[E124]St. Edmund's Day (20th November) may probably be the proper time for planting garlic and beans; but why the moon should be "in the wane" we are not informed, though, according to Tusser, "thereon hangeth a thing." The moon was formerly supposed to extend her power over all nature, and not over the tides and weather only.
[E124]St. Edmund's Day (20th November) may probably be the proper time for planting garlic and beans; but why the moon should be "in the wane" we are not informed, though, according to Tusser, "thereon hangeth a thing." The moon was formerly supposed to extend her power over all nature, and not over the tides and weather only.
[E125]The farmer who "looks to thrive" must "have an eye," not only to his barn, but also to the cruel habits or tricks of his servants; otherwise he may find his cattle maimed or otherwise injured, and his poultry made "to plaie tapple vp taile," a cant expression, meaning to tumble head over heels. Cf. the Scotch phrase, "coup your creels." Cotgrave,s.v. LaisserandHouseau, has an exactly parallel expression: "Il a laissé ses houseaux, he hath tipped up the heeles, or is ready to doe it; he hath got him to his last bed; he is even as good as gone; he is no better then a dead man." The Catholicon Anglicum also gives "Top ouer tayle,precipitanter: to cast tope ouer tayle,precipitari."
[E125]The farmer who "looks to thrive" must "have an eye," not only to his barn, but also to the cruel habits or tricks of his servants; otherwise he may find his cattle maimed or otherwise injured, and his poultry made "to plaie tapple vp taile," a cant expression, meaning to tumble head over heels. Cf. the Scotch phrase, "coup your creels." Cotgrave,s.v. LaisserandHouseau, has an exactly parallel expression: "Il a laissé ses houseaux, he hath tipped up the heeles, or is ready to doe it; he hath got him to his last bed; he is even as good as gone; he is no better then a dead man." The Catholicon Anglicum also gives "Top ouer tayle,precipitanter: to cast tope ouer tayle,precipitari."
[E126]The leathern bottle, from its size, must have been a most convenient vehicle for the removal of corn and other stolen property.
[E126]The leathern bottle, from its size, must have been a most convenient vehicle for the removal of corn and other stolen property.
[E127]Our author does not appear to have had any idea of the use of soot as a top-dressing to land, but its value is now well understood, as one of the greatest improvers of cold, mossy grasslands.
[E127]Our author does not appear to have had any idea of the use of soot as a top-dressing to land, but its value is now well understood, as one of the greatest improvers of cold, mossy grasslands.
[E128]It is leanness and ill-dressing that occasion nits and lice, not the state of the weather when they are taken to house.
[E128]It is leanness and ill-dressing that occasion nits and lice, not the state of the weather when they are taken to house.
[E129]The rack ought to be accessible on all sides, and perhaps high enough for small cattle to escape under it from their more powerful adversaries.—M.
[E129]The rack ought to be accessible on all sides, and perhaps high enough for small cattle to escape under it from their more powerful adversaries.—M.
[E130]"Barth." Wedgwood includes this underberth, the seaman's term for snug anchorage for themselves or their vessels. See Glossary:Barth.
[E130]"Barth." Wedgwood includes this underberth, the seaman's term for snug anchorage for themselves or their vessels. See Glossary:Barth.
[E131]"Afires-bird, for that she sat continually by the fire side."—Tom Tell-Trothe's New Yeare's Gift, New Shakspere Soc. ed. Furnivall, p. 12.
[E131]"Afires-bird, for that she sat continually by the fire side."—Tom Tell-Trothe's New Yeare's Gift, New Shakspere Soc. ed. Furnivall, p. 12.
[E132]"Beath." Bathing at the Fire, as it is commonly called, when the wood is yet unseasoned, sets it to what purpose you think fit.—T.R.
[E132]"Beath." Bathing at the Fire, as it is commonly called, when the wood is yet unseasoned, sets it to what purpose you think fit.—T.R.
[E133]"Camping." "Goals were pitched 150 or 200 yards apart, formed of the thrown-off clothes of the competitors." Each party had two goals 10 or 15 yards apart. The parties, 10 to 15 aside, stand in line facing their own goals and each other, at 10 yards distance, midway between the goals and nearest that of their adversaries. An indifferent spectator throws up the ball—the size of a cricket ball—midway between the confronted players, whose object is to seize and convey it between their own goals. The shock of the first onset to catch the falling ball is very great, and the player who seizes it speeds home pursued by his opponents, through whom he has to make his way, aided by the jostlings of his own sidesmen. If caught and held, or in imminent danger of it, hethrowsthe ball, but must in no casegiveit, to a comrade, who, if it be not arrested in its course, or he be jostled away by his eager foes, catches it, and hurries home, winning the game orsnotchif he contrive tocarry, not throw, it between the goals. A holder of the ball caught with it in his possession loses asnotch. At the loss of each of these the game recommences after a breathing time. Seven or ninesnotchesare the game, and these it will sometimes take two or three hours to win. Sometimes a large football was used, and the game was then called "kicking camp," and if played with the shoes on, "savage camp."—Abridged from Major Moor's Description.Ray says it prevailed, in his time, most in Norfolk, Suffolk, and Essex. It was new to Sir T. Browne on his settling in Norfolk, and is not mentioned by Strutt amongst the "Sports and Pastimes of the English People."Mr. Spurdens, in his Supplement to Forby's Vocabulary, remarks: "The contests were not unfrequently fatal to many of the combatants. I have heard old persons speak of a celebratedCamping, Norfolk against Suffolk, on Diss Common, with 300 on each side. Before the ball was thrown up, the Norfolk men inquired tauntingly of the Suffolk men if they had brought their coffins. The Suffolk men after fourteen hours were the victors. Nine deaths were the result of the contest within a fortnight. These were calledfighting camps, for much boxing was practised in them." Cf."This faire floure of womanheedHath two pappys also smalle,Bolsteryd out of lenghth and breed,Lyche a largeCampyng ball."—Lydgate.Camping Landwas a piece of ground set apart for the game. A field abutting on the churchyard at Swaffham was willed for the purpose by the Rector in 1472. At East Bilney and Stowmarket are pieces of ground still calledCamping land. Sir John Cullum, in his "History of Hawstead, Suffolk," describes theCamping-pightleas mentioned A.D. 1466. "Camparorpleyarat foott balle,campyonorchampyon."—Prompt. Parv. "Camping is Foot Ball playing, at which they are very dextrous in Norfolk; and so many People running up and down a piece of ground, without doubt evens and saddens it, so that the Root of the Grass lies firm.... The trampling of so many People drives also the Mole away."—T.R.
[E133]"Camping." "Goals were pitched 150 or 200 yards apart, formed of the thrown-off clothes of the competitors." Each party had two goals 10 or 15 yards apart. The parties, 10 to 15 aside, stand in line facing their own goals and each other, at 10 yards distance, midway between the goals and nearest that of their adversaries. An indifferent spectator throws up the ball—the size of a cricket ball—midway between the confronted players, whose object is to seize and convey it between their own goals. The shock of the first onset to catch the falling ball is very great, and the player who seizes it speeds home pursued by his opponents, through whom he has to make his way, aided by the jostlings of his own sidesmen. If caught and held, or in imminent danger of it, hethrowsthe ball, but must in no casegiveit, to a comrade, who, if it be not arrested in its course, or he be jostled away by his eager foes, catches it, and hurries home, winning the game orsnotchif he contrive tocarry, not throw, it between the goals. A holder of the ball caught with it in his possession loses asnotch. At the loss of each of these the game recommences after a breathing time. Seven or ninesnotchesare the game, and these it will sometimes take two or three hours to win. Sometimes a large football was used, and the game was then called "kicking camp," and if played with the shoes on, "savage camp."—Abridged from Major Moor's Description.
Ray says it prevailed, in his time, most in Norfolk, Suffolk, and Essex. It was new to Sir T. Browne on his settling in Norfolk, and is not mentioned by Strutt amongst the "Sports and Pastimes of the English People."
Mr. Spurdens, in his Supplement to Forby's Vocabulary, remarks: "The contests were not unfrequently fatal to many of the combatants. I have heard old persons speak of a celebratedCamping, Norfolk against Suffolk, on Diss Common, with 300 on each side. Before the ball was thrown up, the Norfolk men inquired tauntingly of the Suffolk men if they had brought their coffins. The Suffolk men after fourteen hours were the victors. Nine deaths were the result of the contest within a fortnight. These were calledfighting camps, for much boxing was practised in them." Cf.
"This faire floure of womanheedHath two pappys also smalle,Bolsteryd out of lenghth and breed,Lyche a largeCampyng ball."—Lydgate.
Camping Landwas a piece of ground set apart for the game. A field abutting on the churchyard at Swaffham was willed for the purpose by the Rector in 1472. At East Bilney and Stowmarket are pieces of ground still calledCamping land. Sir John Cullum, in his "History of Hawstead, Suffolk," describes theCamping-pightleas mentioned A.D. 1466. "Camparorpleyarat foott balle,campyonorchampyon."—Prompt. Parv. "Camping is Foot Ball playing, at which they are very dextrous in Norfolk; and so many People running up and down a piece of ground, without doubt evens and saddens it, so that the Root of the Grass lies firm.... The trampling of so many People drives also the Mole away."—T.R.
[E134]"All quickly forgot as a play on a stage." Comp. Shakspere, As you Like it, Act ii. sc. 7: "All the world's a stage," etc., and Merchant of Venice, Act i. sc. 1, where Antonio calls the world "A stage where every man must play a part." "Totus mundus agit histrionem," from a fragment of Petronius, is said to have been the motto on the Globe Theatre. Calderon wrote a play called El Teatro del Mundo (The Theatre of the World). It is remarkable for containing the lines:"En el teatro del mundoTodos son representantes,"i.e.in the stage of the world all men are players.—W. W. S. In the old play of Damon and Pythias (Dodsley's Old Plays, ed. Hazlitt, iv. 31) the following occurs:"Pythagoras said that this world was like a stage,Where many play their parts: the lookers on, the sagePhilosophers are, said he, whose part is to learnThe manners of all nations, and the good from the bad to discern."The same comparison occurs also in Don Quixote, part ii. cap. 12. See noteE378.
[E134]"All quickly forgot as a play on a stage." Comp. Shakspere, As you Like it, Act ii. sc. 7: "All the world's a stage," etc., and Merchant of Venice, Act i. sc. 1, where Antonio calls the world "A stage where every man must play a part." "Totus mundus agit histrionem," from a fragment of Petronius, is said to have been the motto on the Globe Theatre. Calderon wrote a play called El Teatro del Mundo (The Theatre of the World). It is remarkable for containing the lines:
"En el teatro del mundoTodos son representantes,"
i.e.in the stage of the world all men are players.—W. W. S. In the old play of Damon and Pythias (Dodsley's Old Plays, ed. Hazlitt, iv. 31) the following occurs:
"Pythagoras said that this world was like a stage,Where many play their parts: the lookers on, the sagePhilosophers are, said he, whose part is to learnThe manners of all nations, and the good from the bad to discern."
The same comparison occurs also in Don Quixote, part ii. cap. 12. See noteE378.
[E135]Psalm cxliv. 4.
[E135]Psalm cxliv. 4.
[E136]"Atrop." "The fatall sisters," Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos, daughters of Erebus and the Night, were supposed to spin out the life of man as it were a long thread, which they drew out in length, till his fatal hour had arrived; but if by any other casualty his days were shortened, thenAtroposwas said to have cut the thread in two. Hence the old verse: "Clotho colum bajulat, Lachesis trahit, Atropos occat."
[E136]"Atrop." "The fatall sisters," Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos, daughters of Erebus and the Night, were supposed to spin out the life of man as it were a long thread, which they drew out in length, till his fatal hour had arrived; but if by any other casualty his days were shortened, thenAtroposwas said to have cut the thread in two. Hence the old verse: "Clotho colum bajulat, Lachesis trahit, Atropos occat."
[E137]"Euer among," an expression of frequent occurrence in Early English, meaning "constantly, continually." Compare the Mod. Eng. "all the while." In a Carol of the fifteenth century, we read:"Thys endus nyȝthI saw a syȝth,A stare as bryȝt as day;Andever amongA mayden songLullay, by by, lullay."And in another:"Our der Lady she stod hym by,And wepe water ful bytterly,And terys of blodever among."
[E137]"Euer among," an expression of frequent occurrence in Early English, meaning "constantly, continually." Compare the Mod. Eng. "all the while." In a Carol of the fifteenth century, we read:
"Thys endus nyȝthI saw a syȝth,A stare as bryȝt as day;Andever amongA mayden songLullay, by by, lullay."
And in another:
"Our der Lady she stod hym by,And wepe water ful bytterly,And terys of blodever among."
[E138]"As onely of whom our comfort is had." The expression is obscure, but the meaning is clear: as the only one from whom our comfort (or strength) is derived.
[E138]"As onely of whom our comfort is had." The expression is obscure, but the meaning is clear: as the only one from whom our comfort (or strength) is derived.
[E139]"Good husbands," that is, good husbandmen or farmers.
[E139]"Good husbands," that is, good husbandmen or farmers.
[E140]"Then lightly," an old form of expression. Tusser means that poor people are thenprobablyorgenerallymost sorely oppressed. Cf. "Short summerlightlyhas a forward spring."—Shakspere, Richard III. Act iii. sc. 1.
[E140]"Then lightly," an old form of expression. Tusser means that poor people are thenprobablyorgenerallymost sorely oppressed. Cf. "Short summerlightlyhas a forward spring."—Shakspere, Richard III. Act iii. sc. 1.
[E141]"Few Capons are cut now except about Dorking in Surrey; they have been excluded by the turkey, a more magnificent, but perhaps not a better fowl."—Pegge's Forme of Cury, ed. 1780, p. 19.
[E141]"Few Capons are cut now except about Dorking in Surrey; they have been excluded by the turkey, a more magnificent, but perhaps not a better fowl."—Pegge's Forme of Cury, ed. 1780, p. 19.
[E142]"Vpon the tune of King Salomon." Mar. 4, 1559, there is a receipt from Ralph Newberry for his licence for printing a ballad called "Kynge Saloman," Registr. Station. Comp. Lond. notat. A fol. 48a. Again in 1562, a licence to print "iij balletts, the one entituled 'Newes oute of Kent;' the other, a 'Newe ballat after the tune of Kynge Solomon;' and the third, 'Newes oute of Heaven and Hell.'"—Ibid.fol. 75a. Again,ibid."Crestenmas Carowles auctorisshed by my lord of London." A ballad of Solomon and the Queen of Sheba is entered in 1567,ibid.fol. 166a.—Warton's Hist. of Eng. Poetry, ed. Hazlitt, vol. iii. p. 428.
[E142]"Vpon the tune of King Salomon." Mar. 4, 1559, there is a receipt from Ralph Newberry for his licence for printing a ballad called "Kynge Saloman," Registr. Station. Comp. Lond. notat. A fol. 48a. Again in 1562, a licence to print "iij balletts, the one entituled 'Newes oute of Kent;' the other, a 'Newe ballat after the tune of Kynge Solomon;' and the third, 'Newes oute of Heaven and Hell.'"—Ibid.fol. 75a. Again,ibid."Crestenmas Carowles auctorisshed by my lord of London." A ballad of Solomon and the Queen of Sheba is entered in 1567,ibid.fol. 166a.—Warton's Hist. of Eng. Poetry, ed. Hazlitt, vol. iii. p. 428.
[E143]There is some confusion here, although the sense is clear; probably we should read, "andfliesfrom sinne," etc.
[E143]There is some confusion here, although the sense is clear; probably we should read, "andfliesfrom sinne," etc.
[E144]"Michel cries,"i.e.to delay the operation of cutting, and therefore the cries of the animals, till Michaelmas, will havethe effect of getting them into such condition as better to please the butchers' eyes.
[E144]"Michel cries,"i.e.to delay the operation of cutting, and therefore the cries of the animals, till Michaelmas, will havethe effect of getting them into such condition as better to please the butchers' eyes.
[E145]"Bulchin," a double diminutive =bull-ock-in, cf.man-ik-in."For ten mark men sold a littlebulchin;Litille less men tolde a bouke of a motoun;Men gaf fiveten schillynges for a goos or a hen."—R. de Brunne's Chronicle, ed. Hearne, i. 174.See also Langtoft, p. 174, and Middleton, iii. 524.
[E145]"Bulchin," a double diminutive =bull-ock-in, cf.man-ik-in.
"For ten mark men sold a littlebulchin;Litille less men tolde a bouke of a motoun;Men gaf fiveten schillynges for a goos or a hen."—R. de Brunne's Chronicle, ed. Hearne, i. 174.
See also Langtoft, p. 174, and Middleton, iii. 524.
[E146]"Apricot;" in Shakspere, and in other writers of that century, apricock; in older writers abricot and abrecocke; from L.præcoquaorpræcocia= early, from the fruit having been considered to be an early peach. A passage in Pliny (Hist. Nat. xv. 12) explains its name: "Post autumnum maturescunt Persica, æstatepræcocia, intra xxx annos reperta." Martial also refers to it in the following words:"Vilia materius fueramus praecoqua ramis,Nunc in adoptivis persica cara sumus."—Liber xiii. Ep. 46.The English, although they take their word from the French, at first restored thek, and afterwards adopted the French termination,apricot.—See a paper on the word in N.& Q. for November 23, 1850. "I account theWhite peare-plum stocksthe best toInoculate Aprecock buds upon, although they may be done upon otherPlum-stockswith good successe, if they be good juycie stocks, able to give a good nourishment, forAprecock treesrequire much nourishment."—Austen's Treatise on Fruit Trees, 1657, p. 57. Cotgrave (Fr. Dict.) gives, "Abricot: m. The Abricot, or Apricocke plum." Minsheu (Span. Dict. 1599) has, "Albarcoque, or Alvarcoque, m. an apricocke." Compare Midsummer Night's Dream, iii. 1. 169: "Feed him with apricocks and dewberries"; and Rich. II. Act iii. sc. 4, 29: "Go bind you up yon dangling apricocks."
[E146]"Apricot;" in Shakspere, and in other writers of that century, apricock; in older writers abricot and abrecocke; from L.præcoquaorpræcocia= early, from the fruit having been considered to be an early peach. A passage in Pliny (Hist. Nat. xv. 12) explains its name: "Post autumnum maturescunt Persica, æstatepræcocia, intra xxx annos reperta." Martial also refers to it in the following words:
"Vilia materius fueramus praecoqua ramis,Nunc in adoptivis persica cara sumus."—Liber xiii. Ep. 46.
The English, although they take their word from the French, at first restored thek, and afterwards adopted the French termination,apricot.—See a paper on the word in N.& Q. for November 23, 1850. "I account theWhite peare-plum stocksthe best toInoculate Aprecock buds upon, although they may be done upon otherPlum-stockswith good successe, if they be good juycie stocks, able to give a good nourishment, forAprecock treesrequire much nourishment."—Austen's Treatise on Fruit Trees, 1657, p. 57. Cotgrave (Fr. Dict.) gives, "Abricot: m. The Abricot, or Apricocke plum." Minsheu (Span. Dict. 1599) has, "Albarcoque, or Alvarcoque, m. an apricocke." Compare Midsummer Night's Dream, iii. 1. 169: "Feed him with apricocks and dewberries"; and Rich. II. Act iii. sc. 4, 29: "Go bind you up yon dangling apricocks."
[E147]"Boollesse." In the Grete Herballbolays, in Prompt. Parv.bolas. Prunus communis, Huds.; var. insititia, L. In Bacon's Essays xlvi. the name is spelt "bullises."
[E147]"Boollesse." In the Grete Herballbolays, in Prompt. Parv.bolas. Prunus communis, Huds.; var. insititia, L. In Bacon's Essays xlvi. the name is spelt "bullises."
[E148]"Cheries." Austen, in his Treatise on Fruit Trees, Oxford, 1657, p. 56, enumerates the following kinds of cherries: "TheFlanders Cherry, most generally planted, is a great bearing fruit. TheMay Cherriesare tender, and the trees must be set in a warm place. TheBlack-hart Cherry, a very speciall fruit, and a great bearing fruit, and doubtlesse exceeding proper to presse for wine either to drink of itselfe, or to mix the juyce withCiderto give it acolourasClarret-wine, it being of a deepe red, and a small quantity of it will colour a gallon ofCiderorWhite wine. There is aCherrywe call thegreat bearing Cherryof M. Milleu. It may very well be called thegreat bearer, for the trees seldome fayle of great store of fruits, although in a cold and sharp spring."
[E148]"Cheries." Austen, in his Treatise on Fruit Trees, Oxford, 1657, p. 56, enumerates the following kinds of cherries: "TheFlanders Cherry, most generally planted, is a great bearing fruit. TheMay Cherriesare tender, and the trees must be set in a warm place. TheBlack-hart Cherry, a very speciall fruit, and a great bearing fruit, and doubtlesse exceeding proper to presse for wine either to drink of itselfe, or to mix the juyce withCiderto give it acolourasClarret-wine, it being of a deepe red, and a small quantity of it will colour a gallon ofCiderorWhite wine. There is aCherrywe call thegreat bearing Cherryof M. Milleu. It may very well be called thegreat bearer, for the trees seldome fayle of great store of fruits, although in a cold and sharp spring."
[E149]"Chestnuts." Often spelt, but improperly,chesnut, asthough thecheese-like nut. From the O. Fr.Chastaigne, and the Ital.Castagna, we learn its true derivation, namely fromCastanæain Thessaly, its native place.
[E149]"Chestnuts." Often spelt, but improperly,chesnut, asthough thecheese-like nut. From the O. Fr.Chastaigne, and the Ital.Castagna, we learn its true derivation, namely fromCastanæain Thessaly, its native place.
[E150]"Cornet plums" = cornel plums; called also cornel cherry. O. Fr.cornille, nowcornouille, L. Lat.cornolium, from Lat.cornus= a cornel cherry tree.
[E150]"Cornet plums" = cornel plums; called also cornel cherry. O. Fr.cornille, nowcornouille, L. Lat.cornolium, from Lat.cornus= a cornel cherry tree.
[E151]"TheDamasco-plumis a good fruit and the trees beare well."—Austen's Treatise on Fruit Trees, 1657.
[E151]"TheDamasco-plumis a good fruit and the trees beare well."—Austen's Treatise on Fruit Trees, 1657.
[E152]Andrew Boorde, in his Introduction of Knowledge, ed. Furnivall, p. 283, says: "Fylberdesbe better than hasell nuttes; yf they be newe, and taken from the tree, and the skyn or the pyth pulled of, they be nutrytyue, and doth increase fatnes."
[E152]Andrew Boorde, in his Introduction of Knowledge, ed. Furnivall, p. 283, says: "Fylberdesbe better than hasell nuttes; yf they be newe, and taken from the tree, and the skyn or the pyth pulled of, they be nutrytyue, and doth increase fatnes."
[E153]"Goose beries." Dr. R. A. Prior says: "From the Flemishkroesorkruys berie, Swed.krusbär, a word that bears the two meanings of 'cross-' and 'frizzle-berry,' but was given to this fruit with the first meaning, in reference to its triple spine, which not unfrequently presents the form of a cross. This equivocal word was misunderstood and taken in its other sense of 'frizzle-berry,' and translated into German and herbalist Latin as 'kraüsel-beere,' and 'uva crispa.' The Fr.groseilleand Span.grosellaare corruptions of Ger.kraüsel."
[E153]"Goose beries." Dr. R. A. Prior says: "From the Flemishkroesorkruys berie, Swed.krusbär, a word that bears the two meanings of 'cross-' and 'frizzle-berry,' but was given to this fruit with the first meaning, in reference to its triple spine, which not unfrequently presents the form of a cross. This equivocal word was misunderstood and taken in its other sense of 'frizzle-berry,' and translated into German and herbalist Latin as 'kraüsel-beere,' and 'uva crispa.' The Fr.groseilleand Span.grosellaare corruptions of Ger.kraüsel."
[E154]"Some Authors affirme that there have beenVine-yardsin England in former times, though they be all destroyed long since. Divers places retaine the name of Vine yards still, atBromwell AbbyinNorfolkeand at Elie in Cambridgshiere which affordedWine; what else is the meaning of these old Rimes?'Quatuor sunt Elie, Lanterna, Capella MariasEt molendinum, nec non dans Vinea vinum.'Englished thus:'Foure things of Elie Towne much spoken are,The Leaden Lanthorn, Maries Chappell rare,The mighty Mil-hill in the Minstre field,And fruitfulVine-yardswhich sweet wine doe yeeld.'And doubtlesse men might plant Vines with good successe, to make good wine even with us. There are many kinds of Vines, but I know none so good, and fit for our climate as theParsley Vineor Canada Grape, we see by experience yearly it beares abundance of fruit unto perfection. And whosoever would plant Vines in England I think he cannot meet with a better kind than theParsley Vineboth forbearingandgoodnesse. TheFox grapeis a fairelarge Fruitand a verygreat beareralthough not of so much esteem as divers others. TheFrantiniack Grapeis of great accompt with many, and is a speciall fruit where it comes to perfect ripenesse, which it hardly does, except the Vine be set upon theSouth-wallwhere it may havemuch sun. TheRedandWhite Muskadine Grapeare speciall fruits and beare very well, and come to perfect ripenesse if the Vine grow upon theSouth-wallor upon theEaste-wallwhichis best next. There is theCurran Grape, Cluster Grape, and many other kinds of good grapes, and the fruits arebetterorworseaccording to theplacethey grow in: If they havemuch sun, and bewell ordered, the fruit will bebetterandsooner ripe."—Austen's Treatise of Fruit Trees, 1657.
[E154]"Some Authors affirme that there have beenVine-yardsin England in former times, though they be all destroyed long since. Divers places retaine the name of Vine yards still, atBromwell AbbyinNorfolkeand at Elie in Cambridgshiere which affordedWine; what else is the meaning of these old Rimes?
'Quatuor sunt Elie, Lanterna, Capella MariasEt molendinum, nec non dans Vinea vinum.'
Englished thus:
'Foure things of Elie Towne much spoken are,The Leaden Lanthorn, Maries Chappell rare,The mighty Mil-hill in the Minstre field,And fruitfulVine-yardswhich sweet wine doe yeeld.'
And doubtlesse men might plant Vines with good successe, to make good wine even with us. There are many kinds of Vines, but I know none so good, and fit for our climate as theParsley Vineor Canada Grape, we see by experience yearly it beares abundance of fruit unto perfection. And whosoever would plant Vines in England I think he cannot meet with a better kind than theParsley Vineboth forbearingandgoodnesse. TheFox grapeis a fairelarge Fruitand a verygreat beareralthough not of so much esteem as divers others. TheFrantiniack Grapeis of great accompt with many, and is a speciall fruit where it comes to perfect ripenesse, which it hardly does, except the Vine be set upon theSouth-wallwhere it may havemuch sun. TheRedandWhite Muskadine Grapeare speciall fruits and beare very well, and come to perfect ripenesse if the Vine grow upon theSouth-wallor upon theEaste-wallwhichis best next. There is theCurran Grape, Cluster Grape, and many other kinds of good grapes, and the fruits arebetterorworseaccording to theplacethey grow in: If they havemuch sun, and bewell ordered, the fruit will bebetterandsooner ripe."—Austen's Treatise of Fruit Trees, 1657.
[E155]"There are very many kinds ofPlums, many more than of Cherries. I esteeme theMustle Plumone of the best, being a faire large black plum, and of an excellent rellish, and thetrees beare abundantly. The Damazeene also is an excellent fruit. TheVioletandPremordenPlum-trees are verygreat bearing trees, and the fruits pleasant and good. TheWhite Peare-plum-stocksare accounted the best, and theDamson-stocksthe worst for grafting upon."—Ibid.p. 57.
[E155]"There are very many kinds ofPlums, many more than of Cherries. I esteeme theMustle Plumone of the best, being a faire large black plum, and of an excellent rellish, and thetrees beare abundantly. The Damazeene also is an excellent fruit. TheVioletandPremordenPlum-trees are verygreat bearing trees, and the fruits pleasant and good. TheWhite Peare-plum-stocksare accounted the best, and theDamson-stocksthe worst for grafting upon."—Ibid.p. 57.
[E156]"Hurtillberies (= Whortleberries) called 'Hurts' for shortness at Godalming. I suspect this may be connected with Hurtmoor, the name of a dale near Godalming."—Note by Rev. W. W. Skeat. "'Hurtilberries' for 'whortleberries,' itself a corruption for 'myrtleberries.'"—Dr. Prior, Popular Names of British Plants, 1870.
[E156]"Hurtillberies (= Whortleberries) called 'Hurts' for shortness at Godalming. I suspect this may be connected with Hurtmoor, the name of a dale near Godalming."—Note by Rev. W. W. Skeat. "'Hurtilberries' for 'whortleberries,' itself a corruption for 'myrtleberries.'"—Dr. Prior, Popular Names of British Plants, 1870.
[E157]"Medlars, called in Normandy and Anjoumeslier, from Lat.mespilus, but as the verbmeslerbecame in Englishmeddle, so this fruit also, although a word of different origin, took adfor ansand becamemedlar."—Ibid."The Kernells [of medlers] bruised to dust, and drunk in liquor (especially where Parsly roots have been steeped), doe mightily drive out stones and gravell from the kidneyes."—Austen, Treatise on Fruit Trees, 1657, p. 84.
[E157]"Medlars, called in Normandy and Anjoumeslier, from Lat.mespilus, but as the verbmeslerbecame in Englishmeddle, so this fruit also, although a word of different origin, took adfor ansand becamemedlar."—Ibid.
"The Kernells [of medlers] bruised to dust, and drunk in liquor (especially where Parsly roots have been steeped), doe mightily drive out stones and gravell from the kidneyes."—Austen, Treatise on Fruit Trees, 1657, p. 84.
[E158]"TheIuyce of Mulberriesis knowne by experience to be a good remedy for a sore mouth, or throat, such as are perfectly ripe relax the belly, but the unripe (especially dry'd) are said to bind exceedingly, and therefore are given to such as haveLasks and Fluxes."—Ibid.p. 84.
[E158]"TheIuyce of Mulberriesis knowne by experience to be a good remedy for a sore mouth, or throat, such as are perfectly ripe relax the belly, but the unripe (especially dry'd) are said to bind exceedingly, and therefore are given to such as haveLasks and Fluxes."—Ibid.p. 84.
[E159]"Peach, in old works spelt Peske, Peesk, Peshe, and Peche, O. Fr.pesche, L.Persica, formerly calledmalum persicum= Persian apple, from which the Arabs formed their name for it with the prefixeloral, and thence the Spanishalberchigo."—Dr. R. A. Prior.Austen, in his work already quoted, says (p. 58): "OfPeachesthere are divers kinds. I know by experience theNutmeg and NewingtonPeaches to be excellent fruits, especially theNutmegPeach."
[E159]"Peach, in old works spelt Peske, Peesk, Peshe, and Peche, O. Fr.pesche, L.Persica, formerly calledmalum persicum= Persian apple, from which the Arabs formed their name for it with the prefixeloral, and thence the Spanishalberchigo."—Dr. R. A. Prior.
Austen, in his work already quoted, says (p. 58): "OfPeachesthere are divers kinds. I know by experience theNutmeg and NewingtonPeaches to be excellent fruits, especially theNutmegPeach."
[E160]Evidently a misprint for Peare-plums, which is the reading of all the later editions. Austen, in his Treatise on Fruit Trees, recommends that Peaches be grafted on plum stocks, such as theWhite Peare-plum-stock.
[E160]Evidently a misprint for Peare-plums, which is the reading of all the later editions. Austen, in his Treatise on Fruit Trees, recommends that Peaches be grafted on plum stocks, such as theWhite Peare-plum-stock.
[E161]The word "Quince" preserves only a single letter of its original form. A passage in the Romaunt of the Rose shows an early form of the word, and also exhibitschestnutandcherryin atransitional stage of adoption from the French. The author of the Romaunt writes:"And many homely trees there were,That peaches,coines, and apples bere;Medlers, plummes, peeres, chesteines,Cherise, of which many one faine is."It is evident that the English word is a corruption of the Frenchcoing, which we may trace through the Italiancotognato Lat.cotoniumorcydonium malum, the apple of Cydon, a town in Crete.—Taylor's Words and Places. In the Paston Letters, i. 245, occurs the word "chardequeyns," that is, a preserve made of quinces. See also the Babees Book, E.E.T. Soc. ed. Furnivall, p. 152. In the ordinances of the household of George, Duke of Clarence, p. 103,charequynsesoccur under the head of spices, their price being 5 shillings "the boke," or £2 10s.for 10 lbs., A.D. 1468.
[E161]The word "Quince" preserves only a single letter of its original form. A passage in the Romaunt of the Rose shows an early form of the word, and also exhibitschestnutandcherryin atransitional stage of adoption from the French. The author of the Romaunt writes:
"And many homely trees there were,That peaches,coines, and apples bere;Medlers, plummes, peeres, chesteines,Cherise, of which many one faine is."
It is evident that the English word is a corruption of the Frenchcoing, which we may trace through the Italiancotognato Lat.cotoniumorcydonium malum, the apple of Cydon, a town in Crete.—Taylor's Words and Places. In the Paston Letters, i. 245, occurs the word "chardequeyns," that is, a preserve made of quinces. See also the Babees Book, E.E.T. Soc. ed. Furnivall, p. 152. In the ordinances of the household of George, Duke of Clarence, p. 103,charequynsesoccur under the head of spices, their price being 5 shillings "the boke," or £2 10s.for 10 lbs., A.D. 1468.
[E162]"Respis." In Turner's Herbal calledRaspisorRaspices, the latter of which is apparently a double plural. Probably fromresp, a word that in the Eastern counties means a shoot, a sucker, a young stem, and especially the fruit-bearing stem of raspberries (Forby). This name it may owe to the fact that the fruit grows on the young shoots of the previous year.
[E162]"Respis." In Turner's Herbal calledRaspisorRaspices, the latter of which is apparently a double plural. Probably fromresp, a word that in the Eastern counties means a shoot, a sucker, a young stem, and especially the fruit-bearing stem of raspberries (Forby). This name it may owe to the fact that the fruit grows on the young shoots of the previous year.
[E163]"Reisons," most probably currants. "Raysouns of Coraunte."—Pegge's Forme of Cury, ed. 1780, p. 16.Turner (Names of Herbes) says the currant tree is called "in some places of England aRasintree."—Note by Mr. J. Britten, F.L.S.
[E163]"Reisons," most probably currants. "Raysouns of Coraunte."—Pegge's Forme of Cury, ed. 1780, p. 16.
Turner (Names of Herbes) says the currant tree is called "in some places of England aRasintree."—Note by Mr. J. Britten, F.L.S.
[E164]"Seruice trees." Dr. R. A. Prior, in his Popular Names of British Plants, 1870, p. 209, says: "Service-, or, as in Ph. Holland's Pliny more correctly spelt, Servise-tree, from L.Cervisia, its fruit having from ancient times been used for making a fermented liquor, a kind of beer:Et pocula lætiFermento atque acidis imitantur viteasorbis.—Virg. Georgics III. 379.Diefenbach remarks (Or. Eur. 102): 'bisweilen bedeutet cervisia einen nicht aus Getreide gebranten Trank;' and Evelyn tells us in his Sylva (ch. xv.), that 'ale and beer brewed with these berries, being ripe, is an incomparable drink.' TheCerevisiaof the ancients was made from malt, and took its name, we are told by Isidore of Seville, fromCeres, Cereris, but this has come to be used in a secondary sense without regard to its etymological meaning, just as inBalm-teawe use tea in the sense of an infusion, without regard to its being properly the name of a different plant." Wild Service, the rowan tree;Pyrus aucuiparia, Gärt.
[E164]"Seruice trees." Dr. R. A. Prior, in his Popular Names of British Plants, 1870, p. 209, says: "Service-, or, as in Ph. Holland's Pliny more correctly spelt, Servise-tree, from L.Cervisia, its fruit having from ancient times been used for making a fermented liquor, a kind of beer:
Et pocula lætiFermento atque acidis imitantur viteasorbis.—Virg. Georgics III. 379.
Diefenbach remarks (Or. Eur. 102): 'bisweilen bedeutet cervisia einen nicht aus Getreide gebranten Trank;' and Evelyn tells us in his Sylva (ch. xv.), that 'ale and beer brewed with these berries, being ripe, is an incomparable drink.' TheCerevisiaof the ancients was made from malt, and took its name, we are told by Isidore of Seville, fromCeres, Cereris, but this has come to be used in a secondary sense without regard to its etymological meaning, just as inBalm-teawe use tea in the sense of an infusion, without regard to its being properly the name of a different plant." Wild Service, the rowan tree;Pyrus aucuiparia, Gärt.
[E165]"Wallnuts are usually eaten after meales to close up the stomach, and help digestion. And according toAvicen(Can. lib. 2, cap. 501), recentes sunt meliores stomacho (the newer the better for the stomach). Bread or Bisket may be made of the meale being dried. The young nuts peeled are preserved, and candied for Banquetting stuffe: and being ripe the Kernells may be crusted over with sugar, and kept long.Avicensays (Can. lib.2, cap. 501): 'Iuglans ficubus et Rutâ medicina omnibus venenis': Wallnuts with Figs and Rue is a preservative against all poison. Schol. Salern. reckonsWallnutsfor one of the six things that resist poyson:'Allia, Nux, Ruta, Pyra, Raphanus cum Theriaca:Hæc sunt Antidotum contra mortale venenum.'Garlicke, Rue, Peares, Treacle and Nuts:Take these and then no deadly poyson hurts.Mithridates the great: his preservative was (as is recorded by Pliny, Nat. Hist. lib. 23, c. 18), 'Two Wallnuts, two Figs, 20 leaves of Rue and a grain of salt stamped together,' which taken no poyson that day could hurt him.Greene Wallnutsabout Midsommer distilled and drunk with vineger, are accounted a certain preservative against the Pestilence."—Austen's Treatise of Fruit Trees, 1657. "Walnutsbe hurtful to the memory, and so are Onyons, because they annoy the eyes with dazeling dimnesse through a hoate vapour."—T. Newton, Touchstone, ed. 1581, f. 125b. The original prescription of the antidote of Mithridates, discovered by Pompey among the archives of the king, was very simple. Q. Serenus tells us that"Magnus scrinia regisCum raperet victor, vilem deprehendit in illisSynthesin, et vulgata satis medicamina risit:Bis denum rutæ folium, salis et breve granum,Juglandesque duas, terno cum corpore ficus."Cf. Piers Plowman, C. Text, Pass. xiii. 143:"As in awalnotewithoute ys a byter barke,And after þat biter barke be þe shele aweye,Ys a curnel of comfort kynde to restorie."On which see Mr. Skeat's note.
[E165]"Wallnuts are usually eaten after meales to close up the stomach, and help digestion. And according toAvicen(Can. lib. 2, cap. 501), recentes sunt meliores stomacho (the newer the better for the stomach). Bread or Bisket may be made of the meale being dried. The young nuts peeled are preserved, and candied for Banquetting stuffe: and being ripe the Kernells may be crusted over with sugar, and kept long.Avicensays (Can. lib.2, cap. 501): 'Iuglans ficubus et Rutâ medicina omnibus venenis': Wallnuts with Figs and Rue is a preservative against all poison. Schol. Salern. reckonsWallnutsfor one of the six things that resist poyson:
'Allia, Nux, Ruta, Pyra, Raphanus cum Theriaca:Hæc sunt Antidotum contra mortale venenum.'Garlicke, Rue, Peares, Treacle and Nuts:Take these and then no deadly poyson hurts.
Mithridates the great: his preservative was (as is recorded by Pliny, Nat. Hist. lib. 23, c. 18), 'Two Wallnuts, two Figs, 20 leaves of Rue and a grain of salt stamped together,' which taken no poyson that day could hurt him.Greene Wallnutsabout Midsommer distilled and drunk with vineger, are accounted a certain preservative against the Pestilence."—Austen's Treatise of Fruit Trees, 1657. "Walnutsbe hurtful to the memory, and so are Onyons, because they annoy the eyes with dazeling dimnesse through a hoate vapour."—T. Newton, Touchstone, ed. 1581, f. 125b. The original prescription of the antidote of Mithridates, discovered by Pompey among the archives of the king, was very simple. Q. Serenus tells us that
"Magnus scrinia regisCum raperet victor, vilem deprehendit in illisSynthesin, et vulgata satis medicamina risit:Bis denum rutæ folium, salis et breve granum,Juglandesque duas, terno cum corpore ficus."
Cf. Piers Plowman, C. Text, Pass. xiii. 143:
"As in awalnotewithoute ys a byter barke,And after þat biter barke be þe shele aweye,Ys a curnel of comfort kynde to restorie."
On which see Mr. Skeat's note.
[E166]"Warden appulles rosted, stued, or baken, be nutrytyue, and doth comfort the stomache, specyally yf they be eaten with comfettes."—Andrew Boorde's Dyetary, ed. Furnivall, E.E.T. Soc. p. 284. And again,ibid.p. 291, as a remedy for the Pestilence: "Let hym vse to eate stued or baken wardens, yf they can be goten; yf not, eate stued or baken peers, with comfettes: vse no grosse meates, but those the which be lyght of dygestyon."
[E166]"Warden appulles rosted, stued, or baken, be nutrytyue, and doth comfort the stomache, specyally yf they be eaten with comfettes."—Andrew Boorde's Dyetary, ed. Furnivall, E.E.T. Soc. p. 284. And again,ibid.p. 291, as a remedy for the Pestilence: "Let hym vse to eate stued or baken wardens, yf they can be goten; yf not, eate stued or baken peers, with comfettes: vse no grosse meates, but those the which be lyght of dygestyon."
[E167]"Froth" refers here to veal and pig and lamb, all three. Halliwell suggests tender as the meaning. It seems to meanpulpyorlight.
[E167]"Froth" refers here to veal and pig and lamb, all three. Halliwell suggests tender as the meaning. It seems to meanpulpyorlight.
[E168]"Be greedie in spending," that is, he who is eager to spend and careless in saving, will soon become a beggar, and he who is ready to kill, and unskilful in storing, need look for no plenty.
[E168]"Be greedie in spending," that is, he who is eager to spend and careless in saving, will soon become a beggar, and he who is ready to kill, and unskilful in storing, need look for no plenty.
[E169]There are certain wheels called Dredge Wheels, by the use of which loads may be carried thro' meadows, even if it be not a frost.—T.R.
[E169]There are certain wheels called Dredge Wheels, by the use of which loads may be carried thro' meadows, even if it be not a frost.—T.R.
[E170]"Doue houses." The Norfolk and Suffolk rebels, underKett in 1549, say in their list of Grievances: "We p[r]ay that noman vnder the degre of a knyght or esquyer, kepe adowe-house, except it hath byn of an ould aunchyent costome."—See Ballads from Manuscripts, ed. Furnivall, i. 149.
[E170]"Doue houses." The Norfolk and Suffolk rebels, underKett in 1549, say in their list of Grievances: "We p[r]ay that noman vnder the degre of a knyght or esquyer, kepe adowe-house, except it hath byn of an ould aunchyent costome."—See Ballads from Manuscripts, ed. Furnivall, i. 149.
[E171]"To buie at the stub," that is, to buy on the ground or on the spot, and do the carriage oneself. A.S.styb, Dutchstobbe= a stump; whence Eng.stubborn, stubble.
[E171]"To buie at the stub," that is, to buy on the ground or on the spot, and do the carriage oneself. A.S.styb, Dutchstobbe= a stump; whence Eng.stubborn, stubble.
[E172]"Edder and stake;" still in common use in Kent, Sussex, etc. See Ray's Glossary, s.v. Yeather.
[E172]"Edder and stake;" still in common use in Kent, Sussex, etc. See Ray's Glossary, s.v. Yeather.
[E173]"So far as in lopping," etc., seems to imply that the tops will take root of themselves without planting.
[E173]"So far as in lopping," etc., seems to imply that the tops will take root of themselves without planting.
[E174]Spenser uses "Prime" in the sense of "Spring-time." See Fairy Queene, Canto ii. st. 40, iv. 17, and vi. 13.
[E174]Spenser uses "Prime" in the sense of "Spring-time." See Fairy Queene, Canto ii. st. 40, iv. 17, and vi. 13.
[E175]"Beliue" = in the night, according to Tusser Redivivus, but wrongly. See Mr. Skeat's note in Ray's Glossary,s.v.Beliue.
[E175]"Beliue" = in the night, according to Tusser Redivivus, but wrongly. See Mr. Skeat's note in Ray's Glossary,s.v.Beliue.
[E176]Hugh Prowler is our Author's name for a night walker.—T.R.
[E176]Hugh Prowler is our Author's name for a night walker.—T.R.
[E177]Harrison, ed. 1587, fo. 42, speaks of sheep, "such as bring foorth but one at a time," asanelings, from which it would seem thattwinlingsmean sheep such asbring forth twinsandnot the twinsthemselves. Dr. Mavor says: "Twin lambs are supposed to perpetuate their prolific quality, and are therefore kept for breeders." In some parts of Norfolk and Lincoln they will keep none buttwinlins, but then it is in rich land as Mershland and Holland.—T.R.
[E177]Harrison, ed. 1587, fo. 42, speaks of sheep, "such as bring foorth but one at a time," asanelings, from which it would seem thattwinlingsmean sheep such asbring forth twinsandnot the twinsthemselves. Dr. Mavor says: "Twin lambs are supposed to perpetuate their prolific quality, and are therefore kept for breeders." In some parts of Norfolk and Lincoln they will keep none buttwinlins, but then it is in rich land as Mershland and Holland.—T.R.
[E178]"Peccantem" should bepeccavi, which is the reading of the editions of 1573, 1585, and 1597.
[E178]"Peccantem" should bepeccavi, which is the reading of the editions of 1573, 1585, and 1597.
[E179]"For yoke or the paile:" whether intended for the yoke or for the dairy.
[E179]"For yoke or the paile:" whether intended for the yoke or for the dairy.
[E180]The strongest pigs are observed to suck foremost, because there they find milk in the greatest abundance.—M.
[E180]The strongest pigs are observed to suck foremost, because there they find milk in the greatest abundance.—M.
[E181]"Yoong fils." We should certainly read, as required by the rhythm of the line,fillies, which is found in the editions of 1573, 1577, and 1597.
[E181]"Yoong fils." We should certainly read, as required by the rhythm of the line,fillies, which is found in the editions of 1573, 1577, and 1597.
[E182]"As concerningArbors, Seats, etc., in Orchards and Gardens, I advise men to make them ofFruit trees, rather then ofPrivet, or other rambling stuffe, which yeelds no profit, but only for shade. If you make them ofCherry-trees, Plum-trees, or the like, there will be the same advantage forshade, and all theFruitssuperadded. All that can be objected is, thatFruit-treesare longer in growing up thenPrivet, Virgine Bower, or the like, whereof arbors are commonly made. It is answered. ThoughFruit-treesare something longer in covering anArbor, then some other things, yet they make sufficient amends in theirlasting and bearing fruits."—Austen's Treatise of Fruit Trees, 1657, p. 61.
[E182]"As concerningArbors, Seats, etc., in Orchards and Gardens, I advise men to make them ofFruit trees, rather then ofPrivet, or other rambling stuffe, which yeelds no profit, but only for shade. If you make them ofCherry-trees, Plum-trees, or the like, there will be the same advantage forshade, and all theFruitssuperadded. All that can be objected is, thatFruit-treesare longer in growing up thenPrivet, Virgine Bower, or the like, whereof arbors are commonly made. It is answered. ThoughFruit-treesare something longer in covering anArbor, then some other things, yet they make sufficient amends in theirlasting and bearing fruits."—Austen's Treatise of Fruit Trees, 1657, p. 61.
[E183]Oats sown in January would be most likely to rise free from weeds, but it is not often that the season and the soil will admit of such early culture. The whole stanza is somewhat enigmatical.The earlier editions read uniformly: "by the hay," etc., but the more modern have: "buy thee hay," etc., which is probably the correct reading. The obvious meaning is, provide early what may be required, that you may escape risk of failure and dearth. If you buy your hay in May, you are prepared against the worst.
[E183]Oats sown in January would be most likely to rise free from weeds, but it is not often that the season and the soil will admit of such early culture. The whole stanza is somewhat enigmatical.The earlier editions read uniformly: "by the hay," etc., but the more modern have: "buy thee hay," etc., which is probably the correct reading. The obvious meaning is, provide early what may be required, that you may escape risk of failure and dearth. If you buy your hay in May, you are prepared against the worst.
[E184]Plashhere means to pleach down a hedge over the burrows;setmeans plant over the place where the burrows are, not to stop the rabbits from coming out, but to give them a means of escape from the dogs who might otherwisesnapthem up before they reached their holes.
[E184]Plashhere means to pleach down a hedge over the burrows;setmeans plant over the place where the burrows are, not to stop the rabbits from coming out, but to give them a means of escape from the dogs who might otherwisesnapthem up before they reached their holes.
[E185]A cage for moulting hawks was called amewe. "For the better preservation of their health they strowed mint and sage about them; and for the speediermewingof their feathers they gave them the slough of a snake, or a tortoise out of the shell, or a green lizard cut in pieces."—Aubrey's Wilts. MS. p. 341. Ducange (Glossary M. et I. Lat.) has "Muta, Accipitrum domuncula in qua includuntur falcones, cum plumas mutant; accipitres enim quotannis pennas mutant."
[E185]A cage for moulting hawks was called amewe. "For the better preservation of their health they strowed mint and sage about them; and for the speediermewingof their feathers they gave them the slough of a snake, or a tortoise out of the shell, or a green lizard cut in pieces."—Aubrey's Wilts. MS. p. 341. Ducange (Glossary M. et I. Lat.) has "Muta, Accipitrum domuncula in qua includuntur falcones, cum plumas mutant; accipitres enim quotannis pennas mutant."
[E186]"All's fish they get," etc. See Gascoyne's Steele Glass, Arber's Reprint, p. 57.
[E186]"All's fish they get," etc. See Gascoyne's Steele Glass, Arber's Reprint, p. 57.
[E187]"Feb, fill the dike." In Mr. Robinson's Whitby Glossary is given as a weather expression of Yorkshire: "February fill-dike, and March muck't out." Another form is in Hazlitt's Eng. Proverbs:"February fill dike be it black or be it white:But if it be white, it's better to like.""Fevrier remplit les fosses: Mars les seche."—Fr. Provb.See also Swainson's Weather Folklore, pp. 40-42.—Note by Mr. J. Britten, F.L.S.
[E187]"Feb, fill the dike." In Mr. Robinson's Whitby Glossary is given as a weather expression of Yorkshire: "February fill-dike, and March muck't out." Another form is in Hazlitt's Eng. Proverbs:
"February fill dike be it black or be it white:But if it be white, it's better to like."
"Fevrier remplit les fosses: Mars les seche."—Fr. Provb.
See also Swainson's Weather Folklore, pp. 40-42.—Note by Mr. J. Britten, F.L.S.
[E188]"Leaue iobbing,"i.e.leave off jobbing, or pecking, with their beaks. See Prompt. Parv. p. 36. "Bollyn, orjowinwythe the bvlle as byrdys (byllen oriobbynas bryddys K.iobbynwith the byl H.P.).Rostro."
[E188]"Leaue iobbing,"i.e.leave off jobbing, or pecking, with their beaks. See Prompt. Parv. p. 36. "Bollyn, orjowinwythe the bvlle as byrdys (byllen oriobbynas bryddys K.iobbynwith the byl H.P.).Rostro."
[E189]See noteE112.
[E189]See noteE112.
[E190]Moles, for the trapping of which each parish used to maintain a sapper and miner, are found to be excellent husbandmen, the little heaps of friable soil which they throw up furnishing, when spread abroad, the best of top dressings. "It may be novel to some to be informed that moles may be taken with dogs, properly trained. This may serve to diversify the life of a professed hunter."—M.
[E190]Moles, for the trapping of which each parish used to maintain a sapper and miner, are found to be excellent husbandmen, the little heaps of friable soil which they throw up furnishing, when spread abroad, the best of top dressings. "It may be novel to some to be informed that moles may be taken with dogs, properly trained. This may serve to diversify the life of a professed hunter."—M.
[E191]As formole-hillsforming a warm and dry station for lambs, the same may be said with much greater propriety ofant-hills; yet neither would be suffered to remain on a well-managed farm.
[E191]As formole-hillsforming a warm and dry station for lambs, the same may be said with much greater propriety ofant-hills; yet neither would be suffered to remain on a well-managed farm.
[E192]Lease, a small enclosure near the homestall.—M. A name used in some countries for a small piece of ground of 2 or 3 acres.—T.R.
[E192]Lease, a small enclosure near the homestall.—M. A name used in some countries for a small piece of ground of 2 or 3 acres.—T.R.
[E193]"Mestlen." "Years ago in Norfolk thousands of acres yeelded no better grain crop than rye, of which the bread of farm households was made.Meslinbread made of wheat and rye inequal quantity was for the master's table alone."—Forby. "And there at the manor of Marlingford, and at the mill loaded both carts withMestlyonand Wheat."—Paston Letters, iii. p. 294. "For they were neither hogs nor devils, nor devilish hogs, nor hoggish devils, but ameslingof the two."—Fairfax. The mixed grain, meslin, was used in France in the concoction of beer, as appears by the regulations for the brewers of Paris, 1254, who were to use "grains, c'est à savoir, d'orge, demestuel,et dedragée."—Reglements t. Louis IX. ed. Depping, p. 29. At a dinner given in 1561 to the Duke of Norfolk by the Mayor of Norwich, there were provided: "xvj loves white bread ivd., xviij loves wheaten bread, ixd., iij lovesmislinbread iijd."—Leland, Itin. vi. xvii. Plot (Hist. of Oxford, p. 242) says that the Oxfordshire land termed sour is good for wheat and "miscellan," namely wheat and rye mixed.
[E193]"Mestlen." "Years ago in Norfolk thousands of acres yeelded no better grain crop than rye, of which the bread of farm households was made.Meslinbread made of wheat and rye inequal quantity was for the master's table alone."—Forby. "And there at the manor of Marlingford, and at the mill loaded both carts withMestlyonand Wheat."—Paston Letters, iii. p. 294. "For they were neither hogs nor devils, nor devilish hogs, nor hoggish devils, but ameslingof the two."—Fairfax. The mixed grain, meslin, was used in France in the concoction of beer, as appears by the regulations for the brewers of Paris, 1254, who were to use "grains, c'est à savoir, d'orge, demestuel,et dedragée."—Reglements t. Louis IX. ed. Depping, p. 29. At a dinner given in 1561 to the Duke of Norfolk by the Mayor of Norwich, there were provided: "xvj loves white bread ivd., xviij loves wheaten bread, ixd., iij lovesmislinbread iijd."—Leland, Itin. vi. xvii. Plot (Hist. of Oxford, p. 242) says that the Oxfordshire land termed sour is good for wheat and "miscellan," namely wheat and rye mixed.
[E194]It is to be regretted, both on the score of policy and health, that in reforming false principles, we renounced salutary practices. Days of abstinence from flesh-meat, if not prescribed by authority, should be voluntarily imposed on ourselves. If the fisherman purchases bread of the farmer, the farmer in his turn ought to encourage the fisherman, who in peace and war has the highest claims to support.—M.
[E194]It is to be regretted, both on the score of policy and health, that in reforming false principles, we renounced salutary practices. Days of abstinence from flesh-meat, if not prescribed by authority, should be voluntarily imposed on ourselves. If the fisherman purchases bread of the farmer, the farmer in his turn ought to encourage the fisherman, who in peace and war has the highest claims to support.—M.
[E195]"Auens." "Avence herbe, Avancia, Sanamunda."—Prompt. Parv. By some calledharefoot. It was used in cookery; see Pegge's Forme of Cury, ed. 1780, p. 13.
[E195]"Auens." "Avence herbe, Avancia, Sanamunda."—Prompt. Parv. By some calledharefoot. It was used in cookery; see Pegge's Forme of Cury, ed. 1780, p. 13.
[E196]"Betanie." Lat.betonica, said by Pliny to have been first calledVettonica, from the Vettones, a people of Spain.
[E196]"Betanie." Lat.betonica, said by Pliny to have been first calledVettonica, from the Vettones, a people of Spain.