Fig. 33.Fig. 33.—Section of cup ofAscobolus.a.External cells.b.Secondary layer.c.Subhymenial tissue (Janczenski).
Fig. 33.—Section of cup ofAscobolus.a.External cells.b.Secondary layer.c.Subhymenial tissue (Janczenski).
The receptacle proper comprehends the subhymenial tissue, the parenchyma, and the external membrane. The subhymenial tissue is composed of small compact cells, forming generally a more coloured and dense stratum, the superior cells of which give rise to the asci and paraphyses. The parenchyma is seated beneath this, and is generally of interlaced filaments, of a looser consistency than the preceding, united by intermediate cellules. The external membrane, which envelopes the parenchyma, and limits the hymenium, differs from the preceding by the cells often being polyhedric, sometimes transverse, and united together, and sometimes separable. Externally it is sometimes smooth, and sometimes granular or hairy.
The hymenium is, however, the most, important part, consisting of (1) the paraphyses, (2) the asci, and sometimes (3) an investing mucilage. The asci are always present, the paraphyses are sometimes rare, and the mucilage in many cases seems to be entirely wanting.
The paraphyses, which are formed at the first commencement of the receptacle, are at first very short, but soon elongate, and become wholly developed before the appearance of the asci. They are linear, sometimes branched and sometimes simple, often more or less thickened at their tips; almost always they contain within them some oleaginous granules, either coloured or colourless. Their special function seems still somewhat obscure, and Boudier suggests that they may be excitatory organs for the dehiscence of the asci. However this may be, some mycologists are of opinion that, at least in some of the Ascomycetes, the paraphyses are abortive asci, or, at any rate, that abortive asci mixed with the paraphyses cannot be distinguished from them.
The mucilage forms itself almost at the same time as the paraphyses, and previous to the formation of the asci. This substance appears as a colourless or yellowish mucilage, which envelopes the paraphyses and asci, and so covers the hymenium with a shining coat.
The asci appear first at the base of the paraphyses, under the form of oblong cells, filled with colourless protoplasm. By rapid growth, they soon attain a considerable size and fulness, the protoplasm being gradually absorbed by the sporidia, the first indication of which is always the central nucleus. The mucilage also partly disappears, and the asci, attaining their maturity, become quite distinct, each enclosing its sporidia. But before they take their complete growth they detach themselves from the subhymenial tissue, and being attenuated towards their base, are forced upwards by pressure of the younger asci, to, and in some instances beyond, the upper surface of the disc. This phenomenon commences during the night, and continues during the night and all the morning. It attains its height at mid-day, and it is then that the slightest breath of air, the slightestmovement, suffices to cause dehiscence, which is generally followed by a scarcely perceptible contractile motion of the receptacle.
Fig. 34.Fig. 34.—Asci, sporidia, and paraphyses ofAscobolus(Boudier).
Fig. 34.—Asci, sporidia, and paraphyses ofAscobolus(Boudier).
There is manifestly a succession in formation and maturity of the asci in a receptacle. In the trueAscobolei, in which the sporidia are coloured, this may be more distinctly seen. At first some thin projecting points appear upon the disc, the next day they are more numerous, and become more and more so on following days, so as to render the disc almost covered with raised black or crystalline points;[z]these afterwards diminish day by day, until they ultimately cease. The asci, after separation from the subhymenial tissue, continue to lengthen, or it may be that their elasticity permits of extension, during expulsion. Boudier considers that an amount of elasticity is certain, because he has seen an ascus arrive at maturity, eject its spores, and then make a sharp and considerable movement of retraction, then the ascus returned again, immediately towards its previous limits, always with a reduction in the number of its contained sporidia.
The dehiscence of the asci takes place in theAscobolei, in some species ofPeziza,Morchella,Helvella, andVerpa, by means of an apical operculum, and in otherPezizæ,Helotium,Geoglossum,Leotia,Mitrula, &c., by a fissure of the ascus. This operculum may be the more readily seen when the ascus is coloured by a drop of tincture of iodine.
The sporidia are usually four or eight, or some multiple of that number, in each ascus, rarely four, most commonly eight. At a fixed time the protoplasm, which at first filled the asci, disappearsor is absorbed in a mucilaginous matter, which occupies its place, in the midst of which is a small nucleus, which is the rudiment of the first spore; other spores are formed consecutively, and then the substance separates into as many sections as there are sporidia. From this period each sporidium seems to have a separate existence. All have a nucleus, which is scarcely visible, often slightly granular, but which is quite distinct from the oleaginous sporidioles so frequent amongst the Discomycetes, and which are sometimes called by the same name. The sporidia are at first a little smaller than when mature, and are surrounded by mucilage. After this period the sporidia lose their nebulous granulations, whilst still preserving their nucleus; their outlines are distinct, and, amongst the trueAscobolei, commence acquiring a rosy colour, the first intimation of maturity. This colour manifests itself rapidly, accumulating exclusively upon the epispore, which becomes of a deep rose, then violet, and finally violet blue, so deep as sometimes to appear quite black. There are some modifications in this coloration, since, in some species, it passes from a vinous red to grey, then to black, or from rose-violet to brown.
The epispore acquires a waxy consistence by this pigmentation, so that it may be detached in granules. It is to this particular consistency of the epispore that the cracks so frequent in the coloured sporidia ofAscobolusare due, through contraction of the epispore. As they approach maturity, the sporidia accumulate towards the apex of the asci, and finally escape in the manner already indicated.
In all essential particulars there is a great similarity in the structure of the other Discomycetes, especially in their reproductive system. In most of them coloured sporidia are rare. In some the receptacle is pileate, clavate, or inflated, whilst inStictisit is very much reduced, and in the lowest form of all,Ascomyces, it is entirely absent. In thePhacidiacei, the structure is very similar to that of theElvellacei, whilst theHysteriacei, with greater affinities with the latter, still tend towards thePyrenomycetesby the more horny nature of the receptacle, and the greater tendency of the hymenium to remain closed, atleast when dry. In some species ofHysterium, the sporidia are remarkably fine. M. Duby[AA]has subjected this group to examination, and M. Tulasne partly so.[AB]
Sphæriacei.—In this group there is considerable variation, within certain limits. It contains an immense number of species, and these are daily being augmented. The general feature in all is the presence of a perithecium, which contains and encloses the hymenium, and at length opening by a pore or ostiolum at the apex. In some the perithecia are simple, in others compound; in some immersed in a stroma, in others free; in some fleshy or waxy, in others carbonaceous, and in others membranaceous. But in all there is this important difference from the Ascomycetes we have already had under consideration, that the hymenium is never exposed. The perithecium consists usually of an external layer of cellular structure, which is either smooth or hairy, usually blackish, and an internal stratum of less compact cells, which give rise to the hymenium.
Fig. 35.Fig. 35.—Perithecium ofSphæriaand Section.
Fig. 35.—Perithecium ofSphæriaand Section.
As in theDiscomycetes, the hymenium consists of asci, paraphyses, and mucilage, but the whole forms a less compact and more gelatinous mass within the perithecium. The formation and growth of the asci and sporidia differ little from what we have described, and when mature the asci dehisce, and the sporidia alone are ejected from the ostiolum. We are not aware that operculate asci have yet been detected. It has been shown in some instances, and suspected in others, that certain moulds, formerly classed withMucedinesandDematiei, especially in the genusHelminthosporium, bear the conidia of species ofSphæria, so that this may be regarded as one form of fruit.
Perithecia, very similar externally to those ofSphæria, but containing spores borne on slender pedicels and not enclosed in asci, have had their relations to certain species ofSphæriaindicated,and these are no longer regarded so much as species ofHendersoniaorDiplodiaas the pycnidia ofSphæria. Other and more minute perithecia, containing minute, slender stylospores in great numbers, formerly classed withAposphæria,Phoma, &c., but are now recognized as spermogonia containing the spermatia ofSphæriæ. How these influence each other, when and under what circumstances the spermatia are instrumental in impregnation of the sporidia, is still matter of mystery. It is clear, however, that in all these conidia, macrospores, microspores, and some spermatia, or by whatever names they may be called, there exists a power of germination. Tulasne has indicated in some instances five or six forms of fruit as belonging to one fungus, of which the highest and most perfect condition is a species ofSphæria.
Fig. 36.Fig. 36.—Uncinula adunca.
Fig. 36.—Uncinula adunca.
Perisporiacei.—Except in the perithecia rupturing irregularly, and not dehiscing by a pore, some of the genera in this group differ little in structure from theSphæriacei. On the other hand, theErysipheipresent important and very interesting features. They occur chiefly on the green parts of growing plants. At first there is a more or less profuse white mycelium.[AC]This gives rise to chains of conidia (Oidium), and afterwards small sphæroid projections appear at certain points on the mycelium. These enlarge, take an orange colour, ultimately passing into brown, and then nearly black. Externally these perithecia are usually furnished with long, spreading, intertwined, or branching appendages, sometimes beautifully branched or hooked at their tips. In the interior of the receptacles, pear-shaped or ovate asci are formed in clusters, attached together at the base, and containing two or more hyaline sporidia. Other forms of fruit have also been observed on the same mycelium. In an exotic genus,Meliola, the fulcra, or appendages, as well as the mycelium, are black, otherwise itis very analogous to such a genus ofErysipheiasMicrosphæria. InChætomium, the perithecia bristle with rigid, dark-coloured hairs, and the sporidia are coloured. Our limits, however, will not permit of further elucidation of the complex and varied structure to be found amongst fungi.[AD]
[A]A curious case occurred some years since at Bury St. Edmunds, which may be mentioned here in connection with the development of these nodules. Two children had died under suspicious circumstances, and an examination of the body of the latter after exhumation was made, a report having arisen that the child died after eating mushrooms. As certain white nodules appeared on the inner surface of the intestines, it was at once hastily concluded that the spores of the mushroom had germinated, and that the nodules were infant mushrooms. This appeared to one of us so strange, that application was made for specimens, which were kindly forwarded, and a cursory glance was enough to convince us that they were not fungoid. An examination under the microscope further confirmed the diagnosis, and the application of nitric acid showed that the nodules were merely due to chalk mixture, which had been given to the child for the diarrhetic symptoms under which he succumbed.[B]Ehrenberg compared the whole structure of an Agaric with that of a mould, the mycelium corresponding with the hyphasma, the stem and pileus with the flocci, and the hymenium with the fructifying branchlets. The comparison is no less ingenious than true, and gives a lively idea of the connection of the more noble with the more humble fungi.—Ehrb. de Mycetogenesi.[C]InPaxillus involutusthe hymenium may be readily torn off and unfolded.[D]This was well delineated in “Flora Danica,” plate 834, as observed inCoprinus comatusas long ago as 1780.[E]A. de Bary, “Morphologie und Physiologie der Pilze,” in “Hofmeister’s Handbuch,” vol. ii. cap. 5, 1866, translated in “Grevillea,” vol. i. p. 181.[F]“Die Pollinarien und Spermatien vonAgaricus,” in “Botanische Zeitung,” Feb. 29 and March 7, 1856.[G]“Essai d’une Flore mycologique de la Région de Montpellier.” Paris, 1863.[H]Hoffmann, “Botanische Zeitung,” 1856, p. 139.[I]Corda, “Icones Fungorum hucusque cognitorum,” iii. p. 41. Prague, 1839.[J]Cooke, M. C., “Anatomy of a Mushroom,” in “Popular Science Review,” vol. viii. p. 380.[K]An attempt was made to show that, inAgaricus melleus, distinct asci were found, in a certain stage, on the gills or lamellæ. We have in vain examined the gills in various conditions, and could never detect anything of the kind. It is probable that the asci belonged to some species ofHypomyces, a genus of parasiticSphæriaceousfungi.[L]It is not intended that the spores are always quaternate inAgaricini, though that number is constant in the more typical species. They sometimes exceed four, and are sometimes reduced to one.[M]The species long known asHydnum gelatinosumwas examined by Mr. F. Currey in 1860 (Journ. Linn. Soc.), and he came to the conclusion that it was not a goodHydnum. Since then it has been made the type of a new genus (Hydnoglœa B. and Br. or, as called by Fries, in the new edition of “Epicrisis,”Tremellodon, Pers. Myc. Eur.), and transferred to theTremellini. Currey says, upon examining the fructification, he was surprised to find that, although in its external characters it was a perfectHydnum, it bore the fruit of aTremella. If one of the teeth be examined with the microscope, it will be seen to consist of threads bearing four-lobed sporophores, and spores exactly similar toTremella. It will thus be seen, he adds, that the plant is exactly intermediate betweenHydneiandTremellini, forming, as it were, a stepping-stone from one to the other.[N]Tulasne, L. R. and C., “Observations on the Organization of the Tremellini,” in “Ann. des Sci. Nat.” 3mesér. xix. (1853), pp. 193, &c.[O]M. Léveillé, in “Ann. des Sci. Nat.” 2mesér. viii. p. 328; 3mesér. ix. p. 127; also Bonorden, “Handbuch der Mycologie,” p. 151.[P]Tulasne, in “Ann. des Sci. Nat.” (loc. cit.) xix. pl. x. fig. 29. Tulasne, “New Notes upon Tremellinous Fungi,” in “Journ. Linn. Soc.” vol. xiii. (1871), p. 31.[Q]Berkeley, M. J., “On the Fructification of Lycoperdon, Phallus, &c.,” in “Ann. Nat. Hist.” 1840, vol. iv. p. 158, pl. 5. Berkeley, M. J., “Introduction Crypt. Bot.” p. 346.[R]Tulasne, L. R. and C., “Fungi Hypogæi.” Paris. Berkeley and Broome, “British Hypogæous Fungi,” in “Ann. Nat. Hist.” 1846, xviii. p. 74. Corda, “Icones Fungorum,” vol. vi. pl. vii. viii.[S]Tulasne, “Sur le GenreSecotium,” in “Ann. des Sci. Nat.” (1845), 3mesér. vol. iv. p. 169, plate 9.[T]Tulasne, L. R. and C., “De la Fructification desSclerodermacomparée a celle desLycoperdonet desBorista,” in “Ann. des Sci. Nat.” 1842, xvii. p. 5. Tulasne, L. R. and C., “Sur les Genres Polysaccum et Geaster,” in “Ann. des Sci. Nat.” 1842, xviii. p. 129, pl. 5 and 6.[U]Berkeley, “On the Fructification of Lycoperdon, &c.,” in “Annals of Natural History” (1840), iv. p. 155.[V]Wigand, “Morphologie des Genres Trichia et Arcyria,” in “Ann. des Sci. Nat.” 4mesér. xvi. p. 223.[W]Currey, “On Spiral Threads of Trichia,” in “Quart. Journ. Micr. Science” (1855), iii. p. 17.[X]In some of the genera, as, for instance, inBadhamia,Enerthenema, andReticularia, the spores are produced within delicate cells or cysts, which are afterwards absorbed.[Y]Tulasne, “Essai d’une Monographie des Nidulariées,” in “Ann. des Sci. Nat.” (1844), i. 41 and 64.[Z]Berkeley, M. J., “Introduction, Crypt. Bot.” p. 330.[a]Berkeley, M. J., “Introduction, Crypt. Bot.” p. 329.[b]In theCæomaceiandPucciniæithe term “pseudospore” would be much more accurate.[c]Léveillé, “Sur la Disposition Méthodique des Urédinées,” in “Ann. des Sci. Nat.” (1847), vol. viii. p. 369.[d]De Bary, “Champignons Parasites,” in “Ann. des Sci. Nat.” 4mesér. vol. xx.[e]Tulasne, “Mémoire sur les Urédinées, &c.,” in “Ann. des Sci. Nat.” (1854), vol. ii. p. 78.[f]De Bary, “Ueber die Brandpilze,” Berlin, 1853.[g]Currey, in “Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci.” (1857), vol. v. p. 119, pl. 8, fig 13.[h]Cooke, “On Podisoma,” in “Journal of Quekett Microscopical Club,” vol. ii. p. 255.[i]Tulasne, “Mémoire sur les Ustilaginées,” in “Ann. des Sci. Nat.” (1847), vii. pp. 12 and 73.[j]Corda, “Icones Fungorum,” vol. iii. fig. 45.[k]Cooke, “On Podisoma,” in “Quekett Journal,” vol. ii. p. 255.[l]It may be a question whetherGraphiolais not more nearly allied toTrichocoma(Jungh Fl. Crypt. Javæ, p. 10, f. 7) than to the genera with which it is usually associated.—M. J. B.[m]Cooke, “On Microscopic Moulds,” in “Quekett Journal,” vol. ii. plate 7.[n]See“Dendryphium Fumosum,” in “Quekett Journal,” vol. ii. plate 8; or, “Corda Prachtflora,” plate 22.[o]De Bary, “Champignons Parasites,” in “Ann. des Sci. Nat.” 4mesér. vol. xx.[p]Berkeley, “On the Potato Murrain,” in “Journ. of Hort. Soc. of London,” vol. i. (1846), p. 9.[q]De Bary, “On Mildew and Fermentation,” p. 25, reprinted from “German Quarterly Magazine,” 1872; De Bary, “Morphologie und Physiologie der Pilze,” (1866), 201.[r]Cooke, “Handbook of British Fungi,” vol. ii. p. 552.[s]De Bary, “On Mildew and Fermentation,” in “Quarterly German Magazine,” for 1872.[t]We are quite aware that Von Tieghem and Le Monnier, in “Ann. des Sci. Nat.” 1873, p. 335, dispute that this belongs toMucor mucedo, and assert thatChætocladium Jonesiiis itself a trueMucor, with monosporous sporangia.[u]Vittadini, “Monographia Tuberacearum,” 1831.[v]Tulasne, “Fungi Hypogæi,” 1851.[w]Corda, “Icones Fungorum,” vol. vi.[x]Berkeley and Broome, in “Ann. of Nat. Hist.” 1st ser. vol. xviii. (1846), p. 73; Cooke, in “Seem. Journ. Bot.”[y]Boudier (E.), “Mémoire sur les Ascobolés,” in “Ann. des Sci. Nat.” 5mesér. vol. x. (1869).[z]Only in some of the Discomycetes are the asci exserted.[AA]Duby, “Mémoire sur la Tribu des Hysterinées,” 1861.[AB]Tulasne, “Selecta Fungorum Carpologia,” vol. iii.[AC]Tulasne, “Selecta Fungorum Carpologia,” vol. i. Léveillé, “Organisation, &c., sur l‘Érysiphé,” in “Ann. des Sci. Nat.” (1851), vol. xv. p. 109.[AD]Other works besides those already cited, which may be consulted with advantage on structure, are—Tulasne, L. R. and C., various articles in “Annales des Sciences Naturelles,” série iii. and iv.Hoffmann, “Icones Analyticæ Fungorum.”De Bary, “Der Ascomyceten.” Leipzic, 1863.Berkeley, M. J., “Introduction to Cryptogamic Botany.”Seynes, J. de, “Recherches, &c., des Fistulines.” Paris, 1874.Winter, G., “Die Deutschen Sordarien.” 1874.Corda, J., “Prachtflora.” Prague, 1840.De Bary, “Über der Brandpilze.” 1853.Brefeld, O., “Botan. Untersuch. ü Schimmelpilze.”Fresenius, G., “Beiträge zur Mykologie.” 1850.Von Tieghem and Le Monnier, in “Annales des Sciences Naturelles” (1873), p. 335.Cornu, M., “Sur les Saprolegniées,” in “Ann. des Sci. Nat.” 5mesér. xv. p. 5.Janczenski, “Sur l’Ascobolus furfuraceus,” in “Ann. des Sci. Nat.” 5mesér. xv. p. 200.De Bary and Woronin, “Beiträge zur Morphologie und Physiologie der Pilze.” 1870.Bonorden, H. F., “Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Mykologie.” 1864.Coemans, E., “Spicilége Mycologique.” 1862, etc.
[A]A curious case occurred some years since at Bury St. Edmunds, which may be mentioned here in connection with the development of these nodules. Two children had died under suspicious circumstances, and an examination of the body of the latter after exhumation was made, a report having arisen that the child died after eating mushrooms. As certain white nodules appeared on the inner surface of the intestines, it was at once hastily concluded that the spores of the mushroom had germinated, and that the nodules were infant mushrooms. This appeared to one of us so strange, that application was made for specimens, which were kindly forwarded, and a cursory glance was enough to convince us that they were not fungoid. An examination under the microscope further confirmed the diagnosis, and the application of nitric acid showed that the nodules were merely due to chalk mixture, which had been given to the child for the diarrhetic symptoms under which he succumbed.
A curious case occurred some years since at Bury St. Edmunds, which may be mentioned here in connection with the development of these nodules. Two children had died under suspicious circumstances, and an examination of the body of the latter after exhumation was made, a report having arisen that the child died after eating mushrooms. As certain white nodules appeared on the inner surface of the intestines, it was at once hastily concluded that the spores of the mushroom had germinated, and that the nodules were infant mushrooms. This appeared to one of us so strange, that application was made for specimens, which were kindly forwarded, and a cursory glance was enough to convince us that they were not fungoid. An examination under the microscope further confirmed the diagnosis, and the application of nitric acid showed that the nodules were merely due to chalk mixture, which had been given to the child for the diarrhetic symptoms under which he succumbed.
[B]Ehrenberg compared the whole structure of an Agaric with that of a mould, the mycelium corresponding with the hyphasma, the stem and pileus with the flocci, and the hymenium with the fructifying branchlets. The comparison is no less ingenious than true, and gives a lively idea of the connection of the more noble with the more humble fungi.—Ehrb. de Mycetogenesi.
Ehrenberg compared the whole structure of an Agaric with that of a mould, the mycelium corresponding with the hyphasma, the stem and pileus with the flocci, and the hymenium with the fructifying branchlets. The comparison is no less ingenious than true, and gives a lively idea of the connection of the more noble with the more humble fungi.—Ehrb. de Mycetogenesi.
[C]InPaxillus involutusthe hymenium may be readily torn off and unfolded.
InPaxillus involutusthe hymenium may be readily torn off and unfolded.
[D]This was well delineated in “Flora Danica,” plate 834, as observed inCoprinus comatusas long ago as 1780.
This was well delineated in “Flora Danica,” plate 834, as observed inCoprinus comatusas long ago as 1780.
[E]A. de Bary, “Morphologie und Physiologie der Pilze,” in “Hofmeister’s Handbuch,” vol. ii. cap. 5, 1866, translated in “Grevillea,” vol. i. p. 181.
A. de Bary, “Morphologie und Physiologie der Pilze,” in “Hofmeister’s Handbuch,” vol. ii. cap. 5, 1866, translated in “Grevillea,” vol. i. p. 181.
[F]“Die Pollinarien und Spermatien vonAgaricus,” in “Botanische Zeitung,” Feb. 29 and March 7, 1856.
“Die Pollinarien und Spermatien vonAgaricus,” in “Botanische Zeitung,” Feb. 29 and March 7, 1856.
[G]“Essai d’une Flore mycologique de la Région de Montpellier.” Paris, 1863.
“Essai d’une Flore mycologique de la Région de Montpellier.” Paris, 1863.
[H]Hoffmann, “Botanische Zeitung,” 1856, p. 139.
Hoffmann, “Botanische Zeitung,” 1856, p. 139.
[I]Corda, “Icones Fungorum hucusque cognitorum,” iii. p. 41. Prague, 1839.
Corda, “Icones Fungorum hucusque cognitorum,” iii. p. 41. Prague, 1839.
[J]Cooke, M. C., “Anatomy of a Mushroom,” in “Popular Science Review,” vol. viii. p. 380.
Cooke, M. C., “Anatomy of a Mushroom,” in “Popular Science Review,” vol. viii. p. 380.
[K]An attempt was made to show that, inAgaricus melleus, distinct asci were found, in a certain stage, on the gills or lamellæ. We have in vain examined the gills in various conditions, and could never detect anything of the kind. It is probable that the asci belonged to some species ofHypomyces, a genus of parasiticSphæriaceousfungi.
An attempt was made to show that, inAgaricus melleus, distinct asci were found, in a certain stage, on the gills or lamellæ. We have in vain examined the gills in various conditions, and could never detect anything of the kind. It is probable that the asci belonged to some species ofHypomyces, a genus of parasiticSphæriaceousfungi.
[L]It is not intended that the spores are always quaternate inAgaricini, though that number is constant in the more typical species. They sometimes exceed four, and are sometimes reduced to one.
It is not intended that the spores are always quaternate inAgaricini, though that number is constant in the more typical species. They sometimes exceed four, and are sometimes reduced to one.
[M]The species long known asHydnum gelatinosumwas examined by Mr. F. Currey in 1860 (Journ. Linn. Soc.), and he came to the conclusion that it was not a goodHydnum. Since then it has been made the type of a new genus (Hydnoglœa B. and Br. or, as called by Fries, in the new edition of “Epicrisis,”Tremellodon, Pers. Myc. Eur.), and transferred to theTremellini. Currey says, upon examining the fructification, he was surprised to find that, although in its external characters it was a perfectHydnum, it bore the fruit of aTremella. If one of the teeth be examined with the microscope, it will be seen to consist of threads bearing four-lobed sporophores, and spores exactly similar toTremella. It will thus be seen, he adds, that the plant is exactly intermediate betweenHydneiandTremellini, forming, as it were, a stepping-stone from one to the other.
The species long known asHydnum gelatinosumwas examined by Mr. F. Currey in 1860 (Journ. Linn. Soc.), and he came to the conclusion that it was not a goodHydnum. Since then it has been made the type of a new genus (Hydnoglœa B. and Br. or, as called by Fries, in the new edition of “Epicrisis,”Tremellodon, Pers. Myc. Eur.), and transferred to theTremellini. Currey says, upon examining the fructification, he was surprised to find that, although in its external characters it was a perfectHydnum, it bore the fruit of aTremella. If one of the teeth be examined with the microscope, it will be seen to consist of threads bearing four-lobed sporophores, and spores exactly similar toTremella. It will thus be seen, he adds, that the plant is exactly intermediate betweenHydneiandTremellini, forming, as it were, a stepping-stone from one to the other.
[N]Tulasne, L. R. and C., “Observations on the Organization of the Tremellini,” in “Ann. des Sci. Nat.” 3mesér. xix. (1853), pp. 193, &c.
Tulasne, L. R. and C., “Observations on the Organization of the Tremellini,” in “Ann. des Sci. Nat.” 3mesér. xix. (1853), pp. 193, &c.
[O]M. Léveillé, in “Ann. des Sci. Nat.” 2mesér. viii. p. 328; 3mesér. ix. p. 127; also Bonorden, “Handbuch der Mycologie,” p. 151.
M. Léveillé, in “Ann. des Sci. Nat.” 2mesér. viii. p. 328; 3mesér. ix. p. 127; also Bonorden, “Handbuch der Mycologie,” p. 151.
[P]Tulasne, in “Ann. des Sci. Nat.” (loc. cit.) xix. pl. x. fig. 29. Tulasne, “New Notes upon Tremellinous Fungi,” in “Journ. Linn. Soc.” vol. xiii. (1871), p. 31.
Tulasne, in “Ann. des Sci. Nat.” (loc. cit.) xix. pl. x. fig. 29. Tulasne, “New Notes upon Tremellinous Fungi,” in “Journ. Linn. Soc.” vol. xiii. (1871), p. 31.
[Q]Berkeley, M. J., “On the Fructification of Lycoperdon, Phallus, &c.,” in “Ann. Nat. Hist.” 1840, vol. iv. p. 158, pl. 5. Berkeley, M. J., “Introduction Crypt. Bot.” p. 346.
Berkeley, M. J., “On the Fructification of Lycoperdon, Phallus, &c.,” in “Ann. Nat. Hist.” 1840, vol. iv. p. 158, pl. 5. Berkeley, M. J., “Introduction Crypt. Bot.” p. 346.
[R]Tulasne, L. R. and C., “Fungi Hypogæi.” Paris. Berkeley and Broome, “British Hypogæous Fungi,” in “Ann. Nat. Hist.” 1846, xviii. p. 74. Corda, “Icones Fungorum,” vol. vi. pl. vii. viii.
Tulasne, L. R. and C., “Fungi Hypogæi.” Paris. Berkeley and Broome, “British Hypogæous Fungi,” in “Ann. Nat. Hist.” 1846, xviii. p. 74. Corda, “Icones Fungorum,” vol. vi. pl. vii. viii.
[S]Tulasne, “Sur le GenreSecotium,” in “Ann. des Sci. Nat.” (1845), 3mesér. vol. iv. p. 169, plate 9.
Tulasne, “Sur le GenreSecotium,” in “Ann. des Sci. Nat.” (1845), 3mesér. vol. iv. p. 169, plate 9.
[T]Tulasne, L. R. and C., “De la Fructification desSclerodermacomparée a celle desLycoperdonet desBorista,” in “Ann. des Sci. Nat.” 1842, xvii. p. 5. Tulasne, L. R. and C., “Sur les Genres Polysaccum et Geaster,” in “Ann. des Sci. Nat.” 1842, xviii. p. 129, pl. 5 and 6.
Tulasne, L. R. and C., “De la Fructification desSclerodermacomparée a celle desLycoperdonet desBorista,” in “Ann. des Sci. Nat.” 1842, xvii. p. 5. Tulasne, L. R. and C., “Sur les Genres Polysaccum et Geaster,” in “Ann. des Sci. Nat.” 1842, xviii. p. 129, pl. 5 and 6.
[U]Berkeley, “On the Fructification of Lycoperdon, &c.,” in “Annals of Natural History” (1840), iv. p. 155.
Berkeley, “On the Fructification of Lycoperdon, &c.,” in “Annals of Natural History” (1840), iv. p. 155.
[V]Wigand, “Morphologie des Genres Trichia et Arcyria,” in “Ann. des Sci. Nat.” 4mesér. xvi. p. 223.
Wigand, “Morphologie des Genres Trichia et Arcyria,” in “Ann. des Sci. Nat.” 4mesér. xvi. p. 223.
[W]Currey, “On Spiral Threads of Trichia,” in “Quart. Journ. Micr. Science” (1855), iii. p. 17.
Currey, “On Spiral Threads of Trichia,” in “Quart. Journ. Micr. Science” (1855), iii. p. 17.
[X]In some of the genera, as, for instance, inBadhamia,Enerthenema, andReticularia, the spores are produced within delicate cells or cysts, which are afterwards absorbed.
In some of the genera, as, for instance, inBadhamia,Enerthenema, andReticularia, the spores are produced within delicate cells or cysts, which are afterwards absorbed.
[Y]Tulasne, “Essai d’une Monographie des Nidulariées,” in “Ann. des Sci. Nat.” (1844), i. 41 and 64.
Tulasne, “Essai d’une Monographie des Nidulariées,” in “Ann. des Sci. Nat.” (1844), i. 41 and 64.
[Z]Berkeley, M. J., “Introduction, Crypt. Bot.” p. 330.
Berkeley, M. J., “Introduction, Crypt. Bot.” p. 330.
[a]Berkeley, M. J., “Introduction, Crypt. Bot.” p. 329.
Berkeley, M. J., “Introduction, Crypt. Bot.” p. 329.
[b]In theCæomaceiandPucciniæithe term “pseudospore” would be much more accurate.
In theCæomaceiandPucciniæithe term “pseudospore” would be much more accurate.
[c]Léveillé, “Sur la Disposition Méthodique des Urédinées,” in “Ann. des Sci. Nat.” (1847), vol. viii. p. 369.
Léveillé, “Sur la Disposition Méthodique des Urédinées,” in “Ann. des Sci. Nat.” (1847), vol. viii. p. 369.
[d]De Bary, “Champignons Parasites,” in “Ann. des Sci. Nat.” 4mesér. vol. xx.
De Bary, “Champignons Parasites,” in “Ann. des Sci. Nat.” 4mesér. vol. xx.
[e]Tulasne, “Mémoire sur les Urédinées, &c.,” in “Ann. des Sci. Nat.” (1854), vol. ii. p. 78.
Tulasne, “Mémoire sur les Urédinées, &c.,” in “Ann. des Sci. Nat.” (1854), vol. ii. p. 78.
[f]De Bary, “Ueber die Brandpilze,” Berlin, 1853.
De Bary, “Ueber die Brandpilze,” Berlin, 1853.
[g]Currey, in “Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci.” (1857), vol. v. p. 119, pl. 8, fig 13.
Currey, in “Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci.” (1857), vol. v. p. 119, pl. 8, fig 13.
[h]Cooke, “On Podisoma,” in “Journal of Quekett Microscopical Club,” vol. ii. p. 255.
Cooke, “On Podisoma,” in “Journal of Quekett Microscopical Club,” vol. ii. p. 255.
[i]Tulasne, “Mémoire sur les Ustilaginées,” in “Ann. des Sci. Nat.” (1847), vii. pp. 12 and 73.
Tulasne, “Mémoire sur les Ustilaginées,” in “Ann. des Sci. Nat.” (1847), vii. pp. 12 and 73.
[j]Corda, “Icones Fungorum,” vol. iii. fig. 45.
Corda, “Icones Fungorum,” vol. iii. fig. 45.
[k]Cooke, “On Podisoma,” in “Quekett Journal,” vol. ii. p. 255.
Cooke, “On Podisoma,” in “Quekett Journal,” vol. ii. p. 255.
[l]It may be a question whetherGraphiolais not more nearly allied toTrichocoma(Jungh Fl. Crypt. Javæ, p. 10, f. 7) than to the genera with which it is usually associated.—M. J. B.
It may be a question whetherGraphiolais not more nearly allied toTrichocoma(Jungh Fl. Crypt. Javæ, p. 10, f. 7) than to the genera with which it is usually associated.—M. J. B.
[m]Cooke, “On Microscopic Moulds,” in “Quekett Journal,” vol. ii. plate 7.
Cooke, “On Microscopic Moulds,” in “Quekett Journal,” vol. ii. plate 7.
[n]See“Dendryphium Fumosum,” in “Quekett Journal,” vol. ii. plate 8; or, “Corda Prachtflora,” plate 22.
See“Dendryphium Fumosum,” in “Quekett Journal,” vol. ii. plate 8; or, “Corda Prachtflora,” plate 22.
[o]De Bary, “Champignons Parasites,” in “Ann. des Sci. Nat.” 4mesér. vol. xx.
De Bary, “Champignons Parasites,” in “Ann. des Sci. Nat.” 4mesér. vol. xx.
[p]Berkeley, “On the Potato Murrain,” in “Journ. of Hort. Soc. of London,” vol. i. (1846), p. 9.
Berkeley, “On the Potato Murrain,” in “Journ. of Hort. Soc. of London,” vol. i. (1846), p. 9.
[q]De Bary, “On Mildew and Fermentation,” p. 25, reprinted from “German Quarterly Magazine,” 1872; De Bary, “Morphologie und Physiologie der Pilze,” (1866), 201.
De Bary, “On Mildew and Fermentation,” p. 25, reprinted from “German Quarterly Magazine,” 1872; De Bary, “Morphologie und Physiologie der Pilze,” (1866), 201.
[r]Cooke, “Handbook of British Fungi,” vol. ii. p. 552.
Cooke, “Handbook of British Fungi,” vol. ii. p. 552.
[s]De Bary, “On Mildew and Fermentation,” in “Quarterly German Magazine,” for 1872.
De Bary, “On Mildew and Fermentation,” in “Quarterly German Magazine,” for 1872.
[t]We are quite aware that Von Tieghem and Le Monnier, in “Ann. des Sci. Nat.” 1873, p. 335, dispute that this belongs toMucor mucedo, and assert thatChætocladium Jonesiiis itself a trueMucor, with monosporous sporangia.
We are quite aware that Von Tieghem and Le Monnier, in “Ann. des Sci. Nat.” 1873, p. 335, dispute that this belongs toMucor mucedo, and assert thatChætocladium Jonesiiis itself a trueMucor, with monosporous sporangia.
[u]Vittadini, “Monographia Tuberacearum,” 1831.
Vittadini, “Monographia Tuberacearum,” 1831.
[v]Tulasne, “Fungi Hypogæi,” 1851.
Tulasne, “Fungi Hypogæi,” 1851.
[w]Corda, “Icones Fungorum,” vol. vi.
Corda, “Icones Fungorum,” vol. vi.
[x]Berkeley and Broome, in “Ann. of Nat. Hist.” 1st ser. vol. xviii. (1846), p. 73; Cooke, in “Seem. Journ. Bot.”
Berkeley and Broome, in “Ann. of Nat. Hist.” 1st ser. vol. xviii. (1846), p. 73; Cooke, in “Seem. Journ. Bot.”
[y]Boudier (E.), “Mémoire sur les Ascobolés,” in “Ann. des Sci. Nat.” 5mesér. vol. x. (1869).
Boudier (E.), “Mémoire sur les Ascobolés,” in “Ann. des Sci. Nat.” 5mesér. vol. x. (1869).
[z]Only in some of the Discomycetes are the asci exserted.
Only in some of the Discomycetes are the asci exserted.
[AA]Duby, “Mémoire sur la Tribu des Hysterinées,” 1861.
Duby, “Mémoire sur la Tribu des Hysterinées,” 1861.
[AB]Tulasne, “Selecta Fungorum Carpologia,” vol. iii.
Tulasne, “Selecta Fungorum Carpologia,” vol. iii.
[AC]Tulasne, “Selecta Fungorum Carpologia,” vol. i. Léveillé, “Organisation, &c., sur l‘Érysiphé,” in “Ann. des Sci. Nat.” (1851), vol. xv. p. 109.
Tulasne, “Selecta Fungorum Carpologia,” vol. i. Léveillé, “Organisation, &c., sur l‘Érysiphé,” in “Ann. des Sci. Nat.” (1851), vol. xv. p. 109.
[AD]Other works besides those already cited, which may be consulted with advantage on structure, are—Tulasne, L. R. and C., various articles in “Annales des Sciences Naturelles,” série iii. and iv.Hoffmann, “Icones Analyticæ Fungorum.”De Bary, “Der Ascomyceten.” Leipzic, 1863.Berkeley, M. J., “Introduction to Cryptogamic Botany.”Seynes, J. de, “Recherches, &c., des Fistulines.” Paris, 1874.Winter, G., “Die Deutschen Sordarien.” 1874.Corda, J., “Prachtflora.” Prague, 1840.De Bary, “Über der Brandpilze.” 1853.Brefeld, O., “Botan. Untersuch. ü Schimmelpilze.”Fresenius, G., “Beiträge zur Mykologie.” 1850.Von Tieghem and Le Monnier, in “Annales des Sciences Naturelles” (1873), p. 335.Cornu, M., “Sur les Saprolegniées,” in “Ann. des Sci. Nat.” 5mesér. xv. p. 5.Janczenski, “Sur l’Ascobolus furfuraceus,” in “Ann. des Sci. Nat.” 5mesér. xv. p. 200.De Bary and Woronin, “Beiträge zur Morphologie und Physiologie der Pilze.” 1870.Bonorden, H. F., “Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Mykologie.” 1864.Coemans, E., “Spicilége Mycologique.” 1862, etc.
Other works besides those already cited, which may be consulted with advantage on structure, are—
Tulasne, L. R. and C., various articles in “Annales des Sciences Naturelles,” série iii. and iv.
Hoffmann, “Icones Analyticæ Fungorum.”
De Bary, “Der Ascomyceten.” Leipzic, 1863.
Berkeley, M. J., “Introduction to Cryptogamic Botany.”
Seynes, J. de, “Recherches, &c., des Fistulines.” Paris, 1874.
Winter, G., “Die Deutschen Sordarien.” 1874.
Corda, J., “Prachtflora.” Prague, 1840.
De Bary, “Über der Brandpilze.” 1853.
Brefeld, O., “Botan. Untersuch. ü Schimmelpilze.”
Fresenius, G., “Beiträge zur Mykologie.” 1850.
Von Tieghem and Le Monnier, in “Annales des Sciences Naturelles” (1873), p. 335.
Cornu, M., “Sur les Saprolegniées,” in “Ann. des Sci. Nat.” 5mesér. xv. p. 5.
Janczenski, “Sur l’Ascobolus furfuraceus,” in “Ann. des Sci. Nat.” 5mesér. xv. p. 200.
De Bary and Woronin, “Beiträge zur Morphologie und Physiologie der Pilze.” 1870.
Bonorden, H. F., “Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Mykologie.” 1864.
Coemans, E., “Spicilége Mycologique.” 1862, etc.
IIICLASSIFICATION
A work of this kind could not be considered complete without some account of the systematic arrangement or classification which these plants receive at the hands of botanists. It would hardly avail to enter too minutely into details, yet sufficient should be attempted to enable the reader to comprehend the value and relations of the different groups into which fungi are divided. The arrangement generally adopted is based upon the “Systema Mycologicum” of Fries, as modified to meet the requirements of more recent microscopical researches by Berkeley in his “Introduction,”[A]and adopted in Lindley’s “Vegetable Kingdom.” Another arrangement was proposed by Professor de Bary,[B]but it has never met with general acceptance.
In the arrangement to which we have alluded, all fungi are divided into two primary sections, having reference to the mode in which the fructification is produced. In one section, the spores (which occupy nearly the same position, and perform similar functions, to the seeds of higher plants) are naked; that is, they are produced on spicules, and are not enclosed in cysts or capsules. This section is calledSporifera, or spore-bearing, because, by general consent, the termsporeis limited in fungi to such germ-cells as are not produced in cysts. The second section is termedSporidiifera, or sporidia-bearing, because in like manner the termsporidiais limited to such germ-cells asare produced in cells or cysts. These cysts are respectively known assporangia, andasciorthecæ. The true meaning and value of these divisions will be better comprehended when we have detailed the characters of the families composing these two divisions.
First, then, the sectionSporiferacontains four families, in two of which a hymenium is present, and in two there is no proper hymenium. The termhymeniumis employed to represent a more or less expanded surface, on which the fructification is produced, and is, in fact, the fruit-bearing surface. When no such surface is present, the fruit is borne on threads, proceeding direct from the root-like filaments of the mycelium, or an intermediate kind of cushion or stroma. The two families in which an hymenium is present are calledHymenomycetesandGasteromycetes. In the former, the hymenium is exposed; in the latter, it is at first enclosed. We must examine each of these separately.
The common mushroom may be accepted, by way of illustration, as a type of the familyHymenomycetes, in which the hymenium is exposed, and is, in fact, the most noticeable feature in the family from which its name is derived. The pileus or cap bears on its under surface radiating plates or gills, consisting of the hymenium, over which are thickly scattered the basidia, each surmounted by four spicules, and on each spicule a spore. When mature, these spores fall freely upon the ground beneath, imparting to it the general colour of the spores. But it must be observed that the hymenium takes the form of gill-plates in only one order ofHymenomycetes, namely, theAgaricini; and here, as inCantharellus, the hymenium is sometimes spread over prominent veins rather than gills. Still further divergence is manifest in thePolyporei, in which order the hymenium lines the inner surface of pores or tubes, which are normally on the under side of the pileus. Both these orders include an immense number of species, the former more or less fleshy, the latter more or less tough and leathery. There are still other forms and orders in this family, as theHydnei, in which the hymenium clothes the surface of prickles or spines, and theAuricularini, in which the hymenium is entirely oralmost even. In the two remaining orders, there is a still further divergence from the mushroom form. In the one calledClavariei, the entire fungus is either simply cylindrical or club-shaped, or it is very much branched and ramified. Whatever form the fungus assumes, the hymenium covers the whole exposed surface. In theTremellini, a peculiar structure prevails, which at first seems to agree but little with the preceding. The whole plant is gelatinous when fresh, lobed and convolute, often brain-like, and varying in size, according to species, from that of a pin’s head to that of a man’s head. Threads and sporophores are imbedded in the gelatinous substance,[C]so that the fertile threads are in reality not compacted into a true hymenium. With this introduction we may state that the technical characters of the family are thus expressed:—
Hymenium free, mostly naked, or, if enclosed at first, soon exposed; spores naked, mostly quaternate, on distinct spicules=Hymenomycetes.
Fig. 37.Fig. 37.—Agaricus nudus.
Fig. 37.—Agaricus nudus.
In this family some mycologists believe that fungi attain the highest form of development of which they are capable, whilst others contend that the fructification of theAscomycetesis more perfect, and that some of the noblest species, such as the pileate forms, are entitled to the first rank. The morel is a familiar example. Whatever may be said on this point, it is incontrovertible that the noblest and most attractive, as well as the largest, forms are classed under theHymenomycetes.
InGasteromycetes, the second family, a true hymenium is also present, but instead of being exposed it is for a long time enclosed in an outer peridium or sac, until the spores are fully matured, or the fungus is beginning to decay. The common puff-ball (Lycoperdon) is well known, and will illustrate the principal feature of the family. Externally there is a toughcoat or peridium, which is at first pale, but ultimately becomes brown. Internally is at first a cream-coloured, then greenish, cellular mass, consisting of the sinuated hymenium and young spores, which at length, and when the spores are fully matured become brownish and dusty, the hymenium being broken up into threads, and the spores become free. In earlier stages, and before the hymenium is ruptured, the spores have been found to harmonize with those ofHymenomycetesin their mode of production, since basidia are present surmounted each by four spicules, and each spicule normally surmounted by a spore.[D]Here is, therefore, a cellular hymenium bearing quaternary spores, but, instead of being exposed, this hymenium is wholly enclosed within an external sac or peridium, which is not ruptured until the spores are fully matured, and the hymenium is resolved into threads, together forming a pulverulent mass. It must, however, be borne in mind, that in only some of the orders composing this family is the hymenium thus evanescent, in others being more or less permanent, and this has led naturally enough to the recognition of two sub-families, in one of which the hymenium is more or less permanent, thus following the Hymenomycetous type; and in the other, the hymenium is evanescent, and the dusty mass of spores tends more towards theConiomycetes, this being characterized as the coniospermous (or dusty-spored) sub-family.
The first sub-family includes, first of all, theHypogæi, or subterranean species. And here again it becomes necessary to remind the reader that all subterranean fungi are not included in this order, inasmuch as some, of which the truffle is an example, are sporidiiferous, developing their sporidia in asci. To these allusion must hereafter be made. In theHypogæi, the hymenium is permanent and convoluted, leaving numerous minute irregular cavities, in which the spores are produced onsporophores. When specimens are very old and decaying, the interior may become pulverulent or deliquescent. The structure of subterranean fungi attracted the attention of Messrs. Tulasne, and led to the production of a splendid monograph on the subject.[E]Another order belonging to this sub-family is thePhalloidei, in which the volva or peridium is ruptured whilst the plant is still immature, and the hymenium when mature becomes deliquescent. Not only are some members of this order most singular in appearance, but they possess an odour so fœtid as to be unapproached in this property by any other vegetable production.[F]In this order, the inner stratum of the investing volva is gelatinous. When still young, and previous to the rupture of the volva, the hymenium presents sinuous cavities in which the spores are produced on spicules, after the manner ofHymenomycetes.[G]Nidulariaceiis a somewhat aberrant order, presenting a peculiar structure. The peridium consists of two or three coats, and bursts at the apex, either irregularly or in a stellate manner, or by the separation of a little lid. Within the cavity are contained one or more secondary receptacles, which are either free or attached by elastic threads to the common receptacle. Ultimately the secondary receptacles are hollow, and spores are produced in the interior, borne on spicules.[H]The appearance in some genera as of a little bird’s-nest containing eggs has furnished the name to the order.
Fig. 38.Fig. 38.—Scleroderma vulgare, Fr.
Fig. 38.—Scleroderma vulgare, Fr.
The second sub-family contains the coniospermous puff-balls, and includes two orders, in which the most readily distinguishable feature is the cellular condition of the entire plant, in its earlier stages, in theTrichogastres, and the gelatinous condition of the early state of theMyxogastres. Both are ultimately resolved internally into a dusty mass of threads and spores.In the former, the peridium is either single or double, occasionally borne on a stem, but usually sessile. InGeaster, the “starry puff-balls,” the outer peridium divides into several lobes, which fall back in a stellate manner, and expose the inner peridium, like a ball in the centre. InPolysaccum, the interior is divided into numerous cells, filled with secondary peridia. The mode of spore-production has already been alluded to in our remarks onLycoperdon. All the species are large, as compared with those of the following sub-family, and one species ofLycoperdonattains an enormous size. One specimen recorded in the “Gardener’s Chronicle” was three feet four inches in circumference, and weighed nearly ten pounds. In theMyxogastres, the early stage has been the subject of much controversy. The gelatinous condition presents phenomena so unlike anything previously recorded in plants, that one learned professor[I]did not hesitate to propose their exclusion from the vegetable, and recognition in the animal, kingdom as associates of the Gregarines. When mature, the spores and threads so much resemble those of theTrichogastres, and the little plants themselves are so veritably miniature puff-balls, that the theory of their animal nature did not meet with a ready acceptance, and is now virtually abandoned. The characters of the family we have thus briefly reviewed are tersely stated, as—
Hymenium more or less permanently concealed, consisting in most cases of closely-packed cells, of which the fertile ones bear naked spores on distinct spicules, exposed only by the rupture or decay of the investing coat or peridium=Gasteromycetes.
Fig. 39.Fig. 39.—Ceuthospora phacidioides(Greville).
Fig. 39.—Ceuthospora phacidioides(Greville).
We come now to the second section of theSporifera, in which no definite hymenium is present. And here we find also two families, in one of which the dusty spores are theprominent feature, and hence termedConiomycetes; the other, in which the threads are most noticeable, isHyphomycetes. In the former of these, the reproductive system seems to preponderate so much over the vegetative, that the fungus appears to be all spores. The mycelium is often nearly obsolete, and the short pedicels so evanescent, that a rusty or sooty powder represents the mature fungus, infesting the green parts of living plants. This is more especially true of one or two orders. It will be most convenient to recognize two artificial sub-families for the purpose of illustration, in one of which the species are developed on living, and in the other on dead, plants. We will commence with the latter, recognizing first those which are developed beneath the cuticle, and then those which are superficial. Of the sub-cuticular, two orders may be named as the representatives of this group in Britain, these are theSphæronemei, in which the spores are contained in a more or less perfect perithecium, and theMelanconiei, in which there is manifestly none. The first of these is analogous to theSphæriaceiofAscomycetousfungi, and probably consists largely of spermogonia of known species ofSphæria, the relations of which have not hitherto been traced. The spores are produced on slender threads springing from the inner wall of the perithecium, and, when mature, are expelled from an orifice at the apex. This is the normal condition, to which there are some exceptions. In theMelanconiei, there is no true perithecium, but the spores are produced in like manner upon a kind of stroma or cushionformed from the mycelium, and, when mature, are expelled through a rupture of the cuticle beneath which they are generated, often issuing in long gelatinous tendrils. Here, again, the majority of what were formerly regarded as distinct species have been found, or suspected, to be forms of higher fungi. TheTorulaceirepresent the superficial fungi of this family, and these consist of a more or less developed mycelium, which gives rise to fertile threads, which, by constriction and division, mature into moniliform chains of spores. The species mostly appear as blackish velvety patches or stains on the stems of herbaceous plants and on old weathered wood.
Much interest attaches to the other sub-family ofConiomycetes, in which the species are produced for the most part on living plants. So much has been discovered during recent years of the polymorphism which subsists amongst the species in this section, that any detailed classification can only be regarded as provisional. Hence we shall proceed here upon the supposition that we are dealing with autonomous species. In the first place, we must recognize a small section in which a kind of cellular peridium is present. This is theÆcidiacei, or order of “cluster cups.” The majority of species are very beautiful objects under the microscope; the peridia are distinctly cellular, and white or pallid, produced beneath the cuticle, through which they burst, and, rupturing at the apex, in one genus in a stellate manner, so that the teeth, becoming reflexed, resemble delicate fringed cups, with the orange, golden, brown, or whitish spores or pseudospores nestling in the interior.[J]These pseudospores are at first produced in chains, but ultimately separate. In many cases these cups are either accompanied or preceded by spermogonia. In two other orders there is no peridium. In theCæomacei, the pseudospores are more or less globose or ovate, sometimes laterally compressed and simple; and inPucciniæi, they are elongated, often subfusiform and septate. In both, the pseudospores are produced in tufts or clustersdirect from the mycelium. The Cæomaceimight again be subdividedintoUstilagines[K]andUredines.[L]In the former, the pseudospores are mostly dingy brown or blackish, and in the latter more brightly coloured, often yellowish. TheUstilaginesinclude the smuts and bunt of corn-plants, theUredinesinclude the red rusts of wheat and grasses. In some of the species included in the latter, two forms of fruit are found. InMelampsora, the summer pseudospores are yellow, globose, and were formerly classed as a species ofLecythea, whilst the winter pseudospores are brownish, elongated, wedge-shaped by compression, and compact. ThePucciniæi[M]differ primarily in the septate pseudospores, which in one genus (Puccinia) are uniseptate; inTriphragmium, they are biseptate; inPhragmidium, multiseptate; and inXenodochus, moniliform, breaking up into distinct articulations. It is probable that, in all of these, as is known to be the case in most, the septate pseudospores are preceded or accompanied by simple pseudospores, to which they are mysteriously related. There is still another, somewhat singular, group usually associated with thePucciniæi, in which the septate pseudospores are immersed in gelatin, so that in many features the species seem to approach theTremellini. This group includes two or three genera, the type of which will be found inPodisoma.[N]These fungi are parasitic on living junipers in Britain and North America, appearing year after year upon the same gouty swellings of the branches, in clavate or horn-shaped gelatinous processes of a yellowish or orange colour. Anomalous as it may at first sight appear to include these tremelloid forms with the dust-like fungi, their relations will on closer examination be more fully appreciated, when the form of pseudospores, mode of germination, and other features are taken into consideration, especially when compared withPodisoma Ellisii, already alluded to. This family is technically characterized as,—