LESSON IX.
CONJUNCTIONS.
Name the words that connect sentences, or words or phrases, used in the same way in the following sentences:—
Note.—A phrase is a group of related words without a verb.
Note.—A phrase is a group of related words without a verb.
A word that connects sentences, or words, or phrases, used in the same way in a sentence, is called aconjunction.
EXERCISE I.
Select the conjunctions in the following sentences, and tell what each connects:—
EXERCISE II.
1. Write a sentence containing a conjunction connecting two sentences.
2. Write a sentence containing a conjunction connecting two phrases.
3. Write a sentence containing a conjunction connecting two adverbs.
4. Write a sentence containing a conjunction connecting two nouns.
INTERJECTIONS.
Name the words in the following sentences that express sudden or strong feeling:—
A word used to express some sudden or strong feeling is called aninterjection.
An interjection is not related to any word in the sentence.
Interjections express a variety of feelings, such as joy, sorrow, surprise, pain, contempt and strong desire.
EXERCISE I.
Select the interjections in the following sentences, and state the feeling expressed by each:—
EXERCISE II.
Write six sentences, each containing an interjection.
Underline the interjections.
LESSON XI.
We have now learned all the different classes of words in our language and the name of each class.
Since each class performs a certain office orpartin the sentence, the different classes are calledparts of speech.
EXERCISE.
State the office of each word in the following sentences, and tell what part of speech it is:—
The part of speech or grammatical value of words is always determined by their use or function in the sentence.
EXERCISE I.
State the use or function of the italicized words in the following sentences, and tell the part of speech of each word:—
EXERCISE II.
Show that the following words may havedifferent grammatical values:—
Note.—The foregoing example is printed in italics. Pupils will underline their examples.
Note.—The foregoing example is printed in italics. Pupils will underline their examples.
PART SECOND.CLASSES AND INFLECTIONS OF THE PARTSOF SPEECH.
PART SECOND.
CLASSES AND INFLECTIONS OF THE PARTS
OF SPEECH.
CLASSES OF NOUNS.
Select in the following sentences the nouns that are names of particular persons or things, and the nouns that are names of all the members of a class of persons or things:—
A name of a particular or individual person or thing is called aproper noun; as, Mary, Saturday, Lake Ontario.
Proper nouns begin with capital letters.
A name that applies to all the members of a class of persons or things is called acommon noun; as, girl, desk, river.
EXERCISE.
1. Write five sentences, each containing a proper noun, and underline the example in each sentence.
2. Write five sentences, each containing a common noun, and underline the example in each sentence.
II. CONCRETE AND ABSTRACT.
Select in the following sentences the nouns that are names of objects which have a real and separate existence outside of themind, and those which are names of things that have no real existence and are only thought of in the mind:—
A noun that is the name of an object which has a real and separate existence outside of the mind, is called aconcrete noun; as, gold, water.
A noun that is the name of something which has not a real and separate existence outside of the mind, is called anabstract noun; as, truth, justice.
EXERCISE.
1. Write five sentences each containing a concrete noun, and underline the example in each sentence.
2. Write five sentences each containing an abstract noun, and underline the example in each sentence.
Note.—All nouns may be classified into (1) proper and common, (2) concrete and abstract, hence the two preceding classifications are perfect. The classifications which follow are imperfect, since they do not include all nouns.
III. COLLECTIVE NOUNS.
Name the nouns in the following sentences that denote a collection of objects:—
A noun of the singular form that stands for a collection or number of things is called acollective noun; as, He owns aherdof cattle.
EXERCISE.
Write five sentences each containing a collective noun, and underline the example in each sentence.
IV. VERBAL NOUNS.
Select the nouns ending iningthat are derived from verbs and have lost all verbal function in the following sentences:—
A noun ending iningthat is derived from a verb and has lost all verbal function, is called a verbal noun; as, There is goodsleighingnow.
EXERCISE.
Write five sentences each containing a verbal noun, and underline the example in each sentence.
V. GENDER-NOUNS.
Which of the following words denote males, and which denote females?
Sex is one of the two divisions of animals, male and female.
The distinction of sex is calledgender.
A noun that denotes a male is of the masculine gender; as, father.
A noun that denotes a female is of the feminine gender; as, mother.
Some nouns are either masculine or feminine gender; as, friend, neighbor.
Nouns that denote things neither male nor female, have no gender; as, book, tree.
Gender is distinguished by different words; as,—
Gender is distinguished by different endings; as,—
Gender is sometimes distinguished by prefixing words; as,—
EXERCISE.
Select the gender-nouns in the following sentences, and givethe gender of each:—
NUMBER.
Which form of the following words denotes one thing, and which more than one thing?—
The form of a word which names one thing is calledsingular, and the noun is said to be in thesingular number. The form of a word which names more than one thing is calledplural, and the noun is said to be in theplural number.
1. The plural is generally formed by addingsto the singular form; aspin,pins;book,books.
2. Some nouns form the plural by addingesto the singular form; as,match,matches;tax,taxes.
Note the following words:—fox, bush, glass, loss, hero, negro, cargo, echo, potato, tomato.
3. Nouns ending inypreceded by a vowel, form the plural by addingsto the singular form; as,day,days;valley,valleys.
Nouns ending inypreceded by a consonant, form the plural by changing theyintoiand addinges; as,lily,lilies;copy,copies.
4. Some nouns ending inforfeform the plural by changingforfetovand addinges; as,knife,knives.
Note the following:—wife, life, wolf, loaf, half, leaf, thief, shelf, calf, self.
5. A few nouns form the plural by addingento the singular form; as,ox,oxen;child,children;brother,brethren.
6. Some nouns form the plural by changing the vowel of the singular; as,man,men;goose,geese.
7. Most nouns taken from foreign languages retain their foreign plurals:
8. Some compound nouns make the principal word plural, and some make both words plural; as,son-in-law,sons-in-law;man-servant,men-servants.
EXERCISE.
Write the plural of the following nouns:—
LESSON XVI.
Note the following peculiarities:
1. Nouns used only in the plural:—
2. Nouns that have the same form in both numbers:—
3. Nouns withtwoplurals, differing in meaning:—
4. Nouns with a different meaning in the plural:—
5. Nouns withtwo meaningsin the plural:—