CHAPTER XVII.ARTISTS AND ENGRAVERS WHOSE SIGNATURES ARE FOUND UPON FRENCH BOOK-PLATES.

BOOK-PLATE OF JULES LERMINA.Designed by Henry André.

The plate of Mons. Jan des Vignes is a singular design. The owner, a poet and journalist, is a native of Cluny, in Burgundy, famous for its abbey, and as having given birth to the painters, Greuze and Prud’hon, and to the celebrated poetsLamartine and P. Dupont. The view of the ancient abbey, surrounded by the vine, proclaims at once the owner’s birthplace and his name, whilst the exquisite sonnet reveals his poetical genius.

BOOK-PLATE OF CH. GUINOT, 1894.Designed by Henry André.

The Docteur Jules Le Bayon is a Breton, a native of Carnac, where are to be seen the wonderful Druidical stones, a few of which are depicted on his ex-libris. Mons. Le Bayon is a doctor of medicine by profession, but he is also an enthusiasticamateur of music, hence the introduction of a peasant clad in the old Brittany costume, playing on the rural pipes. The sprig of mistletoe, the sacred plant of the Druids, completes an engraving which is full of picturesque allusiveness.

BOOK-PLATE OF JAN DES VIGNES.Designed by Henry André.

BOOK-PLATE OF JULES LE BAYON, 1896.Designed by Henry André.

BOOK-PLATE OF ABEL PICARD.Designed by Henry André.

And lastly, we have that of Mons. Abel Picard,an eminent bibliophile holding a high official position in Paris. The ribbon, that so ingeniously curves itself into the owner’s initials, enfolds a view of the quays along the Seine, with their stalls of second-hand books, and theflaneurson the look-out for bargains. In the distance mayfaintly be descried the towers of Notre Dame. Below we have indications that the owner’s tastes in reading are varied: Michelet, the historian, is near a volume on art; whilst the novels of Daudet and Zola are only separated by a sliding partition from a bulky and well thumbed tome on the “Droit Administratif,” surely a suggestive contrast. As for the perky little Parisian sparrow (for such Iam informed is the bird), c’est un plat de supplément à cinquante centimes that I do not feel called upon to describe.

BOOK-PLATE OF L. P. COURAUD.

Mons. L. P. Couraud, of Cognac, designed his own armorial plate; the motto (a translation from Virgil) is appropriate to one who has won success by his own energy and skill.

Mons. Couraud, who is an enthusiastic collector of prints, medals, and ancient furniture, thus describes the origin of his book-plate: “Dans une vieille édition du ‘Roman du Renart’ je recontraicette devise, ‘Fortune secort les hardiz,’ dès lors mon ex-libris était trouvé. Je fis représenter la classique Fortune dans un écusson d’or, au chef cousu d’azur (showngulesin the engraving) chargé de trois fleurs-de-lis, avec deuxcoqspour supports; ce qui faisait allusion à mes opinions politiques.” This was drawn by Mons. Couraud and engraved by Devambez.

BOOK-PLATE OF BARON PICHOU.Designed by A. Godreuil.

BOOK-PLATE OF ALFRED BOVET.Engraved by Stern.

It will be seen that the owner frankly admits not only that the arms were assumed, but that they were purely fanciful. For a trade label such a device might be excused, but all who have any respect for the science of heraldry will be pleased to learn that the owner has determined to suppress this plate, and has had another engraved for him by Henry André, after a pretty floral design of Van Spaendonck, and printed in colours.

The power to appreciate beauty is but one factor in many that go to the forming of an artist, yet it is the indispensable.

BOOK-PLATE OF LAFITTE.Designed by Agry.

Who, then, amongst modern French artists, has produced the most beautiful and characteristic ex-libris? The question is too difficult to solve offhand; it is, indeed, a matter of taste. Many would select Aglaüs Bouvenne, Léopold Flameng; others might suggest C. E. Thiéry or Henry André.

Other modern artists who should be mentioned are Bracquemond, who produced a plate for M.Aglaüs Bouvenne himself, and the very simple severe mark for the late Poulet-Malassis, with its vigorous assertion,Je l’ai, as well as the plates for Charles Asselineau and Paul Arnauldet, the latter with its anti-Grolier motto,Nunquam amicorum!

BOOK-PLATE OF C. BAYARD.Designed by P. Pascalon.

François Courboin, Félicien Rops, and Paul Avril have also produced some light and graceful designs for modern ex-libris.

The style of a book-plate may be taken as some indication of the tastes and nature of the owner, and this is particularly true of modern French ex-libris, in which artistic fancy and originality have full swing. From this point of view a collection may have more value than might at first be supposed. It would be claiming too much to assertthat no great man ever had an ugly or an inappropriate ex-libris, yet it may be safely assumed that few but men of taste and culture possess really artistic book-plates.

BOOK-PLATE OF MARTHE DE BORNIOL.Designed by M. Georgel.

IN the following list no attempt has been made to enumerate every separate ex-libris signed by each artist; such works as would best illustrate their style, or the period they worked in, only have been selected, or plates possessing other features of interest, literary, artistic, or personal.

It must be borne in mind that a large proportion of the early French plates bore no owners’ names, although they were frequently signed by the engraver. Many of these plates have been identified by the arms, the mottoes, or other peculiarities in design, but some still remain unidentified.

Where engraved dates appear on the ex-libris these have been mentioned, but no notice has been taken of dates inserted in manuscript, these, as is well known, being quite unreliable.

For certain engravers, on whose work no datehas been found, a century has been named approximately from an examination of the plates they produced.

Some of this information must necessarily be conjectural, and Mons. Poulet-Malassis mentions certain artists and engravers of book-plates of whose work it has not been possible either to obtain copies, or any information whatever.

For facility of reference a strictly alphabetical arrangement of the names has been adopted.

Wherever it was possible, the inscriptions and signatures have been copied from the book-plates themselves, carefully preserving the arbitrary contractions, the obsolete orthography, and even the errors and the faulty accentuation found on many of them.

It will be observed that Mr. as a contraction forMonsieurwas formerly more generally used in France than it now is, whilst Escuyer, Escuier, or Ecuyer (for Esquire) was occasionally added after a gentleman’s name, a custom which has, since the Revolution, become quite obsolete.

One of the latest examples of the use of this title will be found on the ex-libris of Jean François-Gillet, dated 1778, of which a reproduction appears on p. 96.

Abot.Engraved a plate for M.Greppe. Designed by Giacomelli.Modern.Tancrède Abraham.Château de Ruillé. (De laPlanche, Comte de Ruillé.)1874. Armorial.Adeline, Jules.Ex-libris de Champfleury dessinéet gravé par J. Adeline.Portrait plate. Modern.(See also Aglaüs Bouvenne.)M. Henri Bouchot reproducedseveral works by thisartist.Agry.14 Castiglione. MaisonBouvet (Paris). Modern.Bibliothèque de Mouchy.Armorial.Bibliothèque de Lafitte.AlèsSc.Hilarii Grésy, 1868. Pictorial.Ex-libris Gustave Chancel,1876. Pictorial.AliametScul. (See Eisen.)On a nameless armorial, designedby C. Eisen forClaude Antoine de Choiseul-Beaupré.18th cent.“J. Aliamet” on the namelessarmorial, designed by C.Eisen, for the Marquis dePaulmy.AllinSculp. fecit.Robert Jehannot de Beaumont,Conseilleur du Roy,etc., Verdun, 1742.Armorial.Conrad Robert, Comte deWignacourt, Major au Regiment,etc. Armorial.AloysComte la Rosée, fecit1760, on a library interior,name indistinct; and on theplate of Theod. Cte. Morawitzky,1770.Aloys, comes de la Rosée, inv.del. et sculpst., on his ownex-libris, dated 1769. He wasa German from theRhine provinces.Ancelet, E.19th cent.Andouard.18th cent.André, Henry.Modern.Jules Lermina. Symbolicplate.Alex. Geoffrey. 1893.Henry André, Secrétaire dela Société Française, etc.1893.Paul Vibert. Portrait plate.Thre. Vibert. Portrait plate.Louis Bihn. 1893.Abel Picard. A view of thebook-stalls on the quaysof Paris.Ch. Guinot. 1894.Léon Quantin. 1894.Henry André 1894. Portrait.Auguste-Geoffroy. 1895.F. Bargallo. 1895. Allegorical.L. P. Couraud. Pictorial.Jan-des-Vignes. 1896.Ex Libris P. P. CapucinorumConventus Parisiensis.1896.Docteur Jules Le Bayon.1896.Ex Libris du Marquis deGourdon de l’Echo.Armorial.Apoux.Modern.Ex Libris Lucien Bodin.Pictorial. Motto, “Oh!combien gai c’est!”Aribaud, J. P.18th cent.Arthaud.18th cent.Aublé.18th cent.P. AudinetSculp.Rev. H. S. Cotton. Anglingscene.Audran, J. 18th cent.Engraved the monogram trophyplate for Louis XV.,designed by A. Dieu.Auger, E.Modern.Designed the plate for Mons.Charles Givelet of Reims.Motto, “Remensia colui,mihi et amicis.” Engravedby A. Bellevoie. (See LesBibliophiles Rémois, pp.101, 116.)AugustusIn. et Sculp.Madame De Bouchard. Label.18th cent.Auroux, N.17th cent.A. AvelineSculp.On the armorial ex-libris ofCarolus de Brosses, ComesTornaci, Baro Montis, etc.,with the motto “Homunculiquanti sunt.” 18th cent.M. Poulet-Malassis devotesconsiderable space to thisvery little man—Charles deBrosses—and his quarrelwith Voltaire. De Brosseshad two other armorialbook-plates engraved byDurand, from which theunfortunate motto wasomitted.Charles de Brosses, Comte deTournay, was born in Dijonin 1709, and died in Paris in1777. He was a true bibliophile,and his books weresumptuously bound in moroccostamped with hisarms—azure three trefoilsor.They were sold in Dijon in1778. See an illustratedarticle on his ex-libris in“Les Archives de la SociétéFrançaise,” Jany., 1896.Avissefecit. (Signature indistinct.)Josephi Xaupi, 1750 and 1765.Ecclesiastical.Avril, Paul.Modern.Philippe Gille.Ex-Libris H. S. Ashbee. 1890.Portrait rebus plate.Ex-Libris Geo. B. de Forest(of New York). Libraryinterior.A. B.del.M. Arthur Benoit, of Berthelmingin Alsace, designedseveral book-plates for himselfand for his late brotherMons. Louis Benoit, librarianto the city of Nancy.These ex-libris contain viewsof Alsatian buildings andcostumes.Mons. A. Benoit designed amodern plate for himself,copied from a library deviceof the last century; Motto,“Avec le temps.”See “Petite Revue d’Ex librisAlsaciens,” p. 37.Bacheley,del. et sculp.1768.P. R. Le Cornier de Cideville.Armorial.Baltazard.1755.L. F. Baour,fecit.P. L. de Carbon, sen.Armorial. 18th cent.Baquoy, C.18th cent.Barbat,à Chalons, 19th cent.Ex libris C. Remy. Armorial.Mons. Charles Remy, Membrede l’Académie deReims, carries the arms ofa Chevalier de l’Empire, atitle granted to his father,the Baron Claude CharlesRemy, on April 25, 1811.(See “Les BibliophilesRémois,” p. 117.)C. BaronSculp.Bibliothèque de MadameVictoire de France. 18thcent.This has the arms ofFrance in a lozenge. (Seep. 53, “Ladies’ Book-plates.”)Baumésfecit.Ex-libris D. D. Postic.Armorial. 18th cent.Reproduced in “Ex-LibrisAna.”Baumés,à Montpellier. 18thcent.Beau,fils. 18th cent.Beaumontfecit.On the armorial Ex LibrisVaucresson de Cormainville,etc., 1743.And “Gravé par Beaumont,gravrordrede la ville,” onthe “Ex-libris D. JacobiOlivarii Vallée, Equitis, regià Consilius, et in Camerâregiarum Rationum MagistriAnno 1730.” Armorial.Two supporters.H. Bécatinv.Signed the large allegorical“Ex-libris Thomæ Gueuletteet amicorum.” With themotto, “Dulce est desiperein Loco.” See reproduction.Simon-Thomas Gueulette wasa prolific writer of farces forthe Théâtre Italien, and theThéâtre des Boulevards; hedied in 1766.Béha,Lith. Metz.Ex-libris Arthur Benoit.Modern; armorial.BeilletImpr. 35 Quai de laTournelle. Modern.Bibliothèque de Mme. laComtesse de Montblanc,Baronne d’Ingelmunster.Armorial.J. D. Beleau,à Rouen, 1724.Belille,à Verdun. 19th cent.Bellange, Jacques.Painterand etcher. Born at Nancy,October 13th, 1594; diedabout 1638.He is supposed to have engravedthe large armorialplate for Melchior de laVallée, dated 1613. (See“Archives de la SociétéFrançaise,” vol. ii., February,1895.)BellangerInv. et Sc.Signed an allegorical book-platefor Simon ThomasGueulette, the novelist andfarce writer, who died in1766. (See also H. Bécat.)Bellevoye, Adolphe.Modern.Mons. Bellevoye, an engraver,formerly of Metz, afterwardsof Reims. Engraveda landscape plate for himself,inscribed: “Bibliothèqued’Adolphe Bellevoyede Metz”; also the platesfor Mons. Charles Giveletand Mons. Anatole Paroissien.(See “Les BibliophilesRémois,” pp. 91, 101, and113.)Berain C., 17th cent.Berger D., 1786.Berlier.1740.Bert, J.,à Granmont. 18th cent.Berthaultsculp.1777.Ex Museo J. G. R. Boscheron.Armorial.Bes.18th cent.Beugnet.1769.Le Comte de Luzignem.Armorial.Bida, Alexandre.19th cent.Designed a book-plate forMons. Félix Solar. It wasengraved by M. Pollet.M. Solar had a second book-plateengraved by PaulChenay.Bidault.1707.Nameless armorial, no motto.Billé.18th cent.Binard, J.Modern.Ex Bib: Michaelis Chasles.Engraved label.Bis,à Douay. 18th cent.Bizémont-prunelé(André-GaspardParfait, Comte deBizémont-Prunelé.)SignedBizémont, sc., London,1794 on his ornamentalcard: “M. Bizemont, DrawingMaster, 19, NortonStreet, near PortlandStreet.” He was then residingin London as apolitical refugee, earninghis living by his talents.There is a plate, which wasdesigned and engraved forhim by Ch. Gaucher in 1781,on which his full names andtitle are given.M. Bizémont-Prunelé alsoetched a pictorial plate forhis wife, Marie Catherined’Hallot.J. Blocquet, 1672.The large nameless armorialplate of Charles Mauricele Tellier, archevêque deReims. (See M. Poulet-Malassis,page 23.)Boily, L.Nameless armorial. Motto,“Sine macula.”L. BoissonSc.(1881.)Ex-libris C. Sagnier, Juin, 81.Pictorial.Bonnard. J. B. H.17th cent.E. Bonnejoydel. et sc., 1875.Ex Libris Docteur Bonnejoy.Pictorial. Motto. “Salusex aquis.” (The Doctor isa vegetarian, and an abstainer.)J. Bonnetonscul.1888.J. Bonneton, président du tribunal.Library interior.De Bonrecueille.18th cent.Ed. Bouchardonin. del.On the plate of Louise leDaulceur, engraved by herself.(See also Louise leDaulceur.) 18th cent.Boucher, Francois.18th cent.Designed the plate, but didnot sign it, for Le PrésidentHénault de l’AcadémieFrançaise. It was engravedby the Comte de Caylus.(See Poulet-Malassis, pp. 28,33, and 58.)Ex Libris Joannis LaurentiiAublé, signed “F. Bouchierin.ParisetSc.”This handsome armorialplate is reproduced byPoulet-Malassis, p. 58.Ex-libris de Crozat, baron deThiers. Armorial.Reproduced by H. Bouchot.F. B. inv.is also found onthe nameless plate of theChevalier de Valori, withJ. H. V. (Valori),scul.BouchySculp.Steph. Ign., et Joan. Jac.Michelet fratres, CapellaniSti. Petri Bisontini 1714.Signed the following—“BouchySculp.Vesuntione:—”Ant. Ign. de Camus de Filain,1732.Ex Libris Antonii Lengroignet,1732.And another plate dated 1739.Boullay, J.19th cent.Boulonoisfecit. 18th cent.Signed the large decoratedarmorial “Ex-libris Franc.Le Vignon Doct. Me. Paris.”Bourcier, Jeanne.SignedGrae. de Jeanne Bourcier,Bar le Duc, 1760, onthe armorial plate of Antoinede la Falloize, Seigneur duBau de Chaumont.Bourgeois.18th cent.Boutet, Henri.ModernErnest Maindron (a collector).Ex-libris Catel. Fantaisie.Motto, “Nocturna versatemanu, versate diurna.”Bouvenne, Aglaüs.Designed and engraved thefollowing:Ex-libris Ch. Asselineau, withthe curious enigmaticalmotto, “La femme qui n’estpas la colombe et le roseauest un monstre.” M. Asselineahad another book-plateby Braquemond.He was an employé in theBibliothèque Mazarine, andproduced some bibliographicalworks. He diedin June, 1874.Jules Cousin. A punningplate (a gnat).A mon cher Edouard Castillon-AglaüsBouvenne, 1882.Motto, “Travail liberté.”Ex Libris Mario Proth.(Author and Art Critic.)Motto, “Sempre Vagare.”Maurice Tourneux. Authorand critic, died in 1867.Ex Libris Alexis Martin, 1868.Pictorial.Théophile Gautier.Monogram. 1872.Ex Libris Champfleury, 1874.Eau-forte.Ex Libris François Coppée.Monogram on a lyre.L. West, 1876.Library interior.Victor Hugo. View of theTowers of Notre Dame,Paris, 1870.Octave Uzanne, 1882.Pictorial. Author and artcritic.Monogram (for M. Benoit).Motto, “Avec le temps,”Signed, Agaus (sic) Bouvenne,Inv. Sculp.’83.Ex Libris de Madame laComtesse de Noë, 1888.Fantaisie.For M. Léon Sapin the Booksellerof the Rue Bonaparte,Paris, a plate showing anavenue of fir trees (Sapins)Signed,Aglaüs Bouvennesc. à l’ami L. Sapin. (See“Archives de la SociétéFrançaise,” May, 1895.)Bracquemonddel. et sculp.onthe cypher book-plate ofAglaüs Bouvenne, 1875.Motto, “Colligebat—quisperficiet.”Mons. Félix Braquemond alsodesigned the followingplates:A monogram plate for PaulArnauldet, signed B. Motto,“Nunquam amicorum.”Charles Asselineau.Philippe Burty.An allegorical design forthis author, art critic andcollector. Motto, “Libre etfidèle.”Georges Pouchet.Edouard Manet, the painter.With the motto “Manetet manebit.” In the firststate there were accessoriespeculiar to the worship ofPriapus, which were removed.Christophe, the sculptor.He also designed a plate forhimself. (See Poulet-Malassis,p. 38.)Branche.18th cent.“Bibliothèque de M. de Villiersdu Terrage, Pr. commis desFinances.”This was an armorialplate, style Louis XVI.,the owner of which wasa Viscount, yet bore thecoronet of a Marquis. Hesurvived the revolution,aristocrat though he was,and served in the Ministryof Police, under the firstEmpire and the Restoration.Braspacher.1775.Bréant.18th cent.Brenetfecit.Louis Pfyffer de Wyher, Capitaineaux Gardes Suisses.Armorial. 18th cent.Ce livre Appartient à Mr. LeMaire. Armorial.R. Brichetinv. sculp.I. Ph. Grauss. Armorial.Dumont de Valdajou.Chirurgien. Armorial. 18thcent. (See reproduction.)Briot, Isaac.17th cent.Signed “Briot” on the plateof Claude Sarrau, who diedin 1651.Isaac Briot signed an engravingof Henri IV. lying instate, dated 1610.Brocheryfecit.J. Hoop. Pictorial plate, noarms or motto. 18th cent.Brochery, Thérèse.On the ex-libris of AlexisFoissey of Dunkirk. Twostates, one with coronet, onewithout. 18th cent.B. H. de Brockes.Clemens Augustus. 1760.Ecclesiastical.Brondes.“Joannis Baptistae GrenierCaus. Patroni.” Armorial.Brupacherfec.Ex: Lib: Monast: St. Petri.Montis Majoris 1765.Armorial. Ecclesiastical.Buhot, Felix.A famousetcher and book illustrator,born at Valognes in Normandy,but now resident inParis.M. Octave Uzanne wrote acritical account of his worksin “Le Livre” for March,1888, but no mention is madeof any ex-libris engraved byhim.Burdet. 19th cent.Burty, J.3 Rue de la Vle.Estrapade.Lejay,fils ainé. Rue St.Etienne des Grès, 12, Paris.Landscape.C. (Comte de Caylus.)Engraved the plate designedby Boucher for Le PrésidentHénault de l’AcadémieFrançaise. 18th cent.(See Poulet-Malassis.)Callot, Jaques. Of Nancy,died 1635.I have never heard of an ex-librisby this famous engraver,but some may yet befound, as he had a preferencefor fine small worksuitable for this purpose.Calmettes, F.19th cent.De la Bibliothèque de MadameAnatole France.Engraved label.Carpentier, J. B.18th cent.Cars, J. F.18th cent.Catelin, J. B.18th cent.Cathey.18th cent.cava, F.18th cent.Chabany.De Maridort. Armorial.Chappron, P. H. Meûnier.Engraved an armorial platefor himself, dated(See “Les BibliophilesRémois,” p. 57.)Charles, C.J. G. F. Chassel, 1792. (SeeWarren’s “Guide,” p. 147.)“C. Charles in.” on a namelessplate, dated 1739, signed J.C. Frans.sculp.Charpentier.1709.Chauveau, François.(Diedin 1676.)Ex-libris de Clerget.Armorial.A majestic armorial plate forJérôme Bignon, is also attributedto Chauveau.Chauvet, J.Modern.Ex Libris D. Jouast. (A journalist.)H. S. Ashbee (of London).Cheffer, A.Grav.22, RueDauphine. Modern.Paul ChenaySculp.Ex-libris F. Solar. Modern.This plate is after a design byAndrea del Sarto, and wasprinted on the catalogueof the library of M. Solar,sold in 1860.Mons. Félix Solar had anotherex-libris, designed by Bida,and engraved by Pollet.L. Chenu. F.1780. Desmaisoninvenit.Ex-Libris Bouju. Armorial.Chevalier.17th cent.Chevaliersculp.18th cent.M. L’Abbé Desmarestz. Armorial.Ecclesiastical.Chevrier, L.Modern.A nameless etched plate, dated1875, representing a childbeneath a pile of old books.Chinon, B.18th cent.P. P. Choffardfecit.On the plates of De Cursay,de Landry, etc., 1756.De Cursay-Thomasseau, 1756.Ex-libris de Buissy, 1759.Franc. Jos. Ant. Hell (of Alsace),1773.Ex-libris Souchay, Eqis. Lugduni“C. Monetdel.P. P.Choffard,sculp.1776.” Thishandsome plate is reproducedin “Ex-Libris Ana.”Jean Armand Tronchin, 1779.Thellusson, 1782. Poulet-Malassisspeaks of Thellussonas a Prussian Baron,whereas he was a descendantof a French Protestantfamily, and in 1806 wascreated Baron Rendleshamin the peerage of Ireland.Andreas de Salis, Curia Rhaetorum.Pinsot d’Armand.M. Henri Bouchot reproducesa lady’s armorial plate,nameless, engraved byChoffard, after a design byMoreau le Jeune.Chollet. 18th cent.Choubardsculp.H. ChristopheLith. Nancy.Ex Libris A. Benoit, Berthelmingen,1894.Ex Libris Francisci de Chanteau.L. ChristopheNancy, 1852.M. Ch. de Beauminy.Armorial; literary.Clouzier, A.18th cent.Cochin, Charles Nicolas.Known asCochin fils.18thcent.He signed a nameless plateCochin inv.1750. (De Lafosse,sc.)Also a nameless armorialplate for the Abbé Leblanc.C. Cochin filius inv.(C. O.Galimard,sculp.), and anotherfor Poisson de Marigny,dated 1752.He also designed an armorialplate for the Marquise dePompadour. (See Poulet-Malassis,p. 60.)C. N. C.d.(Cochin fils.)Ex Libris Le Vassor de laTouche. (See J. Ingram.)L. P. C.inv.On the plate of L. P. Couraud,also signedHenry-Andrédel. et sc.Mons. Couraud also designedan armorial plate for himself.Cochon, J.Modern.Ex Libris M. Descoutures.Cole.18th cent.J. Colin.1685.Colinetfecit.18th cent.M. Thierry de Villedavray.Armorial.Collard. 18th cent.Collin, Dominique(known asCollin père). 18th cent.This famous engraver wasborn at Mirécourt, in Lorraine,in 1725. He firststudied engraving under agoldsmith in Metz, andafterwards under JeanStriedbeck of Strasburg.In 1752 Collin married andsettled in Nancy, where hesoon acquired a reputation,and was named engraver tothe town, and also to theKing of Poland, Stanislas,Duc de Lorraine et de Bar.He died in Nancy, December21st, 1781. He producedmore than 300 engravings,on many of which he signedhimself “graveur du feu roide Pologne.”A catalogue of his works wasgiven by Mons. le ConseillerBeaupré in “Les Mémoiresde la Société d’ArchéologieLorraine,” and a supplementallist, drawn up byMons. A. Benoit, with illustrations,appeared in the“Archives de la SociétéFrançaise,” April, 1895.His son, Yves DominiqueCollin, also worked onbook-plates, and, judgingby the few known examplesof his work, would probablyhave surpassed hisfather, but, unfortunately,his career was brief. Hewas born in Nancy, in February,1753, and died in thesame city on April 26th,1792. He signed his platesY. D. Collin, fils.The following is a list of theknown book-plates of DominiqueCollin; his mode ofsignature varied, and hespelt his name Collin orColin indifferently.Bourgeois.Des Salles.Du Perron.Aubrussel.Charles, Comte de Lavaux, etc.Lespée.Maillart.Mengin.Regnard de Gironcourt.Riston. (See reproduction.)Bibliothèque de Mr. J.Anthoine. (Very rare plate.)Armorial. Library interior.Hr. M. B. Bach. Armorial;signedD. Colin fecit, 1747.Reproduced in the “Archivesde la Société Française,”April, 1895, as theearliest known dated ex-librisengraved by Collinin Alsace.Nameless armorial, dated 1748.Friedrich Alexander Freyherrvon Schell. SignedD. Colinfecit, 1751.Nameless armorial, with supporters,1750.Bibliotècque de Mr. Héré.1752. Armorial; pictorial.(See reproduction.)Nameless armorial, dated1754.Sirejean Fils. 1754.Armorial; pictorial.

BOOK-PLATE OF M. HERÉ.

M. Thibault, Conseillerd’Etat, Procureur Généralde la Chambre des Comptes.1756. SignedCollin sculp.Nanceii.Bibliothèque de R. Willemet.Mtre. Apothicaire a Nancy.Pictorial. SignedCollin,graveur du feu Roi de Pologne,duc de Lorraine.Le Comte de Carvoisin.Armorial.Y. C. Monogram on a cartouche,signedà Nancy parCollin graveur du feu Roide Pologne. A very scarceexample. Reproduced in“Archives de la SociétéFrançaise,” May, 1895.A nameless armorial, dated1756. (Millet de Chevers.)Bibliothèque de D. Laflize,Maitre en Chirurgie àNancy. 1768.Another plate of D. la Flize,Doct. en Médecine, with adifferent inscription, and notdated.Two plates for M. Thouvenin,Consr. du Roy. 1769.Ex-libris Ant. Jeanjean, Can.ad St. Pet., etc.Le Chanoine Jeanjeandied about 1791. (See“Archives de la SociétéFrançaise,” July, 1895.)Collin, Y. D.18th cent.Yves Dominique Collin fils(son of the preceding).Aubert, 1787.Malvoisin, abbé commendatairede Sainte Sauve(Amiens), 1785.Also a nameless armorial, notdated, which is reproducedin the “Archives de laSociété Française” forApril, 1895.Collin,à Reims.17th cent.Collin, J.18th cent.Colot.18th cent.Companondeli.Mondolet. Armorial.Coquardon.18th cent.Cordier.18th cent.Corletfecit.Nicolas Jean Baudelot,Capitaine des Bombardiersdu Roy. Armorial. 18thcent.Coupeau, Ch. G.A. J. S. Armorial; pictorial.J. de Courbesfecit.Nameless armorial. Motto,“In manus tuas Dominesortes meae.” 17th cent.Courboin, François.Modern.P. G. Audigier.Ex Libris G. Bourcard.Fantaisie.Monsieur F. Buhot. Fantaisie.Ex Libris G. de Gayffier.(Poet.) Armorial.Ch. Courtry.Aqua forti, 1894.On the portrait plate of HenryAndré.Coutelliersculp.Nameless armorial plate, nomotto. 18th cent.Croiseysculp.18th cent.Mérard de Saint-Just.Armorial, with supporters.Motto, “L’Honneur etl’Amour.” Reproduced in“Ex-Libris Ana.”Cys, A. T.(See Adrien Théry,à Cisoing.)Danchinà Cambray. 18thcent.Ex Libris De Warenghien deFlory. Armorial.Domini de Wavrechin.Armorial; pictorial.Dapsol,fecit.De la Bibliothèque de Mr.Milange de St. Genez. 1787.Armorial.Denis Gilbert Rouher, Abbédu Chapitre d’Artonne, Curéde Chaptuzat, 1787.Armorial; ecclesiastical.L. Dardel,sculp.Modern.The armorial plate of Mons.Anatole de Barthélemy,membre honoraire del’Académie de Reims.Motto, “Quod natura dedittollere nemo potest.”Reproduced in “Les BibliophilesRémois,” p. 90.Daudin.Michaeli Begon et amicis.1702. (See reproduction.)Daulceur, Louise.(See LeDaulceur.)David.18th cent.Debey, F.Biblioth. D. D. de Fréval.Armorial. 18th cent.Decaché.18th cent.Dejean.18th cent.Delafossesculpsit.1751.Nameless library interior forthe Académie de Nancy.Motto, “Animum censorissumet honesti.” Designedby H. Gravelot.He also engraved a namelessarmorial, designed by Cochinfils in 1750.De la Gardettefecit.Designed and engraved thearmorial—“De la Bibliothèquede M. Lavoisier del’Académie Royale des Sciences,regisseur des Poudreset Salpetres de France. FerGeneral du Roy.”Armorial, coronet of count,and supporters. The title of“Fermier Général du Roy”cost this man of science hislife; he was guillotined,May 7, 1794.This plate, in pure LouisXVI. style, was reproducedby Poulet-Malassis.Delaitre.18th cent.A library interior plate, havingthe inscription “D. D. LeLeu D’Aubilly,dicat quigratitud coelo sculp Delaitre.”Beneath the design is asmall shield, bearing azur,a chevron or, betweenthree wolves’ heads. TheD’Aubilly is an old-establishedRémois family, towhom the artist was underobligations.This interesting plate isreproduced in “Les BibliophilesRémois,” p. 103.Delarbre.18th cent.Delatre, Ch.Modern.Ex-libris Alberti Metzger,Milhusini. Armorial. (Seereproduction.)De Launayle jeune sculp.1779, on the armorialExLibris Duché, designed byP. Marillier. (See reproduction.)Delauney.19th cent.Donné à la Bibliothèque dela Ville de Paris, par——MDCCC.Armorial; pictorial.Delcourtfils, à Tournay.18th cent.P. Deloysisc.17th cent.On the handsome namelessarmorial plate of PierreSarragoz, of Besançon, whodied in 1649. Reproducedin “Ex-Libris Ana.”Pierre Deloysi, styledLeVieux, was a goldsmith andcoin engraver in Besançon.Engravings by him arenow very rare.Delteil, Loys.Modern.D’ElvauxSc.On a nameless plate designedby Monnet. 18th cent.D’Embrun.18th cent.Demengeot, C.19th cent.Signed, “Inv. & Sculpt.” onthe library interior, inscribed“Bibliothèque de FrancisqueSarcey.”De Meuse.18th cent.Demille, M.19th cent.De Monchi.“Papillon minoris.” Cantingarms.Deniszard,inv. et sculps.On the ecclesiastical plate ofP. N. Vingtdeux, a priestbibliophile of the eighteenthcentury. (See “Les BibliophilesRémois,” p. 85.)Derondf.A. Leguien. Decoratedshield.Derond, J.18th cent.Descaves, A.19th cent.Desmaisoninvenit, 1780.L.Chenu, f.Ex-Libris Bouju. Armorial.Desnoyers.19th cent.DeunelSculp.1767.On a nameless plate havingthe Grimaldi arms. Thismight have belonged toCharles Maurice Grimaldi,chevalier de Monaco, comtede Valentinois, who died in1790. Motto: “Deo Juvante.”Devambez,Graveur à Paris.Auguste Vincent. (MusicalComposer.) Design, musicalinstruments. Modern.L. P. Couraud.Bibliothèque de Charles Monselet.Library interior.(See reproduction.)Dieu, A.18th cent.Designed the handsome monogramand trophy ex-librisof Louis XV., which wasengraved by J. Audran.Digout, Nicolas.Modern.Bibliothèque de MadameChavernac. Motto: “Tokill time or amend, I ama ready friend.” Armorial;pictorial.A. Docaignefecit, 1762.Le Commissaire Laumonier.Armorial.D’orvasy,à Nancy. 18thcent.Doyen.18th cent.Dreer.18th cent.Drevet, C.18th cent.F. Gumbert Drozfecit.On the armorial plate ofPhilipe de Reynold. 1730.(Possibly Swiss.)Dudout.Or Dudouit.De Flaghac, Capne. de Dragons.1779. Armorial.Motto, “Laudate animamea Dominum.”Duflocq.18th cent.Cl. Duflossculpsit.On a handsome armorial plate(after a design by SebastienLe Clerc) in 1701 for Geoffroy,ancien grand garde ducorps des Apothicaires deParis.“Matthaeus Franciscus Geoffroy,PharmacopoeorumParisiensium antiquiorPraefectus, aedilis et consul.”Motto, “Turris fortissimaDeus.”Dufour-Bouquot.19th cent.Dumont.Modern.A landscape with initials A.D. (Mons. A. Duriez.) 1893.Du Palluet.18th cent.Duplais-Destouches.1890.Bibliothèque du Docteur FélixDurosier.Punning armorial.Duplessis.18th cent.Dupontdel. et sculp.Ex Libris A. KuhnholtzLordat. Armorial; pictorial.Modern.Dupré, J. R.18th cent.Durand.18th cent.Mr. de Fenille. Armorial.“George Mquisde Massol deServille. LantColonel deCavrie. Fils a GuillaumeLantGeneral des armésdu Roy.” Armorial.Carolus de Brasses, ComesTornaci, etc. (who died in1777).Two armorial plates, similarin design, but having differentinscriptions. (See “LesArchives de la Société Française,”January, 1896.)See A. Aveline for more details.Ex-libris Thomassin.Armorial.Mr. De D’Alleray. Pictorial.J. L. Ainard de Clermont-Tonnere.Abbatis, etc.Armorial; ecclesiastical.A. Durand, Paris.Dacquet. Pictorial.This appears to be an olddesign re-engraved.Reproduced by Poulet-Malassis,p. 3, 2nd edition.He considers the design tobe of Flemish origin.Durand, D. V.18th cent.Named by Poulet-Malassis.Durand,à Lyon. 19th cent.Named by Poulet-Malassis.Durand.Lith. Melun.Ex Libris P. Guiraudi, 1680-1880.With the arms ofRenaud, Genas, and Comtede Balincourt. Motto,“Da laborem dabo fructus.”DurigSc.Magon de Terlaye. Armorial.Durig,à Lille. 18th cent.Seraphin Malfait. Negociantà Lille. Pictorial.Duseigneur, A.19th cent.Dussigmert, M.1874.Eisen, Charles.Mde. d’Arconville. C. Eisendel.Louise Le Daulceursculp, et in.à M. d’Arconville. 1749. Apictorial plate designed byLouise Le Daulceur.A nameless plate of M. deMonteynard (see Poulet-Malassispp. 28, 61), engravedby Le Mire.Ch. Eisen invenit,on thenameless armorial of theBishop Choiseul-Beaupré;C. Eisen del.on a namelessplate, dated 1749, and engravedby R. Strange; andEisen inv.on a namelessplate bearing the arms ofthe Marquis de Paulmy.It was to this marquis thatEisen dedicated his workentitled “Œuvre suiviecontenant différents sujets dedécorations et d’ornements,etc.” This contained manyheraldic designs, cartouchesand decorative garlands,from which the engraversof his time frequently borrowedhints for the ornamentationof their heraldicex-libris.Etioles.Mr. P. L. N. Meulan.Armorial.Fassole, C. H.Strasbourg.Modern.Albert Richard. Pictorial.Faugrand.18th cent.Faure.18th cent.Fays.1784.De la Bibliothèque de Mr.Fays. Par son fils en 1784.Armorial.Fériet, A. de(Nancy).A. Bretagne. Directeur descontributions directes. Nancy.Pictorial. Modern.Signed,H. Christophe, exc.Ex-libris Francisci de Chanteau.Armorial; pictorial.Signed,H. Christophe, exc.Nancy.Leon Germain. Nancy.Pictorial.FerrandSculp.1730.Michel, Comte de Faultrières,Exempt des Gardesdu Corps, etc. Armorial.Motto, “Tendre et Feal.”(See reproduction.)Et. Fessardsculp.1737.On the plate of Jacobus HenricusTribourdet, designedby H. Gravelot.C. Fichordel.1874. Ad Varinsc.Bibliothèque du comte deLavaur de Ste. Fortunade.Armorial.Flamel, Nicolas.M. Henri Bouchot reprintsa plate designed by thisartist for the Duc de Berryin fifteenth century style.Flamen, A. B.17th cent.Guillaume Tronson. Motto,“Virtuti non divitiis.” (SeePoulet-Malassis, p. 22.)Flameng, Léopold.19th cent.Produced ex-libris for the bibliophilePierre Deschamps,and for the Docteur GérardPiogey.Flipart.18th cent.Fonbonne, Mlle. 18th cent.De Hansy, à Paris, 1768.Library interior.FontanalsDijon, 1809.FornetLith.1893. (Alsatian.)On the armorial plate ofEdmund Engelmann, ofMulhouse.Printed in colours, see “LesArchives de la SociétéFrançaise,” Juillet, 1894.Fougeronsculp.Pembroke Society. Allegorical.Fouquet.18th cent.Froben.Symbolum Conradi Lycosthenis.(Before 1561; the earliestknown Alsatian ex-libris.)See “Les Ex-Libris Alsaciens.”J. C. Frans,scul.Nanceii C.Charles in. 1739.On a nameless French plate,no motto. (J. C. François,of Nancy.)A. Françoissculp.1827.On a nameless armorial; nomotto.Gagneux, P.17th cent.C. O. Galimardsculp.On a nameless armorial, designedby C. Cochin fils,for the Abbé Leblanc, andon another, with the armsof Poisson de Marigny, alsodesigned by Cochin, anddated 1752.Gallaudet, E.John Chambers, Esq.Chippendale; armorial.Gamot, Jos.18th cent.Ganhy, J. B. de.18th cent.Gardette.(See De la Gardette.)Gaucher, Ch.De l’Académiedes Arts de Londres.Charles-Etienne Gaucherwas a pupil of Basan, andLe Bas, and famous as anengraver of portraits.Signed,C. Gaucher inc.1775,on plate of Cabre,—andDessiné et gravé par Ch.Gaucher de l’Acad. des Artsde Londreson the plates ofFrançois Grangier de Lamotte,etc., 1779, and MessireAndré-Gaspard Parfait,comte de Bizémont-Prunelé,1781. (See Bizémont.)Gaucher also designed a platefor “Jac. Desmares insenatu Paris,” and onebearing the arms of Séguier.(See Poulet-Malassis, p. 66.)Gaucherel.1831.Bibliotheca Pichoniana inchoataab anno 1831.(Rétouché par Ad. Varin en1873.) Armorial.Gaultier, Léonard.17th cent.Nameless armorial. AlexandreBouchart, Sieur deBlosseville, etc., 1611.Reproduced by Henri Bouchot.The earliest knowndatedFrench armorial book-plate.Gavarni.19th cent.(See M. Poulet-Malassis, p.39.) He credits this celebratedcaricaturist withhaving designed the ex-librisused by the brothersEdmond and Jules de Goncourt,authors of “L’Art dudix-huitième siècle,” andother works written conjointly.The book-plate is exceedinglysimple; it represents a lefthand, two fingers of whichare pointing to the lettersE. J. traced on a sheet ofpaper. This was engravedby Jules de Goncourt himself.C. G. Geisler,à Geneve. 18th cent.Plate of J. L. Robillard, withcanting arms; it is dated,but very indistinctly.George.18th cent.Duc de Brissac. Armorial.Georgel, M.Modern. (MadameMarie Georgel.)Ex Libris Henri Tausin.Pictorial. (See reproduction.)A design for a headpiece forthe “Archives de la SociétéFrançaise,” vol. iii.Ex Libris Marthe de Borniol.Initials on a lozenge, surroundedby flowers, books,and musical instruments.Reproduced on p. 152, vol.ii., “Archives de la SociétéFrançaise,” 1895, and a largesize, issued as a separateplate.Germain.18th cent.Giacomelli, H.Modern.A son ami Conquet (LéonConquet). Reproduced byM. Henri Bouchot.M. Greppe, afantaisiedesignedby Giacomelli, andengraved by Abot.Giacomelli also designedplates of an equally artisticcharacter for Ballon, Bavoillot,Chevrier, FrançoisCourboin, Georges Duplessis(Conservateur du Cabinetdes Estampes), Paillet,Piédagnel, Sciama, andmany others.Giffart, P.17th cent.Petrus Bulteau de PrévilleMiles. Armorial.De Villers de Rousseville.Large armorial in two states,both rare.Giffart, P.18th cent.Nameless armorial plate.Motto, “Antiqua Ætatedecorae.”Gilbert.17th cent.Gillorsc.Modern.Ex Libris Paul Bellon. Literary.(See Henri Bouchot,page 75.)Giraldon, Adolphe.19thcent.Bibliothèque de Mr. de Pellerinde Latouche. Motto,“Est-il meillcure munitionà cet humain pélerinage?”Armorial.Girard, H.19th cent.Glomy.18th cent.GobySc. r. du Bac.19th cent.Guerrier du Maste. A literaryplate, about 1830.Godard,à Alençon. 18th cent.A. Godreuildel.1867.Bibliothèque du Montessart(Baron Pichon). Landscape.(See also A. Guillaumet andVarin.)Gossart.18th cent.Mr. Le Vte. de Gauville. Armorial.No motto.Gosselin.1770.Gosset, J.18th cent.Nameless armorial plate. Nomotto or date.Gouel, P.Ex-libris Hérambourg, 1777.A nameless armorial, dated1778.Goujean.Modern.Alfred Piet. Pictorial.Gozo(Gozora). 19th cent.J. GrandjeanSc.Modern.Ex-libris Francisci de Chanteau.(See reproduction.)H. Gravelot,invenit.Delafossesculpsit.Nameless library interior (Académiede Nancy), 1751.H. Gravelotinv.Majorsc.,1747, on the nameless plate(probably that of an actor),with the motto “Facies mutatsemperque decenter.”On the plate of Mr. Thirouxd’Arconville, Président auParlement. Mde. Le D.(Daulceur)sculp.Also the plates of Thiroux deGervillier, and Jacobus HenricusTribourdet, 1737.The signaturesGravelot inv.J. Pine sculp., are found onthe armorial library interiorplate of J. Burton, D.D., ofwhich the design was appropriatedfor the plates ofWadham Wyndham, Esq.,and Thomas Gaisford.(See Poulet-Malassis, page59.)Gregoireà Rennes.“Ecuyer Patrice Sus. Hamartde la Chapelle. Cons. duRoi, etc. Docteur Aqr. auCollege des Medecins deRennes.” Large armorial.Gribelin, Simon.A Frenchengraver who came to Englandabout 1680, and died in1733.He signedS. Gribelin sculp.on the plate of Sr. PhilipSydenham, Bart., 1699, andengraved plates for severalother English people, andfor parochial libraries.Grostost, F.Lithographer ofStrasbourg. Modern.Signed the charming littlenameless pictorial plate ofM. Jacques Flach, formerlyof Strasbourg, afterwards asolicitor in Paris. It is onthis plate that the lines addressedto the owner’s booksoccur:“Plaisants, je vous aime;Sérieux aussi,Frivoles de même;Pédants, merci!”(See “Ex-Libris Alsaciens,”page 21.)Groux, Henri de.Modern.M. Rémy de Gourmont.Guérard,à Beaucaire. 18thcent.Guerard, N.R. P. Placidia Sta. Helena.Aug. disc. Gal. Regio Geographi.Pictorial. Motto,“In hoc signo vinces.”Nicolas Guibal.Peintre ordinairedu Duc de Wirtemberg.Born at Luneville.(See “Archives de laSociété Française,” vol. ii.,March, 1895.)Designed a book-plate forhimself, dated 1775, “N.Guibal, Pr. Peintre du Ducde Wurtemberg.” Literary.Guibert, J. B.18th cent.Emile GuillaudinSc.1881.Boscary de Villeplaine.Armorial.T. G. Guillaumesc.Cottin de Fontaine. EarlyArmorial. 17th cent.Guillaume.18th cent.A. Guillaumetsc.1867. A.Godreuildel.Bibliothèque du Montessart(Baron Pichon). Landscape.Gustave.19th cent.HalmSculp.1766.On two nameless plates designedbyWille filius.Halm was probably a pupilof Wille senior.Hamel.19th cent.Helman.1767, 1768.“J’appartiens a Cleenewerek de Crayencour.”Armorial. Three states.Helmanle jeune.18th cent.Hérissetsculp.18th cent.De la Bibliothèque de Mr. LeCat, Docteur en Médec:etc., 1741.Doctor Le Cat was a famousFrench surgeon, born in1700. An allegorical design.Hillemacher, Frédéric.A talented engraver, who illustratedthe edition of Molièrepublished by Perrin ofLyons, died 1886. He engravedbook-plates forGeorges Champion,Eugène Piot, the bibliophile,and one for himself: “Bibliothèquede Frédéric Hillemacher.”Hirsch.19th cent.Houat.Ex bibliot Costeana.Armorial.A. Houat,l’ainé. 18th cent.Humbelot.18th cent.Huot, G.Paris. Modern.A. P. (Pontilly—Monogram.)(See reproduction, p. 321.)Ex Libris Farnou. See in“Ex-Libris Ana.”Ex Libris Bosch, a curiousallegorical design.Ex Libris de A. Hustin.Monogram.Huquier, J. G.18th cent.Jacques Gabriel Huquierfils,signed his own pictorialExLibris J. G. Huquier(see in“Ex-Libris Ana,” p. 9). Healso designed and engraveda handsome plate for LeBerche, and the pictorial.Ex Libris G. Bernard de Rieux,signedHuquier sculp. docq.inv.Both Huquier senior and Huquierjunior had the sameChristian names, and asboth were engravers inParis their identity is somewhatconfusing. The fatherdied in 1772, the son twentyyears later.Ingram, J.18th cent.Colleg. Scotor. in Acad. Paris.Armorial; pictorial; ecclesiastical.(See “Ex-LibrisAna,” p. 55.)He also engraved the ExLibris Le Vassor de laTouche, designed by C. N.Cochinfils.P. C. I.inv. et sc.1785.Signed the nameless plate ofJoseph Froment, with themotto “D’nus incrementumdat.”Jacquemart, Jules.Modern.Libraire Techener.Philippe Burty.Bibliothèque du Châteaud’Aramon.(M. Jules Jacquemart, a clevereau-fortiste, died in Paris in1880.)Jacques(à Rouen). 18th cent.C. Baillière. Academ. Rothom.(Rouen). Pictorial, withscientific instruments.Jacquot.18th cent.Janinet, F.18th cent.Jeanjean.18th cent.A nameless armorial, signedJeanjean sculp.is describedin “Les Archives de laSociété Française,” April,1895.Jeune, David.Nimes, 1885.Vauvert, “Prosper Falgairolle.”Jonveauxf.19th cent.Claudius Nassé, pastor.Armorial.Jonveaux.(Of Verdun.) 18thcent.Signed an armorial plate forRaimondus Lamarre, andanother almost identical fora Doctor Clouet. Bothplates are reproduced in the“Archives de la SociétéFrançaise,” vol. ii., p. 37.L. Joubertinv. et sc.Ex Libris Annemundi Charret.Armorial. 18th cent.Fme. Jourdansculp.1788.Bibliothèque de M. le Vte. deBourbon-Busset, PremierGentilhomme de la Chambre,etc.On this plate the Vicomteclaimed relationship withthe Royal family of France,by his arms and supporters,but in 1793 he deemedit advisable to cover hisarms and high soundingtitles with a simple labelbearing the inscription“Bibliothèque de LouisAntoine Paul Bourbon-Busset,Citoyen Français,1793.” (See reproductions.)Bourbon-Busset was born atBusset, the 19th November,1753; he survived the Terrorand died in Paris, February9, 1802. Guigard mentionsthe “Catalogue des livresde la Bibliothèque de feu lecitoyen Bourbon-Busset, 20nivose an xi. Paris: Silvestre.”Judée.19th cent.Jundt, Gustave.De Strasbourg,19th cent.Composed the book-plate forM. Charles Mehl. See “Ex-LibrisAlsaciens.”


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