PAGE.Preface by the Translator.5Preface by the Author.ib.GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.Of Animate and Inanimate Beings.—Of their Laws.—Of the Sciences which treat of their Phenomena.9I.General Remarks upon the Physiological and Physical Sciences.The differences between these sciences are derived from the properties which preside over the phenomena.—The necessity of always connecting the second with the first.—Periods at which this progress commenced in the physical sciences. False applications made to the physiological sciences.—The necessity of following in these the same course as in the others.9II.Of the Vital Properties, and their influence upon the phenomena of the Physiological and Physical Sciences.Vital properties considered in the series of living beings.—Of those which animate plants.—Consequences in regard to their diseases.—Of those which belong to animals.—Consequences in regard to their diseases.—Examination of each vital property under the relation of the diseases over which it presides.—Necessity of referring to these properties the action of medicines.—Uncertainty of the Materia Medica.—Each vital property has a particular class of medicines which act upon it.—Proofs.—Inconveniences of describing morbid phenomena and those of medicines in too general a manner.—Consequences of the preceding remarks.13III.Characters of the Vital Properties, compared with the characters of the Physical Properties.Extreme variableness of the first, invariableness of the second.—Consequences of this principle as it regards the phenomena.—There can only be diseases where there are vital properties.—Why.—The progress of the physiological and physical sciences wholly different in this respect.—Differences between animate and inanimate solids and fluids.—The vital properties become exhausted, the physical do not.—Consequences.—The latter are inherent in matter, the others are not.—General remarks upon the enumeration of the differences of animate and inanimate bodies.—Particular remark relative to sympathies.—Their general phenomena.23IV.Of the Vital Properties and their Phenomena considered in relation to the Solids and the Fluids.Division of the fluids into those of composition and those of decomposition.—The vital properties are seated essentially in the solids.—These are the seat of almost all the morbid symptoms.—The fluids however may be affected.—Different attributes of the fluids of composition and of those of decomposition in diseases.—How the alterations of the first may take place.—Of those of the second.—Of the cases in which the solids and the fluids are primarily affected.—Division of diseases in this view.—The question must necessarily be considered in many points of view.—What is true on one side is not so on another.—Of the vitality of the fluids.—What it is.—Their alterations affect their vitality.—New proofs of these alterations.—How the fluids are assimilated and altered.29V.Of the Properties Independent of Life.Properties of texture.—Of contractility by the horny hardening.—Of the agents which put it into action.—It is of two kinds.—Characters of each.—Their differences.—Almost all the solids undergo the horny hardening.—Condition which it requires.—Of the horny hardening during life and after death.—Difference of this contractility from the others.—General remarks.38VI.General Observations upon the Organization of Animals.Of the simple systems.—Necessity of considering them abstractedly.—Their difference of forms.—Their variety of organization, 1st, in the peculiar texture; 2d, in the common parts.—Manner of knowing these differences.—Differences of the vital properties and of texture.—Of the peculiar life.—It cannot be understood of the compound organs, but of the simple systems.—Examples which prove this assertion in the different organs.44VII.Consequences of the preceding Principles relative to Diseases.Each texture can be separately affected in an organ.—This even almost always happens.—Various proofs of this assertion.—Observations upon different diseases.—Sympathies do not take place in an organ as a whole, but in some one texture of this organ.—Why.—Of sympathetic fevers.—The different inflammations vary in each texture.—Phenomena of the different kinds of virus variable from the same cause.—Yet the different textures of the same organ have a certain dependance upon each other.—Proofs.—Diseases chronic and acute.—Differences of diseases in each simple system.—Two classes of symptoms in the local affections.—Their difference.—Varieties of the pain, heat, &c. according to the systems.—What should be understood by acute and chronic affections in the simple systems.—Influence of these considerations upon morbid anatomy.—Defects of the old divisions.—New manner of considering morbid anatomy.49VIII.Remarks upon the Classification of the Functions.Table of this classification.60SYSTEMS COMMON TO ALL THE APPARATUS.General Observations.Division of the systems.—Systems common to all the apparatus.—Their characters.—They form the nutritive parenchyma of the organs.—Remarks upon nutrition.—Diversity of the nutritive substances.77CELLULAR SYSTEM.General Remarks.—Division.87ARTICLE FIRST.OF THE CELLULAR SYSTEM CONSIDERED IN RELATION TO THE ORGANS.I.Of the Cellular System exterior to each Organ.Division of the organs in relation to the neighbouring texture.88Of the Cellular System which adheres only to one side of the organs.Sub-cutaneous cellular texture.—Arrangement of this texture, 1st, upon the median line; 2d, in the different regions of the body.—Varieties of density and laxity. Uses of the sub-cutaneous texture.—Its fluids.88Sub-mucous cellular texture.—Difference of this texture from the preceding.—The density of that.—Consequences.Sub-serous cellular texture.—It is in general loose and abundant.—Why.—Place where it is dense.92Cellular texture exterior to the arteries.—Its peculiar nature is analogous to that of the sub-mucous texture.—Its relations with the arterial fibres.Cellular texture exterior to the veins.—It is analogous to the preceding, only less thick.—Remarks.Cellular texture exterior to the excretory ducts.—The same structure and arrangement as in the preceding.96Of the cellular system considered in relation to the organs that it surrounds on all sides.—Cellular atmosphere.—Fluids of this atmosphere.—Insulation of the vitality of the organs.—Of this atmosphere considered as a means for the propagation of diseases.—It favours the motion of the parts.96II.Of the Internal Cellular System of each Organ.Arrangement of this texture.—Its uses.—Its different proportions.102ARTICLE SECOND.OF THE CELLULAR SYSTEM CONSIDERED INDEPENDENTLY OF THE ORGANS.I.Of the Cellular System of the Head.Cellular texture of the cranium.—It is almost nothing within.—Its communications.—Consequences of these communications.—It is more abundant without.Cellular texture of the face.—It is very abundant.—Its uses.—Its communications, &c.104II.Of the Cellular System of the Trunk.Vertebral cellular texture.—It is not abundant in the cavity of the canal.—On the exterior, there is but little behind, and more in front.—Consequences.Cervical cellular texture.—It is abundant.—Its communications.—Consequences.Pectoral cellular texture.—It is found especially upon the median line.—Its communications.—External texture.Abdominal cellular texture.—Of the parts in which it is most abundant.—Its communications.Cellular texture of the pelvis.—It is very abundant.—Why.—Consequences.—Its communications.108III.Of the Cellular System of the Extremities.Its different proportions in the superior and the inferior.112ARTICLE THIRD.OF THE FORMS OF THE CELLULAR SYSTEM, AND THE FLUIDS IT CONTAINS.I.Of the Cells.Their form.—Their capacity.—Their communication.—-Experiments.—Of the cellular permeability.—In what sense it should be understood.114II.Of the Serum of the Cellular Membrane.Proof of its existence.—Its evaporation.—It varies inthe different regions.—Method of ascertaining the proportions of it.—Experiments.—Nature of this fluid.—Experiments.117III.Of the Cellular Fat.Natural proportions of the fat.—Varieties of its proportions according to the regions, organs, systems, &c—Its peculiar arrangement in childhood.—Varieties according to the other ages.119Unnatural proportions of fat.—Its preternatural abundance indicates weakness.—Different proofs.—Of the causes of the diminution of fat.—Remark upon this diminution.121Different states of the fat.—Its degree of fluidity is not during life in proportion to temperature.—Its consistence in young animals.—Consequences.—Its alterations by age, diseases, &c.125Exhalation of fat.—Different opinions.—The fat is exhaled.—Proofs.—Nature of this fluid.—Relation of its uses with the places where it exists and with those in which it is wanting.127ARTICLE FOURTH.ORGANIZATION OF THE CELLULAR SYSTEM.I.Texture peculiar to the organization of the Cellular System.Filaments and layers from which it results.—Method of seeing them to advantage.—Their nature.—Essential difference in the cellular organization.—There are two species of cellular texture.129Composition of the cellular texture.—Experiments upon this texture.—Action of the air, water, caloric and the gastric juices.—Experiments.—Of the gases sometimes extricated in the cellular texture.132II.Parts common to the Organization of the Cellular Texture.Blood vessels.—The inaccuracy of injections in demonstrating them.Exhalants.—Of the cellular exhalations.—Proofs and phenomena of these exhalations.Absorbents.—Cellular absorptions.—Proofs.—The cellular texture is not wholly formed of absorbents.Nerves.136ARTICLE FIFTH.PROPERTIES OF THE CELLULAR SYSTEM.I.Properties of Texture.Extensibility.—Examples of the different distensions.—Distinctive character of the cellular extensibility.—Its phenomena.—It becomes nothing in inflammation, chronic engorgements, &c.Contractility.—Different examples of this property brought into action.—Its varieties according to the ages.—General remarks.140II.Vital Properties.The animal ones are inconsiderable.—The organic are greater, except sensible contractility, which however exists to a certain extent.Sympathies.—It is necessary to distinguish them from the phenomena of juxta-position.—Various examples.—General observations.—Vital properties put in action by the sympathies.Character of the vital properties.—The vital activity is very considerable in the cellular texture.—Various proofs.—Remarks upon the species.—Difference of vitality in the two species of cellular texture.143III.Properties of Reproduction.Influence of the cellular texture upon the formation of cicatrices.—Division of the periods of the cicatrices.First period.—Inflammation.—How it takes place.—Its advantages.Second period.—Fleshy granulations.—Experiments.—Provisional membrane of the cicatrices.—Its uses.—General phenomena of the internal cicatrices.—Cellular nature of this membrane and of the granulations.—Different opinions.Third period.—Suppuration.—What corresponds to it in the internal cicatrices.—Analogy of these cicatrices with the external.Fourth period.—Contraction of the fleshy granulations.—Adhesions.—Consequences of the preceding principles.—Of union by the first intention.148Influence of the cellular texture in the formation of tumours.—Cellular nature of all tumours which grow and increase.—Proofs.—Mode of development of these tumours.—How they differ from various engorgements, acute and chronic.157Influence of the cellular texture in the formation of cysts.—What is a cyst.—Its analogy with the serous surfaces.—Its cellular structure.—Mode of its development.160ARTICLE SIXTH.DEVELOPMENT OF THE CELLULAR TEXTURE.I.State of the Cellular System in the First Age.Mucous mass represented by the cellular texture of the fœtus.—Superabundance of fluid.—This is then the cellular fluid.—Difficulty of emphysema in the fœtus.—State of the cellular texture in infancy and youth.—Its vital energy.—Consequences.164II.State of the Cellular System in the After Ages.Arrangement of the cellular texture in the adult.—Differences arising from sex.—Degeneracy of this texture in old age.—Withering that it experiences.—Consequences.167NERVOUS SYSTEM OF ANIMAL LIFE.Division of the nerves into two systems.—Differences of these two systems.—General arrangement of that of animal life.—Its symmetry.—Relation of size between the nerves and the brain.169ARTICLE FIRST.EXTERNAL FORMS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM OF ANIMAL LIFE.I.Origin of the Cerebral Nerves.In what sense this origin must be understood.—It takesplace, 1st, in the brain; 2d, in the tuber annulare and its dependancies; 3d, in the spinal marrow.—Manner of this triple origin.—Of the crossing of the nerves.—Phenomena of paralysis in regard to this.—Peculiar arrangement of the cerebral membranes at the origin of the nerves.—Extent, direction and form of the nerves at this origin.171II.Course of the Cerebral Nerves.Communications of the cerebral nerves at their exit from their osseous cavity.—There are none between the nerves of the brain properly called.—The communications begin in those of the tuber annulare.—They are very numerous in those of the spinal marrow.—Arrangement of the plexuses which result from them.—Consequences as it regards descriptive neurology.Internal communications of the nervous cords.—Manner of these communications.—Internal plexus to each nerve.—Consequences.—Difference from anastomoses.Nervous Trunks.—Their course.—Their form.—Their length, &c.Nervous branches, smaller branches, ramifications, &c.—Mode of origin.—Length.—Course, &c.176III.Termination of the Nerves.What is to be understood by it.—Triple mode of termination.Anastomoses with the same system.—What is to be understood by anastomoses.—They are rare in this system.—They can be referred to three classes.Anastomoses with the system of organic life.—Termination in the organs.—Manner of this termination.—Division of the organs in this respect.182ARTICLE SECOND.ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM OF ANIMAL LIFE.I.Texture peculiar to this Organization.Arrangement of the nervous cords.—Their varieties.—Each nerve has its peculiar organization.—Of the structure of the nervous filaments.Of the nervous coat and its origin.—How this origin may be seen.—Its triple arrangement at the brain, the tuber annulare and the spinal marrow.—Particular arrangement of the optic nerve.—Remarks upon the pia mater.—Course of the nervous coat.185Action of certain substances upon the nervous coat; its resistance, &c.—Action of the acids, water, caloric, and the alkalies.—Resistance of the nervous coat.Medullary substance; its origin, arrangement and proportions.Comparison between the medullary substance of the brain and the nerves.—Effect of desiccation upon each.—Putrefaction and its phenomena.—Absence of the horny hardening in both.—Action of water upon both.—Action of the acids, the alkalies, neutral salts and the digestive juices.—Difference of the nervous pulp in each part.190II.Parts common to the Organization of the Nervous System of Animal Life.Cellular texture.—It is wanting in the nerves, in the cranium and the spine. Elsewhere it is found between their filaments and cords.—Cellular fat.Blood vessels.—Their arrangement.—Remarks upon the veins.—Of the blood.—Of the nerves.—Action of this fluid upon them.Exhalants and Absorbents.—Examination of the opinion upon the exhalation of the nervous coat.—Different observations.Nerves.199ARTICLE THIRD.PROPERTIES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM OF ANIMAL LIFE.I.Properties of Texture.They are but very slightly marked.—Remarks upon the nervous distensions.204II.Vital Properties.—Properties of Animal Life.Animal sensibility inherent in the nerves.—Various experiments upon this sensibility.—Remarks upon that of the brain.—Phenomena of the experiments upon thenerves.—Character of the animal nervous sensibility. —Of neuralgias.—Another character of this sensibility.—Experiments.—Consequences.206Influence of the nerves upon the animal sensibility of all the organs.—Distinction of the sensations, in this respect, into external and internal.—Subdivision of the external into general and particular.—Part which the nerves perform in each.—Internal sensations.—Uncertainty respecting the nervous influence in sensations.—Differences between animal sensibility and contractility.—Of the nervous atmosphere.—Uncertainty of this opinion.211Animal contractility.—Influence of the nerves upon that of the other parts.—How the nerves are the agents of this property.—Different opinions upon the action of the nerves.—Uncertainty of these opinions.—General observations.Properties of organic life, considered in the nerves.—They are slightly marked.—Increase of the size of the nerves in the affections of some parts.—Various experiments and observations.Influence of the cerebral nerves upon the organic properties of the other parts.—They are foreign to these properties.—They have not there any known influence, 1st, upon the capillary circulation; 2d, upon exhalation; 3d, upon secretion; 4th, upon absorption; 5th, upon nutrition.—Different proofs of these assertions.—Remarks on the diseases which affect animal life and those which affect organic.—Uncertainty of the termnervous influence.216Sympathies.—Sympathies peculiar to the nerves.—Different phenomena of these sympathies.—Sympathies, 1st, between two nerves of the same pair; 2d, between two nerves of the same side; 3d, between the branches of the same pair; 4th, between the nerves and different organs.—Different examples of these sympathies.224Influence of the nerves upon the sympathies of the other organs.—Different opinions upon sympathies.—Uncertainty of these opinions.—Division of sympathies founded upon that of the vital properties.—Different influence of the nerves upon each species of sympathy.—Cases in which it is real and those in which it is nothing.226III.Properties of Reproduction.Phenomena of nervous cicatrizations.—Their analogy with other cicatrizations.233ARTICLE FOURTH.DEVELOPMENT OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM OF ANIMAL LIFE.I.State of this System in the Fœtus.It is much developed.—General remarks.—Inactivity of the brain, notwithstanding its development.—Its softness.—Action of the alkalies upon this organ.—The cerebral nerves are developed in proportion.—Peculiar phenomenon of their development.—This phenomenon is opposite to that of the arteries.—Consequence which results from it.235II.State of the Nervous System during Growth.Phenomena at birth.—Influence of the red blood.—Predominance of the nervous system during childhood.—Consequences relative to the sensations, motions and various affections.240III.State of the Nervous System after Growth.Phenomenon of puberty.—Phenomena of the following ages.244IV.State of the Nervous System in Old Age.Its action is slight.—State of the brain at this period.—Influence of this state upon sensibility.—Phenomena of sensation and motion in old age.244NERVOUS SYSTEM OF ORGANIC LIFE.GENERAL REMARKS.How this system should be understood.—The great sympathetic does not exist.—Each ganglion forms an insulated system.—This system belongs to organic life.—It exhibits many irregularities.—The mode of describing it.249ARTICLE FIRST.OF THE GANGLIONS.I.Situation, Forms, Relations, &c.Ganglions that are constant.—Those that are accidental.253II.Organization.Colour.—Difference of the texture of the ganglions from that of the brain.—Comparative experiments.—This texture is not fibrous.—It differs essentially from that of the nerves.—Its organic lesions are rare.—Common parts of this texture.255III.Properties.The ganglions have the organic ones.—The animal appear to be slightly marked in them.—Experiments.—Sympathies.—Nervous affections of the ganglions.—The kind of pain of this system.—General remarks.260IV.Development.It does not follow that of the brain.—Influence of this fact upon the diseases of childhood.—Another difference between the ganglions and the brain.263V.Remarks upon the Vertebral Ganglions.Their arrangement.—Obscurity which they throw upon the functions of this system.264ARTICLE SECOND.OF THE NERVES OF ORGANIC LIFE.I.Origin.Manner of this origin.—Method of seeing it.265II.Course, Termination, Plexuses.Of the branches which go to the cerebral nerves.—Ofthose which go to the neighbouring ganglions.—Of those which go the muscles.—Of those which form the plexuses.—Arrangement of these last.—Of the filaments which go from them.—Their double arrangement upon the arteries.267III.Structure, Properties, &c.Analogy with the preceding nerves as to texture.—Animal sensibility appears to be less in them.—Experiments.—Sympathies of these nerves.—General remarks.271VASCULAR SYSTEM WITH RED BLOOD.ARTICLE FIRST.GENERAL REMARKS UPON THE CIRCULATION.I.Division of the Circulation.Circulation of red blood.—General organs.—Direction.Circulation of black blood.—General organs.—Direction.Difference of the two circulations.—Their separation is complete.—Opposition of the lungs to all the parts.General mechanical phenomena of the two circulations.—Conical form of the circulatory apparatus.—There are two cones for each circulation.—The heart is placed at their union as a double agent of impulse.—Its inequality in this respect.275II.Reflections upon the General Uses of the Circulation.General uses of the circulation of the red blood.—It furnishes the materials of secretion, exhalation, absorption, &c.—All the great phenomena of the economy are derived from it.General uses of the circulation of black blood.—It repairs the losses made by the preceding, by the substances which it receives.—General and opposite attributes of the two—sanguineous systems.282ARTICLE SECOND.SITUATION, FORMS, AND GENERAL ARRANGEMENT OF THE VASCULAR SYSTEM WITH RED BLOOD.Of the two portions of this system.—Of their union.—Position of the agent of impulse compared to the whole body.285I.Origin of the Arteries.Origin of the aorta.—Peculiar anatomical arrangement of this origin.287Origin of the trunks, branches, smaller branches, &c.—Number of the arterial divisions.—Angles of origin.—Proportion of the divisions.288II.Course of the Arteries.Course of the trunks and branches.—Their position, relation and direction.—Motions which they communicate.291Course of the smaller branches, ramifications, &c.—Position.—Relations.—Curvatures.—These curvatures have no influence upon the motion of the blood.—Proofs.—Uses of these curvatures.293Anastomoses of the arteries in their course.—Of the two modes of anastomoses.—Triple mode of those in which two equal trunks terminate.—Anastomoses with unequal trunks.—General remarks upon anastomoses.296Forms of the arteries in their course.—In what direction they are conical.—Relation of capacities.299III.Termination of the Arteries.It takes place in the capillary system.—Its varieties according to the organs.300ARTICLE THIRD.ORGANIZATION OF THE VASCULAR SYSTEM WITH RED BLOOD.I.Texture peculiar to this Organization.Two principal membranes form it.301Peculiar membrane of the arteries.—Thickness.—Colour.—Experiments.—Varietiesin the cerebral arteries.—Arterial fibres.—Arrangement of these fibres at the origin of the branches.—Their nature is not muscular.— Their brittleness.—Their resistance.—General consequences.302Action of different agents upon the arterial texture.—Desiccation.—Putrefaction.—Maceration.—Stewing.—Action of the acids, the alkalies, &c.308Membrane common to the system with red blood.—Its differences in the different regions.—Of the fluid which moistens it.—Its relations.—Its nature.—Its singular disposition to ossification.—Peculiar phenomena and laws of this ossification.—Pathological consequences.311II.Parts common to the Organization of the Vascular System with Red Blood.Blood vessels.—Their arrangement.—They do not appear to go to the internal membrane.317Cellular texture.—There are two species of it.—Of that which unites the artery to the neighbouring organs.—Of that which is peculiar to it, and which has a peculiar nature.—The arterial fibres are remarkable for having none of this texture between them.—Consequences.318Exhalants and absorbents.—There does not appear to be absorption in the arteries.—Experiments.321Nerves.—Of the cerebral ones.—Of the organic ones.—Their proportion.—Their course, &c.324ARTICLE FOURTH.PROPERTIES OF THE VASCULAR SYSTEM WITH RED BLOOD.I.Physical Properties.Remarkable elasticity.—Its use.—Its differences from contractility of texture.322II.Properties of Texture.Extensibility.—1st, of that in the axis; 2d, of that in the diameter.324Contractility.—Of that in the axis.—Of that in the diameter.—Its differences from irritability.—Remarks upon this contractility.—Practical consequences.326III.Vital Properties. Properties of Animal Life.Sensibility.—Experiments upon this property.329Contractility.—It is nothing.ib.Properties of organic life.—Sensible organic Contractility.—It is nothing.—Different experiments to prove it.—Mistakes concerning this property.330Insensible organic contractility.—How its influence must be understood.—Vital activity is but slightly marked in the arteries.—General consequences.332Remarks upon the causes of the motion of the red blood.—These causes appear to be foreign to the arteries.335Influence of the heart in the motion of red blood.—Different proofs of this influence.—Morbid phenomena.—Different experiments.—Observations.—General Consequences.336Of the limits of the action of the heart.—They appear to be at the place of the change of the red blood into black.—Increasing influence of the arteries upon the red blood in the neighbourhood of the capillaries.342Phenomena of the impulse of the heart.—The motion of the red blood is sudden and instantaneous.—Proofs.—The contraction of the arteries does not push the blood.—From what it arises.—The causes of delay are nothing.—General remarks.334Remarks upon the pulse.—The arterial locomotion has a great part in it.—Of the accessory causes.—Of the varieties of the pulse.—General reflections.348Sympathies.—They are in general rare in the arteries.—Why.352ARTICLE FIFTH.DEVELOPMENT OF THE VASCULAR SYSTEM WITH RED BLOOD.I.State of this System in the Fœtus.The two systems are then confounded.—There is but one species of blood.—How the fœtus can live with black blood alone.—Peculiar mode of circulation in the fœtus.—Consequences which result from it.—Insensible change of this mode of circulation.—How it takes place.—Great development of the arteries in the fœtus.354II.State of the Vascular System with Red Blood during Growth.Sudden formation of the red blood at birth.—Changes in the course of this fluid.—Phenomena and causes of these changes.—Predominance of the arteries during youth.364III.State of the Vascular System with Red Blood after Growth.Influence of the genital organs.—Varieties of the influence of the red blood according to the ages.371IV.State of the Vascular System with Red Blood during old Age.Diminution of the arterial ramifications.—The red blood is less abundant.—The arteries are condensed.—Phenomena of the pulse.—Of the pulse in the last moments of life.—Experiments upon this subject.373V.Accidental Development of the System with Red Blood.There are two kinds of it; 1st, Dilatation from an obstacle. 2d, Dilatation from any tumour.377VASCULAR SYSTEM WITH BLACK BLOOD.GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.ARTICLE FIRST.SITUATION, FORMS, DIVISION AND GENERAL ARRANGEMENT OF THE VASCULAR SYSTEM WITH BLACK BLOOD.I.Origin of the Veins.Manner of this origin.—Two orders of veins.380II.Course of the Veins.Examination of this course on the exterior and the interior.381III.Proportion of the capacity of the two systems with Black and Red Blood.Remarks upon the varieties of venous capacity.—Parallelbetween the two vascular apparatus with red and black blood in this respect.—General consequences.—The velocity is in an inverse ratio of the capacity, &c.382Ramifications, small branches, branches, angles of union, &c.—Forms of the Veins.—In what direction these vessels are conical.—Relations between the branches and their divisions.388Anastomoses.—They are very frequent.—Why.—Communication between the external and the internal order.—Consequences.—Different modes of anastomoses.—Their necessity from the numerous obstacles to the course of the blood.—Of these obstacles.392IV.Termination of the Veins.Mode of termination in the heart.—Of the two venous cones, the superior and the inferior.—Of their communication by the azygos.396ARTICLE SECOND.ORGANIZATION OF THE VASCULAR SYSTEM WITH BLACK BLOOD.I.Texture peculiar to this Organization.Membrane peculiar to the veins.—Manner of seeing it.—Its longitudinal fibres.—Varieties of these fibres.—Their nature.—Peculiar arrangement of the cerebral sinuses.399Common membrane of the black blood.—Its differences from that of the red blood.—More extensibility.—Less thickness.—No disposition to ossify.—Consequences.403Of the valves of the veins.—Their form.—Their situation.—Veins which they occupy.—Their size.—Remarks upon their relations with the caliber of the veins.—Their variety.—Their number.404Action of reagents upon the venous texture.—Action of the air, water, caloric, the acids, &c.407II.Parts common to the Organization of the Vascular System with Black Blood.Blood vessels. Cellular texture.—Of that which unites the veins to the neighbouring parts.—Of that which is peculiar to them.408Exhalants and Absorbents.—Experiments upon venous absorption.Nerves.—There are but very few of them.409ARTICLE THIRD.PROPERTIES OF THE VASCULAR SYSTEM WITH BLACK BLOOD.I.Properties of Texture.Extensibility.—It is very evident.—Venous ruptures however take place.—Various examples.—Their causes are but obscurely known.411Contractility—Of this property in the longitudinal and the transverse direction.413II.Vital Properties.Properties of Animal Life.—Result of the experiments upon sensibility.—There is no contractility.414Properties of organic life. Sensible Contractility.—It appears to be but slight.—General remarks.415Of the venous pulse.—Of its cause.—It is a reflux.—Double cause which produces it.416Insensible Contractility.—It appears to exist.—The vital activity is greater in the veins than in the arteries.—Consequences.419Observations on the motion of the black blood in the veins.—There is no pulse analogous to that of the arteries.—Agent of impulse of the venous blood.—Causes of delay—Accessory causes of motion.—Resemblance between the motion of the veins and that of the arteries.420Sympathiesof the veins.—They are very obscure.424ARTICLE FOURTH.DEVELOPMENT OF THE VASCULAR SYSTEM WITH BLACK BLOOD.I.State of this System in the Fœtus.The veins are less developed in proportion than the arteries.—Why.—Remarks.425II.State of this System during Growth and afterwards.Various phenomena of childhood, adult age, &c.427III.State of this System in Old Age.The veins are much developed in old age.—This development is only a dilatation.—Its varieties according to different circumstances.428IV.Accidental Development of the Veins.It must be considered, 1st, in tumours; 2d, in the distensions of the different parts.430ARTICLE FIFTH.REMARKS UPON THE PULMONARY ARTERY AND VEINS.Though the two kinds of blood are separate, yet the mechanical phenomena of their courses are analogous in the aorta and the pulmonary artery, and in the general and the pulmonary veins.ib.ARTICLE SIXTH.ABDOMINAL VASCULAR SYSTEM WITH BLACK BLOOD.Situation, forms, general arrangement, anastomoses, &c.—Origin and termination in the capillaries.—Abdominal portion.—Hepatic portion.—Differences between them.433Organization, properties, &c.—Analogy with the veins in this respect.—Peculiar arrangement in the hepatic portion.—Absence of valves.—Why.436Remarks upon the motion of the black abdominal blood.—Comparison between the liver and the lungs.—Their difference as it regards the blood that goes to them.—Mechanism of the circulation of this system.—Influence of the accessory causes.438Remarks upon the liver.—It performs another function besides the secretion of bile.—Proofs.—We are ignorant of this function.—It must be extremely important.—Variousproofs.—The liver exhibits phenomena that no other gland does.—It is not certain that the black abdominal blood serves for the secretion of bile.—Proofs.—General observations.—Experiments.440Remarks upon the course of the bile.—Course of this fluid during abstinence and during digestion.—Cystic bile.—Hepatic bile.—Reflux towards the stomach during vacuity and fulness.—Experiments.446Development.—There is only one vascular system in the fœtus.—It is divided into three at birth.—State of the umbilical vein and the vena porta in the fœtus.—Relative size of the liver at this period.—Phenomena at birth.—Different influences of this system in the following ages.450
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