116,139Evil, problem of, in Israel,100 ff.Excitement, and pleasure,408Ezekiel, on personal responsibility,104"Fagan, J. O.,"503Family, or Household Group,23-31;as an agency in early society,47-9;as affected by reflective morality,193;and contract,453;history of,571-8;psychological basis of,578-84;strain in,584-9;present factors of strain in,590-4;and the economic order,594-9;authority in,599-603;and divorce,603-5Feelings, the hedonistic ultimate,225;an ambiguous term,249-51;Mill on importance of,294Feud, see Blood FeudFichte,490Fisher, G. P.,143Fiske, John,581Franchises, abuses of,539Franciscans,149 f.Francke, Kuno,149Freedom, Pauline conception,108;formal and real,158 ff.,437-9,483 f.,525 f.,529,549;see RightsFreund, E.,555Galileo,164Genetic Method in Ethics,3Gentleman, in Greece,116 f.;mediæval and class ideal of,144 f.,149,155-7Genung, J. F.,102George, Henry,162,510 f.Germans, customs of,18,53;character and ideals,143 f.,149;family among,575 f.Golden Rule,334Good, the, as subject of ethics,1,7 f.,12,203-5,215,236,241;origin of the conception of moral,183 f.;in group morality,69-72;Hebrew ideals of,107-9;significance in Greek thought,113,117,119,124;Greek individualistic and hedonistic theories of,126;Plato on,131-4,136 f.,140;Aristotle on,134 f.,138;and modern civilization,154 ff.,557 f.;as happiness,169, ChapterXIV.;private and general,289-300,308;the true,208,284,302;good men as standard,279,324;rational and sensuous,337;wealth as,487;see Happiness, ValueGoodness,233,251;formal and material,259 n.;of character,279;and happiness,284;and social interest,298;intrinsic,318-20;and progress,422;see VirtueGovernment, distrust of,474;reform of,479-80;see also StateGray, J. H.,17Greeks, early customs,18 f.,46;compared with Hebrews,91 f.;moral development of,111-41,197,215,217 f.Green, on duty,225;on hedonism,269;on practical value of utilitarianism,287-8;on moral progress,429Grosscup, Judge,552Grote,19,172 f.,178Group ideal, mediæval,144 f.;see Class IdealGroup Life, early, ChapterII.;necessary to understand moral life,17;typical facts of,17;kinship,21 ff.;family,23 ff.;ownership of land in,24;other economic aspects of,25 f.;political aspects of,26-30;rights and responsibilities of individual in,27-30;religious aspects of,30-2;age and sex groups in,32-4;moral significance of,34 f.Group Morality,34 f.,51 ff.;values and defects of,68-73;in early Hebrew life,92;in Middle Ages,144 f.;persistence of,173-8;in legal progress,456;and international relations,481 f.;in industrial conflicts,500Habit, and character,9 f.,12,202;effect on knowledge,319;effect upon desire,342-3Hadley, A. T.,475 n.,488,563Hammurabi, Code of,82,105,574Happiness, and pleasure,230,263;ambiguity in conception of,266;relation to desire,272-4;as standard,275-80;elements in its constitution,281-3;final or moral,284;general,286;and sympathy,300-3;and efficiency,373;private and public,395-7;see Eudæmonism, GoodHazlitt, on Bentham,268;on excitement,409 n.Hearn,24Hebrews, early morality,18;moral development,91-110;compared with Greek,91Hedonism,230;Hebrew,106 f.;Greek,126,132 f.;criticism of,269-75;universalistic,286;egoistic character of,289-94;Kant's,309;paradox of,352;its theory of duty,353Hegel, on institutional character of morals,225-6High-mindedness, Aristotle's description of,135 n.Hobhouse, L. T., on formation of custom,54;on social order and individuality,428;on the family,575 f.,577Höffding,253 n.Honesty,188,414,496Honor,85-8,144 f.,176Hosea,95Hospitality, in group morality,67"How," the, in conduct,5-8,228 f.,240;in group morality,69 f.;in Hebrew morality,102 ff.;in Greek ethics,136 ff.;see AttitudeHoward,576Ibsen,82,100,157,303,588Ideal,vs.actual in Greek thought,136-8;meaning of,421 f.India, customs of,26,63,524Indians (American),25,43,54,60Indifferent Acts,205-6,210-11Individual, the, in early group life,20,22 f.,27-30,34,71 f.;collision of with group,74,75 f.,82 ff.,88,184-7,432;among Hebrews,104;development of, in modern civilization,148-69;as affected by reflective morality,187-92;and society,427-36;relation to corporationsand unions,500-3;see Individualism, SelfIndividualism, as factor in transition from custom to conscience,75;forces producing,76-87;in Israel,94,102,104;in Greece,114-24,432;in Greek ethical theory,124-6;in modern world,149-63,184-6,220-3,432 f.;in ethical theory,225 f.,290;Carlyle's criticism of,265 f.;hedonistic,289 ff.,301 f.;as self-assertion,368-75;true and false,481;political formula of,483 f.;in economic theory,523-35;democratic,525,530 f.;"survival of the fittest,"525,532-4;values,527 f.,548 f.;does not secure real freedom,529;nor justice,530 ff.,535,546 f.;other defects of,551 ff.;in U. S. Constitution,534;on "unearned increment,"564 f.;in family,604;see Individual, SelfIndustry, as a rationalizing agency,39-42;differentiation in,41;as a socializing agency,42 f.;factor in effecting transition from custom to conscience,76-8;modern development of,155-9;agencies of,497Initiation, in primitive tribes,58Institutions,192-5,222,225-6;see ChapterXX.Intention, and Motive,246-54,257-8,261;and accident,63,104,459-60;see DeliberationIntuitionalism,226,232,306;discussion of,317-25;and casuistry,325-8Ireland, ancient law of,24 f.,62,83Israel, moral development of,91-110,197James, William, on the social self,85-7;on animal activity,204;on effect of emotion on ideas,253Japanese morality,18Jesus,106 f.,109Job, moral theory in,97,101 f.,106Judgments, moral; see MoralJural influence,7,103,113 f.,177,218-9,224,328,353-6,439,454-5,467-8Justice, in primitive society,27 f.;as Hebrew ideal,94 f.,99 f.,108 f.;in Greek theory,113 f.;natural and conventional,120 f.;as interest of the stronger,122-4;modern demand for,148,161 ff.;and charity,148,389 f.;virtue of,414-7;development of civil,456-63;formal and substantial,465 f.,531;social,161,410,521,556-8;the new,496 f.;and individualism,530-5;in distribution, theories of,545-50Kafirs, clanship among,19,35Kant, on unsocial sociableness of man,75;forces of progress,87 f.;hisCritique of Pure Reason,166;on dignity of man,167;general standpoint,169;individualism of,191;and the "law of nature,"222 n.;on moral law,228-9;on the Good Will,241-3;his theory of will discussed,241-46;on egoistic hedonism,289;theory of practical reason,309-17;theory of duty,344,346-52;on legality and morality,432;cf. also231,492,580Kidd, Dudley,19,23,35Kinship,21 ff.; see Group LifeKnowledge, place in morals,215;theories of,231-2;close connection with emotion,256 n.;with character,279;see ChapterXVI.;Kant's theory of,309-16;intuitional theory of,317-24;casuistical view,325-9;principles in,333-4;and sympathy,334;and conscience,418-23Labor, differentiation of, in early society,41;the gentleman and,156;church and,156;and the law,504-7;conditions of,540 f.;of women and children,540 f.;exploitation of,542-4;Prof. Seager's programme for benefit of,566 ff.;see Industry, Labor Union, CapitalLabor Union, moral aspects of,499 f.;revives group morality,500;relations to the law,503 ff.;disadvantages of,503-6;violence of,541;open and closed shop,559 ff.Laissez-faire,161,475Land, "unearned increment,"510 f.,564 f.Lankester, Ray,168Law, as control in group life,59-63;in Hebrew moral development,95-8;righteousness of the,103;Greek conceptions of,118-23;of nature,130,136,152,222;Roman,142,152,222;and government,194 f.;as defining rights,454;development of,456 ff.;formal in,465;needed reforms in,468 ff.;relation to corporations and unions,503-7;needed to embody and enforce moral standards,520 f.;moral, see Jural;and Right; see Civil Society, Courts, Justice, Legal, StateLegal and Moral,177,182 f.,433,439,454-5,467-8;see also Jural, Law, RightLeibniz,165Levels of conduct,37-9,51,73Liability, equals external responsibility,436Liberty, struggle for,84 f.;see Freedom, Rights"Life," Hebrew and Christian moral ideal,107;the moral as,606Locke, on natural rights,152;on the "natural light,"166;hisEssay,166;on danger of fixed rules,329Love, between the sexes,107;psychological analysis of,578 ff.;as moral ideal,100,108 f.Lubbock,428Machine, in production,507 f.MacLennan,24Magic, contrasted with religion,30 n.;influence on morals,457 f.;see TaboosMaine, status and contract,20;Slav families,60Mallock, W. H.,533Marriage, regulations for, in group morality,64 f.;violation of, provokes moral reflection,106;in reflective morality,193;and contract,453;Roman,574 f.;church views of,576 f.;see Divorce, Family, SexMarti,98Mead, G. H.,164Mean, Aristotle's conception of,134 f.Measure, among Greeks,112 f.Men's clubs and houses,32 f.Micah,99Mill, John Stuart, on Bentham's method,235 n.;on motive and intention,248;on disposition,254;on partial and complete intent,256;on the desirable,265;on the quality of pleasure,279-80;
116,139Evil, problem of, in Israel,100 ff.Excitement, and pleasure,408Ezekiel, on personal responsibility,104"Fagan, J. O.,"503Family, or Household Group,23-31;as an agency in early society,47-9;as affected by reflective morality,193;and contract,453;history of,571-8;psychological basis of,578-84;strain in,584-9;present factors of strain in,590-4;and the economic order,594-9;authority in,599-603;and divorce,603-5Feelings, the hedonistic ultimate,225;an ambiguous term,249-51;Mill on importance of,294Feud, see Blood FeudFichte,490Fisher, G. P.,143Fiske, John,581Franchises, abuses of,539Franciscans,149 f.Francke, Kuno,149Freedom, Pauline conception,108;formal and real,158 ff.,437-9,483 f.,525 f.,529,549;see RightsFreund, E.,555Galileo,164Genetic Method in Ethics,3Gentleman, in Greece,116 f.;mediæval and class ideal of,144 f.,149,155-7Genung, J. F.,102George, Henry,162,510 f.Germans, customs of,18,53;character and ideals,143 f.,149;family among,575 f.Golden Rule,334Good, the, as subject of ethics,1,7 f.,12,203-5,215,236,241;origin of the conception of moral,183 f.;in group morality,69-72;Hebrew ideals of,107-9;significance in Greek thought,113,117,119,124;Greek individualistic and hedonistic theories of,126;Plato on,131-4,136 f.,140;Aristotle on,134 f.,138;and modern civilization,154 ff.,557 f.;as happiness,169, ChapterXIV.;private and general,289-300,308;the true,208,284,302;good men as standard,279,324;rational and sensuous,337;wealth as,487;see Happiness, ValueGoodness,233,251;formal and material,259 n.;of character,279;and happiness,284;and social interest,298;intrinsic,318-20;and progress,422;see VirtueGovernment, distrust of,474;reform of,479-80;see also StateGray, J. H.,17Greeks, early customs,18 f.,46;compared with Hebrews,91 f.;moral development of,111-41,197,215,217 f.Green, on duty,225;on hedonism,269;on practical value of utilitarianism,287-8;on moral progress,429Grosscup, Judge,552Grote,19,172 f.,178Group ideal, mediæval,144 f.;see Class IdealGroup Life, early, ChapterII.;necessary to understand moral life,17;typical facts of,17;kinship,21 ff.;family,23 ff.;ownership of land in,24;other economic aspects of,25 f.;political aspects of,26-30;rights and responsibilities of individual in,27-30;religious aspects of,30-2;age and sex groups in,32-4;moral significance of,34 f.Group Morality,34 f.,51 ff.;values and defects of,68-73;in early Hebrew life,92;in Middle Ages,144 f.;persistence of,173-8;in legal progress,456;and international relations,481 f.;in industrial conflicts,500Habit, and character,9 f.,12,202;effect on knowledge,319;effect upon desire,342-3Hadley, A. T.,475 n.,488,563Hammurabi, Code of,82,105,574Happiness, and pleasure,230,263;ambiguity in conception of,266;relation to desire,272-4;as standard,275-80;elements in its constitution,281-3;final or moral,284;general,286;and sympathy,300-3;and efficiency,373;private and public,395-7;see Eudæmonism, GoodHazlitt, on Bentham,268;on excitement,409 n.Hearn,24Hebrews, early morality,18;moral development,91-110;compared with Greek,91Hedonism,230;Hebrew,106 f.;Greek,126,132 f.;criticism of,269-75;universalistic,286;egoistic character of,289-94;Kant's,309;paradox of,352;its theory of duty,353Hegel, on institutional character of morals,225-6High-mindedness, Aristotle's description of,135 n.Hobhouse, L. T., on formation of custom,54;on social order and individuality,428;on the family,575 f.,577Höffding,253 n.Honesty,188,414,496Honor,85-8,144 f.,176Hosea,95Hospitality, in group morality,67"How," the, in conduct,5-8,228 f.,240;in group morality,69 f.;in Hebrew morality,102 ff.;in Greek ethics,136 ff.;see AttitudeHoward,576Ibsen,82,100,157,303,588Ideal,vs.actual in Greek thought,136-8;meaning of,421 f.India, customs of,26,63,524Indians (American),25,43,54,60Indifferent Acts,205-6,210-11Individual, the, in early group life,20,22 f.,27-30,34,71 f.;collision of with group,74,75 f.,82 ff.,88,184-7,432;among Hebrews,104;development of, in modern civilization,148-69;as affected by reflective morality,187-92;and society,427-36;relation to corporationsand unions,500-3;see Individualism, SelfIndividualism, as factor in transition from custom to conscience,75;forces producing,76-87;in Israel,94,102,104;in Greece,114-24,432;in Greek ethical theory,124-6;in modern world,149-63,184-6,220-3,432 f.;in ethical theory,225 f.,290;Carlyle's criticism of,265 f.;hedonistic,289 ff.,301 f.;as self-assertion,368-75;true and false,481;political formula of,483 f.;in economic theory,523-35;democratic,525,530 f.;"survival of the fittest,"525,532-4;values,527 f.,548 f.;does not secure real freedom,529;nor justice,530 ff.,535,546 f.;other defects of,551 ff.;in U. S. Constitution,534;on "unearned increment,"564 f.;in family,604;see Individual, SelfIndustry, as a rationalizing agency,39-42;differentiation in,41;as a socializing agency,42 f.;factor in effecting transition from custom to conscience,76-8;modern development of,155-9;agencies of,497Initiation, in primitive tribes,58Institutions,192-5,222,225-6;see ChapterXX.Intention, and Motive,246-54,257-8,261;and accident,63,104,459-60;see DeliberationIntuitionalism,226,232,306;discussion of,317-25;and casuistry,325-8Ireland, ancient law of,24 f.,62,83Israel, moral development of,91-110,197James, William, on the social self,85-7;on animal activity,204;on effect of emotion on ideas,253Japanese morality,18Jesus,106 f.,109Job, moral theory in,97,101 f.,106Judgments, moral; see MoralJural influence,7,103,113 f.,177,218-9,224,328,353-6,439,454-5,467-8Justice, in primitive society,27 f.;as Hebrew ideal,94 f.,99 f.,108 f.;in Greek theory,113 f.;natural and conventional,120 f.;as interest of the stronger,122-4;modern demand for,148,161 ff.;and charity,148,389 f.;virtue of,414-7;development of civil,456-63;formal and substantial,465 f.,531;social,161,410,521,556-8;the new,496 f.;and individualism,530-5;in distribution, theories of,545-50Kafirs, clanship among,19,35Kant, on unsocial sociableness of man,75;forces of progress,87 f.;hisCritique of Pure Reason,166;on dignity of man,167;general standpoint,169;individualism of,191;and the "law of nature,"222 n.;on moral law,228-9;on the Good Will,241-3;his theory of will discussed,241-46;on egoistic hedonism,289;theory of practical reason,309-17;theory of duty,344,346-52;on legality and morality,432;cf. also231,492,580Kidd, Dudley,19,23,35Kinship,21 ff.; see Group LifeKnowledge, place in morals,215;theories of,231-2;close connection with emotion,256 n.;with character,279;see ChapterXVI.;Kant's theory of,309-16;intuitional theory of,317-24;casuistical view,325-9;principles in,333-4;and sympathy,334;and conscience,418-23Labor, differentiation of, in early society,41;the gentleman and,156;church and,156;and the law,504-7;conditions of,540 f.;of women and children,540 f.;exploitation of,542-4;Prof. Seager's programme for benefit of,566 ff.;see Industry, Labor Union, CapitalLabor Union, moral aspects of,499 f.;revives group morality,500;relations to the law,503 ff.;disadvantages of,503-6;violence of,541;open and closed shop,559 ff.Laissez-faire,161,475Land, "unearned increment,"510 f.,564 f.Lankester, Ray,168Law, as control in group life,59-63;in Hebrew moral development,95-8;righteousness of the,103;Greek conceptions of,118-23;of nature,130,136,152,222;Roman,142,152,222;and government,194 f.;as defining rights,454;development of,456 ff.;formal in,465;needed reforms in,468 ff.;relation to corporations and unions,503-7;needed to embody and enforce moral standards,520 f.;moral, see Jural;and Right; see Civil Society, Courts, Justice, Legal, StateLegal and Moral,177,182 f.,433,439,454-5,467-8;see also Jural, Law, RightLeibniz,165Levels of conduct,37-9,51,73Liability, equals external responsibility,436Liberty, struggle for,84 f.;see Freedom, Rights"Life," Hebrew and Christian moral ideal,107;the moral as,606Locke, on natural rights,152;on the "natural light,"166;hisEssay,166;on danger of fixed rules,329Love, between the sexes,107;psychological analysis of,578 ff.;as moral ideal,100,108 f.Lubbock,428Machine, in production,507 f.MacLennan,24Magic, contrasted with religion,30 n.;influence on morals,457 f.;see TaboosMaine, status and contract,20;Slav families,60Mallock, W. H.,533Marriage, regulations for, in group morality,64 f.;violation of, provokes moral reflection,106;in reflective morality,193;and contract,453;Roman,574 f.;church views of,576 f.;see Divorce, Family, SexMarti,98Mead, G. H.,164Mean, Aristotle's conception of,134 f.Measure, among Greeks,112 f.Men's clubs and houses,32 f.Micah,99Mill, John Stuart, on Bentham's method,235 n.;on motive and intention,248;on disposition,254;on partial and complete intent,256;on the desirable,265;on the quality of pleasure,279-80;