo: Wiedemann, St Petersb. 1869, 4to, 1002 pages: Aminoff (Esth.-Finnish), Helsingissä, 1869, 8vo: Meves (Russian), Riga, 1876, 12mo.

Permian.—Rogord (Russian), St Petersb. 1869, 8vo, 420 pages.

Votiak.—Wiedemann, Reval, 1847, 8vo: Ahlquist, Helsingfors, 1856, 4to.

Cheremiss.—Budenz, Pest, 1866, 8vo.

Ersa-Mordvine.—Wiedemann, St Petersb. 1865, 4to.Moksha-Mordvine.—Ahlquist, ib. 1862, 8vo.

Magyar.—Szabo, Kassan, 1792, 8vo: Guczor and Fogarazi (Hung. Academy), Pesth, 1862, 8vo, in progress.English.—Dallos, Pesth, 1860, 8vo.French.—Kiss, ib. 1844, 12mo, 2 vols.: Karady, Leipz. 1848, 12mo: Mole, Pesth, 1865, 8vo, 2 vols.German.—Schuster, Wien, 1838, 8vo: Bloch, Pesth, 1857, 4to, 2 vols.: Ballagi, ib. 1857, 8vo; 6th ed. 1905, 8vo, 2 vols.: Loos, ib. 1870, 8vo, 914 pages.Etymological.—Dankovsky (Lat.-Germ.), Pressburg, 1853, 8vo: Kresznerics (under roots, in Hung.), Budân, 1831-1832, 4to, 2 vols.: Podhorsky (from Chinese roots, in Germ.), Budapest, 1877, 8vo.New Words.—Kunoss, Pesth, 1836, 8vo; 1844.

Turkish.—Arab. Pers.—Esaad Effendi, Constantinople, 1802, fol.Romaic.—Alexandrides, Vienna, 1812, 4to.Polyglotts.—Pianzola (Ital. Grec. volgare, e Turca), Padova, 1789, 4to: Ciakciak (Ital. Armeno, Turco), Venice, 1804, 4to; 2nd ed. 1829: Azarian (Ellenico, Ital. Arm. Turco), Vienna, 1848, 8vo: Mechitarist Congregation (Ital. Francese, Arm. Turco), ib. 1846, 8vo.Latin.—Mesgnien-Meninski, Viennae, 1680, fol. 3 vols.; ed. Jenisch and Klezl, ib. 1780-1802, fol. 4 vols.English.—Sauerwein, London, 1855, 12mo: Redhouse, ib. 1856, 8vo, 1176 pages: Id., Eng. Turkish, ib. 860, 8vo.French.—Kieffer and Bianchi (Turk.-Fr.), Paris, 1835-1837, 2 vols. 2118 pages: Bianchi (Fr.-Turk.) Paris, 1843-1846, 8vo, 2 vols. 2287 pages; 1850, 8vo, 2 vols.: Mallouf, ib. 1863-1867, 8vo, 2 vols.French and German.—Zenker (Arab. Pers.), Leipz, 1862-1876, 4to, 2 vols, 982 pages.German.—Korabinsky, Pressburg, 1788, 8vo: Vambéry, Constantinople, 1858, 8vo.Italian.—Molina, Roma, 1641, 8vo: Masais, Firenze, 1677, 8vo: Ciadyrgy, Milano, 1832-1834, 4to, 2 vols.Russian.—Budagov (Comparative lexicon of the Turkish-Tartar dialects), St Petersburg, 1869, 8vo, 2 vols.

Gipsy.—Bischoff, Ilmenau, 1827, 8vo: Truxillo, Madrid, 1844, 8vo: Jimenes, Sevilla, 1846, 16mo: Baudrimont, Bordeaux, 1862, 8vo: Vaillant, Paris, 1868, 8vo: Paspati; Constantinople, 1870, 4to: Borrow,Romany Lavo Lil, London, 1874, 8vo: Smart and Crofton, London, 1875, 8vo.

Albanian.—Blanchus, Romae, 1635, 8vo: Kaballioti (Romaic, Wallach. Alb.), Venice, 1770, 8vo: Xylander, Frankfurt a. M. 1835, 8vo: Hahn, Jena, 1854, 4to: Rossi da Montalto, Roma, 1866, 8vo.

ASIA

Semitic.—Polyglotts.—Thurneissius, Berolini, 1585, fol.: Thorndike, London, 1635, fol.: Schindler, Pentaglotton, Frankf, ad M. 1653, fol.: Hottinger, Heptaglotton, ib. 1661, fol.: Castellus, London, 1669, fol. 2 vols. (Hebrew, Chaldaic, Syriac, Samaritan, Aethiopic and Arabic in one alphabet; Persian separately. It occupied him for seventeen years, during which he worked sixteen to eighteen hours a day): Otho, Frankf. a. M. 1702, 4to (the same languages with Rabbinical).

Hebrew.—About 875, Zemaḥ, head of the school of Pumbeditha, wrote a Talmudical dictionary of words and things, arranged in alphabetical order, which is lost. About 880, Jehudah ben ’Alan, of Tiberias, and Jehudah ibn Koreish, of Tahurt, in Morocco wrote Hebrew dictionaries. Saadia ben Joseph (born 892, died 942), of Fayum, in Upper Egypt, wroteןורגא רפכ, probably a Hebrew-Arabic dictionary. Menaḥem ben Jacob Ibn Sarūq (born 910, died about 970), of Tortosa and Cordova, wrote a copious Hebrew dictionary, first printed by Herschell F. Filipowski, Edinburgh, 1855, 8vo, from five MSS. David ben Abraham, of Fās, wrote, in Arabic, a large Hebrew dictionary, the MS. of which, a quarto of 313 leaves on cotton paper, was found about 1830 by A. Firkowitz, of Eupatoria, in the cellar of a Qaraite synagogue in Jerusalem. The age of this work cannot be ascertained. About 1050, Ali ben Suleiman wrote a dictionary in Arabic, on the plan of that of David ben Abraham. The MS. of 429 leaves belongs to Firkowitz. Haja ben Sherira, the famous teacher of the Academy of Pumbeditha, wrote a Hebrew dictionary in Arabic, calledal Ḥāvi(The Gathering), arranged alphabetically in the order of the last radical letter. This dictionary is lost, as well as that of the Spaniard Isaac ben Saul, of Lucena. Iona ibn Ganaḥ, of Cordova, born about 985, wrote a Hebrew dictionary in Arabic calledKitāb al Azul(Book of Roots). This, as well as a Hebrew translation by Samuel ibn Tabōn, is extant in MS., and was used by Gesenius in hisThesaurus. Rabbi David ben Joseph ḳimḥi died soon after 1232. His lexicon of roots, calledםישוש, was printed at Naples 1490, fol.; Constantinople, 1513, fol.; Naples, 1491, 8vo; Venice, 1552; Berolini, 1838, 4to.Tishbi(The Tishbite), by Elijah ben Asher, the Levite, so called because it contained 712 roots, was printed at Isny 1541, 8vo and 4to, and often afterwards.Latin.—Münster, Basileae, 1523, 8vo; 5 editions to 1564: Zamora, Compluti, 1526, fol.: Pellicanus, Argentorati, 1540, fol.: Reuchlin, Basil, 1556, fol.: Avenarius, Wittebergae, 1568, fol.; auctus, 1589: Pagnini, Lugd. Bat. 1575, fol.; 1577; Genevae, 1614; Buxtorf, Basil. 1607, 8vo; 1615, and many other editions: Frey (Lat.-Eng.), 2nd ed. London, 1815, 8vo: Gesenius,Thesaurus, Leipz. 1829-1858, 4to, 3 vols.English.—Bale, London, 1767, 4to: Parkhurst, ib. 1792, 4to: Lee, ib. 1840, 8vo: Gesenius, translated by Robinson, ib. 1844, 8vo; by Tregelles, ib. 1846, 4to: Fuerst, 4th ed. transl. by Davidson, ib. 1866, 8vo: 1871, 8vo, 1547 pages.French.—Leigh, Amst. 1703, 4to: Glaire, Paris, 1830, 8vo; 1843.German.—Gesenius, Leipzig, 1810-1812, 8vo, 2 vols.: Fuerst, ib. 1842, 16mo: ib. 1876, 8vo, 2 vols.Italian.—Modena, Venetia, 1612, 4to; 1640; Coen, Reggio, 1811, 8vo: Fontanella, Venezia, 1824, 8vo.Dutch.—Waterman, Rotterdam, 1859, &c., 8vo.Hungarian.—Ehrentheil (Pentateuch), Pest, 1868, 8vo.Romaic.—Loundes, Melité. 1845, 8vo, 987 pages.

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