Book IPage7.Ch.1.Line 1.Rōmānum: note emphatic position.Rōmulō: see the legend of Romulus and Remus in Ihne, p. 32; Livy, Bk. I, IV; Guerber, p. 140.2.Vestālis virginis: the Vestals were a kind of nuns, six in number, who were priestesses of Vesta. It was their duty to keep the fire on the altar in her temple in the Forum burning constantly. “Her altar, with its ever-burning fire, was the family hearth of the state, from which the household fires were kindled at certain dates.” Lanciani,Anc. Rome, Ch. VI.fīlius: in apposition withquī, subject ofputātus est.quantum putātus est: ‘as he was thought’ ＝ ‘as it was thought’; note that the Latin prefers the personal construction where we prefer the impersonal.3.is: emphatic position.cum … latrōcinārētur: the student should note the differentuses ofcum, viz.: Temporal, with Indicative or Subjunctive; Causal and Concessive, with Subjunctive alone; cf.cum … compāruisset, Ch. 2;cum … habērent, Ch. 2;cum … ēgissent, Ch. 18.4.decem et octō annōs nātus(nāscor): ‘having been born eighteen years’ ＝ ‘eighteen years old.’ The more common expression for the numeral isduodēvīgintī. Cf.annōrum trium et vīgintī, Bk. II, Ch. 6;annum agēns vīcēsimum aetātis, Bk. III, Ch. 7.5.urbem exiguam: remains of this city are still found on the Palatine Hill.Palātīnō monte: the Palatine Hill, one of the seven hills of Rome. The others were the Capitoline, Quirinal, Aventine, Esquiline, Viminal, and Caelian.XI Kal. Māiās: the full expression would beante diem ūndecimum Kalendās Māiās, April 21. “In the Roman calendar it coincided with the Palilia, or feast of Pales, the guardian divinity of shepherds.”6.Olympiadis: the Greeks reckoned time by periods of four years, called Olympiads from the Olympian Games, which were celebrated at that interval. The starting point was 776B.C.Hence the third year of the sixth Olympiad would be 753B.C.Some prefer to recognize 754 as the date of the founding of the city.Ch.2.8.conditā cīvitāte: ‘the city having been founded’ ＝ ‘when the city had been founded.’ The student should ascertain by analysis of the thought what the Ablative Absolute is intended to represent, and should translate it accordingly. The literal translation should seldom be used.Civitate＝urbe, a late usage, frequent in Eutropius. The usual expression isurbe conditā, but Eutropius places the participle first for emphasis.Rōmam vocāvit: according to Lanciani, Roma is derived fromRumon, ‘river.’ Roma then would mean ‘the town by the river,’ and Romulus, ‘the man from the town by the river’ (Anc. Rome, p. 37). Mommsen claims that Ramnes, the early name by which the Romans were called, means ‘bushmen.’ Hence Roma would be ‘the town of the bushmen’ (Mommsen,History of Rome, Vol. I, p. 71).9.ferē: ‘about,’ indicating that the statement is a loose one.10.centum ex seniōribus: ‘a hundred of the elders’;exordēwith cardinal numerals is regularly used instead of a Partitive Genitive. Tarquinius Priscus doubled the number of the senators, Ch. 6. Before the end of the regal period the number was increased to 300. Sulla added 300 equites. Julius Caesar raised the number to 900. Augustus reduced it to 600. For the duties of the senate see Ihne, Ch. XI; Tighe, pp. 49, 115; Mommsen, pp. 18, 19, 45, 46.12.uxōrēs: object ofhabērent. Emphatic on account of its position before the subject of the verb.Page8.1.eārum: the antecedent isnātiōnēs.commōtīs bellīs: lit. ‘wars having been aroused’ ＝ ‘when war had been aroused’; cf.conditā cīvitāte, Ch. 2.propter raptārum iniūriam: lit. ‘on account of the wrong of the stolen (maidens)’ ＝ ‘on account of the wrong done by stealing the maidens.’ Withraptārumsc.virginum.4.nōn compāruisset: lit. ‘he had not appeared’ ＝ ‘he had disappeared.’5.ad deōs trānsīsse: lit. ‘to have gone across to the gods’ ＝ ‘to have been translated.’6.per quīnōs diēs: ‘through five days each.’Ch.3.8.rēx: predicate Nominative.bellum: emphatic by position as well as by the use ofquidem. “The statement that during the forty-three years of Numa’s reign Rome enjoyed uninterrupted peace cannot be looked upon as anything but a fiction or a dream.”11.cōnsuētūdine proeliōrum: ‘because of their habit of (waging) war.’iam … putābantur: ‘were beginning to be thought’; note the force of the Imperfect.12.in decem: Livy I, XIX, saysin duodecim mēnsēs.13.aliquā＝ūllā.cōnfūsum: ‘confused’; modifiesannumand is modified byprius.14.morbō:i.e.a natural death as contrasted with a death by violence.Ch.4.16.huic successit: lit. ‘to this one succeeded’ ＝ ‘his successor was’; note the emphasis.hīc bella reparāvit: in allusion to the former activity of Romulus in that direction.17.Albānōs: Alba Longa, the most ancient town in Latium, is said to have been built by Ascanius, and to have colonized Rome. After its destruction by Tullus Hostilius it was never rebuilt. Its inhabitants were removed to Rome. At a later time the surrounding country was studded with the splendid villas of the Roman aristocracy. Livy, Bk. I, XXII-XXV, gives an account of the conquest of the Albans.mīliāriō: the Roman milestones were set up at intervals of 1000 paces, 5000 Roman feet, on the military roads. They gave the distance from the place from which the measurement was made, its name, the name of the person who erected the stone, and the name of the reigning emperor. The phrase means ‘twelve miles from Rome.’18.aliī … aliī: ‘the one … the other.’ Eutropius usesaliuswith the meaning ofalter.20.adiectō Caeliō monte: lit. ‘the Caelian Hill having been annexed’ ＝ ‘by annexing the Caelian Hill’; cf.conditā cīvitāte, Ch. 2.21.fulmine ictus: lit. ‘having been struck by lightning.’ārsit:ārdeō.Ch.5.22.ex fīliā: ‘on hisdaughter’s side.’ Note peculiarity offīlia, H. 80, 2 (49, 4); M. 33,N.2; A. & G. 36,e; G. 29, 4; B. 21, 2,e.Page9.1.Iāniculum: Mons Ianiculus, on the opposite side of the Tiber, was united to the city by the Pons Sublicius.cīvitātem: this city, afterwards called Ostia, was situated on the left bank of the river, about sixteen miles from Rome. It was used as a port for Rome until the time of the Empire.3.morbō periit: cf.morbō dēcessit, Ch. 3.Ch.6.4.Prīscus Tarquinius＝Tarquinius Prīscus. When only thenomenand thecognomenare written, they are often reversed, especially in late Latin. The legend of the Tarquins is as follows: Demaratus, their ancestor, fled from Corinth, his native place, and settled at Tarquinii in Etruria. He married an Etruscan wife, by whom he had two sons, Lucumo and Aruns. At his death Lucumo inherited all his father’s property. Although he had married Tanaquil, a woman of the highest rank, he was excluded from all power and influence in the state. Discontented with this he removed to Rome with a large band of followers. He and his companions were received with welcome, and were admitted to the rights of Roman citizens. He took the name of Lucius Tarquinius, to which Livy adds Priscus, to distinguish him from L. Tarquinius, the seventh king of Rome. At the death of Ancus Marcius, the senate and people unanimously elected Tarquinius to the vacant throne. His reign was distinguished by great exploits in war and by great works in peace.5.circum: the Circus Maximus. It was in a valley between the Palatine and Aventine Hills. Here the Roman games were held. At first the spectators sat on the hill side and watched the games being celebrated in the valley beneath them. Tarquinius is said to have been the first to introduce seats. In the time of Caesar the circus was 1800 feet long and 300 feet wide, and capable of seating 180,000 people. It was enlarged many times, until in the fourth century it was capable of seating 385,000 people.lūdōs Rōmānōs: theLūdī Rōmānī, consisting of horse and chariot races, were the oldest games, and were celebrated originally in honor of Jupiter by victorious generals as a part of a triumph. At first they lasted only one day, but the time was gradually increased until in the age of Cicero they lasted fifteen days, September 4-19.6.ad nostram memoriam: ‘to our time.’7.vīcit: emphatic position.nōn parum＝māgnum: ‘a large part’; cf.nōn compāruisset, Ch. 2.8.prīmus … intrāvit: ‘and he was the first to enter the city celebrating a triumph.’ A triumph was a solemn procession in which a victorious general entered the city in a chariot drawn by four horses.He was preceded by the captives and spoils taken in war, and was followed by his troops; and, after passing in state along the Via Sacra, ascended the Capitol to offer sacrifice in the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. The following conditions had to be complied with: (a) The general must have been dictator, consul, or praetor. (b) He must have actually commanded in the battle and commenced it, himself taking the auspices. (c) The battle must have been decisive and ended the campaign. (d) The foes must have been foreigners, and at least 5000 of them must have been slain.9.mūrōs fēcit: he began to surround the city with a stone wall, a work his successor, Servius Tullius, completed.cloācās: the Cloaca Maxima is a semicircular tunnel, 14 feet wide, beneath the city. A part of this sewer, about 1020 feet, is still in existence, and after a lapse of 2500 years goes on fulfilling its original purpose. Its opening into the Tiber near the Temple of Hercules in the Forum Boarium is still in a good state of preservation.Capitōlium: the Temple of Jupiter on the Capitoline Hill. Its foundations were laid by Tarquinius Priscus. Its walls were raised by his successor Servius Tullius, and Tarquinius Superbus completed it, although it was not consecrated until the third year after the expulsion of the kings. It consisted of three parts, a nave sacred to Jupiter, and two wings, the right sacred to Minerva and the left to Juno. The magnificence and richness of this temple are almost incredible. It was burned in the time of Sulla, who rebuilt it. After being destroyed several times it was raised for the last time by Domitian, who made it more grand and magnificent than had any of his predecessors.10.per … fīliōs: Eutropius occasionally substitutesperwith the Accusative for the Ablative or Dative of agent; cf.per eum multa ā cōnsulibus prōsperē gesta sunt, Bk. IV, 10.11.rēgis ēius: apposition withAncī.cuī: cf.huic successit, Ch. 4.Ch.7.12.Servius Tullius: the legend of Servius Tullius is as follows: Ocrisia, his mother, was one of the captives taken at Corniculum, and became a slave of Tanaquil, the wife of Tarquinius Priscus. Servius was born and reared at the palace of the king. As Tanaquil by her power of divination had foreseen the greatness of the child, she persuaded Tarquinius to give his daughter to Servius in marriage. At the death of Tarquinius, by the aid of Tanaquil, Servius became firmly fixed in the royal power. The great deeds of Servius were deeds of peace, and he was regarded by posterity as the author of all their civil rights and institutions. Three important events are assigned to him. He reformed the constitution of the state. He extended the boundaryof the city and surrounded it with a wall. He established an important alliance by which Rome and the Latin cities became members of one great league.genitus: lit. ‘born’ ＝ ‘the son.’13.quoque: as well as Tarquinius Priscus.Quoquemust not be confounded withquōque, the Ablative of the pronounquisque.15.fossās circum mūrum: portions of the Servian wall still exist.16.cēnsum: the number of Roman citizens was ascertained every five years, though not always with perfect regularity, for the assessment of taxes and the arrangement of military service. Originally the kings took the census. After the establishment of the republic the duty was performed by the consuls. After 444B.C., special officers, called censors, had charge of it. The census was concluded with the solemn ceremony of reviewing the newly constituted army, called alustrum.orbem terrārum: lit. ‘the circle of lands’ ＝ ‘the world.’18.capita: ‘souls’; cf. our expression ‘head of cattle.’19.in agrīs: others than inhabitants of Rome possessed Roman citizenship.21.uxōrem: ‘as his wife.’Ch.8.22.L. Tarquinius Superbus: L. Tarquinius, called Superbus, ‘the Overbearing,’ from his haughty manner and conduct, commenced his reign without any of the forms of election. One of his first acts was to abolish the rights that Servius Tullius had conferred upon the plebeians. All the senators whom he mistrusted and all whose wealth he coveted he put to death or banished. He surrounded himself with a bodyguard, by means of which he was enabled to do what he liked. After several successful campaigns his tyranny caused the people to depose him and drive him from the city.23.euntibus; lit. ‘for those going’ ＝ ‘as you go.’24.Gabiōs: ‘the city Gabii’; the name of the town, though plural, is in apposition withcīvitātem.Page10.1.Capitōliō: here the Capitoline Hill.2.oppūgnāns: ‘while besieging the city’; a clause withcumordumwould have been more usual.4.ēius: antecedent isL. Tarquinius.et ipse Tarquinius iūnior: ‘also a Tarquin (but) younger’ ＝ ‘who was also called Tarquinius’; his praenomen was Sextus.5.Lucrētiam: for the interesting story of Lucretia, seeThe Story of the Romans, p. 62.eandemque: ‘who was also’; H. 508, 3 (451, 3); M. 446, 1; A. & G. 195,e; G. 310; B. 248.6.stuprāsset: ‘had offered violence to.’Stuprāssetforstuprāvisset, cf.rēgnāsset, Ch. 4.7.questa fuisset: forquesta esset. Eutropius generally usesessem, etc., in the Pluperfect Passive Subjunctive. For other exceptions seeBk. II, 9, 22. He ordinarily usesfueram, etc., foreramin the Pluperfect Passive Indicative.8.parēns et ipse: ‘a relative likewise,’i.e.as well as Collatinus. He was the son of Marcus Iunius and Tarquinia, the second daughter of Tarquinius Superbus. He was called ‘Brutus,’i.e.‘the Stupid,’ on account of the mental imbecility he feigned to deceive Tarquinius.Parēns, ‘relative,’ a late meaning.10.eum: refers to the king.quī: antecedent isexercitus.13.rēgnātum est: lit. ‘it was ruled’ ＝ ‘the dynasty lasted.’14.annīs: Eutropius and some other post-classical writers use the Ablative of Time within which for the Accusative of Duration of Time. The Ablative makes prominent the limits that mark the time.15.ubi plūrimum: lit. ‘where most’ ＝ ‘at the most,’ at the place of the widest extent.Ch.9.17.hinc: ‘from this time.’cōnsulēs: at first they were calledpraetōrēs, ‘leaders.’ The consuls were elected by the Comitia Centuriata, the new assembly organized by Servius Tullius.coepēre＝coepērunt.18.alter eum: note the fondness of the Latin for antitheses. It tends to place contrasted words near each other. Often the observance of this is of assistance in determining the meaning of a passage.20.annuum: ‘lasting one year.’habērent: the clausenē…habērentis the Subject ofplacuit.21.redderentur: cf.coërceret, above.cīvīlēs: lit. ‘like citizens’ ＝ ‘good citizens.’23.ab expulsīs rēgibus: ‘after the expulsion of the kings;’ cf.post rēgēs exactōs, Ch. 11.24.māximē … pellerētur: ‘had done the most to drive out Tarquinius.’25.Tarquiniō: cf.īsdem, Ch. 6. Note the emphasis.Page11.1.manēret: cf.habērent, above.3.L. Valerius Pūblicola: Livy, Bk. II, 2, calls him Publius Valerius. Owing to his efforts to secure the rights of the plebeians and for his popular measures he was calledPūblicola, ‘the Partisan of the People.’ He secured the passage of the Valerian law giving to every citizen condemned on a capital charge the right of appeal to the people.Ch.10.7.in vicem sē: ‘each other in turn.’ As the Latin has no reciprocal pronoun it is compelled to resort to various circumlocutions; cf. Caesar, Bk. I, 1,inter se, Bk. II, 10,alius alium circumspectant.8.tamen: although both the leaders were slain.10.per annum: cf.annum lūxērunt, Ch. 11.11.quō morbō mortuō: ‘and when he had died.’ The Latin relative is very often best translated by ‘and’ with a personal pronoun. For the case ofmorbō, cf.morbō, Ch. 3.12.iterum: construe withsūmpsit.Ch.11.18.Porsennā: Lars Porsenna, king of Clusium in Etruria. He aided the Tarquins as they had come from Etruria. See Macaulay’sLays of Ancient Rome,Horatius.Rōmam paene cēpit: Ihne (p. 89) thinks that by this is meant that the Etruscans conquered the city.22.Tusculum: said to have been founded by Telegonus, the son of Ulysses. It was always one of the most important of the Latin towns, and was a favorite resort of the Roman aristocracy. Cicero had a villa there.24.cōnsenuit: lit. ‘he grew old’ ＝ ‘lived to be an old man.’26.dē hīs: ‘over them’; the regular expression used for a triumph celebrated for a victory over an enemy.Page12.2.fātāliter: lit. ‘by fate’ ＝ ‘a natural death’; cf.morbō dēcessit, Ch. 3.3.nummīs: ‘money’; particularly small coins.sūmptum habuerit sepultūrae: ‘had the cost of a burial,’i.e.was buried at public expense.quem: note its position.Ch.12.5.gener Tarquinī: Manilius Octavius of Tusculum.7.dictātūra: at times of great danger, when it was necessary for one man to hold the supreme power, a dictator was appointed by one of the consuls on the nomination of the senate. The office was for six months; but in case the specific object for which the dictator was appointed was accomplished before that time, he resigned. Ihne, p. 118; Tighe, p. 65.8.magister equitum: he was aid-de-camp to the dictator and was appointed by him. In the absence of the latter he became the representative of the dictator.9.neque … potestātī: ‘neither can anything be said to be more similar than the ancient dictatorship to the imperial power which,’ etc.Imperiumwas the regular term for the power possessed by the magistrates. Here it refers to the power of the emperor.Eutropius explains for the benefit of his readers the ancient dictatorship, which had long since fallen into disuse, by comparing it to the power possessed by the emperor.11.Tranquillitās Vestra: ‘Your Serene Highness’; Valens, Emperor of the East, 364-378A.D.“Other titles used of the emperors wereAeternitās Tua,Clēmentia Tua,Serēnitās Tua,Māgnitūdō Tua,Māiestās Tua.”Vestra: in Latin of the classical periodtuawould have been used, as only one person is referred to. In late Latin the pronouns of the second person plural take the place of the singular, just as ‘you’ has taken the place of ‘thou.’13.sub dictātūrae nōmine: in 45B.C.Caesar was made perpetual dictator.Ch.13.17.populus＝plebshere.Populusis a collective noun, and so takes a singular verb.tamquam: ‘on the ground that’; a late meaning.18.tribūnōs plēbis: these magistrates, elected by the plebeians in an assembly of their own (Comitia Tributa), were invested with the right of ‘intercession,’ by which they could stop all legislation that they judged to be harmful to the plebeians. To make their intercession effective they were declared to besacrosancti,i.e.‘inviolable,’ and the curse of outlawry was pronounced against any one who harmed them. The First Secession of the Plebeians, as this was called, was the beginning of a long struggle between the orders, and terminated in the complete political equality of the plebeians. Ihne, Ch. XIII; Creighton, p. 12; Tighe, p. 91.19.per quōs＝ut per eōs.Page13.Ch.14.2.quam habēbant optimam＝optimam quam habēbant.Ch.15.5.Q. Mārcius: calledCoriolānusfrom the city Corioli, which he had conquered. Ihne, p. 155; Creighton, p. 21.8.oppūgnātūrus: the Participle ＝oppūgnāvisset.9.patriam suam: ‘his native city.’12.secundus: really the first after Tarquinius, but the second in order. In an enumeration of a series the Latin generally includes the starting point.Ch.16.14.C. Fabiō et L. Virgīniō cōnsulibus: lit. ‘C. Fabius and L. Virginius being consuls’ ＝ ‘in the consulship of,’ etc. One of the regular ways of dating events in Latin is to give the names of the consuls for that year. Another is to reckon the time from the founding of the city; cf.ab urbe conditā, Ch. 18.15.quī … erant: ‘who belonged to the Fabian household’; cf.centum ex seniōribus, Ch. 2.16.prōmittentēs … implendum: sc.esse; ‘promising the senate and the people that the whole contest would be completed by themselves.’Prōmittōregularly takes the Future Infinitive.18.quī singulī: ‘each one of whom.’dēbērent: cf.esset, Ch. 15.19.ūnus omnīnō superfuit: see Ihne, p. 163.Page14.Ch.17.1.sequentī tamen annō: in the year after the consuls mentioned in the last chapter.3.Quīntius: generally writtenQuīnctius. He held the dictatorial power for fourteen days only, and having completed his work returned to his farm. Later he was again appointed dictator, and again proved himself to be the deliverer of his country.4.in opere et arāns: the post-classical writers seem to strive almost as much to avoid uniformity in expression as the classical writers strive for it.5.togam praetextam: by metonomy the badge of office is put for the office itself. The toga praetextahad a red border woven in it. It was the badge of office of the higher magistrates and priests. It was worn by boys also until they reached the age of manhood and by girls until they married.Ch.18.7.alterō＝secundō.ab urbe conditā: ‘from the founding of the city.’9.decemvirī: the laws, which the decemvirs codified, known as the Twelve Tables, remained the foundation of Roman law for a thousand years. They were engraved on twelve bronze tables and were set up in the Forum that all might read them. Every school-boy was required to commit them to memory. For an account of the decemvirs and their legislation, see Ihne, p. 167; Creighton, p. 16; Tighe, p. 95.10.ex hīs: cf.ex seniōribus, Ch. 2.11.Virgīnī … fīliam: see Macaulay’sLays of Ancient Rome,Virginia; Ihne, p. 173; Creighton, p. 16.13.quam＝sed eam.Ch.19.17.Fīdēnātēs: the town of Fidenae is said to have been colonized by Romulus. It frequently revolted and was as frequently retaken by the Romans. After its destruction in 437B.C.it was rebuilt.20.coniūnxērunt sē: ‘united.’Page15.2.victī … perdidērunt: ‘they were conquered and also lost their king.’Ch.20.4.Vēientānī: they were engaged in almost unceasing hostilities with the Romans for more than three centuries and a half.5.ipsōs＝eos. Eutropius often usesipseforis.6.aciē: note the difference of meaning betweenexercitus,āgmen,aciēs, andcōpiae.diū obsidēns: the siege is said to have lasted ten years.8.et Faliscōs: in classical proseetiamwould have been used.9.quasi: ‘on the ground that’; a late meaning.dīvīsisset: cf.premerētur, Ch. 13.11.Gallī Senonēs: see Ihne, Ch. XXI; Creighton, p. 25;The Story of the Romans, p. 104.12.apud flūmen Alliam: the fight occurred on July 16, which was henceforth considered as an unlucky day.secūtī … occupāvērunt: cf.victī … perdidērunt, Ch. 19.15.obsidērent: cf.sustinēret, Ch. 18.21.et ipse: ‘he too,’ as well as Romulus.Book IIPage16.Ch.1.3.tribūnī mīlitārēs cōnsulārī potestāte: six military tribunes with consular powers and consular duration of office were elected by the Comitia Centuriata. The office was open alike to patricians and plebeians. This was a compromise measure on the part of the patricians when they were forced to yield to the demands ofthe plebeians to be admitted to the consulship. All the rights of the consulship were given to them by this means without the honorary privileges the holding of the office of consul conferred. Each year the people determined whether consuls or military tribunes with consular power should be elected. From the time of the creation of the tribunes with consular power until the opening of the consulship to the plebeians in 367B.C., the tribunes were elected fifty times and the consuls twenty-three. The plebeians were kept out of the office until 400B.C.Mommsen, p. 63; Tighe, p. 100.4.hinc: cf.hinc, Bk. I, 9.7.trēs … ēgit:i.e.a triumph for each of the cities.Ch.2.11.sub ipsīs: ‘under the direction of these’;i.e.the citizens of Praeneste.12.Rōmānīs: note the name of the people for that of the city.14.dēcrētus: sc.estfrom thesuntpreceding.Ch.3.16.placuit: lit. ‘it was pleasing’ ＝ ‘they determined.’17.ita fluxit: lit. ‘it flowed so’ ＝ ‘there was such disturbance.’Ch.4.21.L. Genuciō … cōnsulibus: cf.C. Fabiō … cōnsulibus, Bk. I, 16.22.honor … dēlātus est: lit. ‘honor second after Romulus was conferred upon him’ ＝ ‘honor second to that of Romulus,’ etc.Page17.Ch.5.2.mīliāriō: cf.mīliāriō, Bk. I, 4.3.Aniēnem: the Anio, a tributary of the Tiber.Aniēnemis Accusative from the old NominativeAnien.nōbilissimus: lit. ‘of highest birth.’ √GNO, cf.nōscō.dē senātōribus: cf.ex seniōribus, Bk. I, 2.4.L. Mānlius: his name is generally given asTitus.The Story of the Romans, p. 106.5.sublātō … impositō: ‘having taken off his (the Gaul’s) golden necklace and having placed it on his own neck’; cf.conditā cīvitāte, Bk. I, 2.6.in perpetuum: ‘forever.’7.fugātī sunt: note the difference in form and meaning betweenfugāreandfugere.8.nōn multō post: lit. ‘not after by much’ ＝ ‘not long after.’9.mīlia captīvōrum: it was customary to adorn the procession of the victorious general, when he was celebrating a triumph, with the captives he had taken in the campaign. When the procession passed up the Capitoline Hill to the Temple of Jupiter, the captives were led aside to the Mamertine prison at the foot of the hill and were strangled.Ch.6.11.Latīnī: Creighton, p. 27.12.mīlitēs praestāre: it was the custom of Rome to compel the states she had subdued to furnish soldiers for the Roman army. These were used as auxiliary forces.ex Rōmānīs: cf.ex seniōribus, Bk. I, 2.13.quī modus＝modus quī; ‘a force which.’14.parvīs … rēbus: ‘although up to this time the Roman state was small.’16.quae＝eae lēgiōnēs.duce L. Fūriō: lit. ‘L. Furius being the leader’ ＝ ‘under the leadership of L. Furius.’17.quī esset optimus: ‘whoever was the best.’18.sē … obtulit: ‘offered himself.’Valerius: seeThe Story of the Romans, p. 111.20.commissā … pūgnā:cf. conditā cīvitāte, Bk. I, 2.21.ālīs et unguibus: cf.fulmine, Bk. I, 4.25.annōrum: by a law passed in 181B.C., the legal age of the consulship was fixed at forty-three. There were exceptions made, as in the case of Cn. Pompeius, who was elected consul when he was thirty-six years old.Page18.Ch.7.1.Latīnī: Creighton, p. 28.2.ex eōrum: sc.populō.4.pūgnā: seeThe Story of the Romans, p. 113.5.dē hīs perdomitīs: ‘a triumph was celebrated on account of their defeat.’6.rōstrīs: the Rostra or speaker’s platform in the Forum. From it the speaker could command the entire Forum and the Comitium. In 42B.C.it was removed and set up again at the west end of the Forum. Another rostra was constructed about the same time at the opposite end, in front of the new Temple of Divus Iulius.7.Alexandrō Macedone: Alexander the Great.Ch.8.9.Samnītas: a Greek form of the Accusative. The Samnites were offshoots of the Sabines, occupying the hilly country between the Nar, the Tiber, and the Anio. Their bravery made them the most formidable rival of Rome in Italy. In 290B.C.they were subjected to Rome.12.Q. Fabiō Māximō: calledRulliānus. This Fabius was five times consul and dictator twice. He triumphed over the Samnites, Marsi, Gauls, and Etrurians. He was the great-grandfather of Q. Fabius Maximus, the hero of the Second Punic war.14.sē absente: ‘while he (Papīrius) was absent.’16.capitis damnātus: lit. ‘having been condemned of the head’ ＝ ‘having been condemned on a capital charge’; cf. our expression ‘capital punishment.’sē vetante: cf.parvīs … rēbus, Ch. 6.Sē; the antecedent isPapīrius.Ch.9.19.T. Veturiō … cōnsulibus: cf.C. Fabiō … cōnsulibus, Bk. I, 16.20.vīcērunt: at the battle of the Caudine Forks, a narrow pass east of Campania. The commander of the Samnites was Gavius Pontius. SeeThe Story of the Romans, p. 113.sub iugum: the yoke was formedby sticking two spears in the ground and fastening a third on top. To pass under the yoke was a sign of subjection, and is equivalent to our expression ‘laying down arms.’ Livy, Bk. IX, VI, describes the process.21.pāx … solūta est: a Roman general could not make peace with the enemy without the ratification of the senate and the people.22.ipsīs: see note onipsōs, Bk. I, 20.facta fuerat: see note onfacta fuisset, Bk. I, 8.Page19.3.aquam Claudiam indūxit:i.e.he built the aqueduct named after him. It was more commonly called ‘Aqua Appia.’ Between seven and eight miles in length, chiefly under ground, it was the beginning of the magnificent system of water works that distinguished ancient Rome. Four of these old aqueducts still furnish the water supply of modern Rome. Lanciani,Ancient Rome, p. 58.4.viam Appiam: “the Appian road was made in 312B.C.to join Rome to Capua, and was afterwards carried as far as Brundisium. This ‘queen of roads,’ as it was called, was a stone causeway, constructed according to the nature of the country, with an embankment either beneath or beside it, and was of such a width that two broad wagons could easily pass each other.”Q. Fabium Māximum: calledGurges, the son of Q. Fabius Maximus, mentioned in Ch. 8.6.datus fuisset: cf.questa fuisset, Bk. I, 8.7.ipsōrum: cf.ipsīs, above.10.per annōs: cf.per annum, Bk. I, 10.11.āctum: ‘waged’; agrees withbellum.Ch.10.13.sē … iūnxērunt: cf.coniūnxērunt sē, Bk. I, 19.15.dēlētae sunt:The Story of the Romans, p. 114.Ch.11.17.Tarentīnīs: the people of Tarentum, a rich and luxurious city in southern Italy. It played an important part in the war with Pyrrhus. The whole of southern Italy was known as Magna Graecia, on account of the number of cities founded there by the Greeks.in ultimā Ītaliā: ‘in the most remote part of Italy’; H. 497, 3 (440,N.1); M. 423; A. & G. 193; G. 291,R.2; B. 241.19.Pyrrhum … auxilium poposcērunt: ‘asked aid of Pyrrhus.’ Pyrrhus was regarded as one of the greatest generals that had ever lived. With his daring courage, his military skill, and his kingly bearing, he might have become the most powerful monarch of his day. But he never rested satisfied with any acquisition, and was ever grasping at some fresh object. For an account of the war seeThe Story of the Romans, pp. 115-121; Creighton, p. 31.20.orīginem trahēbat: ‘was claiming descent’; it was the custom of royal families to claim descent from heroes or gods.21.prīmum: ‘for the first time.’24.cēpisset: cf.latrōcinārētur, Bk. I, 1.dūcī: cf. the construction withpraecēpit, Ch. 8.Page20.2.auxiliō: cf.fulmine, Bk. I, 4.vīcit: although the loss of the Romans was nearly equaled by that of Pyrrhus, the value of winning the first battle was at once shown by the fact that the Lucanians, Bruttians, Samnites, and all the Greek cities joined Pyrrhus.6.quōs … vīdisset: ‘and when he saw them lying’;quos ＝ et eos; cf.quō morbō mortuō, Bk. I, 10.adversō vulnere: ‘with their wounds in front’;i.e.they died facing the enemy.8.hāc vōce: lit. ‘this voice’ ＝ ‘these words.’Ch.12.10.sibi: cf.Tuscīs Samnītibusque, Ch. 10.13.terrōre exercitūs: ‘on account of his fear of the army’; note the difference in meaning between the Subjective and Objective Genitive; H. 440, 2 (396, III); M. 216, 1; A. & G. 217; G. 363, 2; B. 200.14.sē recēpit: lit. ‘he took himself back’ ＝ ‘he withdrew.’ This march was merely a feint on the part of Pyrrhus.15.honōrificē: the Romans always regarded Pyrrhus as an honorable enemy. Their feelings towards Hannibal were entirely different.17.Fābricium:C. Fābricius Luscīnus. He was consul for the first time 283B.C., when he triumphed over the Boii and Etrurians. He was noted for his extreme frugality and simplicity, as well as for his integrity. He is cited by Cicero and Horace as a type of the Roman citizens of the best days of the Commonwealth.18.cognōvisset: cf.latrōcinārētur, Bk. I, 1.19.voluerit: cf.habuerit, Bk. I, 11.Ch.13.25.pāx displicuit: it is said that at first the senate wavered; but by the energy of the blind and aged Appius Claudius, who caused himself to be carried into the senate house, their courage was revived.remandātum est: ‘word was sent back.’Page21.1.nisi … posse: this answer passed into a maxim of state.4.ante … quam: note the fondness of the Latin for separating the parts of this and other compounds of the same nature.veterem: ‘former.’bīnōrum: ‘two apiece.’6.quālem: predicate toRōmam; ‘what sort (of a city) he had found Rome (to be).’7.comperisset, cf.agerentur, Ch. 11.Ch.14.18.occīsūrum: cf. note onprōmittentēs … implendum, Bk. I, Ch. 16.sī … aliquid: ‘if something.’pollicērētur: Imperf. Subjunctive representing the Future Indicative in Direct Discourse; H. 574, 646 (507, I, 527, I); M. 363, 1, 402; A. & G. 307, 1, 337,a, 3; G. 595,R.1; B. 319, B.19.dominum: indicating that the physician was a slave, as was usual at that time.23.Lūcānīs et Samnītibus: they, with the Bruttii, had joined Pyrrhus against Rome. This was the second triumph of Fabricius; cf. note on Fabricius, Ch. 12. He was consul the third time two years after.Page22.2.prīmus: ‘he was the first to.’3.apud Argōs: it is said that he perished ingloriously in a street fight, 272B.C.Ch.15.6.urbis conditae: cf.ab urbe conditā, Bk. I, Ch. 18.8.petierantforpetīverant: the shorter forms are more usual in this verb.Ch.16.11.dē hīs: cf.dē hīs, Bk. I, Ch. 11.12.cīvitātēs＝urbēs: see note onconditā cīvitāte, Bk. I, Ch. 2.Beneventum: its name is said to have been originallyMaleventum, and to have been changed because of the evil omen it contained. The name Beneventum was given it in 271B.C.Here Fabricius defeated Pyrrhus 275B.C.It remained a possession of the Romans during the whole of the Second Punic War and was thanked by the senate for its faithfulness during that critical period.Ch.17.16.Brundisīnī: the people of Brundisium, the modern Brindisi. It was a seaport of Calabria, the chief naval station of the Romans on the Adriatic Sea, and their regular port of departure for Greece.Ch.18.17.annō: sc.ab urbe conditā.18.extrā Ītaliam: ‘the Roman power was now dominant throughout the peninsula to the river Aesis; the valley of the Po, however, was still reckoned a part of Gaul.’24.contrā Āfrōs:i.e.Carthaginians. Carthage was one of the first cities of the ancient world. It was situated on the north coast of Africa, and was said to have been founded by Phoenicians from Tyre under the leadership of Dido. Carthage had been the ally of Rome in the war against Pyrrhus. But the growing commercial activity of Carthage caused jealousy to arise which resulted in the three wars for the supremacy of the West,—known as the Punic wars. The first was from 264B.C.to 241B.C.The second 218-202B.C.and the third 149-146B.C.It resulted in the capture and destruction of Carthage by the Romans under P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus. Creighton, Ch. III.26.rēge Siciliae Hierōne: Hiero was the king of Syracuse and its dependencies. Nearly all the rest of Sicily was in the power of the Carthaginians.Page23.Ch.19.2.rēs māgnae: ‘great operations.’3.in fidem acceptae: sc.sunt; ‘were taken under their protection’;i.e.they were made tributary.Ch.20.11.Liburnās: sc.nāvēs;these were light vessels built after a model taken from the Liburnians, a sea-faring people that lived on the east coast of the Adriatic Sea.12.Duilius: the victory of Duilius was due to a device by which he turned a naval battle into a land contest. His ships were furnished with grappling irons, by means of which he seized the ships of the enemy and then boarded them, when the Roman soldiers easily proved themselves superior to the Carthaginian mercenaries. It was the first naval victory the Romans had ever gained, and in honor of it a column was erected to the memory of Duilius.17.possent: cf.pūgnāsset, Ch. 8.19.inde＝ex his locis: ‘from these places.’20.triumphum ēgit: ‘he celebrated a triumph.’Ch.21.23.pūgnātum: sc.est; ‘they fought.’victus est: ‘he (Hamilcar) was conquered.’24.retrō sē recēpit: cf.sē recēpit, Ch. 12.Page24.1.in dēditiōnem accēpērunt: ‘they received in surrender.’2.ūsque ad: lit. ‘even up to’ ＝ ‘as far as.’6.decem et octō: cf.decem et octō, Bk. I, Ch. 1.8.in fidem accēpit: cf.in fidem acceptae, Ch. 19.11.ā Lacedaemoniīs: cf.Pyrrhum … auxilium poposcērunt, Ch. 11. The Spartans were called Lacedaemonii from Lacedaemon, another name for Sparta.Ch.22.22.ingentī praedā: after a victory a portion of the booty generally was divided among the soldiers.23.subācta … fuisset: cf.questa fuisset, Bk. I, 8.30.neque … īnfrāctus fuit: lit. ‘neither in any one was courage broken by these’ ＝ ‘and no one’s courage was broken by these (misfortunes).’hīs: sc.cāsibus.Page25.Ch.23.4.continuae: ‘repeated’; one following another without any break.6.recēderētur: lit. ‘it should be withdrawn’ ＝ ‘they should withdraw.’Ch.24.8.Metellō: a coin was struck to commemorate this battle, having the head of Metellus on the one side and an elephant on the other. Metellus was consul a second time in 249B.C., and was elected Pontifex Maximus in 243B.C.In 241B.C.he rescued the Palladium when the Temple of Vesta was on fire.10.venientem: ‘on his arrival’; in Sicily from Africa.12.in auxilium: lit. ‘for aid’ ＝ ‘as auxiliaries.’13.ingentī pompā: cf.ultimā perniciē, Ch. 21.Ch.25.17.obtinēret: ‘obtain’; a late meaning.18.nihil … ēgit: ‘did not act at all’;i.e.he made no use of the privileges enjoyed by Roman citizens,but acted as a foreigner on the ground that he had lost his citizenship when he had been captured by the enemy. It was so provided by Roman law, but there was also the provision that when a prisoner returned he recovered his former status. The story of the return of Regulus is more than doubtful.20.uxōrem: according to the view he took she had ceased to be his wife.Page26.1.obtinuit: ‘he gained his point.’2.nūllus admīsit: ‘no one admitted (to the senate)’;i.e.the Romans refused to admit the ambassadors.3.negāvit＝dīxit nōn.4.mānsūrum: sc.esse.Ch.26.8.contrā auspicia: nothing was undertaken by the Romans without consulting the will of the gods. In this case the sacred chickens refused to eat, this being an unfavorable omen, yet Claudius persisted in fighting.11.alius: in classical Latinalterwould have been used; cf.aliī … aliī, Bk. I, 4. L. Junius is meant.Ch.27.15.trecentīs nāvibus: this fleet was not raised by the state, but by private subscription. The number is generally given as 200.18.nāvem aeger ascendit: ‘embarked with difficulty.’vulnerātus … fuerat: cf.questa fuisset, Bk. I, 8.22.īnfīnītum: ‘a very great (amount).’aurī: cf.argentī, Ch. 19.24.VI Īdūs Mārtiās: the full expression would beante diem sextum Īdūs Mārtiās; cf.XI Kal. Māiās, Bk. I, 1.25.tribūta … pāx: peace was granted finally on these terms: Carthage was to evacuate Sicily, to give up the Roman prisoners without ransom, and to pay a war indemnity of 3,200 talents,—$4,000,000,—one third down and the remainder in ten annual payments.Page27.1.licēret: ‘it might be permitted’; the subject isredimī captīvōs.4.redīrent:iubeōgenerally takes the Accusative and Infinitive, but in poetry and in late prose it sometimes takesutwith the Subjunctive.5.ex fiscō: ‘from the treasury’; a late meaning.Ch.28.6.Q. Lutātius:Cercō.A. Mānlius:Torquātus.8.quam vēnerant: ‘after they had come.’Book IIICh.1.12.Ptolemaeum: this was the famous Ptolemy Philadelphus. He was engaged in war with Antiochus II, king of Syria, for a long time, but finally concluded peace with him and gave him his daughter in marriage. He was noted for his patronage of literature and science.14.Antiochus: this was the name of several kings of Syria. The one referred to here was Antiochus II, called Theos.grātiās … ēgit: ‘gave thanks.’16.Hierō: more properly the king of Syracuse (see Bk. II, 18, 19). During his reign the celebrated mathematician Archimedes lived. He became the firm ally of the Romans, and when the Second Punic War broke out he remained true to his alliance. After the battle of Lake Trasimenus he sent a fleet with provisions and other gifts to the Romans and also furnished them with a body of light troops.18.exhibuit: lit. ‘held out’ ＝ ‘presented.’Ch.2.19.quibus: sc.annīs; cf.tempore, Ch. 1.20.Ligurēs: they inhabited the upper part of the Po valley. They were of small stature, but strong, active, and brave. In early times they served as mercenaries in the armies of Carthage. They were not subdued finally by the Romans until after a long and fierce struggle. Genua was their chief city.21.dē hīs: cf.dē hīs, Bk. I, 11.Page28.1.Sardiniēnsēs: when a revolt occurred in Sardinia, Rome took advantage of the exhausted condition of Carthage, and demanded the surrender of the island and an additional indemnity of 1200 talents ($1,500,000). Corsica was obtained in a similar manner. This was the beginning of the Roman provincial system. Each province was governed by a praetor and paid taxes to the Roman people.Rome and Carthage, p. 102; Creighton, p. 39.3.impellentēs: nominative agreeing withKarthāginiēnsēsand governingSardiniēnsēs.Ch.3.7.nūllum bellum habuērunt: at Rome there was the so-called Temple of Janus, the gates of which were open in time of war and closed in time of peace. The gates were closed only three times from the building of the temple by Numa to Augustus, viz. by T. Manlius, 235B.C., and by Augustus in 29 and 25B.C.8.semel tantum: ‘only once.’Numā Pompiliō rēgnante: cf.conditā cīvitāte, Bk. I, 2.Ch.4.10.Īllyriōs: the Illyrians lived on the eastern side of the Adriatic Sea. They were a nation of pirates, and made the whole Adriatic and Ionian seas unsafe for commerce. Even the towns on the coast were not safe from their ravages. The Romans sent a force against them and compelled them to give up their conquests and to make peace.11.ex Īllyriīs:dē Īllyriīswould be more common.Ch.5.13.Gallōrum: the Romans, recalling the terrible battle of Allia, Bk. I, 20, were panic-stricken at first. A large army was raised and stationed at Ariminum, where the first attack was expected. But the Gauls passed around the Roman army, and, falling in with a small reserve force, utterly defeated it. Instead of hastening to Rome, they resolved to put their plunder in a place of safety. The Roman army following them met them finallynear Telamon, where the decisive battle was fought, and the Gauls were annihilated.14.cōnsēnsit: ‘united.’15.Fabiō:Q. Fabius Pictor, the earliest of the annalists. He wrote in Greek an account of the early history of Rome. He is frequently quoted by Livy.17.tantum: ‘alone.’Ch.6.20.M. Claudiō Mārcellō: he was five times consul. This was his first consulship. He was one of the chief generals of the Romans in the Second Punic War. He captured Syracuse after a siege of two years (Chs. 12, 14). He fell in battle 208B.C., and was buried by the enemy with military honors (Ch. 16).24.Mediōlānum: the modern Milan.expūgnāvit: note the difference betweenexpūgnōandoppūgnō.26.spolia: calledopīma, were the arms taken from a hostile general by a Roman general commanding under his own auspices. They were hung in the Temple of Jupiter Feretrius on the Capitol. This temple is said to have been built by Romulus, who inaugurated the custom. They were won on only two subsequent occasions, when A. Cornelius Cossus killed Lars Tolumnius, king of the Veii (Bk. I, 19), and the time mentioned in this chapter.Page29.Ch.7.4.bellum Pūnicum secundum: immediately after the end of the First Punic War the Carthaginians began to prepare for a renewal of the struggle against Rome. Hamilcar, the father of Hannibal, crossed over into Spain and conquered a large part of it. Probably it was his intention to make this province the basis of operations against Italy. But death prevented the realization of his plans. Hasdrubal, his son-in-law, took command of the empire Hamilcar had founded in Spain, and organized and enlarged it. He founded the city of New Carthage, which from its situation seemed destined to become a second Carthage in commercial importance. In 221B.C.he was assassinated. At his death the command was turned over to Hannibal, the idol of the army and the sworn enemy of the Romans. Active preparations were made. Forces were assembled, supplies were prepared, and when all was ready Hannibal gave the signal for war by besieging Saguntum.per Hannibalem: cf.per fīliōs, Bk. I, 6.5.Saguntum: a town on the southern coast of Spain, said to have been founded by the Greeks as a trading post. It was in alliance with the Romans, although by the terms of the last treaty with the Carthaginians independence was secured to the Saguntines by both parties. The capture of this town was the first hostile act of the war.Rome and Carthage, p. 112; Creighton, p. 40.7.annum … aetātis: lit. ‘passingthe twentieth year of his life’ ＝ ‘being twenty years of age’; cf.decem et octō annōs nātus, Bk. I, 1.10.mīsērunt: sc.lēgātōs.ut mandārētur: lit. ‘that it might be commanded’ ＝ ‘that instructions might be given.’11.dūra respōnsa: the story is told that when Q. Fabius, the chief of the embassy, held up his toga, saying, ‘I carry here peace and war: choose ye which ye will have.’ ‘Give us which ever you please,’ replied the Carthaginians. ‘War, then,’ said Fabius; and the decision was greeted by the short-sighted acclamations of the masses.13.adficiuntur: historical Present.Ch.8.15.in Hispāniam: cf.Rōmam, Ch. 2.16.Ti. Semprōnius: sc.Longus.17.Alpēs: there is a disagreement as to the pass by which Hannibal entered Italy. Probably he crossed by the Little St. Bernard pass, and came into Italy near the present town of Aosta. Creighton, p. 41;Rome and Carthage, p. 118.19.LXXX mīlia peditum: the number of the forces of Hannibal given here is taken from L. Cincius Alimentus, a Roman annalist. He was captured by Hannibal, and so had excellent opportunities for gaining information.21.Semprōnius Gracchus: a mistake of Eutropius. It was Ti. Sempronius Longus. In the next chapter it should beSemprōnius Longusinstead ofSemprōnius Gracchus.Ch.9.23.P. Cornēlius Scīpiō: at the beginning of the war he set out for Spain, Ch. 8, but finding that Hannibal had already left and was on his way to Italy, he went to Gaul to encounter the Carthaginian before he should cross the Alps. Hannibal was too quick for him. Scipio returned to Italy and awaited the arrival of the Carthaginians in Cisalpine Gaul. Near the river Ticinus, one of the northern tributaries of the Po, the first engagement of the war took place. The Romans were defeated; Scipio received a severe wound, and was only saved from death by the courage of his son Publius, the future conqueror of Hannibal. P. Scipio and his brother Gnaeus were killed in Spain, Ch. 14.Rome and Carthage, p. 127; Creighton, p. 43.Page30.1.apud Trebiam amnem: the Trebia is a small stream flowing into the Po from the south. For an account of the battle seeRome and Carthage, p. 130; Creighton, p. 43.2.multī … dēdidērunt: it was Hannibal’s policy to encourage the communities subject to Rome to revolt and to attach themselves to his standard. Everywhere he proclaimed himself to be the ‘Liberator of Italy.’3.Flāminiō … occurrit: this battle took place in the following year, 217B.C.Hannibal wintered in the plains of Lombardy, and at the approach of spring attempted to cross the Apennines. He was driven back by a violent storm, and wasforced to return to his winter quarters. Later in the year he passed the mountains and marched into Etruria, where he was met by the Romans under Flaminius, who had been elected consul for that year, in the battle of Lake Trasimenus, in which the Romans were utterly defeated, and almost the whole force was annihilated.Rome and Carthage, p. 138; Creighton, p. 43.6.Q. Fabius Māximus: was the great-grandson of the Q. Fabius Maximus mentioned in Bk. II, 8, and grandson of the Q. Fabius mentioned in Bk. II, 9. He was one of the greatest generals of Rome. He was chosen dictator in 217B.C., after the battle of Lake Trasimenus. The policy he adopted is well known. By following Hannibal from place to place, by watching for any error or neglect on his part and immediately taking advantage of it, and by avoiding a general engagement, he earned for himself the name of Cunctator, ‘delayer,’ but he saved the state. In 215B.C.he was elected consul again, and again employed the same tactics. In 210B.C., when he was consul for the fifth time, he recaptured Tarentum by stratagem (Ch. 16). He opposed the sending of Scipio to Africa, saying that Italy ought to be rid of Hannibal first.eum … frēgit＝ab impetū eum prohibuit; ‘prevented him from attacking in force.’differendō pūgnam: ‘by postponing battle’:i.e.by avoiding a decisive engagement.Ch.10.
Line 1.Rōmānum: note emphatic position.
Rōmulō: see the legend of Romulus and Remus in Ihne, p. 32; Livy, Bk. I, IV; Guerber, p. 140.
2.Vestālis virginis: the Vestals were a kind of nuns, six in number, who were priestesses of Vesta. It was their duty to keep the fire on the altar in her temple in the Forum burning constantly. “Her altar, with its ever-burning fire, was the family hearth of the state, from which the household fires were kindled at certain dates.” Lanciani,Anc. Rome, Ch. VI.
fīlius: in apposition withquī, subject ofputātus est.
quantum putātus est: ‘as he was thought’ ＝ ‘as it was thought’; note that the Latin prefers the personal construction where we prefer the impersonal.
3.is: emphatic position.
cum … latrōcinārētur: the student should note the differentuses ofcum, viz.: Temporal, with Indicative or Subjunctive; Causal and Concessive, with Subjunctive alone; cf.cum … compāruisset, Ch. 2;cum … habērent, Ch. 2;cum … ēgissent, Ch. 18.
4.decem et octō annōs nātus(nāscor): ‘having been born eighteen years’ ＝ ‘eighteen years old.’ The more common expression for the numeral isduodēvīgintī. Cf.annōrum trium et vīgintī, Bk. II, Ch. 6;annum agēns vīcēsimum aetātis, Bk. III, Ch. 7.
5.urbem exiguam: remains of this city are still found on the Palatine Hill.
Palātīnō monte: the Palatine Hill, one of the seven hills of Rome. The others were the Capitoline, Quirinal, Aventine, Esquiline, Viminal, and Caelian.
XI Kal. Māiās: the full expression would beante diem ūndecimum Kalendās Māiās, April 21. “In the Roman calendar it coincided with the Palilia, or feast of Pales, the guardian divinity of shepherds.”
6.Olympiadis: the Greeks reckoned time by periods of four years, called Olympiads from the Olympian Games, which were celebrated at that interval. The starting point was 776B.C.Hence the third year of the sixth Olympiad would be 753B.C.Some prefer to recognize 754 as the date of the founding of the city.
8.conditā cīvitāte: ‘the city having been founded’ ＝ ‘when the city had been founded.’ The student should ascertain by analysis of the thought what the Ablative Absolute is intended to represent, and should translate it accordingly. The literal translation should seldom be used.Civitate＝urbe, a late usage, frequent in Eutropius. The usual expression isurbe conditā, but Eutropius places the participle first for emphasis.
Rōmam vocāvit: according to Lanciani, Roma is derived fromRumon, ‘river.’ Roma then would mean ‘the town by the river,’ and Romulus, ‘the man from the town by the river’ (Anc. Rome, p. 37). Mommsen claims that Ramnes, the early name by which the Romans were called, means ‘bushmen.’ Hence Roma would be ‘the town of the bushmen’ (Mommsen,History of Rome, Vol. I, p. 71).
9.ferē: ‘about,’ indicating that the statement is a loose one.
10.centum ex seniōribus: ‘a hundred of the elders’;exordēwith cardinal numerals is regularly used instead of a Partitive Genitive. Tarquinius Priscus doubled the number of the senators, Ch. 6. Before the end of the regal period the number was increased to 300. Sulla added 300 equites. Julius Caesar raised the number to 900. Augustus reduced it to 600. For the duties of the senate see Ihne, Ch. XI; Tighe, pp. 49, 115; Mommsen, pp. 18, 19, 45, 46.
12.uxōrēs: object ofhabērent. Emphatic on account of its position before the subject of the verb.
1.eārum: the antecedent isnātiōnēs.
commōtīs bellīs: lit. ‘wars having been aroused’ ＝ ‘when war had been aroused’; cf.conditā cīvitāte, Ch. 2.
propter raptārum iniūriam: lit. ‘on account of the wrong of the stolen (maidens)’ ＝ ‘on account of the wrong done by stealing the maidens.’ Withraptārumsc.virginum.
4.nōn compāruisset: lit. ‘he had not appeared’ ＝ ‘he had disappeared.’
5.ad deōs trānsīsse: lit. ‘to have gone across to the gods’ ＝ ‘to have been translated.’
6.per quīnōs diēs: ‘through five days each.’
8.rēx: predicate Nominative.
bellum: emphatic by position as well as by the use ofquidem. “The statement that during the forty-three years of Numa’s reign Rome enjoyed uninterrupted peace cannot be looked upon as anything but a fiction or a dream.”
11.cōnsuētūdine proeliōrum: ‘because of their habit of (waging) war.’
iam … putābantur: ‘were beginning to be thought’; note the force of the Imperfect.
12.in decem: Livy I, XIX, saysin duodecim mēnsēs.
13.aliquā＝ūllā.
cōnfūsum: ‘confused’; modifiesannumand is modified byprius.
14.morbō:i.e.a natural death as contrasted with a death by violence.
16.huic successit: lit. ‘to this one succeeded’ ＝ ‘his successor was’; note the emphasis.
hīc bella reparāvit: in allusion to the former activity of Romulus in that direction.
17.Albānōs: Alba Longa, the most ancient town in Latium, is said to have been built by Ascanius, and to have colonized Rome. After its destruction by Tullus Hostilius it was never rebuilt. Its inhabitants were removed to Rome. At a later time the surrounding country was studded with the splendid villas of the Roman aristocracy. Livy, Bk. I, XXII-XXV, gives an account of the conquest of the Albans.
mīliāriō: the Roman milestones were set up at intervals of 1000 paces, 5000 Roman feet, on the military roads. They gave the distance from the place from which the measurement was made, its name, the name of the person who erected the stone, and the name of the reigning emperor. The phrase means ‘twelve miles from Rome.’
18.aliī … aliī: ‘the one … the other.’ Eutropius usesaliuswith the meaning ofalter.
20.adiectō Caeliō monte: lit. ‘the Caelian Hill having been annexed’ ＝ ‘by annexing the Caelian Hill’; cf.conditā cīvitāte, Ch. 2.
21.fulmine ictus: lit. ‘having been struck by lightning.’
ārsit:ārdeō.
22.ex fīliā: ‘on hisdaughter’s side.’ Note peculiarity offīlia, H. 80, 2 (49, 4); M. 33,N.2; A. & G. 36,e; G. 29, 4; B. 21, 2,e.
1.Iāniculum: Mons Ianiculus, on the opposite side of the Tiber, was united to the city by the Pons Sublicius.
cīvitātem: this city, afterwards called Ostia, was situated on the left bank of the river, about sixteen miles from Rome. It was used as a port for Rome until the time of the Empire.
3.morbō periit: cf.morbō dēcessit, Ch. 3.
4.Prīscus Tarquinius＝Tarquinius Prīscus. When only thenomenand thecognomenare written, they are often reversed, especially in late Latin. The legend of the Tarquins is as follows: Demaratus, their ancestor, fled from Corinth, his native place, and settled at Tarquinii in Etruria. He married an Etruscan wife, by whom he had two sons, Lucumo and Aruns. At his death Lucumo inherited all his father’s property. Although he had married Tanaquil, a woman of the highest rank, he was excluded from all power and influence in the state. Discontented with this he removed to Rome with a large band of followers. He and his companions were received with welcome, and were admitted to the rights of Roman citizens. He took the name of Lucius Tarquinius, to which Livy adds Priscus, to distinguish him from L. Tarquinius, the seventh king of Rome. At the death of Ancus Marcius, the senate and people unanimously elected Tarquinius to the vacant throne. His reign was distinguished by great exploits in war and by great works in peace.
5.circum: the Circus Maximus. It was in a valley between the Palatine and Aventine Hills. Here the Roman games were held. At first the spectators sat on the hill side and watched the games being celebrated in the valley beneath them. Tarquinius is said to have been the first to introduce seats. In the time of Caesar the circus was 1800 feet long and 300 feet wide, and capable of seating 180,000 people. It was enlarged many times, until in the fourth century it was capable of seating 385,000 people.
lūdōs Rōmānōs: theLūdī Rōmānī, consisting of horse and chariot races, were the oldest games, and were celebrated originally in honor of Jupiter by victorious generals as a part of a triumph. At first they lasted only one day, but the time was gradually increased until in the age of Cicero they lasted fifteen days, September 4-19.
6.ad nostram memoriam: ‘to our time.’
7.vīcit: emphatic position.
nōn parum＝māgnum: ‘a large part’; cf.nōn compāruisset, Ch. 2.
8.prīmus … intrāvit: ‘and he was the first to enter the city celebrating a triumph.’ A triumph was a solemn procession in which a victorious general entered the city in a chariot drawn by four horses.He was preceded by the captives and spoils taken in war, and was followed by his troops; and, after passing in state along the Via Sacra, ascended the Capitol to offer sacrifice in the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. The following conditions had to be complied with: (a) The general must have been dictator, consul, or praetor. (b) He must have actually commanded in the battle and commenced it, himself taking the auspices. (c) The battle must have been decisive and ended the campaign. (d) The foes must have been foreigners, and at least 5000 of them must have been slain.
9.mūrōs fēcit: he began to surround the city with a stone wall, a work his successor, Servius Tullius, completed.
cloācās: the Cloaca Maxima is a semicircular tunnel, 14 feet wide, beneath the city. A part of this sewer, about 1020 feet, is still in existence, and after a lapse of 2500 years goes on fulfilling its original purpose. Its opening into the Tiber near the Temple of Hercules in the Forum Boarium is still in a good state of preservation.
Capitōlium: the Temple of Jupiter on the Capitoline Hill. Its foundations were laid by Tarquinius Priscus. Its walls were raised by his successor Servius Tullius, and Tarquinius Superbus completed it, although it was not consecrated until the third year after the expulsion of the kings. It consisted of three parts, a nave sacred to Jupiter, and two wings, the right sacred to Minerva and the left to Juno. The magnificence and richness of this temple are almost incredible. It was burned in the time of Sulla, who rebuilt it. After being destroyed several times it was raised for the last time by Domitian, who made it more grand and magnificent than had any of his predecessors.
10.per … fīliōs: Eutropius occasionally substitutesperwith the Accusative for the Ablative or Dative of agent; cf.per eum multa ā cōnsulibus prōsperē gesta sunt, Bk. IV, 10.
11.rēgis ēius: apposition withAncī.
cuī: cf.huic successit, Ch. 4.
12.Servius Tullius: the legend of Servius Tullius is as follows: Ocrisia, his mother, was one of the captives taken at Corniculum, and became a slave of Tanaquil, the wife of Tarquinius Priscus. Servius was born and reared at the palace of the king. As Tanaquil by her power of divination had foreseen the greatness of the child, she persuaded Tarquinius to give his daughter to Servius in marriage. At the death of Tarquinius, by the aid of Tanaquil, Servius became firmly fixed in the royal power. The great deeds of Servius were deeds of peace, and he was regarded by posterity as the author of all their civil rights and institutions. Three important events are assigned to him. He reformed the constitution of the state. He extended the boundaryof the city and surrounded it with a wall. He established an important alliance by which Rome and the Latin cities became members of one great league.
genitus: lit. ‘born’ ＝ ‘the son.’
13.quoque: as well as Tarquinius Priscus.Quoquemust not be confounded withquōque, the Ablative of the pronounquisque.
15.fossās circum mūrum: portions of the Servian wall still exist.
16.cēnsum: the number of Roman citizens was ascertained every five years, though not always with perfect regularity, for the assessment of taxes and the arrangement of military service. Originally the kings took the census. After the establishment of the republic the duty was performed by the consuls. After 444B.C., special officers, called censors, had charge of it. The census was concluded with the solemn ceremony of reviewing the newly constituted army, called alustrum.
orbem terrārum: lit. ‘the circle of lands’ ＝ ‘the world.’
18.capita: ‘souls’; cf. our expression ‘head of cattle.’
19.in agrīs: others than inhabitants of Rome possessed Roman citizenship.
21.uxōrem: ‘as his wife.’
22.L. Tarquinius Superbus: L. Tarquinius, called Superbus, ‘the Overbearing,’ from his haughty manner and conduct, commenced his reign without any of the forms of election. One of his first acts was to abolish the rights that Servius Tullius had conferred upon the plebeians. All the senators whom he mistrusted and all whose wealth he coveted he put to death or banished. He surrounded himself with a bodyguard, by means of which he was enabled to do what he liked. After several successful campaigns his tyranny caused the people to depose him and drive him from the city.
23.euntibus; lit. ‘for those going’ ＝ ‘as you go.’
24.Gabiōs: ‘the city Gabii’; the name of the town, though plural, is in apposition withcīvitātem.
1.Capitōliō: here the Capitoline Hill.
2.oppūgnāns: ‘while besieging the city’; a clause withcumordumwould have been more usual.
4.ēius: antecedent isL. Tarquinius.
et ipse Tarquinius iūnior: ‘also a Tarquin (but) younger’ ＝ ‘who was also called Tarquinius’; his praenomen was Sextus.
5.Lucrētiam: for the interesting story of Lucretia, seeThe Story of the Romans, p. 62.
eandemque: ‘who was also’; H. 508, 3 (451, 3); M. 446, 1; A. & G. 195,e; G. 310; B. 248.
6.stuprāsset: ‘had offered violence to.’Stuprāssetforstuprāvisset, cf.rēgnāsset, Ch. 4.
7.questa fuisset: forquesta esset. Eutropius generally usesessem, etc., in the Pluperfect Passive Subjunctive. For other exceptions seeBk. II, 9, 22. He ordinarily usesfueram, etc., foreramin the Pluperfect Passive Indicative.
8.parēns et ipse: ‘a relative likewise,’i.e.as well as Collatinus. He was the son of Marcus Iunius and Tarquinia, the second daughter of Tarquinius Superbus. He was called ‘Brutus,’i.e.‘the Stupid,’ on account of the mental imbecility he feigned to deceive Tarquinius.Parēns, ‘relative,’ a late meaning.
10.eum: refers to the king.
quī: antecedent isexercitus.
13.rēgnātum est: lit. ‘it was ruled’ ＝ ‘the dynasty lasted.’
14.annīs: Eutropius and some other post-classical writers use the Ablative of Time within which for the Accusative of Duration of Time. The Ablative makes prominent the limits that mark the time.
15.ubi plūrimum: lit. ‘where most’ ＝ ‘at the most,’ at the place of the widest extent.
17.hinc: ‘from this time.’
cōnsulēs: at first they were calledpraetōrēs, ‘leaders.’ The consuls were elected by the Comitia Centuriata, the new assembly organized by Servius Tullius.
coepēre＝coepērunt.
18.alter eum: note the fondness of the Latin for antitheses. It tends to place contrasted words near each other. Often the observance of this is of assistance in determining the meaning of a passage.
20.annuum: ‘lasting one year.’
habērent: the clausenē…habērentis the Subject ofplacuit.
21.redderentur: cf.coërceret, above.
cīvīlēs: lit. ‘like citizens’ ＝ ‘good citizens.’
23.ab expulsīs rēgibus: ‘after the expulsion of the kings;’ cf.post rēgēs exactōs, Ch. 11.
24.māximē … pellerētur: ‘had done the most to drive out Tarquinius.’
25.Tarquiniō: cf.īsdem, Ch. 6. Note the emphasis.
1.manēret: cf.habērent, above.
3.L. Valerius Pūblicola: Livy, Bk. II, 2, calls him Publius Valerius. Owing to his efforts to secure the rights of the plebeians and for his popular measures he was calledPūblicola, ‘the Partisan of the People.’ He secured the passage of the Valerian law giving to every citizen condemned on a capital charge the right of appeal to the people.
7.in vicem sē: ‘each other in turn.’ As the Latin has no reciprocal pronoun it is compelled to resort to various circumlocutions; cf. Caesar, Bk. I, 1,inter se, Bk. II, 10,alius alium circumspectant.
8.tamen: although both the leaders were slain.
10.per annum: cf.annum lūxērunt, Ch. 11.
11.quō morbō mortuō: ‘and when he had died.’ The Latin relative is very often best translated by ‘and’ with a personal pronoun. For the case ofmorbō, cf.morbō, Ch. 3.
12.iterum: construe withsūmpsit.
18.Porsennā: Lars Porsenna, king of Clusium in Etruria. He aided the Tarquins as they had come from Etruria. See Macaulay’sLays of Ancient Rome,Horatius.
Rōmam paene cēpit: Ihne (p. 89) thinks that by this is meant that the Etruscans conquered the city.
22.Tusculum: said to have been founded by Telegonus, the son of Ulysses. It was always one of the most important of the Latin towns, and was a favorite resort of the Roman aristocracy. Cicero had a villa there.
24.cōnsenuit: lit. ‘he grew old’ ＝ ‘lived to be an old man.’
26.dē hīs: ‘over them’; the regular expression used for a triumph celebrated for a victory over an enemy.
2.fātāliter: lit. ‘by fate’ ＝ ‘a natural death’; cf.morbō dēcessit, Ch. 3.
3.nummīs: ‘money’; particularly small coins.
sūmptum habuerit sepultūrae: ‘had the cost of a burial,’i.e.was buried at public expense.
quem: note its position.
5.gener Tarquinī: Manilius Octavius of Tusculum.
7.dictātūra: at times of great danger, when it was necessary for one man to hold the supreme power, a dictator was appointed by one of the consuls on the nomination of the senate. The office was for six months; but in case the specific object for which the dictator was appointed was accomplished before that time, he resigned. Ihne, p. 118; Tighe, p. 65.
8.magister equitum: he was aid-de-camp to the dictator and was appointed by him. In the absence of the latter he became the representative of the dictator.
9.neque … potestātī: ‘neither can anything be said to be more similar than the ancient dictatorship to the imperial power which,’ etc.Imperiumwas the regular term for the power possessed by the magistrates. Here it refers to the power of the emperor.
Eutropius explains for the benefit of his readers the ancient dictatorship, which had long since fallen into disuse, by comparing it to the power possessed by the emperor.
11.Tranquillitās Vestra: ‘Your Serene Highness’; Valens, Emperor of the East, 364-378A.D.“Other titles used of the emperors wereAeternitās Tua,Clēmentia Tua,Serēnitās Tua,Māgnitūdō Tua,Māiestās Tua.”
Vestra: in Latin of the classical periodtuawould have been used, as only one person is referred to. In late Latin the pronouns of the second person plural take the place of the singular, just as ‘you’ has taken the place of ‘thou.’
13.sub dictātūrae nōmine: in 45B.C.Caesar was made perpetual dictator.
17.populus＝plebshere.Populusis a collective noun, and so takes a singular verb.
tamquam: ‘on the ground that’; a late meaning.
18.tribūnōs plēbis: these magistrates, elected by the plebeians in an assembly of their own (Comitia Tributa), were invested with the right of ‘intercession,’ by which they could stop all legislation that they judged to be harmful to the plebeians. To make their intercession effective they were declared to besacrosancti,i.e.‘inviolable,’ and the curse of outlawry was pronounced against any one who harmed them. The First Secession of the Plebeians, as this was called, was the beginning of a long struggle between the orders, and terminated in the complete political equality of the plebeians. Ihne, Ch. XIII; Creighton, p. 12; Tighe, p. 91.
19.per quōs＝ut per eōs.
2.quam habēbant optimam＝optimam quam habēbant.
5.Q. Mārcius: calledCoriolānusfrom the city Corioli, which he had conquered. Ihne, p. 155; Creighton, p. 21.
8.oppūgnātūrus: the Participle ＝oppūgnāvisset.
9.patriam suam: ‘his native city.’
12.secundus: really the first after Tarquinius, but the second in order. In an enumeration of a series the Latin generally includes the starting point.
14.C. Fabiō et L. Virgīniō cōnsulibus: lit. ‘C. Fabius and L. Virginius being consuls’ ＝ ‘in the consulship of,’ etc. One of the regular ways of dating events in Latin is to give the names of the consuls for that year. Another is to reckon the time from the founding of the city; cf.ab urbe conditā, Ch. 18.
15.quī … erant: ‘who belonged to the Fabian household’; cf.centum ex seniōribus, Ch. 2.
16.prōmittentēs … implendum: sc.esse; ‘promising the senate and the people that the whole contest would be completed by themselves.’Prōmittōregularly takes the Future Infinitive.
18.quī singulī: ‘each one of whom.’
dēbērent: cf.esset, Ch. 15.
19.ūnus omnīnō superfuit: see Ihne, p. 163.
1.sequentī tamen annō: in the year after the consuls mentioned in the last chapter.
3.Quīntius: generally writtenQuīnctius. He held the dictatorial power for fourteen days only, and having completed his work returned to his farm. Later he was again appointed dictator, and again proved himself to be the deliverer of his country.
4.in opere et arāns: the post-classical writers seem to strive almost as much to avoid uniformity in expression as the classical writers strive for it.
5.togam praetextam: by metonomy the badge of office is put for the office itself. The toga praetextahad a red border woven in it. It was the badge of office of the higher magistrates and priests. It was worn by boys also until they reached the age of manhood and by girls until they married.
7.alterō＝secundō.
ab urbe conditā: ‘from the founding of the city.’
9.decemvirī: the laws, which the decemvirs codified, known as the Twelve Tables, remained the foundation of Roman law for a thousand years. They were engraved on twelve bronze tables and were set up in the Forum that all might read them. Every school-boy was required to commit them to memory. For an account of the decemvirs and their legislation, see Ihne, p. 167; Creighton, p. 16; Tighe, p. 95.
10.ex hīs: cf.ex seniōribus, Ch. 2.
11.Virgīnī … fīliam: see Macaulay’sLays of Ancient Rome,Virginia; Ihne, p. 173; Creighton, p. 16.
13.quam＝sed eam.
17.Fīdēnātēs: the town of Fidenae is said to have been colonized by Romulus. It frequently revolted and was as frequently retaken by the Romans. After its destruction in 437B.C.it was rebuilt.
20.coniūnxērunt sē: ‘united.’
2.victī … perdidērunt: ‘they were conquered and also lost their king.’
4.Vēientānī: they were engaged in almost unceasing hostilities with the Romans for more than three centuries and a half.
5.ipsōs＝eos. Eutropius often usesipseforis.
6.aciē: note the difference of meaning betweenexercitus,āgmen,aciēs, andcōpiae.
diū obsidēns: the siege is said to have lasted ten years.
8.et Faliscōs: in classical proseetiamwould have been used.
9.quasi: ‘on the ground that’; a late meaning.
dīvīsisset: cf.premerētur, Ch. 13.
11.Gallī Senonēs: see Ihne, Ch. XXI; Creighton, p. 25;The Story of the Romans, p. 104.
12.apud flūmen Alliam: the fight occurred on July 16, which was henceforth considered as an unlucky day.
secūtī … occupāvērunt: cf.victī … perdidērunt, Ch. 19.
15.obsidērent: cf.sustinēret, Ch. 18.
21.et ipse: ‘he too,’ as well as Romulus.
3.tribūnī mīlitārēs cōnsulārī potestāte: six military tribunes with consular powers and consular duration of office were elected by the Comitia Centuriata. The office was open alike to patricians and plebeians. This was a compromise measure on the part of the patricians when they were forced to yield to the demands ofthe plebeians to be admitted to the consulship. All the rights of the consulship were given to them by this means without the honorary privileges the holding of the office of consul conferred. Each year the people determined whether consuls or military tribunes with consular power should be elected. From the time of the creation of the tribunes with consular power until the opening of the consulship to the plebeians in 367B.C., the tribunes were elected fifty times and the consuls twenty-three. The plebeians were kept out of the office until 400B.C.Mommsen, p. 63; Tighe, p. 100.
4.hinc: cf.hinc, Bk. I, 9.
7.trēs … ēgit:i.e.a triumph for each of the cities.
11.sub ipsīs: ‘under the direction of these’;i.e.the citizens of Praeneste.
12.Rōmānīs: note the name of the people for that of the city.
14.dēcrētus: sc.estfrom thesuntpreceding.
16.placuit: lit. ‘it was pleasing’ ＝ ‘they determined.’
17.ita fluxit: lit. ‘it flowed so’ ＝ ‘there was such disturbance.’
21.L. Genuciō … cōnsulibus: cf.C. Fabiō … cōnsulibus, Bk. I, 16.
22.honor … dēlātus est: lit. ‘honor second after Romulus was conferred upon him’ ＝ ‘honor second to that of Romulus,’ etc.
2.mīliāriō: cf.mīliāriō, Bk. I, 4.
3.Aniēnem: the Anio, a tributary of the Tiber.Aniēnemis Accusative from the old NominativeAnien.
nōbilissimus: lit. ‘of highest birth.’ √GNO, cf.nōscō.
dē senātōribus: cf.ex seniōribus, Bk. I, 2.
4.L. Mānlius: his name is generally given asTitus.The Story of the Romans, p. 106.
5.sublātō … impositō: ‘having taken off his (the Gaul’s) golden necklace and having placed it on his own neck’; cf.conditā cīvitāte, Bk. I, 2.
6.in perpetuum: ‘forever.’
7.fugātī sunt: note the difference in form and meaning betweenfugāreandfugere.
8.nōn multō post: lit. ‘not after by much’ ＝ ‘not long after.’
9.mīlia captīvōrum: it was customary to adorn the procession of the victorious general, when he was celebrating a triumph, with the captives he had taken in the campaign. When the procession passed up the Capitoline Hill to the Temple of Jupiter, the captives were led aside to the Mamertine prison at the foot of the hill and were strangled.
11.Latīnī: Creighton, p. 27.
12.mīlitēs praestāre: it was the custom of Rome to compel the states she had subdued to furnish soldiers for the Roman army. These were used as auxiliary forces.
ex Rōmānīs: cf.ex seniōribus, Bk. I, 2.
13.quī modus＝modus quī; ‘a force which.’
14.parvīs … rēbus: ‘although up to this time the Roman state was small.’
16.quae＝eae lēgiōnēs.
duce L. Fūriō: lit. ‘L. Furius being the leader’ ＝ ‘under the leadership of L. Furius.’
17.quī esset optimus: ‘whoever was the best.’
18.sē … obtulit: ‘offered himself.’
Valerius: seeThe Story of the Romans, p. 111.
20.commissā … pūgnā:cf. conditā cīvitāte, Bk. I, 2.
21.ālīs et unguibus: cf.fulmine, Bk. I, 4.
25.annōrum: by a law passed in 181B.C., the legal age of the consulship was fixed at forty-three. There were exceptions made, as in the case of Cn. Pompeius, who was elected consul when he was thirty-six years old.
1.Latīnī: Creighton, p. 28.
2.ex eōrum: sc.populō.
4.pūgnā: seeThe Story of the Romans, p. 113.
5.dē hīs perdomitīs: ‘a triumph was celebrated on account of their defeat.’
6.rōstrīs: the Rostra or speaker’s platform in the Forum. From it the speaker could command the entire Forum and the Comitium. In 42B.C.it was removed and set up again at the west end of the Forum. Another rostra was constructed about the same time at the opposite end, in front of the new Temple of Divus Iulius.
7.Alexandrō Macedone: Alexander the Great.
9.Samnītas: a Greek form of the Accusative. The Samnites were offshoots of the Sabines, occupying the hilly country between the Nar, the Tiber, and the Anio. Their bravery made them the most formidable rival of Rome in Italy. In 290B.C.they were subjected to Rome.
12.Q. Fabiō Māximō: calledRulliānus. This Fabius was five times consul and dictator twice. He triumphed over the Samnites, Marsi, Gauls, and Etrurians. He was the great-grandfather of Q. Fabius Maximus, the hero of the Second Punic war.
14.sē absente: ‘while he (Papīrius) was absent.’
16.capitis damnātus: lit. ‘having been condemned of the head’ ＝ ‘having been condemned on a capital charge’; cf. our expression ‘capital punishment.’
sē vetante: cf.parvīs … rēbus, Ch. 6.Sē; the antecedent isPapīrius.
19.T. Veturiō … cōnsulibus: cf.C. Fabiō … cōnsulibus, Bk. I, 16.
20.vīcērunt: at the battle of the Caudine Forks, a narrow pass east of Campania. The commander of the Samnites was Gavius Pontius. SeeThe Story of the Romans, p. 113.
sub iugum: the yoke was formedby sticking two spears in the ground and fastening a third on top. To pass under the yoke was a sign of subjection, and is equivalent to our expression ‘laying down arms.’ Livy, Bk. IX, VI, describes the process.
21.pāx … solūta est: a Roman general could not make peace with the enemy without the ratification of the senate and the people.
22.ipsīs: see note onipsōs, Bk. I, 20.
facta fuerat: see note onfacta fuisset, Bk. I, 8.
3.aquam Claudiam indūxit:i.e.he built the aqueduct named after him. It was more commonly called ‘Aqua Appia.’ Between seven and eight miles in length, chiefly under ground, it was the beginning of the magnificent system of water works that distinguished ancient Rome. Four of these old aqueducts still furnish the water supply of modern Rome. Lanciani,Ancient Rome, p. 58.
4.viam Appiam: “the Appian road was made in 312B.C.to join Rome to Capua, and was afterwards carried as far as Brundisium. This ‘queen of roads,’ as it was called, was a stone causeway, constructed according to the nature of the country, with an embankment either beneath or beside it, and was of such a width that two broad wagons could easily pass each other.”
Q. Fabium Māximum: calledGurges, the son of Q. Fabius Maximus, mentioned in Ch. 8.
6.datus fuisset: cf.questa fuisset, Bk. I, 8.
7.ipsōrum: cf.ipsīs, above.
10.per annōs: cf.per annum, Bk. I, 10.
11.āctum: ‘waged’; agrees withbellum.
13.sē … iūnxērunt: cf.coniūnxērunt sē, Bk. I, 19.
15.dēlētae sunt:The Story of the Romans, p. 114.
17.Tarentīnīs: the people of Tarentum, a rich and luxurious city in southern Italy. It played an important part in the war with Pyrrhus. The whole of southern Italy was known as Magna Graecia, on account of the number of cities founded there by the Greeks.
in ultimā Ītaliā: ‘in the most remote part of Italy’; H. 497, 3 (440,N.1); M. 423; A. & G. 193; G. 291,R.2; B. 241.
19.Pyrrhum … auxilium poposcērunt: ‘asked aid of Pyrrhus.’ Pyrrhus was regarded as one of the greatest generals that had ever lived. With his daring courage, his military skill, and his kingly bearing, he might have become the most powerful monarch of his day. But he never rested satisfied with any acquisition, and was ever grasping at some fresh object. For an account of the war seeThe Story of the Romans, pp. 115-121; Creighton, p. 31.
20.orīginem trahēbat: ‘was claiming descent’; it was the custom of royal families to claim descent from heroes or gods.
21.prīmum: ‘for the first time.’
24.cēpisset: cf.latrōcinārētur, Bk. I, 1.
dūcī: cf. the construction withpraecēpit, Ch. 8.
2.auxiliō: cf.fulmine, Bk. I, 4.
vīcit: although the loss of the Romans was nearly equaled by that of Pyrrhus, the value of winning the first battle was at once shown by the fact that the Lucanians, Bruttians, Samnites, and all the Greek cities joined Pyrrhus.
6.quōs … vīdisset: ‘and when he saw them lying’;quos ＝ et eos; cf.quō morbō mortuō, Bk. I, 10.
adversō vulnere: ‘with their wounds in front’;i.e.they died facing the enemy.
8.hāc vōce: lit. ‘this voice’ ＝ ‘these words.’
10.sibi: cf.Tuscīs Samnītibusque, Ch. 10.
13.terrōre exercitūs: ‘on account of his fear of the army’; note the difference in meaning between the Subjective and Objective Genitive; H. 440, 2 (396, III); M. 216, 1; A. & G. 217; G. 363, 2; B. 200.
14.sē recēpit: lit. ‘he took himself back’ ＝ ‘he withdrew.’ This march was merely a feint on the part of Pyrrhus.
15.honōrificē: the Romans always regarded Pyrrhus as an honorable enemy. Their feelings towards Hannibal were entirely different.
17.Fābricium:C. Fābricius Luscīnus. He was consul for the first time 283B.C., when he triumphed over the Boii and Etrurians. He was noted for his extreme frugality and simplicity, as well as for his integrity. He is cited by Cicero and Horace as a type of the Roman citizens of the best days of the Commonwealth.
18.cognōvisset: cf.latrōcinārētur, Bk. I, 1.
19.voluerit: cf.habuerit, Bk. I, 11.
25.pāx displicuit: it is said that at first the senate wavered; but by the energy of the blind and aged Appius Claudius, who caused himself to be carried into the senate house, their courage was revived.
remandātum est: ‘word was sent back.’
1.nisi … posse: this answer passed into a maxim of state.
4.ante … quam: note the fondness of the Latin for separating the parts of this and other compounds of the same nature.
veterem: ‘former.’
bīnōrum: ‘two apiece.’
6.quālem: predicate toRōmam; ‘what sort (of a city) he had found Rome (to be).’
7.comperisset, cf.agerentur, Ch. 11.
18.occīsūrum: cf. note onprōmittentēs … implendum, Bk. I, Ch. 16.
sī … aliquid: ‘if something.’
pollicērētur: Imperf. Subjunctive representing the Future Indicative in Direct Discourse; H. 574, 646 (507, I, 527, I); M. 363, 1, 402; A. & G. 307, 1, 337,a, 3; G. 595,R.1; B. 319, B.
19.dominum: indicating that the physician was a slave, as was usual at that time.
23.Lūcānīs et Samnītibus: they, with the Bruttii, had joined Pyrrhus against Rome. This was the second triumph of Fabricius; cf. note on Fabricius, Ch. 12. He was consul the third time two years after.
2.prīmus: ‘he was the first to.’
3.apud Argōs: it is said that he perished ingloriously in a street fight, 272B.C.
6.urbis conditae: cf.ab urbe conditā, Bk. I, Ch. 18.
8.petierantforpetīverant: the shorter forms are more usual in this verb.
11.dē hīs: cf.dē hīs, Bk. I, Ch. 11.
12.cīvitātēs＝urbēs: see note onconditā cīvitāte, Bk. I, Ch. 2.
Beneventum: its name is said to have been originallyMaleventum, and to have been changed because of the evil omen it contained. The name Beneventum was given it in 271B.C.Here Fabricius defeated Pyrrhus 275B.C.It remained a possession of the Romans during the whole of the Second Punic War and was thanked by the senate for its faithfulness during that critical period.
16.Brundisīnī: the people of Brundisium, the modern Brindisi. It was a seaport of Calabria, the chief naval station of the Romans on the Adriatic Sea, and their regular port of departure for Greece.
17.annō: sc.ab urbe conditā.
18.extrā Ītaliam: ‘the Roman power was now dominant throughout the peninsula to the river Aesis; the valley of the Po, however, was still reckoned a part of Gaul.’
24.contrā Āfrōs:i.e.Carthaginians. Carthage was one of the first cities of the ancient world. It was situated on the north coast of Africa, and was said to have been founded by Phoenicians from Tyre under the leadership of Dido. Carthage had been the ally of Rome in the war against Pyrrhus. But the growing commercial activity of Carthage caused jealousy to arise which resulted in the three wars for the supremacy of the West,—known as the Punic wars. The first was from 264B.C.to 241B.C.The second 218-202B.C.and the third 149-146B.C.It resulted in the capture and destruction of Carthage by the Romans under P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus. Creighton, Ch. III.
26.rēge Siciliae Hierōne: Hiero was the king of Syracuse and its dependencies. Nearly all the rest of Sicily was in the power of the Carthaginians.
2.rēs māgnae: ‘great operations.’
3.in fidem acceptae: sc.sunt; ‘were taken under their protection’;i.e.they were made tributary.
11.Liburnās: sc.nāvēs;these were light vessels built after a model taken from the Liburnians, a sea-faring people that lived on the east coast of the Adriatic Sea.
12.Duilius: the victory of Duilius was due to a device by which he turned a naval battle into a land contest. His ships were furnished with grappling irons, by means of which he seized the ships of the enemy and then boarded them, when the Roman soldiers easily proved themselves superior to the Carthaginian mercenaries. It was the first naval victory the Romans had ever gained, and in honor of it a column was erected to the memory of Duilius.
17.possent: cf.pūgnāsset, Ch. 8.
19.inde＝ex his locis: ‘from these places.’
20.triumphum ēgit: ‘he celebrated a triumph.’
23.pūgnātum: sc.est; ‘they fought.’
victus est: ‘he (Hamilcar) was conquered.’
24.retrō sē recēpit: cf.sē recēpit, Ch. 12.
1.in dēditiōnem accēpērunt: ‘they received in surrender.’
2.ūsque ad: lit. ‘even up to’ ＝ ‘as far as.’
6.decem et octō: cf.decem et octō, Bk. I, Ch. 1.
8.in fidem accēpit: cf.in fidem acceptae, Ch. 19.
11.ā Lacedaemoniīs: cf.Pyrrhum … auxilium poposcērunt, Ch. 11. The Spartans were called Lacedaemonii from Lacedaemon, another name for Sparta.
22.ingentī praedā: after a victory a portion of the booty generally was divided among the soldiers.
23.subācta … fuisset: cf.questa fuisset, Bk. I, 8.
30.neque … īnfrāctus fuit: lit. ‘neither in any one was courage broken by these’ ＝ ‘and no one’s courage was broken by these (misfortunes).’
hīs: sc.cāsibus.
4.continuae: ‘repeated’; one following another without any break.
6.recēderētur: lit. ‘it should be withdrawn’ ＝ ‘they should withdraw.’
8.Metellō: a coin was struck to commemorate this battle, having the head of Metellus on the one side and an elephant on the other. Metellus was consul a second time in 249B.C., and was elected Pontifex Maximus in 243B.C.In 241B.C.he rescued the Palladium when the Temple of Vesta was on fire.
10.venientem: ‘on his arrival’; in Sicily from Africa.
12.in auxilium: lit. ‘for aid’ ＝ ‘as auxiliaries.’
13.ingentī pompā: cf.ultimā perniciē, Ch. 21.
17.obtinēret: ‘obtain’; a late meaning.
18.nihil … ēgit: ‘did not act at all’;i.e.he made no use of the privileges enjoyed by Roman citizens,but acted as a foreigner on the ground that he had lost his citizenship when he had been captured by the enemy. It was so provided by Roman law, but there was also the provision that when a prisoner returned he recovered his former status. The story of the return of Regulus is more than doubtful.
20.uxōrem: according to the view he took she had ceased to be his wife.
1.obtinuit: ‘he gained his point.’
2.nūllus admīsit: ‘no one admitted (to the senate)’;i.e.the Romans refused to admit the ambassadors.
3.negāvit＝dīxit nōn.
4.mānsūrum: sc.esse.
8.contrā auspicia: nothing was undertaken by the Romans without consulting the will of the gods. In this case the sacred chickens refused to eat, this being an unfavorable omen, yet Claudius persisted in fighting.
11.alius: in classical Latinalterwould have been used; cf.aliī … aliī, Bk. I, 4. L. Junius is meant.
15.trecentīs nāvibus: this fleet was not raised by the state, but by private subscription. The number is generally given as 200.
18.nāvem aeger ascendit: ‘embarked with difficulty.’
vulnerātus … fuerat: cf.questa fuisset, Bk. I, 8.
22.īnfīnītum: ‘a very great (amount).’
aurī: cf.argentī, Ch. 19.
24.VI Īdūs Mārtiās: the full expression would beante diem sextum Īdūs Mārtiās; cf.XI Kal. Māiās, Bk. I, 1.
25.tribūta … pāx: peace was granted finally on these terms: Carthage was to evacuate Sicily, to give up the Roman prisoners without ransom, and to pay a war indemnity of 3,200 talents,—$4,000,000,—one third down and the remainder in ten annual payments.
1.licēret: ‘it might be permitted’; the subject isredimī captīvōs.
4.redīrent:iubeōgenerally takes the Accusative and Infinitive, but in poetry and in late prose it sometimes takesutwith the Subjunctive.
5.ex fiscō: ‘from the treasury’; a late meaning.
6.Q. Lutātius:Cercō.
A. Mānlius:Torquātus.
8.quam vēnerant: ‘after they had come.’
12.Ptolemaeum: this was the famous Ptolemy Philadelphus. He was engaged in war with Antiochus II, king of Syria, for a long time, but finally concluded peace with him and gave him his daughter in marriage. He was noted for his patronage of literature and science.
14.Antiochus: this was the name of several kings of Syria. The one referred to here was Antiochus II, called Theos.
grātiās … ēgit: ‘gave thanks.’
16.Hierō: more properly the king of Syracuse (see Bk. II, 18, 19). During his reign the celebrated mathematician Archimedes lived. He became the firm ally of the Romans, and when the Second Punic War broke out he remained true to his alliance. After the battle of Lake Trasimenus he sent a fleet with provisions and other gifts to the Romans and also furnished them with a body of light troops.
18.exhibuit: lit. ‘held out’ ＝ ‘presented.’
19.quibus: sc.annīs; cf.tempore, Ch. 1.
20.Ligurēs: they inhabited the upper part of the Po valley. They were of small stature, but strong, active, and brave. In early times they served as mercenaries in the armies of Carthage. They were not subdued finally by the Romans until after a long and fierce struggle. Genua was their chief city.
21.dē hīs: cf.dē hīs, Bk. I, 11.
1.Sardiniēnsēs: when a revolt occurred in Sardinia, Rome took advantage of the exhausted condition of Carthage, and demanded the surrender of the island and an additional indemnity of 1200 talents ($1,500,000). Corsica was obtained in a similar manner. This was the beginning of the Roman provincial system. Each province was governed by a praetor and paid taxes to the Roman people.Rome and Carthage, p. 102; Creighton, p. 39.
3.impellentēs: nominative agreeing withKarthāginiēnsēsand governingSardiniēnsēs.
7.nūllum bellum habuērunt: at Rome there was the so-called Temple of Janus, the gates of which were open in time of war and closed in time of peace. The gates were closed only three times from the building of the temple by Numa to Augustus, viz. by T. Manlius, 235B.C., and by Augustus in 29 and 25B.C.
8.semel tantum: ‘only once.’
Numā Pompiliō rēgnante: cf.conditā cīvitāte, Bk. I, 2.
10.Īllyriōs: the Illyrians lived on the eastern side of the Adriatic Sea. They were a nation of pirates, and made the whole Adriatic and Ionian seas unsafe for commerce. Even the towns on the coast were not safe from their ravages. The Romans sent a force against them and compelled them to give up their conquests and to make peace.
11.ex Īllyriīs:dē Īllyriīswould be more common.
13.Gallōrum: the Romans, recalling the terrible battle of Allia, Bk. I, 20, were panic-stricken at first. A large army was raised and stationed at Ariminum, where the first attack was expected. But the Gauls passed around the Roman army, and, falling in with a small reserve force, utterly defeated it. Instead of hastening to Rome, they resolved to put their plunder in a place of safety. The Roman army following them met them finallynear Telamon, where the decisive battle was fought, and the Gauls were annihilated.
14.cōnsēnsit: ‘united.’
15.Fabiō:Q. Fabius Pictor, the earliest of the annalists. He wrote in Greek an account of the early history of Rome. He is frequently quoted by Livy.
17.tantum: ‘alone.’
20.M. Claudiō Mārcellō: he was five times consul. This was his first consulship. He was one of the chief generals of the Romans in the Second Punic War. He captured Syracuse after a siege of two years (Chs. 12, 14). He fell in battle 208B.C., and was buried by the enemy with military honors (Ch. 16).
24.Mediōlānum: the modern Milan.
expūgnāvit: note the difference betweenexpūgnōandoppūgnō.
26.spolia: calledopīma, were the arms taken from a hostile general by a Roman general commanding under his own auspices. They were hung in the Temple of Jupiter Feretrius on the Capitol. This temple is said to have been built by Romulus, who inaugurated the custom. They were won on only two subsequent occasions, when A. Cornelius Cossus killed Lars Tolumnius, king of the Veii (Bk. I, 19), and the time mentioned in this chapter.
4.bellum Pūnicum secundum: immediately after the end of the First Punic War the Carthaginians began to prepare for a renewal of the struggle against Rome. Hamilcar, the father of Hannibal, crossed over into Spain and conquered a large part of it. Probably it was his intention to make this province the basis of operations against Italy. But death prevented the realization of his plans. Hasdrubal, his son-in-law, took command of the empire Hamilcar had founded in Spain, and organized and enlarged it. He founded the city of New Carthage, which from its situation seemed destined to become a second Carthage in commercial importance. In 221B.C.he was assassinated. At his death the command was turned over to Hannibal, the idol of the army and the sworn enemy of the Romans. Active preparations were made. Forces were assembled, supplies were prepared, and when all was ready Hannibal gave the signal for war by besieging Saguntum.
per Hannibalem: cf.per fīliōs, Bk. I, 6.
5.Saguntum: a town on the southern coast of Spain, said to have been founded by the Greeks as a trading post. It was in alliance with the Romans, although by the terms of the last treaty with the Carthaginians independence was secured to the Saguntines by both parties. The capture of this town was the first hostile act of the war.Rome and Carthage, p. 112; Creighton, p. 40.
7.annum … aetātis: lit. ‘passingthe twentieth year of his life’ ＝ ‘being twenty years of age’; cf.decem et octō annōs nātus, Bk. I, 1.
10.mīsērunt: sc.lēgātōs.
ut mandārētur: lit. ‘that it might be commanded’ ＝ ‘that instructions might be given.’
11.dūra respōnsa: the story is told that when Q. Fabius, the chief of the embassy, held up his toga, saying, ‘I carry here peace and war: choose ye which ye will have.’ ‘Give us which ever you please,’ replied the Carthaginians. ‘War, then,’ said Fabius; and the decision was greeted by the short-sighted acclamations of the masses.
13.adficiuntur: historical Present.
15.in Hispāniam: cf.Rōmam, Ch. 2.
16.Ti. Semprōnius: sc.Longus.
17.Alpēs: there is a disagreement as to the pass by which Hannibal entered Italy. Probably he crossed by the Little St. Bernard pass, and came into Italy near the present town of Aosta. Creighton, p. 41;Rome and Carthage, p. 118.
19.LXXX mīlia peditum: the number of the forces of Hannibal given here is taken from L. Cincius Alimentus, a Roman annalist. He was captured by Hannibal, and so had excellent opportunities for gaining information.
21.Semprōnius Gracchus: a mistake of Eutropius. It was Ti. Sempronius Longus. In the next chapter it should beSemprōnius Longusinstead ofSemprōnius Gracchus.
23.P. Cornēlius Scīpiō: at the beginning of the war he set out for Spain, Ch. 8, but finding that Hannibal had already left and was on his way to Italy, he went to Gaul to encounter the Carthaginian before he should cross the Alps. Hannibal was too quick for him. Scipio returned to Italy and awaited the arrival of the Carthaginians in Cisalpine Gaul. Near the river Ticinus, one of the northern tributaries of the Po, the first engagement of the war took place. The Romans were defeated; Scipio received a severe wound, and was only saved from death by the courage of his son Publius, the future conqueror of Hannibal. P. Scipio and his brother Gnaeus were killed in Spain, Ch. 14.Rome and Carthage, p. 127; Creighton, p. 43.
1.apud Trebiam amnem: the Trebia is a small stream flowing into the Po from the south. For an account of the battle seeRome and Carthage, p. 130; Creighton, p. 43.
2.multī … dēdidērunt: it was Hannibal’s policy to encourage the communities subject to Rome to revolt and to attach themselves to his standard. Everywhere he proclaimed himself to be the ‘Liberator of Italy.’
3.Flāminiō … occurrit: this battle took place in the following year, 217B.C.Hannibal wintered in the plains of Lombardy, and at the approach of spring attempted to cross the Apennines. He was driven back by a violent storm, and wasforced to return to his winter quarters. Later in the year he passed the mountains and marched into Etruria, where he was met by the Romans under Flaminius, who had been elected consul for that year, in the battle of Lake Trasimenus, in which the Romans were utterly defeated, and almost the whole force was annihilated.Rome and Carthage, p. 138; Creighton, p. 43.
6.Q. Fabius Māximus: was the great-grandson of the Q. Fabius Maximus mentioned in Bk. II, 8, and grandson of the Q. Fabius mentioned in Bk. II, 9. He was one of the greatest generals of Rome. He was chosen dictator in 217B.C., after the battle of Lake Trasimenus. The policy he adopted is well known. By following Hannibal from place to place, by watching for any error or neglect on his part and immediately taking advantage of it, and by avoiding a general engagement, he earned for himself the name of Cunctator, ‘delayer,’ but he saved the state. In 215B.C.he was elected consul again, and again employed the same tactics. In 210B.C., when he was consul for the fifth time, he recaptured Tarentum by stratagem (Ch. 16). He opposed the sending of Scipio to Africa, saying that Italy ought to be rid of Hannibal first.
eum … frēgit＝ab impetū eum prohibuit; ‘prevented him from attacking in force.’
differendō pūgnam: ‘by postponing battle’:i.e.by avoiding a decisive engagement.