LESSON XVII.
CASE.
Which of the italicized words in the following sentences is used as the subject of the sentence, which to denote ownership, and on which does the action expressed by the verb end?
The word upon which the action expressed by the verb ends is called theobjectof the verb.
Point out in the following sentence a noun used as the subject of the verb, a noun used to denote ownership, a noun used as the object of a verb, and a noun used as the object of a preposition:—
The relation which a noun or pronoun bears to some other word in the sentence is calledcase.
A noun used as the subject of a verb is in thenominative case; as, Theslateis broken. A noun used to denote ownership or possession is in thepossessive case; as,Mary’sbook is torn. A noun used as the object of a verb or a preposition is in theobjective case; as, He left hispencilon thedesk.
EXERCISE I.
Name the case of all the nouns and pronouns in the following sentences, and state the reason for the case of each:—
EXERCISE II.
1. Write four sentences each containing a noun in the nominative case, and underline examples.
2. Write four sentences each containing a noun in the possessive case, and underline examples.
3. Write four sentences each containing a noun in the objective case, and underline examples.
Point out the nouns in the possessive case in the following sentences, and state how the possessive is formed:—
The possessive case of a singular noun is always formed by adding ’s to the word.
The possessive case of a plural noun that ends in s is formed by adding the ’ (apostrophe) only; asboys,boys’.
The possessive case of a plural noun that does not end in s is formed by adding the ’s; asmen,men’s.
EXERCISE.
Form the possessive case, singular and plural, of the following nouns:—
Note.—Possession is sometimes expressed by the objective case with the prepositionof; as, The eyes of children are bright, for children’s eyes are bright.
Note.—Possession is sometimes expressed by the objective case with the prepositionof; as, The eyes of children are bright, for children’s eyes are bright.
LESSON XIX.
State the case of the italicized nouns in the following sentences:—
A noun that is used as the subject of a sentence is said to be in thesubject nominative case, or briefly in thenominative case; as, Thesunshines brightly.
A noun that is used in the predicate with the verbto beto make a statement, is said to be in thepredicate nominative caseto the verb; as, This man is apoet.
Note.—The verbto be(am, is, are, was, were, shall be, will be, have been, had been, etc.,) expressesbeing, never action, and hence cannot take a grammaticalobject.
A noun that is added to another noun to explain it, is said to be in theappositive(apposition)nominative case; as Brown, themerchant, is here.
A noun that is used as the name of a person or thing addressed is said to be in thenominative of address; as I wish you long life, myfriend.
A noun that has no relation to any word in the sentence is said to be in thenominative absolute; as, Thegamebeing over, I withdrew.
EXERCISE.
Select all the nominatives in the following sentences, and state the class to which each belongs:—
How many grammatical objects has each verb in the following sentences?—
The object which represents that which is directly affected by the action of the verb, is called thedirect object; as, This man taught medrawing.
The object which represents that which is less directly affected by the action of the verb, and a relation which may be expressed by the prepositionstoorfor, is called theindirect object; as, This man taughtmedrawing.
EXERCISE.
Select all the objects in the following sentences, and classify them intodirectandindirect:—
PARSING.
To parse a noun is to state the class to which it belongs, its gender, number, case, and its grammatical relation to other words in the sentence.
The changes in meaning and use which nouns undergo with or without a change in form, are called theirinflections.
The inflections of the noun are number and case.
EXERCISE.
Parse all the nouns in the following sentences:—
Model.—John, a proper, concrete noun; masculine gender; singular number; nominative case, subject oflost.
Teacher’s, a common, concrete noun; masculine or feminine gender; singular number; possessive case, possessingbook.
Book, a common, concrete noun; singular number; objective case, object of the verblost.
Street, a common, concrete noun; singular number; objective case, object of the prepositionon.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
Name the pronouns in the following sentences, and state which denote the speaker, which the person spoken to, and which the person or thing spoken of:—
A pronoun that shows by its form whether it denotes the speaker, the person spoken to, or the person spoken of, is called apersonal pronoun.
A pronoun that denotes the speaker or any company of whom the speaker is one, is in thefirst person; as,Iam here.Weare going soon.
A pronoun that denotes a person spoken to, is in thesecond person; as,Youlook well.
A pronoun that denotes the person or thing spoken of, is in thethird person; as, I foundit.
THE DECLENSION OF THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
The second person singular is used now chiefly in prayer and poetry.
The second person plural is used now in common speech in addressing one person.
EXERCISE.
Select the personal pronouns in the following sentences, state the person of each, and the noun to which each pronoun of the third person refers:—
Note.—The possessive formsmy,thy,her,our,yourandtheirare used with nouns, and the formsmine,thine,hers,ours,yoursandtheirsare used alone; as, That ismyhat. That hat ismine.
Note.—The possessive formsmy,thy,her,our,yourandtheirare used with nouns, and the formsmine,thine,hers,ours,yoursandtheirsare used alone; as, That ismyhat. That hat ismine.
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.
Name the pronouns in the following sentences that point out or call attention to anything:—
Pronouns which point out or call attention to the objects for which they stand, are calleddemonstrative pronouns.
The demonstrative pronouns arethis, andthatwith their pluralsthese, andthose.
Thisandtheseare used to refer to something nearer;thatandthoseto something farther off.Youis sometimes a demonstrative pronoun; as,Youare the winner. The personal pronoun of the third person is sometimes classed as a demonstrative pronoun, because it is said to point out or call attention to the object for which it stands.
It is sometimes demonstrative, and sometimes personal in its use.
Compare: I am surehedid it. I saw your brother andheis going to come to-morrow.
COMPOUND PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
Point out the pronouns in the following sentences, that are used to expressemphasis, and those that are used as reflexives, that is, asobjectsdenoting the same person or thing as thesubject:—
Pronouns that are used to express emphasis, and those that are used as reflexives, are calledcompound personal pronouns.
Compound personal pronouns are formed by addingselfto the simple pronouns.
LESSON XXV.
RELATIVE PRONOUNS.
Select the pronouns that relate, or carry the mind back, to a noun going before, and join to that noun a modifying statement, in the following sentences:—
A sentence that is part of a larger sentence is called aclause.
The clause that expresses the principal thought of a sentence is called theprincipalorindependent clause; as,My brother found the ballwhich he lost.
The clause that depends on some other part of the sentence for its meaning is called adependentorsubordinate clause; as, My brother found the ballwhich he lost.
A word that relates to a preceding noun or pronoun, and connects a dependent clause with that noun or pronoun, is called arelative pronoun.
The word to which a pronoun relates is called itsantecedent.
The relative pronouns are,who,which,that,what,as, andbut.
1.Whois applied to persons; as, He knew the manwhodid it.
2.Whichis applied to animals and to things without life; as This is the deerwhichhe shot. I want the penwhichyou have.
3.Thatis applied to persons, to animals, and to things; as, This is the ladythatwas hurt. Here is the knifethatI found.
4.Whatdoes not have its antecedent expressed; as, I knowwhat[that which] you require.
5. Whenasis used as a relative it is generally preceded bysuch; as, We are such stuffasdreams are made on.
6. Whenbutis used as a relative it has a negative force, equivalent tothat not; as,
There is no fireside, howsoe’er defended,Buthas one vacant chair.
There is no fireside, howsoe’er defended,Buthas one vacant chair.
There is no fireside, howsoe’er defended,Buthas one vacant chair.
There is no fireside, howsoe’er defended,
Buthas one vacant chair.
Note.—Some relative clauses add another fact to the antecedent; as, He owns a farm,which he was given by his uncle.Other relative clauses restrict the meaning of the antecedent; as, The boythat workssucceeds.
Note.—Some relative clauses add another fact to the antecedent; as, He owns a farm,which he was given by his uncle.
Other relative clauses restrict the meaning of the antecedent; as, The boythat workssucceeds.
Whoandwhichare declined as follows:—
SINGULAR OR PLURAL.
COMPOUND RELATIVE PRONOUNS.
Pronouns that are formed by addingso,ever, andsoever, to the simple pronouns, are calledcompound relative pronouns; aswhoso,whichever,whatsoever.
EXERCISE I.
Name the relative pronouns, their antecedents, the clauses they connect, and the case of each:—
EXERCISE II.
Classify the relatives in the following sentences into those that add new facts to their antecedents, and into those that restrict or limit their meaning:
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS.
Point out the pronouns in the following sentences, that are used in asking questions:—
A pronoun that is used in asking a question is called aninterrogative pronoun; as,Whogave you the orange?
The interrogative pronouns arewho,which, andwhat.
Whoandwhichare declined like the relatives.
Whorefers to persons;whichrefers to persons or to things;whatrefers to things.
Note.—Whichdiffers fromwhoin being selective; as,Whichof the books is yours?
EXERCISE.
Select the interrogative pronouns in the following sentences, and give the case of each:—