Abelard,150 f.Achan,18,29,60,104Addams, Jane,144Æschylus,112,116,139Æsthetic, in Greek valuation of conduct,91,112,116 f.,133 f.,135 n.,137,406,410Agency, public, see Public Agency;rationalizing,40-2;socializing,42-8Altruism, discussion of theories concerning,384-91;altruistic springs,385;true and false,387-8;contrasted with social justice,389Amos,85Approbation,399,402Angell,9Aquinas, Thomas,150Aristophanes,112Aristotle, on the criterion of a moral act,12,37,202;on nature and the natural,7,127 f.;on the State,127 ff.;Eudæmonism,134;the "mean,"134;on "highmindedness,"135;on the reflective life,138;on the good man,279,324;on the right,306 n.;on justice,414;referred to,230,455Arnold, M.,91,338Art and arts, as a rationalizing agency,41 f.;as a socializing agency,45 f.;create new interests,79 f.;Hebrew,107;Greek,112,114 f.;mediæval,147,149;Church and modern,155;as a good that is sharable,559Asceticism,145,185,366,576Attitude, defined,229;emphasized by one type of theory,236-7,240;relation to will,246;see Motive and "How"Augustine,150Aurelius, Marcus,136Authority, of group,26 f.;behind customs,52;in Israel's religion,96 f.;of custom challenged in Greece,111 ff.,119 ff.;of the church,145-7;conflict of reason with,165 f.;of duty,344;in the family,599 f.;see Duty, Control, StandardAutonomy, as essence of moral duty,225;Kant's conception of,169,346,352;in later utilitarianism,361;in State and the family,599 f.;see Control, Duty, Law, StateAustralian customs, marriage,22;initiatory,58 f.;regulated duel,63Bacon, Francis,4,164,165Bacon, Roger,164Bagehot,53Bain, on happiness,265;on utilitarianism,286;his account of duty,356-8Balzac,189Bayard, Chevalier,149Benevolence,160 f.,375-91Bentham, on motive,228,247-8,354;on moral science,235;on disposition,254-5;on pleasure and happiness,264,286;on utilitarian calculus,275-6;denial of quality of pleasure,282;on pleasure of sympathy,291;democratic individualism of,525Blackstone,578Blood feud,28,62 f.,70,456Boniface VIII., Bull of,147Bosanquet, Helen,584,595 f.Bryce, James,146Cæsar,18Capital and labor,499,501 f.,505 f.,532,542 f.Capitalism, as method of industry,78,158-60,498 f.,508,538,545;see Capital, CorporationCarelessness,462-4Carlyle, criticism of individualism,161,192;of utilitarianism,265,289 n.Casuistry,325-8Categorical Imperative,344Celts, clan system of,144;see also Ireland, WelshCharacter, formation of,9 f.;organization of, in group morality,72;in Hebrews,104-6;among Greeks,138-41;relation to desire and deliberation,202;moral importance of,229,233;relation to will,246;relation to conduct, ChapterXIII.;and disposition,254-7;measures the pleasant and unpleasant,277-9;unification of,283;its reconstruction,343,362;recognized by law,460 f.Charity, in Middle Ages,146,157;and right to life,444;see BenevolenceChastity,146,177Chief, authority of,61Child-labor,193 f.,444,489,538,540 f.Chinese customs,17 f.,69Chivalry,149 f.Christian conceptions, love,100;sacrifice,102;faith,103;freedom,108;social order,109,187;asceticism and authority,145 f.,364;unity of members,147;moral value of labor,156;relation to social order,184 ff.;see Church, HebrewChurch, its contribution to modern morality,142;its ideals,145;and jural theory of morals,218 f.;its influence on history of the family,576-8;see also ReligionCicero,152Civil Society, ChapterXXI.;defined,451;reform of its administration,471-3Clark, J. B.,542Class ideals, of Greeks,116 f.;of Germans and Celts,144 f.;honor and,86 f.;as source of moral terms,175 f.Class interests,84,94,119-24,127,162,474Closed shop,559-61Collective Agencies, see Corporations, Labor Union, Public Agency, SocialismCollectivism, its formula,484;contrasted with socialism,556Colonna, Ægidius,147Communism,161Competition, modern theory of,158,531,542;tends to destroy itself,532,538;crude method of selecting ability,559;Carlyle on,161Conduct, as subject of ethics,1;two aspects of,2;three stages of,8-10;three levels of,37-9;first level, ChapterIII.;second level, ChapterIV.;third level, ChaptersV.-VIII.;nature of,205,237-8;relation to character, ChapterXIII.;place of happiness in, ChapterXIV.;place of reason in, ChapterXVI.Conflicting services, problem of,493Conscience, transition from custom to,73 f.,179;Greek symbols of,139 f.;Stoic suggestion of,140 f.;with Abelard,151;meaning of,183,188 f.;analysis of, see Intuitionalism, Knowledge, ReasonConscientiousness,405,434Consequences, ChapterXIII.;importance of,234-5,238;denied by Kant,242-4;when foreseen form intention,247;practical importance,251;as moral sanctions,358-60;as self-realization,392;accidental,459-60;careless,463Content, see Consequences, and "What"Contracts,versusstatus,20;theory and value of,158,452 f.,496;of little benefit to wage-earner,503-5,529 f.;as obstacle to legislation,505 f.;analyzed,527 ff.Control, the right as,7;in primitive group,26-9,32,34,52;primitive means of enforcing,54 ff.;challenged in Greece,118 ff.;problem of,217-9;theories concerning,225,232;external and internal,353-61;self-control,407;see Jural, Law, Standard, RightConvention, in Greek morals and ethics,111 f.,124 f.Coöperation, and mutual aid,43;in industry,43;in war,44 f.;in art,45 f.;as organized in corporations and unions,495-507Corporations, moral difficulties of,498;management of,500 f.;relations to employés and public,501 ff.;require new types of morality,517-22;capitalization of,561 ff.Corruption, political,477,537-9Coulanges,19Courage,42,118,410-13Courts, primitive,61;as school of morality,182 f.;as instruments of oppression,195;civil, ethical value of,454;in labor disputes,504 f.;on police power,505 f.,555 f.;recognition of public welfare by,555 f.Covenant, in Hebrew moral development,94 ff.Criminal Procedure, reform of,468-9Criterion of the moral,5-13,202 ff.;of the good and right, typical theories of,224 ff.;see Good, Right, Kant, Utilitarianism, Plato, AristotleCrusades,154Cunningham, W.,157Custom, and the term ethics,1;in early group life,17 ff.;as "second level" of conduct,38,51;general discussion of,51 ff.,171 ff.;educational,57 ff.;jural,59 ff.;birth, marriage, death,64 f.;festal,65;hospitality,67 f.;values and defects of,68 ff.;transition to conscience from,73 ff.;transition among Hebrews,95 f.;among Greeks,110 ff.;opposed to "nature,"120 f.;Grote on,172 f.;compared with reflective morality,172 ff.;and moral rules,330-2,431Cultus, of Hebrew priesthood,97 ff.Cynics,112,125 f.Cyrenaics,112,125 f.Dante,150Darwinism, and morals,371 f.;see NaturalismDeliberation,202,319;and intuition,322-3;and conscience,421;of crucial importance,464Democracy, in Greece,119 f.;development of,151 ff.,162 f.;moral,303;and moral problems,474-81;the corporation in relation to,500;and economic problems,521 f.;and individualism,530,535;as agency,558;and the family,594,600 f.Descartes,164 f.Desire, hedonistic theory of,269;relation to pleasure,270-1;to happiness,272-3;and reason,308;their organization,317;conflict with duty,339-46;and temperance,406-8Dharna,63Distribution, theories of,545-50;present inequalities in,545;individualism and,546;equal division,547;a working programme,548-50Divorce,574 f.,577,603-5Dominicans,149 f.Duty, ChapterXVII.;Stoic conception,140 f.;origin of the term,176;standpoint of,232;double meaning of,337;conflict with desire,340;explanation of,342-4,362-3;authority of,344;social character of,345;Kant's view,346-52;utilitarian view of,353-62Eastman, Charles,43,54,60Eckstein,577Economic conditions and forces, in kinship and family groups,24 f.;help to effect transition from group morality to conscience,76;among Hebrews,93 f.;among Greeks,119 ff.;modern,155-63;in reflective morality,194;restrict physical freedom,444;and freedom of thought,447;legislative reform of,481;in relation to happiness and character,487 ff.;social aspects of,491 ff.;require ethical readjustment,496,517-22;impersonal character,511 f.;ethical principles,514 ff.;unsettled problems,523-65Education, moral significance of,168 f.;right to,446 f.;restrictions upon,448 f.;as a means of justice,548 f.,557 f.Egoism,214,258,303,423,467;hedonistic,288-9(see ChapterXV.);naturalistic theory of,368-74;contrasted with altruism,375;explanation of,377-81;reasonable self-love,382;see Self, IndividualismEllis, H.,584Eliot, George,154,301Emerson,349,350,446 n.,470,581Empiricism,226,231,306;discussion of,329-32Ends, and Means,210;relation of happiness to,273-4;utilitarian, conflicts with its hedonistic motive,289;social and rational,314;kingdom of,315and433Enlightenment, period of,163,165 ff.Epictetus,140Epicureans, theory of life,125,135,218;on friendship,125,130,187Ethics, definition,1;derivation of term,1;specific problem of,2;method of,3-13Ethos, meaning,1;ChapterIV.,175Eudæmonism,134,230;see Happiness, Self-realizationEuripides,112,
Abelard,150 f.Achan,18,29,60,104Addams, Jane,144Æschylus,112,116,139Æsthetic, in Greek valuation of conduct,91,112,116 f.,133 f.,135 n.,137,406,410Agency, public, see Public Agency;rationalizing,40-2;socializing,42-8Altruism, discussion of theories concerning,384-91;altruistic springs,385;true and false,387-8;contrasted with social justice,389Amos,85Approbation,399,402Angell,9Aquinas, Thomas,150Aristophanes,112Aristotle, on the criterion of a moral act,12,37,202;on nature and the natural,7,127 f.;on the State,127 ff.;Eudæmonism,134;the "mean,"134;on "highmindedness,"135;on the reflective life,138;on the good man,279,324;on the right,306 n.;on justice,414;referred to,230,455Arnold, M.,91,338Art and arts, as a rationalizing agency,41 f.;as a socializing agency,45 f.;create new interests,79 f.;Hebrew,107;Greek,112,114 f.;mediæval,147,149;Church and modern,155;as a good that is sharable,559Asceticism,145,185,366,576Attitude, defined,229;emphasized by one type of theory,236-7,240;relation to will,246;see Motive and "How"Augustine,150Aurelius, Marcus,136Authority, of group,26 f.;behind customs,52;in Israel's religion,96 f.;of custom challenged in Greece,111 ff.,119 ff.;of the church,145-7;conflict of reason with,165 f.;of duty,344;in the family,599 f.;see Duty, Control, StandardAutonomy, as essence of moral duty,225;Kant's conception of,169,346,352;in later utilitarianism,361;in State and the family,599 f.;see Control, Duty, Law, StateAustralian customs, marriage,22;initiatory,58 f.;regulated duel,63Bacon, Francis,4,164,165Bacon, Roger,164Bagehot,53Bain, on happiness,265;on utilitarianism,286;his account of duty,356-8Balzac,189Bayard, Chevalier,149Benevolence,160 f.,375-91Bentham, on motive,228,247-8,354;on moral science,235;on disposition,254-5;on pleasure and happiness,264,286;on utilitarian calculus,275-6;denial of quality of pleasure,282;on pleasure of sympathy,291;democratic individualism of,525Blackstone,578Blood feud,28,62 f.,70,456Boniface VIII., Bull of,147Bosanquet, Helen,584,595 f.Bryce, James,146Cæsar,18Capital and labor,499,501 f.,505 f.,532,542 f.Capitalism, as method of industry,78,158-60,498 f.,508,538,545;see Capital, CorporationCarelessness,462-4Carlyle, criticism of individualism,161,192;of utilitarianism,265,289 n.Casuistry,325-8Categorical Imperative,344Celts, clan system of,144;see also Ireland, WelshCharacter, formation of,9 f.;organization of, in group morality,72;in Hebrews,104-6;among Greeks,138-41;relation to desire and deliberation,202;moral importance of,229,233;relation to will,246;relation to conduct, ChapterXIII.;and disposition,254-7;measures the pleasant and unpleasant,277-9;unification of,283;its reconstruction,343,362;recognized by law,460 f.Charity, in Middle Ages,146,157;and right to life,444;see BenevolenceChastity,146,177Chief, authority of,61Child-labor,193 f.,444,489,538,540 f.Chinese customs,17 f.,69Chivalry,149 f.Christian conceptions, love,100;sacrifice,102;faith,103;freedom,108;social order,109,187;asceticism and authority,145 f.,364;unity of members,147;moral value of labor,156;relation to social order,184 ff.;see Church, HebrewChurch, its contribution to modern morality,142;its ideals,145;and jural theory of morals,218 f.;its influence on history of the family,576-8;see also ReligionCicero,152Civil Society, ChapterXXI.;defined,451;reform of its administration,471-3Clark, J. B.,542Class ideals, of Greeks,116 f.;of Germans and Celts,144 f.;honor and,86 f.;as source of moral terms,175 f.Class interests,84,94,119-24,127,162,474Closed shop,559-61Collective Agencies, see Corporations, Labor Union, Public Agency, SocialismCollectivism, its formula,484;contrasted with socialism,556Colonna, Ægidius,147Communism,161Competition, modern theory of,158,531,542;tends to destroy itself,532,538;crude method of selecting ability,559;Carlyle on,161Conduct, as subject of ethics,1;two aspects of,2;three stages of,8-10;three levels of,37-9;first level, ChapterIII.;second level, ChapterIV.;third level, ChaptersV.-VIII.;nature of,205,237-8;relation to character, ChapterXIII.;place of happiness in, ChapterXIV.;place of reason in, ChapterXVI.Conflicting services, problem of,493Conscience, transition from custom to,73 f.,179;Greek symbols of,139 f.;Stoic suggestion of,140 f.;with Abelard,151;meaning of,183,188 f.;analysis of, see Intuitionalism, Knowledge, ReasonConscientiousness,405,434Consequences, ChapterXIII.;importance of,234-5,238;denied by Kant,242-4;when foreseen form intention,247;practical importance,251;as moral sanctions,358-60;as self-realization,392;accidental,459-60;careless,463Content, see Consequences, and "What"Contracts,versusstatus,20;theory and value of,158,452 f.,496;of little benefit to wage-earner,503-5,529 f.;as obstacle to legislation,505 f.;analyzed,527 ff.Control, the right as,7;in primitive group,26-9,32,34,52;primitive means of enforcing,54 ff.;challenged in Greece,118 ff.;problem of,217-9;theories concerning,225,232;external and internal,353-61;self-control,407;see Jural, Law, Standard, RightConvention, in Greek morals and ethics,111 f.,124 f.Coöperation, and mutual aid,43;in industry,43;in war,44 f.;in art,45 f.;as organized in corporations and unions,495-507Corporations, moral difficulties of,498;management of,500 f.;relations to employés and public,501 ff.;require new types of morality,517-22;capitalization of,561 ff.Corruption, political,477,537-9Coulanges,19Courage,42,118,410-13Courts, primitive,61;as school of morality,182 f.;as instruments of oppression,195;civil, ethical value of,454;in labor disputes,504 f.;on police power,505 f.,555 f.;recognition of public welfare by,555 f.Covenant, in Hebrew moral development,94 ff.Criminal Procedure, reform of,468-9Criterion of the moral,5-13,202 ff.;of the good and right, typical theories of,224 ff.;see Good, Right, Kant, Utilitarianism, Plato, AristotleCrusades,154Cunningham, W.,157Custom, and the term ethics,1;in early group life,17 ff.;as "second level" of conduct,38,51;general discussion of,51 ff.,171 ff.;educational,57 ff.;jural,59 ff.;birth, marriage, death,64 f.;festal,65;hospitality,67 f.;values and defects of,68 ff.;transition to conscience from,73 ff.;transition among Hebrews,95 f.;among Greeks,110 ff.;opposed to "nature,"120 f.;Grote on,172 f.;compared with reflective morality,172 ff.;and moral rules,330-2,431Cultus, of Hebrew priesthood,97 ff.Cynics,112,125 f.Cyrenaics,112,125 f.Dante,150Darwinism, and morals,371 f.;see NaturalismDeliberation,202,319;and intuition,322-3;and conscience,421;of crucial importance,464Democracy, in Greece,119 f.;development of,151 ff.,162 f.;moral,303;and moral problems,474-81;the corporation in relation to,500;and economic problems,521 f.;and individualism,530,535;as agency,558;and the family,594,600 f.Descartes,164 f.Desire, hedonistic theory of,269;relation to pleasure,270-1;to happiness,272-3;and reason,308;their organization,317;conflict with duty,339-46;and temperance,406-8Dharna,63Distribution, theories of,545-50;present inequalities in,545;individualism and,546;equal division,547;a working programme,548-50Divorce,574 f.,577,603-5Dominicans,149 f.Duty, ChapterXVII.;Stoic conception,140 f.;origin of the term,176;standpoint of,232;double meaning of,337;conflict with desire,340;explanation of,342-4,362-3;authority of,344;social character of,345;Kant's view,346-52;utilitarian view of,353-62Eastman, Charles,43,54,60Eckstein,577Economic conditions and forces, in kinship and family groups,24 f.;help to effect transition from group morality to conscience,76;among Hebrews,93 f.;among Greeks,119 ff.;modern,155-63;in reflective morality,194;restrict physical freedom,444;and freedom of thought,447;legislative reform of,481;in relation to happiness and character,487 ff.;social aspects of,491 ff.;require ethical readjustment,496,517-22;impersonal character,511 f.;ethical principles,514 ff.;unsettled problems,523-65Education, moral significance of,168 f.;right to,446 f.;restrictions upon,448 f.;as a means of justice,548 f.,557 f.Egoism,214,258,303,423,467;hedonistic,288-9(see ChapterXV.);naturalistic theory of,368-74;contrasted with altruism,375;explanation of,377-81;reasonable self-love,382;see Self, IndividualismEllis, H.,584Eliot, George,154,301Emerson,349,350,446 n.,470,581Empiricism,226,231,306;discussion of,329-32Ends, and Means,210;relation of happiness to,273-4;utilitarian, conflicts with its hedonistic motive,289;social and rational,314;kingdom of,315and433Enlightenment, period of,163,165 ff.Epictetus,140Epicureans, theory of life,125,135,218;on friendship,125,130,187Ethics, definition,1;derivation of term,1;specific problem of,2;method of,3-13Ethos, meaning,1;ChapterIV.,175Eudæmonism,134,230;see Happiness, Self-realizationEuripides,112,