Deratoptera: = Orthoptera.
Dermal: relating to the skin or outer covering.
Dermal glands: hypodermal unicellular glands which secrete wax, setae, spines, etc.
Dermaptera: see Dermatoptera.
Dermatoptera: skin-winged: an ordinal term applied to insects with elytriform, abbreviated primaries beneath which the secondaries are folded transversely and fan-like: mouth mandibulate, prothorax free; abdomen forcipate; metamorphosis incomplete: the Forficulidae or earwigs.
Desectus: = truncatus.
Desideratum -ata: some thing or things needed or desired.
Destitutus: wanting; being without.
Determinate: with well-defined outlines or distinct limits: fixed: marked out.
Detonans: exploding: a sudden noise or a puff like an explosion.
Detritus: rubbed off; a surface partly denuded.
Deuterotoky: parthenogenetic reproduction when the progeny are male and female: see arrhenotoky and thelyotoky.
Deutocerebral segment: =antennal segment; q.v.
Deutocerebrum: the middle portion of the brain, formed by the ganglion of the 2d primary segment; also termed antennal or olfactory lobes from the parts it innervates.
Deutoplasm: the yolk or food plasm of an ovum.
Deutotergite: the secondary dorsal segment of the abdomen.
Dextrad: extending or directed toward the right.
Dextral: to the right of the median line.
Dextro-caudad: extends obliquely between dextrad and caudad.
Dextro-cephalad: extends obliquely between dextrad and cephalad.
Di: as a prefix, = two.
Diaphanous: semi-transparent; clear.
Diaphragm: any thin dividing membrane; that thin membrane separating the cavity containing the heart from the rest of the body.
Diarthrosis: any articulation that permits of motion.
Diastole: that regular expansion of the heart that draws the blood inward: see systole.
Dichaetae: a group of brachycerous Diptera with a proboscis consisting of two parts: Muscids, etc.
Dichoptic: Diptera; eyes separated by front: not contiguous: see holoptic.
Dichotomous: forked: dividing by pairs.
Dichromatism: the possession of two color varieties.
Dictyoptera: an ordinal term applied to the roaches: also more generally to the Orthoptera. {Scanner's comment: Roaches are now classed as Dictyoptera, and Orthoptera are now distinct from Dictyoptera}
Didactyle -us: two-toed: with two tarsi of equal length.
Didymus: double: geminate.
Difformis: irregular in form or outline: not comparable; anomalous. Diffracted: bending in different directions.
Diffuse: spreading out; without distinct edge or margin.
Digestive tract: the alimentary canal as a whole: more specifically that portion behind the crop, in which assimilation takes place.
Digitate: finger-like, or divided into finger-like processes.
Digitiform: formed, shaped like or having the function of a finger.
Digitules: appendages on the feet of Coccidae; in Lecanium, four knobbed hairs.
Digitus: the terminal joint of the tarsus, bearing the claws: a small appendage attached to the lacinia of the maxilla; rarely present and probably tactile.
Digoneutism: the power to produce two broods in one season.
Dilatatus: Coleoptera a margin, when the sharp marginal edge extends beyond its usual limit: the base when the transverse diameter is much longer at one part.
Dilated: widened, expanded.
Dilation: an expansion or widening.
Dilute: thinned out: applied to color means weak or pale.
Dilution: much thinned out or diluted.
Dimera: forms with two-jointed tarsi: specifically applied to some groups of Homoptera.
Dimerous: having only two tarsal joints.
Dimidiate -us: halved; extending half way around; applied to elytra when they cover only half the abdomen.
Dimidius: of half length.
Dimorphic: occurring in two well-marked forms.
Dimorphism: a difference in form, color, etc, between individuals of the same species, characterizing two distinct types: may be seasonal, sexual or geographic.
Dioecious: with distinct sexes.
Dioptrate: an ocellate spot with the pupil divided by a transverse line.
Dioptric: with a transversely divided ocellus.
Diploglossata: an ordinal term proposed for Hemimeridae, because of the supposed presence of a second labial segment.
Diplogangliata: applied to the Arthropods.
Diploptera: = diplopteryga; q.v.
Diplopteryga: Hymenoptera; wasps in which the wings are longitudinally folded when at rest.
Dipneumones: having two lungs (certain spiders).
Diptera: an ordinal term applied to insects having only one pair of wings (anterior): thorax agglutinate; mouth haustellate; transformations complete.
Dipterocecidium: a gall formed by a dipterous insect.
Dipterous: belonging to or having the characters of Diptera.
Direct: applied to metamorphosis = incomplete.
Directive coloration: directive marks or colors which tend to divert the attention of an enemy from more vital parts.
Disc: see disk.
Discal: on or relating to the disc of any surface or structure.
Discal area: of a wing applies especially to the more central portion, or that area covered by the discal cell.
Discal bristles: Diptera; are inserted on the middle of the abdominal segments before the hind margin.
Discal cell: Lepidoptera; the large or median cell extending from the base of the wing toward the center: = radial cell (Comst.): in Diptera (Will.) = 1st medial 2 (Comst.): Odonata; = discoidal areolets, q.v.: Trichoptera, the cell between the forks of the radial sector, and separated from the 2d apical cell by a cross-vein.
Discal patch: in some male Hesperidae the oblique streak of specialized black scales on the disc of the primaries.
Discal vein: Lepidoptera; the cross-vein closing the discal or median cell extends from radius 5 to media 1.
Disciform: formed or shaped like a disc.
Discocellular nervure or vein: Lepidoptera; = discal vein, q.v.
Discoidal: relating to the disc, or middle = discal.
Discoidal area: the middle area or field: Trichoptera; that area of the tegmina between the posterior or anal and the anterior or costal areas = d. field.
Discoidal areolets: Odonata; a varying number of rows of cells on the outer side of the triangle between the short sector (M 4 of Comst.) and the upper sector of the triangle (Cu 1 of Comst.) = post-triangular cells := discal cells.
Discoidal cell: Hymenoptera (Norton) 1st medial 2, medial 3 and medial 4 (Comst.).
Discoidal field: see discoidal area.
Discoidal nervule: Lepidoptera; = media 1 (Comst.).
Discoidal triangle: Odonata - see triangle.
Discoidal vein: Diptera (Schiner), = media 2 (Comst.) anterior intercalary vein (Loew); Hymenopteran (Norton), = media 2 (Comst.), beyond the junction with the medial cross-vein: Trichoptera; the first and largest branch of the humeral vein.
Discoideous: =discoidal.
Discolored -orous: a different color from the surrounding, more or less contrasting; not concolorous.
Discota: insects in which development of the adults is from imaginal discs: see adiscota.
Discrete: distinctly separated.
Discs: the abdominal motor processes of coleopterous larve.
Discus: a disc; a somewhat flat circular part or area.
Disjoined or Disjointed: see disjunctus.
Disjunct: with head, thorax and abdomen separated by constrictions.
Disjunctus: separated; standing apart.
Disk: the central upper surface of any part; all the area within a margin; the central area of a wing: in Trichoptera, the obliquely ridged outer surface of hind femur in saltatoria.
Dislocated: a stria, band or line interrupted in continuity, when the tips of the interrupted parts are not in a right line with each other.
Disperses: with scattered markings, punctures or other small sculptures.
Disposed: arranged or laid out.
Dissepiment: a partition wall: applied to the forming septa separating the coelom-sacs in the embryo; also the thin envelope about the members in obtect pupae.
Dissilient: bursting open elastically.
Distad: toward the distal end.
Distal: that part of a joint farthest from the body.
Distant: remote from: standing considerably apart.
Distichous: applied to antennae when lateral processes originate at the apices of the joints and bend forward at acute angles to them.
Distiproboscis: the outer third of the proboscis in Muscid flies, bearing the labella.
Distychus: bipartite: separated into two parts.
Ditrocha: Hymenoptera; that series having the trochanter two-jointed.
Diurnae: day fliers: applied to butterflies.
Diurnal: such insects as are active or habitually fly by day only.
Divaricable: able to spread apart or divaricate.
Divaricate: straddling or spreading apart: when the wings are lapped at base and diverge behind: tarsal claws when arising at opposite sides of the joint and separating widely.
Divergent: spreading out from a common base; in Coleoptera, tarsal claws are divergent when they spread out only a little; divaricate when they separate widely.
Diverse: unequal: differing in size or shape: of various kinds.
Diverticulum -la: an oft-shoot from a vessel or from the alimentary canal usually blind or sac-like: applied to the caecal tubes or pouches: any extensions or evaginations of the hypodermic.
Dividens (vena): Trichoptera; 1st anal (Comst.).
Dog-ear marks: in bees: small, subtriangular marks of light color, just below the antennae (Cockerell).
Dolabriform: hatchet-shaped: compressed, with a prominent dilated keel and cylindrical base.
Dolioloides: applied to obtect or coarctate pupae.
Dominant: a character more constant and conspicuous than any other: a type or series occurring in large numbers both as to genera, species and individuals and in which differentiation is yet active.
Dorsad: extending or directed toward the upper side.
Dorsal: of or belonging to the upper surface: in Diptera, that face of the laterally extended legs visible from above.
Dorsal bristles: see dorso-central.
Dorsal diaphragm: the wings of the heart, or the very thin membrane upon which these muscles rest: = pericardial diaphragm, q.v.
Dorsal gland orifices: in Diaspinae, oval orifices arranged in more or less distinct rows on the surface of the pygidium, through which is discharged the material of which the dorsal scale is formed.
Dorsal glands: see last preceding title.
Dorsal line: in caterpillars, extends longitudinally on the middle of the back or dorsal.
Dorsal scale: that part of the covering scale of the Diaspinae that lies above the insect, as opposed to the ventral scale, which lies below.
Dorsal space: in slug-caterpillars is the area between the sub-dorsal ridges.
Dorsal vessel: the heart; q.v.
Dorsi-meson: the middle of the upper surface.
Dorso-alar region: Diptera; between the transverse suture and the scutellum on one side and the root of the wing and the dorso-central region on the other.
Dorso-central bristles: Diptera; two or four longitudinal rows on the inner part of the dorsal.
Dorso-central region: Diptera; bounded by two imaginary lines drawn from the scutellar bridges forward, and coinciding with a space free from bristles that exists on the outer side of the dorsal rows and is often occupied by a dorsal thoracic stripe.
Dorso-humeral region: Diptera; bounded by the anterior end of thorax and transverse suture on two sides and by the dorsopleural suture and dorsocentral region on the two others.
Dorsolum: the mesoscutum.
Dorsopleural suture: Diptera; the lateral suture between dorsal and pleurum from the humeri through the base of the wing: separates the mesonotum from the pleura.
Dorso-ventral: in a line from the upper to the lower surface.
Dorsulum: the mesonotum before the scutellum, with the wing sockets: also, specifically, the meso-scutellum.
Dorsum: the upper surface: in Coleoptera; often confined to meso- and meta-thorax: Odonata; includes mesepisterna and meso- and meta-thoracic terga: Diptera; upper surface of thorax, limited by the dorsopleural sutures laterally, the scutellum posteriorly and the neck anteriorly: Lepidoptera; the lower or inner margin of the wing.
Draw-thread: the silk-producing gland.
Drone: in Hymenoptera; the male bee.
Duct: a channel, tube or canal for carrying a secretion from a gland to the point of discharge.
Ductus ejaculatorius: the single duct or tube formed by the union of the vasa deferentia from each side, through which the seminal fluid is ejected into the vagina.
Dufour's gland: that gland, in Hymenoptera, that secretes the alkaline portion of the poison carried by the sting.
Duodenum: the chylific ventricle; also applied to the first section of the digestive tract just behind entrance of malpighian tubules.
Dupion: a cocoon spun by two silk-worms together; also the coarse silk from such a cocoon.
Duplicate -us: double.
Duplicate-pectinate: having the branches of a bipectinated antenna alternately long and short.
Duple: double, or twice.
Durus: hard.
Dusky: somewhat darkened; pale fuscous.
E
E: as prefix, is privative and means without.
Ears: organs of hearing, as on the first tibiae or on the first abdominal segment of some Trichoptera.
Ebenine: black like ebony.
Eburneous: ivory white.
Ecalcaratus: without a spur.
Ecaudate: without tails or tail-like processes: usually applied to wings : = excaudate.
Ecdysis: the process of casting the skin; moulting.
Echinate: set with prickles.
Ecology: the science of the relation of organisms to each other and to their surroundings: = ethology. {Scanner's comment: Ethology nowadays refers to studies in animal behaviour, not directly to ecology.}
Ectad: extending outwardly from within.
Ectal: belonging or relating to the outer surface.
Ectoblast: the outer wall of a cell; the ectoderm or epiblast.
Ectoderm: the outer layer of skin: the outer layer of the blastoderm, giving rise to the nervous system and to epithelial structures of the body surface.
Ectognathus: see ectotrophous.
Ectoskeletal: referring to the outside or exoskeleton.
Ectotrachea: the outer surface or layer of the trachea.
Ectotrophous: with mouth parts free; not buried in the head: see entrotrophus.
Edematus: dull translucent white.
Edentate -ulous: without teeth.
Edentula: those having no teeth.
Efferent: carrying outward or away from the centre.
Effluvium: a foul or unpleasant smell or emanation.
Effected: somewhat angularly bent outward.
Egg: a simple cell, capable of fertilization, containing the germ, the food-yolk necessary for its nutriment, and a covering membrane: a single ovum or cell from an ovary: the first stage of the insect.
Egg-burster: a projecting point on the head or other part of an embryo, used in breaking the shell when hatching.
Egg-calyx: the enlarged portion of the oviduct at the opening of the ovarian tubes, into which the egg is received before its entrance into the vagina.
Egg-case: the case or covering prepared or secreted by an insect to contain or hold together the egg-mass as a whole: see oötheca.
Egg-guide: Orthoptera; two small pointed prolongations of the ventral portion of the 8th abdominal segment, between upper and lower valves, used in oviposition.
Egg-pouch: see oötheca.
Egg-pod: applied to the egg-mass of grasshoppers.
Egg-tube: see ovarian tube.
Ejaculatory duct: see ductus ejaculatorius.
Elastic: a part which has a degree of flexibility throughout.
Elate -us: see elevatus.
Elater: the spring or forked tail of Podurids.
Eleutherata: all forms with free, separated maxillae; later, and more specifically, the Coleoptera.
Elevate -us: a part higher than its surroundings.
Elinguata: without a tongue: forms in which the maxillae are connate with the labium: see synista.
Ellipsoidal: see elliptical.
Elliptical: oblong-oval, the ends equally rounded, together forming an even ellipsoid.
Elongata -ate: drawn out; lengthened; much longer than wide.
Elutus: with scarcely distinct markings.
Elytra: the anterior leathery or chitinous wings of beetles, serving as coverings to the secondaries, commonly meeting in a straight line down the middle of dorsum in repose: also applied to the tegmina in Orthoptera.
Elytral ligula: a tongue-like process on the inner face of the side margin of elytra, to perfect the union with the ventral segments: e.g. in Dytiscidae.
Elytriform: shaped or appearing like an elytron.
Elytrin: = chitin, q.v.
Elytron: singular of elytra; q.v.
Elytroptera: see Coleoptera.
Emandibulata: that series of insects in which there are no functional mandibles in any stage.
Emandibulate: lacking functional mandibles; e.g. butterflies and moths, and applied in any stage.
Emarginate: notched: with an obtuse, rounded or quadrate section cut from a margin.
Embolium: Heteroptera; the narrow sclerite extending along the anterior margin of the hemelytra, from base to cuneus or membrane: the lobes on each side of the prothorax: the special enlargement at the base of the primaries which fits into a cavity in which the wing is moved.
Embossed: ornamented with raised figures.
Embryo: the young animal before leaving the body of the parent or before emerging from the egg.
Embryonic: found in, or relating to the embryo; in an undeveloped state or condition.
Emmet: an ant.
Empodium: Diptera; the small process between the pulvilli: in Coleoptera; the bifid pseudotarsi between the claws: used also as = pulvillus; and see arolium, onychium, palmula, paronychium, plantula, pseudonychium and pulvillus.
Enarthrosis: an articulation like a ball and socket joint.
Encephalon -um: the brain, or that part of the head containing it.
Encircled: ringed; margined round about.
Endemic: occurring normally where found: native, not introduced.
Endocardium: the inner lining membrane of the heart.
Endochorium: the layer of the allantois that lines the chorium; the inner layer of the chorium.
Endocranium: the inner surface of the cranium.
Endoderm: the inner layer of the blastoderm in the embryo, giving origin to the mid-intestine and other visceral organs: see entoderm.
Endolabium: the inner or mouth surface of the labium: the hypopharynx when that is well developed.
Endomesoderm: the inner layer formed by an invagination of the middle portion of the primitive band of the embryo, and from which the endoderm and mesoderm are subsequently differentiated.
Endophytic: living within plant or tree tissue, as borers or miners.
Endoskeletal: relating or referring to the endoskeleton.
Endoskeleton: applied to those chitinous processes extending inward into the body cavity from the body wall and serving as attachments for muscles.
Endosternite: that part of the apodeme arising from the intersternal membrane.
Endothorax: the internal framework or processes of the thorax.
Endotoky: is applied to that form of reproduction where the eggs are developed within the body of the mother; see exotoky.
Endotrachea: the inner surface or lining of the trachea: see intima.
Enervis: applied to wings without veins of any kind.
Engraved: see exsculptus.
Ensiform: sword-shaped: two-edged, large at base and tapering to the point: see anceps.
Entad: extending inwardly from without.
Ental: referring to the centre of the body cavity.
Enteric: relating to the digestive canal or enteron.
Enteron: the digestive canal as a whole; a general term.
Entire: with an even unbroken margin: said of wings when they are not divided or cut into.
Entoderm: the innermost germ layer of the embryo, from which are derived the epithelium of the alimentary canal and accessory structures: = endoderm and hypoblast.
Entognathous: see entotrophous.
Entoloma: the inner margin of the wings.
Entomogenous: growing in or on an insect: e.g. fungi.
Entomography: the description of an insect or of its life history.
Entomolin: = chitin, q.v.
Entomologist: one who collects and studies insects.
Entomology: that branch of Zoology that deals with insects and, specifically, the Hexapods.
Entomophagous: feeding upon insects: specifically applied to those wasps that feed their young with larvae, etc.
Entomophilous: insect-loving: applied to plants especially adapted for pollination by insects.
Entomophytous: referring to plants produced in or on an insect: see Entomogenous
Entomosis: a disease caused by a parasitic insect.
Entomotaxy: the preservation and preparation of insects for study.
Entomotomy: that science which deals with internal structure of insects.
Entomotomist: a student of insect structure.
Entosternum: the internal processes from the sternum.
Entothorax: applied to the apodemes or processes extending inwardly from the sternal sclerites: see apophysis.
Entotrophous: with the mouth parts buried in the head:= entognathous: see ectotrophous.
Entozoa: those animals that live within the body of others.
Environment: the sum of the influences surrounding or acting upon an organism.
Enzyme: a ferment secreted by a cell or a gland.
Epalpate: having no palpi.
Ephebic: referring to the winged, adult stage.
Ephemerida: May-flies: an ordinal term used for insects with net- veined wings, held vertically when at rest, not folded; mouth mandibulate, not functionally developed: thorax loosely agglutinated; abdomen with anal filaments: metamorphosis incomplete.
Ephemeroptera: briefly winged: = ephemerida; q.v.
Epiblast: the outer germ layer of the embryo.
Epicranial: relating or pertaining to the epicranium.
Epicranial lobe: in caterpillars, the lateral, superior convex lobe of the head.
Epicranial plate: in some larvae a plate-like structure forming the epicranium.
Epicranial suture: the line of junction of the two procephalic lobes.
Epicranium: the upper part of the head from the front to the neck: often used to include front, vertex and genae:= calva.
Epideme: see articulatory epideme.
Epiderma -is: the cellular layer of the skin, underlying and secreting the cuticula: incorrectly applied to the outer skin or cuticle.
Epidermata: abnormal excrescences or outgrowths from the skin.
Epididymis: the convoluted efferent ducts, massed at the posterior part of the testes.
Epigastrium: the first entire ventral sclerite of the abdomen.
Epigenesis: the doctrine of growth from an undifferentiated germ, as opposed to preformation, which implies development from already existing rudiments.
Epigenetic: the period after the union of the male and female elements, during which organs are forming.
Epiglossa: = epipharynx; q.v.
Epiglottis: = epipharynx; q.v.
Epilabrum: a sclerite at each side of the labrum: specifically applied in myriapods.
Epilobe: of mentum in Carabidae, really corresponds to a partially divided ligula: a lateral appendage of a bilobed mentum.
Epimera -eron: the posterior lateral thoracic sclerites; usually small, narrow or triangular.
Epiopticon: the second ganglionic swelling of the optic tract: see opticon.
Epipharyngeal: belonging or relating to the epipharynx.
Epipharyngeal sclerites: in bees; a pair of strap-like pieces extending backward from the two sides of the base of epipharynx: see hypopharyngeal sclerites.
Epipharynx: an organ, probably of taste, attached to the inner surface of the labium and supposed to correspond to the palate of higher animals Epiglossa or epiglottis.
Epiphysis: a lappet-like process covering an excavation on the fore tibia of many Lepidoptera.
Epipleural: the deflexed or inflexed portions of the elytra, immediately beneath the edge: the inflexed portions of the pronotum are sometimes called prothoracic epipleura: as generally used, the term is incorrectly applied to the entire bent under margin of the elytra.
Epipleural fold: the raised lower edge of the epipleura: see hypomera.
Epiploön: see caul.
Epipygium: the dorsal arch of the last abdominal segment.
Episternites: the upper pair of corneous appendages forming the ovipositor in grasshoppers.
Episternum: the anterior and larger lateral thoracic sclerite between the sternum and notum.
Epistoma -is: the lower face between the mouth and eyes: that sclerite immediately behind or above the labrum, whether it be clypeus or an intermediate piece: in Diptera, that part of the face between the front and the labrum; the oral margin and an indefinite space immediately contiguous thereto and so = peristoma: in Odonata; = clypeus: = hypostoma.
Epithelium: the layer of cells which covers a surface or lines a cavity.
Epizoa: insects that infest the body surface of animals.
Epizoötic: living or parasitic on animals from the outside or on the surface.
Epomiae: the elevated margin of an oblique furrow in the propleurae for the reception of the front femora; Hymenoptera.
Epupillate: an ocellate spot included by a colored ring, but destitute of a pupil or central spot.
Equal: of the same length, size or shape: the superfices when they are without inequalities.
Equitant: laminated: folding one upon the other.
Erect: standing upright; not necessarily perpendicular.
Erectile: capable of being erected; applied to an appendage, a hair or other process, or to any tissue which may be distended and made rigid.
Erecto-patent: the wings of Hesperids when at rest; primaries erect, secondaries horizontal.
Eremochaetus: Diptera in which there is a general absence of bristles.
Ergatandrous: applied to ants with worker-like males.
Ergatogynous: applied to ants with worker-like females.
Ergatoid: sexually capable, wingless ants, resembling workers.
Ericeticolous: living in poor, sandy or gravelly places.
Eroded -sus: gnawed; a margin with irregular teeth and emarginations.
Eruca: broadly a larva: more specifically a caterpillar.
Eruciform: like a caterpillar in form or appearance.
Erucina: the caterpillar-like larvae of sawflies and the like.
Erucivorous: a feeder on caterpillars; said of parasites.
Erythrinus: red; nearly arterial blood-red: carmine, a little diluted.
Erythrinus: deep brick-red, tending to blood-red [vermilion with a little Indian red].
Escutcheon: the scutellum in Coleoptera.
Essential character: see specific character.
Ethology: see ecology.
Eucephalous: with a well-developed head, bearing the normal appendages: applied to certain dipterous larvae.
Eucone: a compound eye in which the individual ocelli have crystalline cones see acone.
Euorthoptera: the Orthoptera excluding the Dermaptera.
Euplexoptera: with beautifully folded wings: an ordinal term applied to the ear-wigs.
Eous or -eus: as a suffix, indicates the possession of the quality of the stem word: e.g. membraneous, like a membrane in texture.
Eutracheata: applied to articulates which, like the insects, have a well-developed tracheal system.
Evaginate: extruded by eversion; turned inside out when extruded.
Evagination: an extrusion formed by eversion or turning inside out.
Evanescent: disappearing; becoming gradually less.
Eversible: capable of being turned inside out.
Evident: easily seen or recognized.
Ex: prefix = A and E as privatives: also means from or out of.
Exarate -us: sulcated: sculptured.
Exarticulate: without distinct joints.
Exasperate -us: rough with irregular elevations.
Excalcarate: without spurs.
Excaudate: see ecaudate.
Excavate: with a depression that is not the segment of a circle.
Excentric: not in the centre; revolving or arranged about a point that is not central.
Excision: with a deep cut: a notch or other cut-out part.
Excrementaceous -titious: made up of or resembling excrement.
Excrescence: an outgrowth or elevation; usually abnormal.
Excretion: the act of getting rid of waste products: any material or substance produced by any secretory glands or structures and which is voided or otherwise sent out from them.
Excretory: those structures concerned in ridding the body of waste products.
Excurrent: attenuate, narrowly prolonged.
Excurved: curved outwards.
Ex larva: from or out of the larva: usually applied to specimens that have been bred from collected larvae.
Exochorion: that part of the chorion derived from the ectoderm: the outer layer of the chorion.
Exochorium: Heteroptera; a narrow marginal part of the hemelytra.
Exoderm: the outer skin or crust.
Exoloma: the apical margin of the wings.
Exophytic: relating to the outside of plant tissue.
Exoskeleton: the entire body wall, to the inner side of which muscles are attached.
Exotic: not a natives of the place where found: an introduced species: also any species occurring in any country outside of the limits of the country whose fauna is under consideration.
Exotoky: is applied to that form of reproduction where the eggs are developed outside of the body of the insect and without care by the mother see endotoky.
Ex ova: from or out of the egg: applied to specimens that have been bred from the egg stage.
Expanded: spread or flattened out: applied to Lepidoptera when set for the cabinet.
Expanse: the distance between the apices or other widest point of the wings when fully spread.
Expansio alarum: the wing stretch; see expanse.
Expiratory: relating to the act of expiration, when the abdomen is contracted and the air contained in the abdominal tracheae is presumably forced out of them.
Explanate: spread out and flattened; applied to a margin.
Explicate: unfolded; open; without folds or plica.
Exsculptate -tus: a surface with irregular, more or less longitudinal depressions, as if carved.
Exscutellate: having no scutel.
Exserted: protruded; projecting beyond the body or over a given point.
Exsertion: a protrusion: an extension of a line or other ornamentation beyond its ordinary course.
Extended: spread out: not lying one upon the other.
Extense: extended: expanded.
Extension plate: a structure at the base of the pulvillus whose function it is to extend it.
Extension sole: the pad-like pulvillus which may be extended by the extension plate through the pressure plate.
Extensor: that which extends or straightens out; applied to muscles.
Extenuate: to make or to become weak, thin or slender.
Exterior: the outside.
Exterior margin: the outer margin; sometimes used for costal margin.
External: belonging to or on the outside.
External area: Hymenoptera; the upper of the three cells or areas of the metanotum, between the median and lateral longitudinal carina, first lateral basal area.
External median area: Hymenoptera; the median of the three cells or areas between the median and lateral longitudinal carinae: = second lateral area.
Externomedial vein: in Hymenoptera (Norton) = radius (Comst.); in Orthoptera, = media (Comst.).
Externo-median nerve: the humeral and discoidal veins together.
Extra-ocular: remote from or beyond the eyes.
Extremity: the point most remote from base.
Extrorse -um: toward the outside.
Extrude: to turn or force out.
Exude: to ooze or flow slowly through minute openings.
Exuvia -iae -ium: the cast skin of a larval insect: in Diaspinae the larval skin when cast and incorporated in the scale.
Exuviate: to cast the skin: to moult.
Exuviation: the act of molting: the cast-off skin or exuvium.
Eyes: the organs of sight, composed of numerous facets, situated, one on each side of the head: the term is properly applied to compound eyes only but is sometimes used to designate also the simple eyes or ocelli.
F
Face or Facies: the upper or outer surface of any part or appendage: the front of the head between the compound eyes above the mouth to the vertex; usually applied to insects in which the head is -vertical: in bees extends between the eyes to the base of the antennae; in the Hymenoptera generally the area between antenne and clypeus: in flies the area between base of antennae, the oral margin, eyes and cheeks.
Facet: a small face or surface: one of the parts, areas or lens-like divisions of the compound eye.
Facial angle: the angle formed by the junction of the face and vertex.
Facial bristles: Diptera; a series on either side of the middle portion of the face, above the vibrissae, along the facialia.
Facial carinae: applied to both the carinae of the frontal costa and the accessory (lateral) carinae of the face; but usually restricted to the accessory carinae in Orthoptera.
Facial depression: = antennal fovea, q.v.
Facialium -ia: Diptera; that portion of the face between the lower part of the frontal fissure and the antennal fovea.
Facial quadrangle: in bees; the quadrangle bounded laterally by the eyes, above by a line between their summits and below by a similar line between their lowest points.
Facial ridges: Diptera; the elevated lateral borders of antennal grooves.
Facial tubercle: Diptera; a median convexity below middle of face.
Facies: the face: the general appearance or impression.
Falcate: sickle-shaped; convexly curved: a wing when deeply excavated below the apex so as to leave the latter acute and a little curved.
Falciform: curved like a sickle.
False legs: = spurious legs; = prolegs; q.v.
Family: a division of classification including a number of genera agreeing in one or a set of characters and so closely related that they are apparently descended from one stem: opinionative and indicated by the termination idae.
Farctus: fully filled.
Farinaceous: mealy: applied to powdery looking wings and surfaces.
Farinose: dotted with many single, flour-like spots: mealy.
Fascia: a transverse band or broad line; it is common when it crosses both wings or wing covers.
Fasciate: banded transversely.
Fascicle -ulus: a bundle of hair, threads or fibres.
Fasciculate: bundled; clustered as in a bundle; tufted: a surface when covered with bundles of long hair.
Fastigiate: flat-topped and of equal height: also applied to elytra that extend a little beyond the abdomen.
Fastigium: Orthoptera; the extreme point or front of vertex.
Fat-body: is the mass of oil or fat cells found, especially in larvae, surrounding the alimentary canal and some other internal organs.
Fatiscent: with cracks, crevices or openings.
Fauna: the assemblage of animals inhabiting a region or country.
Favose: with large deep holes, like the cells of a honeycomb.
Favus: a cell like that of a honeycomb.
Fecula: the excrement of insects.
Fecundation: the making fertile; as an egg by a spermatozoön.
Feeler: commonly applied to antennae; q.v.
Feelers: tactile organs: the term is usually applied to the antennae but sometimes to the palpi, as mouth-feelers.
Feet: the legs or organs of locomotion; one pair attached to each thoracic segment; composed of coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia and tarsus only; plural of foot; q.v.
Female: designated by "O+" the astronomical sign for Venus: that sex in which the ova are developed. {Scanner's comment: The sign for Venus being an orthogonal cross or plus sign hanging vertically below a circle.}
Femina: the female, or belonging to that sex.
Femorate -us: with abnormal or unusually developed femora or thighs.
Femoro-tibial: pertaining to both femur and tibia or to the articulation between them.
Femur -ora: the thigh: usually the stoutest segment of the leg, articulated to the body through trochanter and coxa and bearing the tibia at its distal end: in Coccidae and quite commonly, the femur and trochanter are considered as one, for measuring purposes.
Fenestra: a window; a transparent glassy spot or mark; a pellucid mark in a vein: a small, pale, membranous area at the base of the antenna in roaches.
Fenestrate: with transparent or window-like naked spots as in the wings of some Lepidoptera.
Fenestrate membrane: of the compound eye is at the base of the ommatidia, at their junction with the optic nerve; see retina.
Ferreous -eus: the metallic gray of polished iron.
Ferrugineous -ous, -eus, -osus: rusty red-brown [Dragon's blood, but brighter].
Ferrugino-testaeeous: a rusty yellow brown: a mixture of rusty red with dull yellow brown.
Fertilization: takes place when a spermatozoön enters through the micropyle of an ovum and unites with the cell nucleus: loosely applied like copulation or to its completion.
Festivus: variegated with bright colors.
Festooned: arranged in loops as if hung from nails.
Fibre: a thread-like structure of any tissue.
Fibrilla: rod or sliver-like nerve elements, often grouped like a bundle of short threads.
Fibrin: a proteid compound making up a large part of the muscular tissue: also found in blood and other body liquids.
Fibrinogen: a proteid substance of the blood and other body fluids, concerned in the production of fibrin.
Fibroin: a chemical compound found in silk, cobwebs and the like.
Fifth longitudinal vein: Diptera (Will.); = media 3 (Comst.).
Filament: a thread: a long slender process of equal diameter throughout: an elongated appendage.
Filariasis: a disease caused by the presence of minute worms or Filaria, transmitted by mosquitoes. {Scanner's comment: Nowadays it is known that many kinds of filariasis are transmitted by other species of flies, in particular Simuliidae and Tabanidae}
Filate: Diptera; antennae that are simple, without lateral hair or dilation: thread-like.
Filator: the silk spinning structure of caterpillars.
File: the diagonal ridged vein near the base of the tegmina in crickets, used in stridulating: in general any structure wherever situated that serves the same purpose.
Filicornia: insects with thread-like antennae; e.g. in Coleopteran, the Carabidae.
Filiform: thread-like: slender and of equal diameter.
Filippi's glands: a pair of secondary glands, opening into the silk glands of caterpillars near their anterior end.
Fillet: a transverse, raised structure between the antennae in Lepidoptera.
Filose: ending in a thread-like process.
Fimbria: thick, ciliated hair at the termination of any part: fringes.
Fimbriate: a margin or process when set with a fringe of hair closely placed.
Finger: of maxilla, is the digitus, q.v.
First clypeus: see post clypeus.
First inner apical nervure: in Hymenoptera (Nort.); is cubitus 1, from media 4, to first anal (Comst.).
First lateral suture: Odonata; starts from beneath base of front wing behind humeral suture and meets it behind second coxa.
First longitudinal vein: in Diptera; - radius 1 (Comst.).
First submarginal cross-nervure: Hymenoptera; part of the media and the radio-medial cross vein (Comst.).
Fissate: divided or split: with fissures or cracks.
Fissile -is: cleft or divided; as the wings in plume-moths: also used for lamellate.
Fissiparous: applied to that form of asexual generation in which the parent divides; each part becoming a new individual.
Fissure: a crevice: a narrow longitudinal opening: a slit.
Fissus: cleft: longitudinally divided nearly to base.
Fistula: a slender tube: specifically applied to the channel formed by the union of the two parts of proboscis in Lepidoptera.
Fistular: like a slender, cylindrical tube.
Flabellate: with long flat processes folding like a fan.
Flabelliform: fan-shaped.
Flabellum: a fan: a leafed structure: the transparent lobe at the end of the glossa in bees: also used as = flagellum; q.v.
Flabs: the lobes at the tip of the dipterous mouth:= labella; q.v.
Flaccid: feeble: limber: lax.
Flagelliform: whip-like; applied to a process.
Flagellum: that part of the antenna beyond the pedicel: a whip or whip-like process: the tail-like process of a spermatozoön.
Flammate -eus: flaming or fiery red [vermilion intensified].
Flange: a projecting rim or edge.
Flank: the sides of the thorax: the pleura.
Flaring: widening out like the mouth of a trumpet.
Flavescent: somewhat yellow.
Flavid: yellowed: sulphur yellow.
Flavo-testaceous: light yellow-brown: almost luteous.
Flavous -us: sulphur yellow [gamboge].
Flavo-vixens: green verging upon yellow [apple green + chrome yellow].
Flex: to bend: to curve back.
Flexible: pliable; with elastic properties.
Flexile -is: capable of being bent at an angle without breaking: flexible.
Flexuous -ose: almost zig-zag, without acute angles but more acute at angles than undulating: differs from sinuate in being alternately bent and nearly straight.
Flexor: that which bends; applied to muscles.
Flocculus -i: a hairy or bristly appendage on the posterior coxa of some Hymenoptera.
Floccus: a tuft of wool or wool-like hair.
Flosculiferous: species that bear a flosculus.
Flosculus: a small, tubular lunulate anal organ with a central style, in certain Fulgorids.
Fluviatile: inhabiting the margins of running streams.
Fly-blows: eggs or young maggots of flesh flies: meat is fly-blown when such eggs or larvae have been deposited on it.
Flying-hairs: very long slender surface hairs set in punctures.
Foetid glands: glandular structures from which a foul smelling liquid may be ejected.
Foliaceous: leaf-like, or resembling a leaf.
Folioles: leaf-like processes from a margin or protuberance.
Follicle: = cocoon, q.v.: a cellular sac or tube, as of a gland or ovary.
Folliculate: enclosed in a case, cocoon or follicle.
Food reservoir: Lepidoptera, a blind sac or diverticulum from the bind part of oesophagus lying in abdomen dorsal to the stomach.
Foot: the tarsus, q.v.; improperly used to = leg; but in the plural form refers to legs rather than tarsi: see feet.
Foot-shield: in caterpillars, the chitinous plate on outer side of abdominal feet.
Foot-stalk: of the maxilla, is the stipes.
Foramen: an opening in the body wall for the passage of a vessel or nerve: any opening at an apex: the opening of a cocoon.
Foramen magnum; the opening on the posterior surface of the head to give passage to those structures that extend from head to thorax occipital foramen.
Foramina: small openings in the body wall: in Orthoptera,; the auditory organs on the anterior tibiae.
Forceps: hook or pincer-like processes terminating the abdomen, like specialized appendages of ear-wigs: similar processes in the male, used as clasping organs in copulation.
Forcipate: bearing forceps or similar structures.
Forcipiform: having the form of forceps or pincers.
Fore: anterior.
Foregut: extends from the mouth to the end of gizzard; its epithelium being formed from the ectodermal invagination known as the stomodaeum.
Forehead: in Mallophaga, the head in front of the mandibles and antennae.
Fore-intestine: =foregut, q.v.
Forficate: = forcipate, q.v.
Forks: Trichoptera; forks of veins in apical part of wing, numbered 1, 2, 3, etc.
Form: applied to representatives of a species which differ from the normal or type, in some uniform character; it is seasonal if it occurs at a period different from the type; dimorphic if there is an alternation of generations or two color patterns occur; or sexual if the members of one sex differ uniformly from those of the other.
Formic: of, pertaining to or derived from ants.
Formicary: an ant's nest or ant-hill.
Fornicate: arched or vaulted: concave within, convex without.
Fossa -ae: = fossula; q.v.
Fossoria: burrowers: in Orthoptera, the mole crickets and allies; in Hymenoptera, the digging wasps.
Fossorial: formed for or with the habit of digging or burrowing.
Fossula -ae: a deep groove or sinus with sharp edges: specifically applied to grooves on the head or sides of prothorax in which the antennae are concealed.
Fossulate: a surface with oblong impressions.
Fossulet: an elongated, shallow groove.
Fourth longitudinal vein: Diptera (Will.), = media 2 (Comst.).
Fovea, Foveola -ae: a shallow depression with well-marked sides: a pit.
Foveate: with foveae or pit-like depressions.
Foveolate: with shallow cavities like a honey-comb.
Fractus: broken: also applied to a geniculate antenna.
Fragile: easily breakable: thin and brittle.
Frass: the excrement; usually the excreted pellets of caterpillars.
Free: unrestricted in movement: not firmly joined with or united to any other part: said of pupae when all the parts and appendages are separately encased as in Coleopteran.
Frenatae: that series of Lepidoptera in which a more or less well- marked frenulum occurs.
Frenate: having a frenulum.
Frenulum: the spine, simple in males, compound in females, arising from the base of secondaries in many Lepidoptera, whose function it is to unite the wings in flight: in Cicada the triangular lateral piece on the mesonotum which connects with the trochlea: the anal area of secondaries and thus = tendo, q.v.
Frenulum hook: in the males of frenate Lepidoptera, a hook or fold into which the frenulum is fitted.
Frenum: that which holds things together: a lunate or triangular portion at the inner and hinder base of the wing in Odonata and Trichoptera; see tendo.
Fringe -es: an edging of hair, scales or other processes extending well beyond the margin and usually of even length: in Lepidoptera, fringes occur on the outer margins of all wings and consist of scales or hair projecting beyond the wing membrane.
Frog: the articular pan, - q.v.
Frons: = front; q.v.
Front: the anterior portion of head between base of antennae and below ocelli: in Homoptera, the vertical median area of face.
Frontal: referring to the front of head or anterior aspect of any part.
Frontal costa: Orthoptera, a prominent vertical ridge of bead which may be median or lateral: see median carina and lateral carina.
Frontal fastigium: in Orthoptera, that process of the face extending dorsad between the antennae and meeting or nearly meeting the fastigium of the vertex in Tettigidae.
Frontal fissure: Diptera; the impressed line extending from the frontal lunule to the border of the mouth.
Frontal lobes: in Psyllidae, two lobes or swellings more or less completely divided by a suture in which an ocellus is situated.
Frontal lunule: Diptera; an oval or crescentic space above the base of antennae in Cyclorrhapha, bounded by the frontal suture.
Frontal processes: Diptera; = antennal process, q.v.
Frontal ridge: in Coleopteran; a sharp ridge on the dorsal margin of the eye, extending forward.
Frontal stripe: Diptera; the middle of the front when membranous or discolored: = vitta frontalis.
Frontal suture: Diptera; separates the frontal lunule from that part of the head above it: in Coleopteran; = clypeal suture.
Frontal tubercles: in certain Aphids, are raised structures upon which the antennae are placed.
Frontal triangle: Diptera; the triangular space in males, between the eyes below, limited by a line drawn through base of antennae.
Frontal vesicle: in Odonata; that elevated area on the vertex upon which the ocelli are situated.
Fronto-orbital bristles: in Diptera; are placed on each side of the front, just below the vertical bristles.
Fugitive: soon disappearing; not permanent.
Fulcrant: the trochanter when continued along the femur, as in Carabids.
Fulcrum: the chitinous envelope at the base of mouth in Diptera and Hymenoptera, covering the beginning of the oesophagus: any structure that serves as a support to another..
Fulgidus: shining.
Fuliginous -osus: sooty or smoky brown [Van Dyke brown + a little black].
Fulvo-aeneous: brazen, with a touch of brownish yellow [brown pink].
Fulvous -us: tawny; light brown with much yellow; nearly orange [pale cadmium yellow + Indian red].
Fumate -us: smoky gray [gray].
Fumose: smoky.
Function: the work or duty which a given part or organ normally performs.
Fungicolous: living in or on fungi.
Funicle: the joints between the scape and club in Funiculate antennae: a small cord: a slender stalk.
Funiculate: whip-like: long, slender, composed of many flexible joints.
Funicule: a small, cord-like structure; especially when sheathed.
Funiculus: the main tendon of abdomen: in Hymenoptera a slender ligament connecting the propodeum to petiole on its dorsal aspect.
Furca: a fork: the anal appendage used for leaping in Thysanura; see furcula: the forked ental processes of the sternum.
Furcal orifice: see sternal into orifice.
Furcate: forked; divided nto two approximately equal divisions.
Furcula: a forked process: an osmaterium {Scanner's comment: sic. See comment under "osmaterium".}: in Collembola the spring or saltatory appendage borne by the fourth abdominal segment: in Orthoptera, a pair of backwardly directed appendages which overlie in a more or less forked position the base of the supra-anal plate.
Furred: covered with dense hair resembling fur.
Fuscescent: becoming brown; with a brown shading.
Fusco-ferruginous: brownish rust red.
Fuseo-piceous: pitch black with a brown tinge or admixture.
Fuseo-rufous: red-brown, approaching liver brown.
Fuseo-testaceous: dull reddish brown [brown ocher].
Fuscous -us: dark brown, approaching black; a plain mixture of black and red [crimson lake + black].
Fused: run together: applied when two normally separated markings become confluent and have a common outline.
Fusiform: spindle-shaped: tapering gradually to each end.
Fusulus: = spinneret, q.v.
G
Gales: the outer lobe of the maxilla, usually two-jointed, often hood-like, subject to great modifications in Hymenoptera and Diptera, and forms the coiled tongue in Lepidoptera.
Galeotheca: that part of the pupal case that covers the gales. Gall: an abnormal swelling or excrescence on a plant, produced by an insect: = cecidium.
Gallicolous: dwellers in galls, whether as producers or inquilines.
Gallivorous: feeding upon galls or gall tissue.
Gamogenesis: reproduction through fertilization: see agamogenesis.
Ganglion -ia: a nerve centre composed of a cell mass and fibres: the white disc-like bodies connected by a double cord, lying above the ventral surface within the body and forming the centre of the nervous system.
Gasterotheca: that part of the pupa case that covers the abdomen.
Gastric: of or belonging to the belly or to the stomach.
Gastric caeca: = caecum; q.v.
Gastro-coeli: a pair of usually transverse lateral pits near the base of the second abdominal tergite in some Hymenoptera.
Gastro-ileal folds: occur in some insects at the junction of the chylific ventricle with the ileum and serve as a valve.
Gastrula: that embryonic stage resembling a sac, with an outer layer of epiblastic cells and an inner layer of hypoblastic cells.
Gastrulation: the process of forming a gastrula.
Gathering hairs: the soft, flattened, often hooked hairs on the tongue of bees and other Hymenoptera; = hooked hairs.
Gelatinous: of a jelly-like texture or consistency: viscid.
Geminate: arranged in pairs composed of two similar parts: doubled.
Gemmate -us: marked with metallic or bright colored spots.
Gemmiparous: applied to that form of asexual reproduction where new individuals arise as buds from the germ body of the parent.
Gena -ae: the cheeks; includes that portion of the head on each side below the eyes, and extends to the gular suture: in Odonata the area between the eyes and clypeus and mouth parts: in Diptera the space between the lower border of the eye and oral margin, merging into face at front and limited by the occipital margin behind.
Genal bristles: Diptera; are on the cheeks near lower corner of eye.
Generalized: primitive: containing in combination characters that are separated and specialized in other forms.
Generation: used as the equivalent of brood; q.v.
Genicular arc: Orthoptera; a curved dark marking on the posterior knee-joint.
Geniculate: knee jointed: abruptly bent in an obtuse angle.
Geniculum: a little knee or bend.
Genital armature: all the processes concerned in copulation.
Genital hamule: a little hook or plate covering the anal cavity of the male: the supra-anal or genital hook: in Lepidoptera, the uncut: in Odonata, in the plural, one or two pairs of lateral processes of the male genitalia on the ventral surface of the second abdominal segment.