LESSON XLVII.
THE FORMS OF THE VERBSDOANDBE.
DO.
INDICATIVE MODE.
SUBJUNCTIVE MODE.
The present and past tenses ofdoare used as auxiliaries with the present infinitive,(1) to express emphasis; as, Ido studyevery evening. (2) To express a denial; as, Idid not doit. (3) To ask questions; as,Didyouseehim?
Whendomeansto perform, it is an independent verb; as, Hedidhis part.
EXERCISE.
Name the sentences in whichdois used as an independent verb, and those in which it is used as an auxiliary, and explain the use of each auxiliary:—
BE.
INDICATIVE MODE.
SUBJUNCTIVE MODE.
1. The verbto beis used as an auxiliary with the perfect participle of a transitive verb, to form thepassive voice; as, Iam hurt.
2. The verbto beis used as an auxiliary with the present participle of a verb, to form theprogressive form; as, Iam writing.
3. The verbto be, without the participle of another verb, is used to express (1)existence; as, Whateveris, is right. (2) To act as acopula(connecting word); as, Sugarissweet. Whatever is,isright.
EXERCISE I.
State the use of the verbbein each of the following sentences:—
EXERCISE II.
1. Write four examples of the verbbeused as an independent verb.
2. Write four examples of the verbbeused in making the progressive form.
3. Write four examples of the verbbeused in forming the passive voice.
OTHER AUXILIARY VERBS.
In the last three lessons we have studied the auxiliaries used in distinguishing the time of an action. We shall now study the auxiliariescan,may,must,ought,shouldandwould, which enable us to express other distinctions.
CAN.
Canis used to denote power or ability; as, Icansing. Hecouldwrite very rapidly.
MAY.
Mayis used to denote permission, possibility, or a wish; as, Youmayleave the room. Hemightsucceed again.Mayyou be there too.
Couldandmightare used sometimes in a conditional sense; as, Theymightstay here if wecouldhelp them.
The phrases made by the auxiliariesmayandcanwith the infinitive of a verb are sometimes calledpotential verb-phrases, because they express that an action is possible from the subject having power to perform it.
MUST and OUGHT.
Musthas no other form. It is used to denote necessity or obligation; as, Imustremain here.
Oughtis the old past of the verbowe. It is used to denote duty or obligation; as, Ioughtto help him.
The phrases made by the auxiliariesmustandought, with the infinitive of a verb, are sometimes calledobligative verb-phrases, because they implyobligation.
SHOULD and WOULD.
Shouldandwouldare the past tense forms of the auxiliariesshallandwill.
Shouldandwouldare especially used with the infinitive of a verb to express a conditional statement; as,I should do soif I had the opportunity.He would comeif I asked him.
Since the phrases formed byshouldandwouldwith the infinitive of a verb imply a condition, they are calledconditional verb-phrases.
1.Shouldandwouldare often used in expressing the condition itself; as,If he should be here, they would know it.
2. They have sometimes their more independent meanings ofoughtandbe determined; as,I should go, I know.She would come, no matter what happened.
EXERCISE I.
State the use of the verbsmay,can,must,ought,shouldandwouldin the following sentences:—
EXERCISE II.
Write sentences containing the following verbs used correctly—can,may,must,ought,should,would. State the use in each case.
LESSON XLIX.
CONJUGATION TO DENOTE THE TIME OR TENSE OF AN ACTION OF THE VERBPRAISE.
ACTIVE VOICE.—INDICATIVE MODE.
SUBJUNCTIVE MODE.
IMPERATIVE MODE.
PASSIVE VOICE.
The passive forms of a transitive verb are made by the aid of the auxiliarybe.
INDICATIVE MODE.
SUBJUNCTIVE MODE.
IMPERATIVE MODE.