Bave: the fluid silk as it is spun by caterpillars.
Beak: any notable prolongation of the front of the head: the snout in Rhynchophora: specifically, the jointed structure covering the lancets in the hemipterous mouth.
Bearded: fringed with hair: see barbated.
Belly: venter; under side of abdomen.
Belonoid: needle-like.
Bi: prefix, means two.
Bi-alar: two-winged; applied to Diptera.
Biarcuate: twice curved.
Biareolate: with two cells or areoles: see bilocular.
Bicaudate: having two tails or anal processes.
Bicolored: with two colors that contrast to some extent.
Bicornute: with two horns or cephalic processes.
Bicuspidate: ending in two points or cusps.
Bidactylate: with two fingers or finger-like processes.
Bidentate: two-toothed.
Biemarginate: twice emarginate; with two excisions.
Bifarious: pointing in opposite directions.
Bifasciate: with two bands or fascia.
Bifid: divided into two parts; split; applied in Coleoptera to tarsal claws which are divided so that the claws lie side by side: see biparted.
Biflabellate: antennae with fan-like process on two sides.
Bifurcate: divided, not over half its length, into two dull points; forked.
Bifurcation: a forking or division into two: the point at which a forking occurs.
Biguttate: with two drop-like spots.
Bijugum: in two pairs.
Bilamellar: divided into two lamina or plates.
Bilateral -eriter: with two equal or symmetrical sides.
Biliary vessels: see malpighian tubules.
Bilineate -us: with two lines.
Bilobate -ed: divided into two lobes.
Binocular: having two cells or compartments: see biareolate.
Bimaculate: with two spots or maculae.
Binate: in pairs: consisting of a single pair.
Binotate: with two rounded spots.
Binus: paired: doubled.
Biogenesis: the production of life from antecedent life.
Biomorphotica: those neuropterous insects in which the pupa is active.
Bionomics: the habits, breeding and adaptations of living forms.
Biophore: an ultimate constituent of germ plasm or hereditary substance.
Bioplasm: formative living matter.
Biparted: profoundly divided into two parts: see bifid.
Bipectinate: antennae having comb-like teeth or processes on Beach side of each joint.
Bipupillate: an ocellate spot with two pupils, of the same or different in color.
Biradiate: consisting of, or with two rays or spokes.
Biramose -ous: having two branches or doubled appendages.
Biseriately: arranged in double rows or series.
Biserrate: doubly saw-toothed; with a saw tooth on each side of each antennal joint.
Bisetose -ous: with two bristle-like or setaceous appendages.
Bisinuate: a margin or line with two sinuations or incisions.
Bituberculate: with two distinct tubercles.
Biuncinnate: with two hooks.
Bivalve -ed: applied to mouth parts consisting of two parts or valves united to form a tube.
Bivittate: with two longitudinal stripes or vittae.
Blade: of maxilla, see lacinia.
Blastem: a nucleated protoplasmic layer preceding the blastoderm.
Blastoderm: the germinal membrane from which the organs of the embryo are formed.
Blastodermic cells: are those forming the blastoderm.
Blastogenic: relating to or inherent in the germ or blast.
Blastophore: the primitive mouth of the embryo.
Blind: without eyes: applied also to an ocellate spot without a pupil.
Bloom: a fine violet dusting similar to that on plums. {Scanner's note: See Pruinous.}
Blotch: a large irregular spot or mark: large whitish membrane between abdomen and thorax in certain saw-flies.
Blunt: not sharp; obtuse at the edge or tip.
Body: the trunk: usually applied to the thorax only; rarely to the abdomen alone; sometimes to thorax and abdomen combined.
Bombifrons: front of head with a blister-like protuberance.
Bombous: blister-like; spherically enlarged or dilated.
Bombycinous: a very pale yellow like fresh spun silk.
Boreal: from or belonging to the north: is that faunal region that extends from the polar sea southward to near the northern boundary of the United States and farther south occupies a narrow strip along the Pacific Coast and the higher parts of the Sierra-Cascade, Rocky and Alleghany Mountain ranges; divided into Arctic, Hudsonian and Canadian: see austral and tropical.
Borer: applied to an insect or larva that burrows or makes channels in woody or other vegetable tissue.
Botryoidal: clustered like a bunch of grapes.
Bouclier: the pronotum, q.v.
Bouton: a button; the terminal lappet-like process at the tip of the ligula in bees: = spoon.
Brachelytra: with abbreviated wing covers or elytra.
Brachia: the arms: has been applied to raptorial fore-legs.
Brachial: relating to an arm; arm-like.
Brachial cells: Hymenoptera; 1st (Nort.), = costal and subcostal (Comst.) 2d (Nort.), = medial (Comst.); 3d (Nort.), = cubital (Comst.); 4th (Nort.), = 2d anal (Comst.).
Brachial veins: of primaries in Hymenoptera, originate at base, run parallel to inner edge toward anal angle; often connected with the cubital cellules by means of recurrent venules.
Brachium: the fore tibia.
Brachycerous: Diptera; with short, 3-jointed antennae.
Brachypterous: with short or abbreviated wings.
Brachyostomata: brachycerous Diptera with short proboscis.
Brain: that ganglion of the nervous system which lies in the head above the oesophagus; formed of the first three primitive ganglia: see supra-oesophageal.
Branchiae: air tubes or gill-like processes of aquatic larva;.
Branchial: relating to the gills or branchiae.
Branchiate: supplied with gills or bronchia.
Brassy: yellow, with the lustre of metallic brass.
Breast: the under surface of thorax or sternum.
Breast-bone: in Cecidomyid larvae; a horny, more or less elongate process of the under side behind the mouth opening, supposed to represent the labium = anchor process.
Breathing pores: see spiracle.
Brevis: short.
Brides: Homoptera; two pieces on the face, one each side of clypeus and lower part of front.
Bridge: Odonata; a secondary longitudinal vein connecting the radial sector (Comst.) with Mi + 2, apparently forming a continuous part of the radial sector; it is the proximal portion of the subnodal sector of de Selys and Hagen.
Bridge cross veins: Odonata; those cross veins, one or more in number, extending between M1 + 2 and the bridge (in de Selys between principal and subnodal sectors) proximal to the oblique vein.
Brin: the fluid silk thread from each salivary gland.
Bristle: a stiff hair, usually short and blunt.
Broken: interrupted in continuity; as a line or band.
Bronze: the color of old brass.
Brood: all the specimens that hatch at about one time, from eggs laid by one series of parents and which normally mature at about the same time.
Brunneus: a pure reddish dark brown [indian red].
Brush-like: antennae with the joints laterally produced and tufted with short hair or bristles: see barbated.
Buccal: relating to the mouth cavity; rarely to the cheeks.
Buccal appendages: the mouth parts excluding the labrum: see trophi. Buccal cavity: the mouth: = oral cavity.
Buccal fissure: the mouth slit or opening: the opening on each side of the mentum.
Buccate: blown up, distended; especially the cheeks.
Bucculae: little cheeks or distended areas.
Budding: applied to that form of agamic reproduction found in plant lice.
Bulla: a blister or blister-like structure: the shield-like sclerite that closes the opening to the trachea in lamellicorn larvae: in Ephemerida a part of the costal area of the fore wing toward the tip, which is slightly swollen forward and furnished with more cross veins than elsewhere; practically the stigma, q.v.
Bullate: blistered.
Bullule: a small blister.
Bursa: a pouch or sac: a wing pouch in male caddice flies and in connection with a stalked hair pencil.
Bursa copulatrix: the copulatory pouch of the female in some orders; a modification of the vagina.
C
Caducous-us: deciduous; easily detached or shed.
Caecal tubes or pouches: sac, or blind tube-like structures surrounding the chylific ventricle at its junction with the crop, and secreting a digestive ferment.
Caecum: a blind sac or tube-like structure serving as one of the caecal tubes or pouches: see coecum.
Caelate: a surface with plane elevations of varying forms.
Caeruleus -eous: light sky-blue [between lavender and cobalt blue] = coeruleus.
Caerulescent: with a tinge of sky-blue.
Caesius -eous: a pale dull blue-gray [blue-gray].
Caespiticolous: frequenting or living in grassy pastures or lawns.
Calathiform: shaped like a deep bowl.
Calcar -ium; pl. ia: a movable spur or spine-like process: specifically the spines at the apex of a tibia.
Calcarate -us: with a movable spur or spine-like process.
Caliciform: shaped like a cup or calyx.
Calipers: the anal forceps in Dermaptera.
Calli axillary: Odonata; thickenings at the bases of the wings; distinguished as anterior at the base of the costa, and posterior at the base of radius + medius and cubitus: = axillary calli.
Callosity: a thick swollen lump, harder than its surroundings: = callous: also a rather flattened elevation not necessarily harder than the surrounding tissue.
Callous: see callosity.
Callus: a small callosity.
Caltrops spines: the branched and otherwise specialized irritating spines in Limacodid larvae.
Calva: a skull-cap: = epicranium, q.v.
Calx: the distal end of the tibia; the curving basal portion of the first tarsal joint.
Calyculate: applied to antennae, whose cup-shaped joints are so arranged as to fit one into the other.
Calypter: Diptera; the alula or squama when it covers the haltere.
Calyptra: a hood or cap; see alula.
Calyptrate: those flies that have aluke or membranous scales above the halteres.
Calyx: the cap or crown of the mushroom bodies of the procerebrum: see also egg-calyx.
Campanulate: bell-shaped: more or less ventricose at the base and a little recurved at the margin.
Campestral: applied to species inhabiting open fields.
Campodeiform: applied to larval forms which, in their early stages at least, resemble Campodea: = leptitorm.
Canadian zone: is that part of the boreal region comprising the southern part of the great transcontinental coniferous forests of Canada, the northern parts of Maine, New Hampshire and Michigan, and a strip along the Pacific Coast reaching south to Cape Mendocino and the greater part of the high mountains of the United States and Mexico. In the east covers Green. Adirondack and Catskill Mountains and the higher mountains of Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Virginia, western North Carolina and eastern Tennessee. In the Rockies extends continuously from British Columbia to western Wyoming and in the Cascades from British Columbia to southern Oregon with a narrow interruption along the Columbia River.
Canaliculate: channelled; longitudinally grooved, with a deeper concave line in the middle.
Cancellate: cross-barred: latticed: with longitudinal lines decussate by transverse lines.
Canescent: hoary, with more white than gray.
Canine teeth: applied to the sharp and conical teeth of mandibles in predatory species: = dentes caninae.
Cantharidin: the substance that gives the meloid beetles their blistering power composition, C10H12O4 (von Furth).
Canthus: the chitinous process more or less completely dividing the eyes of some insects into an upper and lower half.
Canus: see canescent.
Capillaceous: capilla or hair-like.
Capillaris: a very slender, hair-like tube.
Capillary: long and slender like a hair: antennae in which the joints are long, slender and loosely articulated.
Capillate -us: clothed with long slender hair; = coryphatus.
Capillii: hairs of the head that form a cap as in certain Trichoptera and Tineid Lepidoptera.
Capillitium: the hood-like collar in some Noctuid moths, e.g. Cucullia: see cucullus.
Capitate: with a head: that type of clavate antenna in which the club is abruptly enlarged at tip and forms a spherical mass.
Capitulum: a small head: the enlarged tip of an antenna: the little knob at tip of halteres in Diptera: the labella or lapping tip of the mouth of certain flies.
Capricorn beetle: a Cerambycid or long horned beetle.
Caprification: is that method or process through which the Smyrna figs are fertilized by Blastophaga throughthe medium of wild, inedible or "caprifigs."
Capsular: in the form of a capsule or little cup-like container.
Caput: the head with all its appendages.
Capylus: a hump on the Tupper side of the segments of many larva.
Carabidoid: applied to the second stage of a meloid larva, when it resembles that of a Carabid.
Carbonarius: coal black.
Cardia: the gizzard; q.v.: also applied to the heart.
Cardiac: belonging or relating to the heart.
Cardiac valvule: see oesophageal valve.
Cardinal cell: Odonata; see triangle.
Cardioblasts: a string or row of cells in the embryo giving rise to the heart or dorsal vessel.
Cardio-coelom: that part of the coelom that forms the pericardium.
Cardio-coelomic: applied to the venous openings from the heart to the body cavity.
Cardo, pl. Cardines: the hinge or basal sclerite of the maxilla by means of which it is jointed to the head.
Carina -ae: an elevated ridge or keel, not necessarily high or acute. Carinate: a surface having carinae.
Carinula -ae: a little carina or keel-like ridge; specifically, the longitudinal elevation on the middle of snout in Rhynchophora.
Carinulate: a surface with small and rather numerous carinae.
Cariose -ous: corroded; appearing as if worm-eaten.
Carminate -ed: mixed or tinged with carmine.
Carneous -eus: flesh-colored [salmon with a little carmine].
Carnivorous: a feeder upon flesh food.
Cariose -us: of a soft, fleshy substance.
Carolinian faunal area: that area of the upper austral zone comprising the larger part of the Middle States (except the mountains), s. e. So. Dakota, east. Nebraska, Kansas and part of Oklahoma; nearly all of Iowa, Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Maryland and Delaware; more than half of West Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee and New Jersey and large areas in Alabama, Georgia, the Carolinas, Virginia, Pennsylvania, New York, Michigan and South Ontario: extends along Atlantic Coast from near mouth of Chesapeake Bay to Southern Connecticut and sends narrow arms up the valleys of the Hudson and Connecticut. A narrow arm follows the east shore of Lake Michigan to Grand Traverse Bay.
Carpus: the pterostigma of Odonata: the extremity of the radius and cubitus of the primaries: that point in the wings at which they are tratsversely folded.
Cartilaginous: of the consistency of cartilage or gristle.
Caruncle: a soft, naked, fleshy excrescence or protuberance.
Caryophylleous: nut or clove brown [Indian red].
Castaneous: chestnut brown; bright red-brown [dragon's blood with a slight admixture of vermilion].
Castes: the various forms or kinds of matured individuals among social insects as workers, soldiers, queens, etc.
Cataphracted: invested with a hard callous skin, or with scales closely united. Catch: in Collembola, = tenaculum, q.v.
Catenate: with longitudinal connected elevations like links in a chain.
Catenulate: like catenate; but the links are smaller.
Caterpillar: the term applied to the larvae of Lepidoptera.
Catervatum: by heaps.
Caudal: the tail: any process resembling a tail: the pointed end of the abdomen in plant lice: any extension of the anal segment or appendage terminating the abdomen.
Caudad: toward the posterior end of the body, along the median line.
Caudal: pertaining to the posterior or anal extremity.
Caudal setae: long, thread-like processes at the end of the abdomen in many europterous and some other insects; = anal filaments.
Caudate: with tail-like extensions or processes.
Caudo-cephalic: in a line from the head to the tail.
Caudo-dorsad: directed upward and toward the tail.
Caudula -ae: a little tail.
Caul: the fatty mass of larvae from which the organs of the future adult were supposed to develop: = epiploon.
Cauliculus: the larger of the two stalks supporting the calyx of the mushroom body.
Caulis: the funicle of antenna: the corneous basal part of jaws.
Cavate: hollowed out; cave-like.
Cavernicolous: cave-inhabiting.
Cavernous: divided into small spaces or little caverns.
Cavity -as: a hollow space or opening.
Cecidium: a gall.
Cell: any space between or bounded by veins: in the Comstock system the cells derive their names from the vein forming the Tupper margin: e.g. all just below the radius are radial cells; and they are numbered from the base outward, as radial 1, 2, etc.: the living unit; protoplasm differentiated into cytoplasm and nucleus, from which units all but the lowest plants and animals are developed by division and consequent increase into a multicellular condition: a compartment or division of a nest or honey-comb.
Cellule: a portion of a wing included between veins; usually applied to a small area completely inclosed, rarely to interspaces where no closed area is formed.
Cenchrus -rib: minute, often white marks, or membranous spaces on the metanotum of some Hymenoptera.
Cenogonous: producing young at one time oviparously, at another viviparously as in plant-lice.
Centimeter: abb. Cm.: = .01 meter = .394 inch; 2.54 Cm. = one inch.
Centrad: toward the centre or interior.
Central foveola: see median foveola.
Centrolecithal: applied to eggs in which the food yolk is central.
Centrosome: a spherical body that appears outside the nucleus of a cell.
Cephalad: toward the head, along the central line of the body.
Cephalic: belonging or attached to the head; directed toward the head.
Cephalic bristles: Diptera; specialized bristles occurring on the head.
Cephalic foramen: the posterior or occipital foramen of head through which the dorsal vessel, oesophagus, salivary ducts and ventral nerve cords pass from head to prothorax.
Cephalization: concentration toward the head.
Cephalomere: one of the head segments of an arthropod.
Cephalophragm: a v-shaped partition which divides the head of some Orthoptera, into an anterior and posterior chamber.
Cephalon: the head.
Cephalosome: the head as one of the three regions.
Cephalotheca: the head covering in the pupal stage.
Cephalotheca: the united head and thorax of arachnids and crustacea {Scanner's note: nowadays this term is used little if at all. It does not seem ever to have been popular. Instead the terms cephalothorax or prosoma are widely used.} : that portion of an obtect pupa covering head and thorax: the anterior segments of larva that have no obviously separated head.
Cerago: bee-bread.
Ceratheca or Ceratotheca: that portion of the pupal shell that envelops the antenna.
Cerci: two lateral anal appendages; usually short, jointed, antenna- like, developed from the eleventh abdominal segment of the embryo; sometimes unjointed and specialized into forceps or other processes.
Cercopoda: jointed foot-like appendages of the last abdominal segment; also applied like cerci.
Cercus: see cerci.
Cerebellum: has been applied to the sub-esophageal ganglion.
Cerebrum: the supra-oesophageal ganglion.
Cernuous: bent: with the apex bent downward.
Cervical: relating or belonging to the neck.
Cervical foramen: in coleopterous larvae - occipital foramen.
Cervical sclerites: small ebitinous plates on the membrane between head and thorax: see jugular sclerites.
Cervical shield: the ebitinous plate on the prothorax of caterpillars just behind the head: = prothorax shield.
Cerviculate: with a long neck or neck-like portion.
Ceryinus: reddish, deer-gray [pale cadmium yellow and Indian red].
Cervix: the upper part of the neck; = crag: in Diptera; that part of the occiput lying over the junction of the head, i.e. between the vertex and neck.
Cespitose: matted together.
Chaetophorous: applied to bristle-bearing flies.
Chaetotaxy: the science dealing with the arrangement and nomenclature of the bristles on the body of insects.
Chagrined: see shagreened.
Chalastrogastra: the saw-flies: a group of Hymenoptera.
Chalceous: brassy in color or appearance.
Chalybeate: steely in appearance.
Chalybeous: metallic steel blue.
Channelled: a surface, with deep grooves or channels.
Chaperon: =clypeus or clypeus anterior.
Chaplet: a little crown; a circle of hooks or other small processes terminating a member or appendage.
Character: a quality of form, color or structure.
Cheek: see gena.
Chela: the terminal portion of a limb bearing a lateral movable claw like that of a crab; specifically applied to the feet in some Parasitica in which the opposable claw forms a clasping structure.
Chelate: bearing a cheat or claw; applied when claws are capable of being drawn down or back upon the last tarsal joint.
Chiasma: an X-like crossing of nerve fibers.
Chirotype: a specimen upon which a manuscript name is based.
Chitin: the material forming the hard parts of the insect body; it is a secretion (or a metamorphosis?) of the epidermis, differing from horn by its insolubility in boiling liquor potassae: = elytra, entomolin.
Chitinogenous: applied to that layer of epidermal cells which secretes the chitin.
Chitinization: the process of depositing or filling with chitin.
Chitinized: filled in with or hardened by chitin.
Chitinous: composed of chitine {Scanner's comment: sic} or like it in texture: as a color term is amber yellow.
Chlorophane: an oily, greenish yellow pigment found in insects.
Chlorophyll: the green coloring matter of plants; one of the substances found in the blood of insects.
Chordotonal: responsive to vibrations; applied to the ear-like structures in Orthoptera,.
Chorion: the shell or covering membrane of an insect egg.
Chromatin: the minute granules that make up the chromoplasm of a cell nucleus.
Chromosome: one of the segments into which the chromoplasmic filaments of a cell nucleus breaks up just before indirect division.
Chrysalis or -id: applied specifically to the intermedial stage between larva and adult in butterflies: see pupa.
Chrysargyrus: silvery gilt.
Chyle: the food-mass after it has passed through the guard and is mixed with the secretions of the salivary glands and caecal structures, ready to be assimilated.
Chylific ventricle: the true stomach in which the chyle is prepared and digestion begins.
Cibarian: referring to the mouth parts.
Cicatricose: a surface having scars with elevated margins like those of small-pox.
Cicatrix: a scar: an elevated, rigid spot.
Cilia: fringes; series of moderate or thin hair arranged in tufts or single lines; thin scattered hair on a surface or margin.
Ciliate: fringed: set with even, parallel hairs or soft bristles.
Cilium, pl. Cilia: q.v.
Cimicine: an oily fluid of disagreeable odor secreted by certain Heteroptera and used as a means of defense.
Cimier: the head crest in Pierid chrysalids.
Cinetus: with a colored band:= cingulatus.
Cinereous: ash-colored; gray tinged with blackish [ultra ash gray]. Cinerescent: ashen in color or appearance.
Cingula -um: a colored band or bands.
Circulate -us: having a cingulum or collar: see also cinetus.
Cinnabarine: [vermilion red].
Cinnamomeous: cinnamon brown [burnt sienna].
Cinema: see Thysanura, of which this forms a group including the bristle-tails, and for which it has been used as an equivalent.
Circinal: spirally rolled like a watch-spring or a butterfly tongue.
Circiter: about, or round-about.
Circular: round like a circle.
Circumgenital glands: small circular glands with an excretory orifice at tip, disposed in groups about the genital orifice in Diaspinae.
Circumoesophageal commissures: those cords or nerve fibres connecting the suboesophageal ganglion with the main trunk of nervous system.
Circumsepted: with a vein all around the wing.
Citrate: antennae with very long, curled lateral branches which may or may not be ciliated; see plumose.
Cirrose -us: with somewhat dense curled hair.
Cirrus: a curled lock of hair placed on a thin stalk.
Citrine -us: lemon yellow [chrome yellow].
Cladocerous: with branched horns or antennae.
Clasper: a chitinized process, free or attached to the inner sides of harpes, valves or other lateral pieces, serving to hold the female parts during copulation: = the harpers of some authors.
Claspette: in genitalia of male culicids, the inner basal lobe of side piece; q.v.
Clasp-filament: in male genitalia of culicids the articulated appendage or terminal segment of side-piece or clasp; sometimes bears an articulated point or apex and then = articulated apex.
Class: a division of the animal kingdom lower than a sub-kingdom and higher than an order: e.g. the "Class Insecta."
Classification: is the systematic arrangement of insects (or other animals or plants) in series showing their relation or agreement in structure, life habits or other characters forming the basis of the "classification."
Clathrate: latticed or lattice-like in appearance.
Claustrum: the structure uniting the wings in flight, whether by hooks, by a thickening of the margin, or by a jugum.
Clava: a club; the enlarged apical joints of a clubbed antenna: = clavola.
Claval suture: Hemiptera; at the base of hemelytra, separating the clavus.
Clavate: clubbed: thickening gradually toward the tip.
Clavate hairs: in Collembola, = tenent hairs.
Clavicornia: that series of beetles having the antennae more or less distinctly enlarged or clubbed at tip.
Clavicular lobe: Homoptera; that portion of hind wing behind anal veins.
Claviform: club-like in form; specifically, in Noctuid moths an elongate spot or mark extending from the t. a. line through the submedian interspace, toward and sometimes to the t.p. line.
Clavola: see clava.
Clavus: the club of an antenna lava and clavola: in Heteroptera, the oblong sclerite at the base of the inferior margin of the hemelytra: the knob at the end of the stigmal or radial veins in certain Hymenoptera.
Claws: the claw or hook-like structures at the end of the foot or tarsus.
Cleavage: see segmentation of egg.
Cleft: split: partly divided, longitudinally: in Coleopteran applied to claws so divided that the parts lie one above the other.
Clintheriform: shaped like a plate. Cloaca: see rectum.
Clubbed: see clavate.
Clypeal suture: marks the division between clypeus and epicranium.
Clypeate: shield-like in form.
Clypeate constriction: applied when a surface is drawn in from the sides so as to produce a shield or saddle-like form.
Clypeo-frontal suture: = clypeal suture.
Clypeus: that portion of the head before or below the front, to which the labrum is attached anteriorly; in Diptera often visible below the margin of the mouth in front, as a more or less visor-shaped piece:= epistoma.
Clypeus-anterior: see ante-clypeus.
Clypeus posterior: see post-clypeus.
Coactus: condensed; of a short stout form.
Coadapted: formed so as to work together to one end; as the mandible and maxilla in Chrysopids, etc.
Coadunate: joined together at base; two or more joined together; said of elytra when permanently united at the suture.
Coagulate: to congeal; to change from a fluid to a jelly.
Coagulum: a clotted mass, as of blood.
Coalescent: united or grown together.
Coarctate: contracted: compacted: applied to that form of pupa in which all the members of the future adult are concealed by a thickened, usually cylindric case or covering, which is often the hardened skin of the larva: beginning with a narrow base, then dilated and thickened.
Cocardes: retractile vesicular bodies on each side of the thorax in certain Malachidae.
Coccineous: cochineal red; dark red [carmine].
Cochleiformis: formed like a snail shell.
Cochleate: spirally twisted like a screw or a univalve shell.
Cocoon: a covering, composed partly or wholly of silk or other viscid fibre, spun or constructed by many larvae as a protection to the pupa.
Cocoon-breaker: structures or processes of the pupa, often on the head, by means of which it works its way out of the cocoon.
Coecal: ending blindly, or in a closed tube or pouch.
Coecum: a blind sac or tube: applied to a series of appendages opening into the alimentary canal at the junction of the gizzard and chylific ventricle: see caecum; the two are used interchangeably.
Coeloblast: the endoderm in the narrower sense.
Coelom: the body cavity.
Coelomic cavity: the space between the viscera and the body wall.
Coelom-sac: the cavity containing the viscera: in embryology one of a pair of closed sacs, arising in the mesoderm of each segment of the embryo and giving rise to more or less of the coelom of the adult.
Coenogonous: oviparous at one season of the year, ovoviviparous at another, as in Aphididae.
Coeruleus -eous: sky-blue: see caeruleus.
Coincident: when two wing veins run together or lie, one in continuation of the other so as to appear like one.
Coleoptera: sheath-winged: an order with the primaries coriaceous, used as a cover only, meeting in a straight line dorsally; mouth mandibulate; pro-thorax free; transformation complete: the beetles: the term has also been applied to the two elytra together.
Collar: in general any structure between the head and thorax: specifically, in Hymenoptera, the neck; in Diptera, may mean the neck, the sclerites attached to the thorax, the thorax itself, or its processes (ante furca): in Coleoptera, is the narrowed thorax; in Lepidoptera, applied to the sclerites attached to the thorax and which shield the neck.
Collembola: an ordinal term applied to species which are apterous; have no metamorphoses; have variably developed abdominal saltatorial appendages and a peculiar ventral tube at base: the spring-tails.
Colleterial gland: see Colleterium.
Colleterium: a glandular structure accessory to the oviduct, secreting the viscid material used in cementing the eggs together.
Collophore: the sucker-like organ extended from the underside of the abdomen in Collembola.
Collum: the neck or collar: the slender connection between head and thorax in Hymenoptera and Diptera; in Coleoptera, the posterior, narrow part of the head or even the thorax: loosely used.
Colon: the large intestine; that usually enlarged portion of the alimentary canal before the rectum.
Columella: a little rod, pillar or central axis.
Columnar: cylindric, but tapering toward one end.
Comate -us: only the upper part of head, or vertex, covered with hair. Commensal: one who eats at another's table: applied to species that feed on the surplus supply of another, without destroying the owner of the supply.
Commensalism: applied to this manner of living and eating together.
Comminute: to grind up fine: to reduce to minute particles.
Commissure: the nerves connecting two ganglia: the point of meeting or union of two bodies: a bridge connecting two bodies or structures; e.g. tracheal tubes.
Common: of frequent occurrence: occurring on two adjacent parts: a band or fascia is common when it crosses both primaries and secondaries.
Communal: applied to life or dwelling in colonies like ants and bees.
Comose: ending in a tuft or brush.
Complanate: compressed: flattened above and below: = deplanate.
Complemental: applied to sexed forms in the Termitidae, capable of reproduction, but which do not reach the winged stage; the females are less fertile than the forms that become winged and several may be used in one nest to replace a lost queen or mature female.
Complicant: when one elytron extends over the other and partially covers it.
Complicate: longitudinally laid in folds: intricate as opposed to simple.
Component: one part of a combined whole.
Compound: made up of many similar or dissimilar parts.
Compressed: flattened laterally.
Concatenate: linked together in a chain-like series.
Concave: hollowed out; the interior of a sphere as opposed to the outer or convex surface: concave veins are those that occupy the bottoms of troughs or grooves on the upper surface of a wing; see convex veins.
Concavo-convex: hollowed out or concave on one surface, rounded or convex on the other; like a small segment of a hollow sphere.
Concentrated: gathered together at one point; intensified or strengthened by evaporation.
Conchate: applied to the shell-like inflation of the auricle in the cephalic tibia of Orthoptera.
Concinne: neat; fine.
Concolorous: of the same general color.
Concretion: a massing together of parts or particles.
Concurrent: applied to a vein which arises separately, runs into another and does-not again separate.
Conduplicate: doubled or folded together.
Condyle: a process which articulates the base of the mandible to the head: in general any process by means of which an appendage is articulated into a pan or cavity.
Confertim: closely clustered or crowded.
Conflect: crowded; clustered; opposed to sparse.
Confluent: running together; as of two macula when united in one outline.
Confused: a marking with indefinite outlines: a running together as of lines and spots without definite pattern.
Congener: a species belonging to the same genus.
Congeneric: applied to a species agreeing in all characters of generic value with others compared with it.
Congested: heaped together; crowded: distended.
Conglobate: gathered together in a ball or sphere.
Conglobate gland: a glandular appendage of male sexual organs in Orthoptera, opening upon one of the external structures.
Conglomerate: congregated; massed together.
Conic -al: cylindrical, with a flat base, tapering to a point.
Conico-acuminate: in the form of a long, pointed cone.
Coniferous: a surface which bears cone-like processes.
Conjugate: to bring together in pairs: consisting of a single pair. Conjugation: the union of pairs; usually applied to the merging of the male and female elements.
Conjunctiva: the membrane uniting the abdominal sclerites.
Conjunctivus: a mandibular sclerite between the molar and basalis.
Conjunctura: the articulation of a wing to the thorax.
Connate: united at base, or along the whole length.
Connexivum: the prominent abdominal margin of Het., at junction of dorsal and ventral plates: also used like pulmonarium, q.v.
Connivent: converging: approaching together: wings so folded in repose that they unite perfectly at their corresponding margins.
Consperse: irregularly dotted or sprinkled.
Conspicuous: striking: easily seen at a glance.
Conspurcatus: confusedly sprinkled with discolored or dark spots.
Constituent: a part or element of a whole.
Constricted: drawn in: narrowed medially and dilated toward the extremities.
Contiguous: so near together as to touch.
Contorted: twisted: obliquely incumbent upon each other.
Contour: the outline or periphery.
Contract -ed: to draw or drawn together: to reduce, or reduced in size by contraction.
Contractile: that which may be drawn together or contracted or which has the power of contracting.
Contrasting: appearing in sharp relief or contrast; as one color or marking against another.
Converging: approaching each other toward the tip.
Convergence: the approaching or drawing together at tips.
Convex: the outer curved surface of a segment of a sphere; opposed to concave: convex veins are those which occupy the summits of ridges on the upper surface of - wing; see concave veins.
Convolute: rolled or twisted spirally: also applied to wings when they are wrapped around the body.
Coprophagus: feeding on excrement or on decaying vegetable matter of an excrementitious character.
Copula, Copulation: the act of sexual union.
Copulate: to unite in sexual intercourse.
Copulation chamber: a chamber or cell excavated by certain Scolytid beetles in their burrows, in which copulation takes place: = rammel-kammer.
Coralline: a pale pinkish red [salmon].
Corbel: an ovate area at the distal end of the tibia in Coleoptera, surrounded by a fringe of minute bristles; when the articular cavity is on the side, above the tip, the corbel is closed; when the cavity is at the extreme tip, the corbel is open.
Corbicula -um: a concave, smooth space, edged by a fringe of hairs arising from the margins of the posterior tibiae in bees, forming the pollen basket its function is to hold the collected pollen in place.
Corbiculate: having corbicula.
Cordate: heart-shaped; triangular, with the corners of the base rounded: not necessarily emarginate at the middle of base.
Cordiform: = cordate.
Coriaceo-reticulate: with impressed reticulations giving a leather-like appearance.
Coriaceous: leather-like: thick, tough and somewhat rigid.
Coriarious: leather-like in sculpture or texture.
Corium: the elongate middle section of the hemelytra which extends from base to membrane below the embolium.
Cornea: the outer surface of the compound eye as a whole, and of each individual facet.
Corneal lenses: are the individual lens-like structures of which the cornea of the compound eye is composed.
Corneous: of a horny or chitinous substance; resembling horn in texture.
Cornicles: the honey tubes in plant-lice: = corniculus.
Corniculi: the little horny tips or pieces of the ovipositor in Orthoptera; see valves.
Corniculus -i: = cornicles; honey-tubes; q.v.
Corniform: like the horn of an ox: a long, mucronate or pointed process.
Cornute -us: having horns or horn-like processes.
Corona: a crown or crown-like processes.
Coronate: with a crown-like tip or termination.
Coronet: a small crown or corona.
Coronula: a circle or semicircle of spines at the apex of the tibia.
Corpus: the body as a whole.
Corpus adiposum: the mass of fat tissue often found in larvae.
Corpuscle: a small cell; usually applied to blood cells.
Correlate: to bring together into relation or correspondence.
Correlated: derived from the same ancestral form: said of two or more features or qualities which bear a direct or an inverse relation to each other, but without implying a relation of cause and effect.
Correlative: of a correlated nature; see correlated.
Corrode: to eat away gradually, as by rust or decay.
Corrodentia: an ordinal term meaning gnawers: net-veined or wingless: mandibulate, mouth formed for gnawing; transformation incomplete; thorax incompletely agglutinated: = Psocoptera: includes Termitidae, Psocidae and Mallophaga. {Scanner's comment: These four groups are now placed in totally separate orders, and not families as these names imply}
Corrugated: wrinkled; with alternate ridges and channels.
Corselet: the thorax in Coleoptera.
Cortical: relating to the cortex or outer skin.
Corticinus: bark-like in sculpture, texture or color [vandyke brown].
Corvinus: crow-black; deep, shining black with a greenish lustre.
Coryphatus: = capillatus.
Corysterium: an abdominal glandular structure in certain females, secreting a glutinous covering for the eggs.
Cosmopolitan: species that occur throughout most of the world.
Cosmotropical: species that occur throughout the tropics.
Costa: any elevated ridge that is rounded at its crest: the thickened anterior margin of any wing, but usually the primaries: in Comstock, the vein extending along the anterior margin of the wing from base to the point of junction with subcosta.
Costal area: the area behind costal vein; see also, costal field.
Costal cell: the area inclosed between the costal and subcostal veins: in the plural, Comstock, are all the cells anteriorly margined by the costa; in Hymenoptera (Norton), includes the 1st, 2d and subcostal; of Packard, the 3d costal = 2d radial 1, and radial 2: in Diptera (Will.), it is the 2d costal.
Costal field: Orthoptera; that region of the tegmina adjacent to the anterior margin or costa: = anterior field.
Costal fold: in the males of some Hesperidae, a membranous flap that may be opened to expose the androconia.
Costal margin: the anterior margin of a wing whether it is really costate or not.
Costal membrane: Hymenoptera; the surface of wing in front of costal vein.
Costal vein: Lepidoptera; runs close to and parallel with the costal margin, extending from base to the margin before the apex; always simple and often absent in the secondaries; is vein 12 of the numerical series on primaries; vein 8 on secondaries: = subcosta (Comst.).
Costate: ribbed; marked with elevated thickened lines.
Costula: Hymenoptera; a small ridge separating the externo-median meta-thoracic area into two parts.
Costulatus: less prominently ribbed than costate.
Cotyla: the articular pan; the cup or socket of a ball and socket joint.
Cotypes: are all the specimens before the describer when a species is named, no single one being selected as the type: the type in such case equals the sum of the cotypes: see paratype.
Coxa -ae: the basal segment of the leg, by means of which it is articulated to the body.
Coxal cavity: the opening or space in which the Coxa articulates; in Coleoptera the cavity is open when the epimera do not extend to the sternum; closed or entire when the epimera reach the sternum or join medially as in Rhynchophora; the cavities are separated when the prosternum extends between them, confluent when it does not: see acetabulum.
Coxal glands: eversible glandular structures at base of legs; well developed in some Thysanurans, modified variously in higher orders.
Coxal stylets: short, leg-like, jointed appendages on the underside of the abdominal segments in Thysanura.
Crag: the neck: = cervix.
Cranium: the head or skull except the neck; sometimes limited to the fixed parts above the clypeo-frontal suture.
Crassus: thick; tumid.
Crateriform: like a shallow funnel or deep bowl.
Creber: closely set.
Cremaster: a stout spine, process or hooked area at the hind end of pupae in Lepidoptera.
Crenate: scalloped, with rounded teeth.
Crenulate: with small scallops, evenly rounded and rather deeply curved.
Crepitation: a crackling sound or the production of such as by discharge of vapor or "bombarding": a cracking or creaking.
Crepuscular: active or flying at dusk.
Crescentiform: like a lunule or crescent.
Crescentric: lunulate.
Crest: a prominent, longitudinal carina on the upper surface of any part of the head or body.
Crested: see cristate.
Cretaceous: chalky white: the third, uppermost and latest of the three great divisions of the mesozoic or secondary rocks.
Cribrate: pierced with closely set, small holes.
Cribriform: with perforations like those of a sieve.
Crineous: dark-brown, with a slight admixture of yellow and gray.
Crinite -us: with tufts of long thin hair: see lanuginose.
Crispate -us: with a wrinkled or fluted margin.
Crista: a ridge or crest.
Cristate: with a prominent carina or crest on the upper surface::= crested.
Cristiform: in the form of a sharp ridge or crest.
Cristula: a small crest.
Cristulate: with little crescent-like ridges or crests.
Croceous: saffron yellow; yellow with an admixture of red [pale cadmium yellow].
Crocus: =croceous.
Crook: the hook or recurved tip of the antenna in Hesperidae.
Crop: the dilated portion of the alimentary canal behind the gullet which serves to receive and hold the food previous to its slower passage through the digestive tract: = ingluvies.
Crotchets: the curved spines or hooks on the prolegs of caterpillars and on the cremaster of pupae.
Crown: the top of head in Lepidoptera; also used as = coronet or corona.
Cruciate: shaped like a cross; applied to wings when the inner margins lie one over the other; or to incumbent wings that overlie only at the apex: in Diptera, applied to bristles when they cross in direction.
Cruciato-complicatus: folded crosswise: incumbent wings when the inner margins overlap; not well distinguished from cruciate.
Crura: the legs or, more specifically, the thighs.
Crura cerebri: two large cords that connect the supra- with the sub-oesophageal ganglion.
Crus: a leg or leg-like structure.
Crustaceous: hard, like the shell of a crab.
Crypto: hidden, concealed.
Cryptocerata: a division of Heteroptera with small antennae concealed in a groove under the bead: = adeloceratous: see gymnocerata.
Cryptogastra: with the venter or belly covered or concealed.
Cryptopentamera: feet 5-jointed, the 4th joint small and concealed.
Cryptotetramera: feet 4-jointed, one of them small and concealed.
Cryptothorax: a supposed thoracic ring between meso- and meta-thorax.
Crypts: minute secretory follicles or cavities: specifically, large gland- like structures between the epithelial cells in chylific ventricle.
Crystalline: transparent, like crystal.
Crystalline cone: a conical structure below the cornea, imbedded in pigment cells of the compound eye: also termed Crystalline lens.
Ctenidium: a comb-like structure occurring on any part of an insect.
Cubital: referring or belonging to the cubits.
Cubital cell: the wing area between the cubits and anal vein; in the plural, all the cells bounded anteriorly by the cubits or its branches (Comst.); in Diptera (Schiner), = radial 3 (Comst.), = 3d posterior cell (Loew); in Hymenoptera (Norton), = radial 3, 4 and 5 (Comst.).
Cubital forks: the branching or points of separation of the branches of the cubits.
Cubital nerve or vein: see cubits.
Cubitus: of Comstock, is the 5th in the series of longitudinal veins extending from base, and usually two branched before reaching outer margin: in Orthoptera; = the internomedian and ulnar: in Neuroptera, a main longitudinal vein next behind the medius and before the anal: the tibia of the anterior leg.
Cuckoo spit: liquid in the form of bubbles produced by members of the family Cercopidae and which often conceals the producer.
Cucullate: hooded; somewhat hood-shaped.
Cucullus: a hood: see capillitium.
Cuilleron: see alula.
Culicifuge: any preparation for driving away gnats or mosquitoes.
Culmen: the longitudinal carina of a caterpillar.
Cultellus: one of the blade-like lancets in piercing flies: = the mandibles of some authors.
Cultrate -iform: shaped like a pruning knife.
Cumulate: in groups or heaps.
Cumulus: a group or heap; as of cells in a developing ovum.
Cuneate, Cuneiform: wedge-shaped; elongate triangular.
Cuneus: Hymenoptera; the small triangular area at the end of the embolium of hemelytra: Odonata, the small triangle of the vertex between the compound eyes.
Cupreous: the metallic red of pure shining copper.
Cupules: the sucker-like processes covering the under surface of the tarsi in male Dytiscidce.
Cupuliform: cup-shaped: like a little cup: = cyathiform.
Cursoria: in Orthoptera, that series in which the legs are formed for running (roaches, etc.).
Cursorial: formed for running.
Curvate: curved.
Curvinervate: wings with the veins distinctly curved, like some Psocidae.
Cusp -is: a pointed process; sometimes at the margin of a wing.
Cuspidate: prickly pointed; ending in a sharp point; with an acuminated point ending in a bristle.
Custodite -us: guarded: a body in an envelope.
Cuticle: the outer skin or skin layer.
Cuticula: = cuticle: specifically applied to the outer or chitinized layer: see epidermis and hypodermis.
Cyaneous: pure dark blue: indigo blue [French blue].
Cyanescent: with a deep bluish tinge or shading.
Cyanogenic: applied to repugnatorial glands in myriapods and sometimes in insects.
Cyathiform: obconical and concave; cup-shaped: = cupuliform.
Cyatotheca: the cover of the thorax in the pupa.
Cycle: a round or circle, e.g. of development; a life cycle.
Cyclorrhapha: that section of Diptera in which the adult escapes from the hardened pupal case by pushing off a lid or covering: see orthorrhapha. Cyclorrhaphous: circular seamed.
Cydariform: globose, but truncated at two opposite sides.
Cylindrical: in the form of a cylinder or tube; round, elongate, of equal diameter throughout.
Cymbiform: boat-shaped: a concave disc with elevated margin; navicular.
Cytoplasm: the protoplasm of a cell exclusive of nucleus; the cell body.
D
Dactylus: a finger or toe: = digitus: a tarsal joint after the first one, when that is enlarged as in bees.
Dagger mark: a marking in the form of a Greek PsiY.
Dart: a sting, or its central part.
Dash: a short disconnected streak or mark.
Dasygastres: bees with pollen-carrying structures on the abdomen.
Deaurate: of the color of gold; golden.
Deciduous: that which may be cast off or shed.
Declinate -us: a part somewhat bent, the apex downward.
Decumbent -ous: sloping gradually downward.
Decrepitans: crackling.
Decumbent: bending down at tip from an upright base.
Decurrent: closely attached to and running down another body.
Decurved: bowed downward.
Decussate: crossing at an angle: X-like: in cross pairs; or, when bristles alternately cross each other, as in some Diptera.
Deflected: bent downward: the wings, when the inner margins lap and the outer edges decline toward the sides.
Deflexed: abruptly bent downward.
Deformed: twisted or set in an unusual form: specifically, in Coleoptera applied to knotted or twisted antennae as in male Meloids.
Dehiscence: the splitting of the pupal integument in the emergence of the adult in Lepidoptera.
Dehiscent: open or standing open: separating toward the tip.
Dejectamenta: the excrement or excretion.
Delamination: the splitting or division into layers.
Deltoid: elongate triangular: resembling a GreekDwith apex extended.
Demarcation: the bounding, laying out or limiting.
Dendritic: applied to the branched nerve cells in the mushroom bodies of the pro-cerebrum.
Dendroid: tree or shrub-like: branching like a tree or shrub.
Dendrophagus: feeding on woody tissues.
Dendrophilous: species that live in woody tissue, or on trees.
Dens: a tooth or tooth-like process.
Dense: thickly crowded together.
Dentate: toothed: with acute teeth, the sides of which are equal and the tip is above the middle of base.
Dentate-serrate: toothed, with the dentations themselves serrated on their edges.
Dentate-sinuate: toothed and indented.
Dentes: the teeth or pointed processes on the inner side of the mandible: the second or middle part of the furcula in Collembola, consisting of two parallel pieces from the distal end of the manubrium and bearing at their apices the crones.
Dentes caninae: see canine teeth.
Denticle: a small tooth.
Denticulated: set with little teeth or notches.
Dentiform: formed or appearing like a tooth.
Denudate: without covering; destitute of scales or hair.
Denude: to free from covering; to rub so as to remove the surface covering of scales, hair or other vestiture.
Deorsum: downward.
Dependent: hanging down.
Deplanate -us: see complanate.
Depressed: flattened down vertically; opposed to compressed.
Depressor: applied to a muscle that has for its function the depression of an organ or a part.