on utilitarian standard,286;on general happiness,290;criticism of Bentham,293;on desire for social unity,294,295,296;on personal affections,299 n.;on general rules,330;as democratic individualist,525;on private property,553 f.,556;on equality in the family,601Monasticism,149 f.,185 f.,187;women under,576 f.Moral, derivation of term,1 f.;characteristics of,5-13,49 f.,51,73,89,201-11;conceptions, derivation of,175-7;differentiation of,177-92;see MoralityMorality, customary or group,51 ff.;defined,73;Hebrew,91 ff.(ChapterVI.);Greek,111 ff.(ChapterVII.);Modern,142 ff.;customary and reflective, compared,171 ff.;subjective and objective,259;Kant's view of,309-10;social nature of,431;and legality,433,439;changes in, necessitated by present economic conditions,496 f.,517 ff.Mores, or customs, ChapterIV.;definition,51;authority and origin of,52-4;means of enforcing,54-7,172Moses,82Motives,216,228,237;in customary morality,70;purity of, insisted on by Hebrews,105 f.;relation to effort and achievement,243-6;relation to intention,246-54,257-8,261;hedonistic theory of, criticized,273,288-92;sympathy as,298-300;Kantian view of,346-8;egoistic,379-80;altruistic,385-6;in business,538,541 f.Naturalism, ethical,369-75;and individualism, in the economic,525,532-4;see NatureNature, opposed to convention among Greeks,111 f.,124-31,135;in modern development of rights,152 f.;versus artificiality of society,221 f.;see NaturalismNemesis,132,139Newton,165Nietzsche,82,122,370 n.Nineteenth Century, development of intelligence in,163Obligations,186;and responsibility,440;and rights,441;see DutyOpportunity, equal,526 f.,549Optimism and courage,412-3"Oregon case," decision of U. S. Supreme Court in,540Ought,176;see DutyOwen,161Paley,354 n.Parsifal,149Parties, political,478Paul, his ethics,100,108 f.Peace, as moral ideal,108Perfectionism,231Pessimism, and courage,413Pindar,122Plato, on the necessity of the moral sense,2;moral influence of art,42;duty to strangers,67;on measure,112;religious critic,116;on the "gentleman,"117;presents arguments of individualists,120 ff.;on the State,127,129 f.;on the good,131 ff.;on pleasure,132 f.;on the ideal,136 ff.;on the self,140;on rule of wealthy,491;on private property,494Pleasure, good measured by, among early Hebrews,107;Greek doctrines of,125 f.,132 f.;not the object of desire,269-71;quality,279,282,300;relation to happiness,230,281-3;and sympathy,291-2;control of,407-8Police Power,505-7,540 f.,555 f.Pollock and Maitland,460,576Post,61Principles,179;nature of,333-4;as motives,350-2Problems of Moral Theory, ChapterXI.(211-23);classified,201,214-5,239,263,307Production, moral cost of,489;efficiency of, in individualistic systems,527;regulation of,528 f.Property, in primitive groups,24-6;taboo as substitute for,55;as factor in growth of individualism,79 f.,83,94,119 f.;Plato on,130;the Church on,146 f.;and wealth,487 f.;and character,490;social aspects of,491 f.;private, and social welfare,493-5;implies public service,515-7;value of private,551;defects in present system,551 ff.Prophets, Hebrew,99 f.Protagoras,2Protestantism, conception of marriage,577Public Agency, theory of,525, ChapterXXV.;advantages claimed by,537 ff.Public ownership,494 f.Publicity, necessity of,511 f.,520 f.Punishment, as necessitating moral judgment,96 f.;evil viewed as by Hebrews,96 f.,101;and duty,353-5;and justice,417;and social welfare,442-3;and intent,461;reform of,470Puritans, conception of God-given rights,152;of art,155;emphasized value of work,156Reason, as element in the moral,10,12,40-2;as standard among Greeks,91,131 f.,134;age of,163,166;see ChapterXVI.;defined,306;relation to desire,308;a prioriof Kant,310;is social,315;value of principles,333;and sympathy,334;opposition to desire,338,340;and virtue,405;and conscientiousness,418-23Religion, in early group life,30-2;socializing force,81 f.;moral agency among Hebrews,94-102;Greek,115 f.,139-41;ideals of mediæval,145-7;modern development of,148-50;and customary morality,180;in reflective morality,195 ff.,432,448;as sanction of the family,582;see Church.Renaissance,163 ff.Responsibility, collective, in group life,17-20,63,70,102;development of personal,104 f.,141,153,158,182 f.;meaning of,436-9;for accidents,458-60;for carelessness and negligence,463-5;as affected by modern economic conditions,500-3,519 f.Reverence,30 n.,59,71,140,407Revolution, American,152;English,151;French,152;Industrial,159,591Riehl, W.,595Right, as subject of ethics and moral judgments,1-3,37 f.,201-3,215,218,224,307 ff.;meaning of,7 f.,177,182 f.,224 f.;as standard,7,69,89,97;among Hebrews as righteousness,102-4,109;among Greeks as justice,113 f.,140;see also Jural, Justice, Law, Reason, StandardRighteousness, typical theme in Hebrew morality,91 f.,99,101,102 ff.,109,188;as justice,414;see Right, JusticeRights, development of,83 ff.,151 ff.;natural,152 f.;modern assertion of,186;and freedom,440;and obligations,441;physical,442-4;mental,445-9;civil,452;contract,452;of association,453;to use of courts,454;development of civil,456-66;political,473-4Ritual,55Romanticists, on art and morality,155Rome, government and law, contribution to modern morality of,142,152,218,222;patriarchal family,572,574 f.Ross, E. A.,520Rousseau,152 f.,221Rules, general,325-35;and casuistry,326-8;and legalism,328-9;utilitarian view of,329-32;distinguished from principles,333-4Sanctions, Bentham's theory of,354;internal,359Sceptics,135,218Schiller,42;on Kant,349Schopenhauer,82Schurtz,33Science, as agency in effecting the transition from custom to conscience,78-80;in Greek development,114-9;in modern period,155,167 f.;influence on morals,469,473-6;as promoting justice,557-9;and family problems,593 f.,601-3Seager, Henry R., programme of social legislation,566 ff.Secret societies,33Seebohm, F.,29,61Self, higher and lower,5,347 f.;social, how built up,11,86 ff.;individual and tribal or clan,23 f.;Greek conception of,138-41;the twofold,310;Arnold on,338;Kant on,347;as social,294,345;fictitious theory of,221,361;theories regarding its nature, see ChapterXVIII.;self-denial,364-8;self-assertion,368-74;self-love and benevolence,375-91;self-realization,391-4;see Individual, Self-sacrificeSelf-sacrifice,366-8; cf.102,298-304,380-2,388-91,393-5Seneca,140Sense, moral,317-22Sex, groups on the basis of,32 f.;as a socializing agency,47 f.;as prompting to self-assertion,82;taboos,55,60,65;in Hebrew conceptions,98,107;in different standards for men and women,142 ff.;vices,82,189;psychology of,578-81;differences between the sexes,584-8Shakspere,23,62,97,154,197Shop, openvs.closed,559Simmons and Wigmore,18Sidgwick, H.,265 n.,286Sin,98,103 f.,108Slav groups,20,24 f.,60,83Slavery,84Smith, Adam, on the formation of conscience,141;on sympathy,160;Theory of Moral Sentiments,166;as individualist,525,527Smith, Arthur,69Smith, H. P.,106Smith, J. A.,555Smith, Munroe,555 f.Smith, W. Robertson,29 f.Social Ends, of utilitarianism,287(see ChapterXV.),296;and happiness,302-3;and rationality,314;and duties,338,345;and altruism,389-90;and individuality,430Socialism, doctrine of,162,523,525 f.,535;on production,537 ff.;in decision of U. S. Supreme Court,556;see Public Agency, Collectivism, IndividualismSocializing Process and Agencies,11,33,42 f.,47 f.,57 ff.,186,191Socrates,5,116,118Sophocles,35,112,118,139 f.Spahr, C. B.,545Spargo, John,543Speech, freedom of,446Spencer (Baldwin), and Gillen (F. B.),22,58 f.Spencer, Herbert, on primitive morality,70;on nature and morality,52,53;on conduct as indifferent and as ethical,205-6;on feeling as ultimate end,225;on consequences,234 n.;on happiness265 n.;on duty,358-60;on æsthetic ingredients of happiness,374 n.;on reward and merit,515;on voluntary limitation of competition,532Spinoza,82,253 n.,397,410 n.Standard, right as,7;in group morality,34;custom as,38,51 f.,61,69 f.;law of deity as,95-7,103;measure as,112;popular, in Greece,116 f.;felt necessity of in Greece,118,124;for pleasure,132 f.;the "mean" as,135 f.;importance of,138;utilitarians confuse with object of desire,266-9;why necessary,274;happiness as,275-80;general happiness as, ChapterXV.;the rational,307;revision of,422;of political action,482-5Standard of living,503,504 n.,522,540-2;Professor Seager's programme for,566-70State, the, early group as germ of,26-30,61 f.;as bearer of moral ideals in Israel,92 f.,100,108 f.;in Greece,127;authority challenged,118-24;Plato and Aristotle on,127-30;and Church,146 f.,150;
on utilitarian standard,286;on general happiness,290;criticism of Bentham,293;on desire for social unity,294,295,296;on personal affections,299 n.;on general rules,330;as democratic individualist,525;on private property,553 f.,556;on equality in the family,601Monasticism,149 f.,185 f.,187;women under,576 f.Moral, derivation of term,1 f.;characteristics of,5-13,49 f.,51,73,89,201-11;conceptions, derivation of,175-7;differentiation of,177-92;see MoralityMorality, customary or group,51 ff.;defined,73;Hebrew,91 ff.(ChapterVI.);Greek,111 ff.(ChapterVII.);Modern,142 ff.;customary and reflective, compared,171 ff.;subjective and objective,259;Kant's view of,309-10;social nature of,431;and legality,433,439;changes in, necessitated by present economic conditions,496 f.,517 ff.Mores, or customs, ChapterIV.;definition,51;authority and origin of,52-4;means of enforcing,54-7,172Moses,82Motives,216,228,237;in customary morality,70;purity of, insisted on by Hebrews,105 f.;relation to effort and achievement,243-6;relation to intention,246-54,257-8,261;hedonistic theory of, criticized,273,288-92;sympathy as,298-300;Kantian view of,346-8;egoistic,379-80;altruistic,385-6;in business,538,541 f.Naturalism, ethical,369-75;and individualism, in the economic,525,532-4;see NatureNature, opposed to convention among Greeks,111 f.,124-31,135;in modern development of rights,152 f.;versus artificiality of society,221 f.;see NaturalismNemesis,132,139Newton,165Nietzsche,82,122,370 n.Nineteenth Century, development of intelligence in,163Obligations,186;and responsibility,440;and rights,441;see DutyOpportunity, equal,526 f.,549Optimism and courage,412-3"Oregon case," decision of U. S. Supreme Court in,540Ought,176;see DutyOwen,161Paley,354 n.Parsifal,149Parties, political,478Paul, his ethics,100,108 f.Peace, as moral ideal,108Perfectionism,231Pessimism, and courage,413Pindar,122Plato, on the necessity of the moral sense,2;moral influence of art,42;duty to strangers,67;on measure,112;religious critic,116;on the "gentleman,"117;presents arguments of individualists,120 ff.;on the State,127,129 f.;on the good,131 ff.;on pleasure,132 f.;on the ideal,136 ff.;on the self,140;on rule of wealthy,491;on private property,494Pleasure, good measured by, among early Hebrews,107;Greek doctrines of,125 f.,132 f.;not the object of desire,269-71;quality,279,282,300;relation to happiness,230,281-3;and sympathy,291-2;control of,407-8Police Power,505-7,540 f.,555 f.Pollock and Maitland,460,576Post,61Principles,179;nature of,333-4;as motives,350-2Problems of Moral Theory, ChapterXI.(211-23);classified,201,214-5,239,263,307Production, moral cost of,489;efficiency of, in individualistic systems,527;regulation of,528 f.Property, in primitive groups,24-6;taboo as substitute for,55;as factor in growth of individualism,79 f.,83,94,119 f.;Plato on,130;the Church on,146 f.;and wealth,487 f.;and character,490;social aspects of,491 f.;private, and social welfare,493-5;implies public service,515-7;value of private,551;defects in present system,551 ff.Prophets, Hebrew,99 f.Protagoras,2Protestantism, conception of marriage,577Public Agency, theory of,525, ChapterXXV.;advantages claimed by,537 ff.Public ownership,494 f.Publicity, necessity of,511 f.,520 f.Punishment, as necessitating moral judgment,96 f.;evil viewed as by Hebrews,96 f.,101;and duty,353-5;and justice,417;and social welfare,442-3;and intent,461;reform of,470Puritans, conception of God-given rights,152;of art,155;emphasized value of work,156Reason, as element in the moral,10,12,40-2;as standard among Greeks,91,131 f.,134;age of,163,166;see ChapterXVI.;defined,306;relation to desire,308;a prioriof Kant,310;is social,315;value of principles,333;and sympathy,334;opposition to desire,338,340;and virtue,405;and conscientiousness,418-23Religion, in early group life,30-2;socializing force,81 f.;moral agency among Hebrews,94-102;Greek,115 f.,139-41;ideals of mediæval,145-7;modern development of,148-50;and customary morality,180;in reflective morality,195 ff.,432,448;as sanction of the family,582;see Church.Renaissance,163 ff.Responsibility, collective, in group life,17-20,63,70,102;development of personal,104 f.,141,153,158,182 f.;meaning of,436-9;for accidents,458-60;for carelessness and negligence,463-5;as affected by modern economic conditions,500-3,519 f.Reverence,30 n.,59,71,140,407Revolution, American,152;English,151;French,152;Industrial,159,591Riehl, W.,595Right, as subject of ethics and moral judgments,1-3,37 f.,201-3,215,218,224,307 ff.;meaning of,7 f.,177,182 f.,224 f.;as standard,7,69,89,97;among Hebrews as righteousness,102-4,109;among Greeks as justice,113 f.,140;see also Jural, Justice, Law, Reason, StandardRighteousness, typical theme in Hebrew morality,91 f.,99,101,102 ff.,109,188;as justice,414;see Right, JusticeRights, development of,83 ff.,151 ff.;natural,152 f.;modern assertion of,186;and freedom,440;and obligations,441;physical,442-4;mental,445-9;civil,452;contract,452;of association,453;to use of courts,454;development of civil,456-66;political,473-4Ritual,55Romanticists, on art and morality,155Rome, government and law, contribution to modern morality of,142,152,218,222;patriarchal family,572,574 f.Ross, E. A.,520Rousseau,152 f.,221Rules, general,325-35;and casuistry,326-8;and legalism,328-9;utilitarian view of,329-32;distinguished from principles,333-4Sanctions, Bentham's theory of,354;internal,359Sceptics,135,218Schiller,42;on Kant,349Schopenhauer,82Schurtz,33Science, as agency in effecting the transition from custom to conscience,78-80;in Greek development,114-9;in modern period,155,167 f.;influence on morals,469,473-6;as promoting justice,557-9;and family problems,593 f.,601-3Seager, Henry R., programme of social legislation,566 ff.Secret societies,33Seebohm, F.,29,61Self, higher and lower,5,347 f.;social, how built up,11,86 ff.;individual and tribal or clan,23 f.;Greek conception of,138-41;the twofold,310;Arnold on,338;Kant on,347;as social,294,345;fictitious theory of,221,361;theories regarding its nature, see ChapterXVIII.;self-denial,364-8;self-assertion,368-74;self-love and benevolence,375-91;self-realization,391-4;see Individual, Self-sacrificeSelf-sacrifice,366-8; cf.102,298-304,380-2,388-91,393-5Seneca,140Sense, moral,317-22Sex, groups on the basis of,32 f.;as a socializing agency,47 f.;as prompting to self-assertion,82;taboos,55,60,65;in Hebrew conceptions,98,107;in different standards for men and women,142 ff.;vices,82,189;psychology of,578-81;differences between the sexes,584-8Shakspere,23,62,97,154,197Shop, openvs.closed,559Simmons and Wigmore,18Sidgwick, H.,265 n.,286Sin,98,103 f.,108Slav groups,20,24 f.,60,83Slavery,84Smith, Adam, on the formation of conscience,141;on sympathy,160;Theory of Moral Sentiments,166;as individualist,525,527Smith, Arthur,69Smith, H. P.,106Smith, J. A.,555Smith, Munroe,555 f.Smith, W. Robertson,29 f.Social Ends, of utilitarianism,287(see ChapterXV.),296;and happiness,302-3;and rationality,314;and duties,338,345;and altruism,389-90;and individuality,430Socialism, doctrine of,162,523,525 f.,535;on production,537 ff.;in decision of U. S. Supreme Court,556;see Public Agency, Collectivism, IndividualismSocializing Process and Agencies,11,33,42 f.,47 f.,57 ff.,186,191Socrates,5,116,118Sophocles,35,112,118,139 f.Spahr, C. B.,545Spargo, John,543Speech, freedom of,446Spencer (Baldwin), and Gillen (F. B.),22,58 f.Spencer, Herbert, on primitive morality,70;on nature and morality,52,53;on conduct as indifferent and as ethical,205-6;on feeling as ultimate end,225;on consequences,234 n.;on happiness265 n.;on duty,358-60;on æsthetic ingredients of happiness,374 n.;on reward and merit,515;on voluntary limitation of competition,532Spinoza,82,253 n.,397,410 n.Standard, right as,7;in group morality,34;custom as,38,51 f.,61,69 f.;law of deity as,95-7,103;measure as,112;popular, in Greece,116 f.;felt necessity of in Greece,118,124;for pleasure,132 f.;the "mean" as,135 f.;importance of,138;utilitarians confuse with object of desire,266-9;why necessary,274;happiness as,275-80;general happiness as, ChapterXV.;the rational,307;revision of,422;of political action,482-5Standard of living,503,504 n.,522,540-2;Professor Seager's programme for,566-70State, the, early group as germ of,26-30,61 f.;as bearer of moral ideals in Israel,92 f.,100,108 f.;in Greece,127;authority challenged,118-24;Plato and Aristotle on,127-30;and Church,146 f.,150;