PAGE.There are two of them.—Their general arrangement.—Their opposition.3ARTICLE FIRST.OF THE GENERAL CAPILLARY SYSTEM.General arrangement of this system.4I.General division of the Capillaries.Of the organs in which the capillaries contain only blood..6Of the organs in which the capillaries contain blood and fluids differing from it.—Serous system taken for an example.—Experiments by injections.—Various other systems present analogous facts.—Proportion of the blood and the fluids differing from it.ib.Of the organs in which the capillaries do not contain blood.8II.Difference of Organs in respect to the number of their Capillaries.There are many classes of organs in this respect.—Why the capillaries are very much developed in some.—Consequences as it regards diseases.9Remarks upon injections.—Their insufficiency in making us acquainted with the small vessels.10III.Of the proportions which exist in the Capillaries between the Blood and the Fluids that differ from it.Continual varieties in the proportion.—Cause of these varieties.—They are very numerous.12Different proportions of blood in the capillaries, according as the secretions and exhalations are active or passive.—Of active and passive exhalations.—Of secretions of the same nature.—Examination of each.—Proofs that wherever there is activity, blood enters the capillaries.—Opposite arrangement in the passive phenomena.13Consequences of the preceding Remarks.17IV.Of the Anastomoses of the General Capillary System.Mode of these anastomoses.—The capillaries considered in relation to the vessels with which they communicate.—Influence of these communications.—Important observation in regard to the examination of dead bodies.—How acute inflammations disappear at death.17V.How, notwithstanding the general communication of the Capillary System, the Blood and the Fluids differing from it, remain separate.This depends on the different modifications of the organic sensibility.—Proofs.—General remarks.21VI.Consequences of the preceding principles, in relation to Inflammation.Every thing arises, in this affection, from the alteration of the organic sensibility.—Proofs.—Varieties of intensity and nature in inflammations.—Terminations of inflammations.—Of putrefaction.—Of death.—Of induration.—Of the blood which stops in inflamed parts.24Differences of inflammation according to the different systems.—Each has a peculiar one.—Of those which are the most disposed to it.—It has peculiar modifications in each.—Same observation in regard to its terminations.30VII.Structure and Properties of the Capillaries.We cannot ascertain completely the structure.—It has however varieties.33VIII.Of the Circulation of the Capillaries.Motions of the fluids in the Capillary System.—The blood is independent of the action of the heart in the capillaries.—Various proofs of this assertion.—The blood circulates by the influence of the forces of the part.—Varieties of the motions.—Causes of these varieties.—Influenceof the atmosphere upon the capillary circulation.—Of the two kinds of bleeding in relation to the capillaries and to the trunks.—Circulation of other fluids than the blood in the capillaries.34Phenomena of the alteration of the fluids in the Capillary System.—Change of the red blood to black.—Phenomena of this change.41IX.Of the Capillaries considered as the seat of the production of Heat.Different hypotheses.—Phenomena of animal heat.—How it is produced.—Analogy of the production of heat with exhalation, secretion, &c.—Influence of the different vital forces.—Explanation of the phenomena of animal heat in the state of health and disease.—Sympathetic heat.—Sympathies of heat.—Difference between the two.43ARTICLE SECOND.PULMONARY CAPILLARY SYSTEM.I.Relation of the two Capillary Systems, Pulmonary and General.How all the blood of the general system can go through the pulmonary.—Difference of one from the other as it respects the course of this fluid.55II.Remarks upon the Circulation of the Pulmonary Capillaries.Peculiar character of pulmonary inflammations.—Phenomena to which they give rise.—Of the pulmonary circulation in various other diseases.58III.Alteration of the Blood in the Pulmonary Capillaries.63IV.Remarks upon the state of the Lungs in Dead Bodies.Their proportions very various from engorgement.—They are hardly ever in the natural state.—Why.—Consequences.64EXHALANT SYSTEM.General Remarks upon the differences of exhalations and absorptions.67ARTICLE FIRST.GENERAL ARRANGEMENT OF THE EXHALANTS.I.Origin, Course and Termination.Different hypotheses respecting these vessels.—What observation shows us concerning them.69II.Division of the Exhalants.They can be referred to three classes.—Table of these classes and their division.71III.Difference of the Exhalations.73ARTICLE SECOND.PROPERTIES, FUNCTIONS AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE EXHALANT SYSTEM.I.Properties.We are ignorant of those of texture.—The organic are very evident in it.74Characters of the Vital Properties.—They vary in each system.—Consequences as it regards functions.ib.II.Of Natural Exhalations.They are all derived from the vital properties.—They vary consequently like these properties.—Proofs.—Of sympathetic exhalations.75III.Of Preternatural Exhalations.Sanguineous exhalation.—Hemorrhage of the excrementitious exhalants.—Hemorrhage from the skin.—Hemorrhages from the mucous surfaces.—They take place by exhalation.—Proofs.—Experiments.—Of active and passive hemorrhages.—Differences between hemorrhages by rupture and by exhalation, between those of the capillaries and those of the great vessels.78Hemorrhages of the recrementitious exhalants.—Hemorrhages of the serous surfaces.—Observations concerning dead bodies.—Cellular hemorrhages.—Other hemorrhages of the exhalants.85Preternatural exhalations, not sanguineous.—Varieties of the exhaled fluids, according to the state of the vital forces of the exhalants.—Different examples of these varieties.87IV.Of the preternatural development of the exhalants.It is especially in cysts that it takes place.—The secreted fluids are never preternaturally poured out like the exhaled.—Why.—Of the natural emunctories.88ABSORBENT SYSTEM.GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.ARTICLE FIRST.OF THE ABSORBENT VESSELS.I.Origin of the Absorbents.Table of absorptions.—Of external absorptions.—Of internal absorptions.—Of the nutritive absorptions.—It is impossible to know the mode of origin of the absorbents.—Interlacing of the branches.91II.Course of the Absorbents.Their division into two layers, superficial and deep-seated.—Their arrangement in the extremities and the trunk.95Forms of the absorbents in their course.—They are cylindrical, full of knots, &c.—Consequences of these forms.—The absorbents have not as great capacity during life as in the dead body.97Of the capacity of the absorbents in their course.—Manner of ascertaining it.—Extreme varieties which it exhibits.—Capacity of the absorbents compared with that of the veins.99Anastomoses of the absorbents in their course.—Different modes of these anastomoses.—Remarks upon the lymphatic circulation.102Remarks upon the difference of dropsies that are produced by the increase of exhalation, and those that are the effect of a diminution of absorption.—Cases that may be referred to one or the other cause.104III.Termination of the Absorbents.Trunks of termination.—Their disproportion with the branches.—Consequences.—Difficulties in regard to the motion of the lymph.—Remarks upon venous absorption.105IV.Structure of the Absorbents.Exterior texture.—Vessels.—Peculiar membrane.—Valves.—Uses of these last.109ARTICLE SECOND.LYMPHATIC GLANDS.I.Situation, Size, Forms, &c.Varieties of their number and situation in the different regions.—Relation with the cellular texture.—Varieties from age, sex, &c.111II.Organization.Colour.—Its varieties.—Particular arrangement about the bronchia.114Common parts.—External cellular texture.—Cellular membrane.—Vessels.115Peculiar texture.—Density.—Cells.—Contained fluid.—Properties and phenomena of this texture.—Interlacing of the absorbents.116ARTICLE THIRD.PROPERTIES OF THE ABSORBENT SYSTEM.I.Properties of Texture.118II.Vital Properties.Animal sensibility.—Its phenomena in the vessels and the glands.—Organic properties.—Their duration after death.—Remarks upon the absorbent faculty of dead bodies.119Characters of the vital properties.—Life is very evident in this system.—Its disposition to inflammation.—Character which this affection has in it.122Differences of the vital properties in the absorbent vessels and their glands.—These differences are remarkable.—Their influence upon diseases.123Sympathies.—Sympathies of the glands.—Sympathies of the vessels.—Remarks upon the engorgements of the lymphatic glands.124ARTICLE FOURTH.OF ABSORPTION.I.Influence of the Vital Forces upon this Function.All depends on the organic properties.128II.Varieties of Absorption.Different examples.—Of resolution.—Of the absorption of morbific principles.129III.Motion of the Fluids in the Absorbents.Laws of this motion.—It is not subject to any reflux.—Why.132IV.Of Absorption in the different Ages.It appears that the internal and external absorptions are opposite at the two extreme ages.—Remarks.134V.Preternatural Absorption.Absorption of certain fluids different from those naturally absorbed.—Absorption in the cysts.138SYSTEMS PECULIAR TO CERTAIN APPARATUS.GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.Differences of the systems peculiar to certain apparatus, from those common to all.—Characters of the first.—Their distribution in the apparatus.139OSSEOUS SYSTEM.GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.ARTICLE FIRST.OF THE FORMS OF THE OSSEOUS SYSTEM. DIVISION OF THE BONES.I.Of the Long Bones.Relation of their position with their general uses.—External forms of the body and the extremities.—Internal forms.—Medullary canal.—Its situation, extent and form.—Its use.—It disappears in the first periods of callus.—It is shorter in proportion in childhood.144II.Of the Flat Bones.Relations of their situation and external forms with the general use of forming the cavities.—Internal forms.147III.Of the Short Bones.Position.—Internal and external forms.—General uses.149IV.Of the Bony Eminences.Their division into those, 1st, of articulation; 2d, of insertion; 3d, of reflection; 4th, of impression.—Remarks upon each of these divisions.—Relations of the second with the muscular force.—How these last are formed.150V.Of the Osseous Cavities.Their division into those, 1st, of insertion; 2d, of reception; 3d, of sliding; 4th, of impression; 5th, of transmission; 6th, of nutrition.—Particular remarks upon each division.—Of the three kinds of canals of nutrition.153ARTICLE SECOND.ORGANIZATION OF THE OSSEOUS SYSTEM.I.Texture Peculiar to the Osseous System.Common division of this texture.Texture with cells.—How it is formed.—When it is formed.—Of the cells and their communications.—Experiments.156Compact texture.—Arrangement of its fibres.—Their formation.—Experiments to ascertain their direction.—The osseous layers do not exist.—Proofs.—Influence of rickets upon the compact texture.158Arrangement of the two osseous textures in the three kinds of Bones.—Arrangement of the compact texture.—Two kinds of texture with cells in the long bones.—Proportion of the common texture with cells and the compact texture in the short and broad bones.—The same proportion examined in the cavities and the osseous eminences.161Of the composition of the osseous texture.—There are two principal bases.—Of the saline calcareous substance.—Experiments.—Nature of this substance.—Experiments to ascertain the gelatinous substance.—Different relations of each of these substances with vitality.164II.Common Parts which enter into the organization of the Osseous System.Three orders of blood vessels.—Arrangement of each.—Experiments.—Proportions according to age.—Communication.—Proofs of the existence of the cellular texture.167ARTICLE THIRD.PROPERTIES OF THE OSSEOUS SYSTEM.I.Physical Properties.Elasticity.—It is in the inverse ratio of the age.171II.Properties of Texture.Different examples of contractility and extensibility.—Characters of these properties.171III.Vital Properties.They are obscure.173Characters of these properties.—Slowness of their development.—Their influence upon diseases.174Sympathies.—Their character is always chronic.—General remark upon sympathies.175Seat of the vital properties.—They are not seated in the calcareous substance.—They exist only in the gelatinous.—Experiment which proves it.177ARTICLE FOURTH.OF THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE OSSEOUS SYSTEM.I.Division of the Articulations.Moveable Articulations.—Observations upon their Motions.—1st. Opposition; it is extensive or confined.—2d. Circumduction; a motion composed of all those of opposition.—3d. Rotation; a motion upon the axis.—4th. Sliding.180Immoveable articulations.—They are on surfaces in juxta-position, inserted into each other or implanted.182Table of the Articulations.183II.Observations upon the Moveable Articulations.First genus.—Situation.—Form of the surfaces.—Rotation and circumduction are inversely in the humerus and the femur.—Why.184Second genus.—Form of the surfaces.—Motions.186Third genus.—Diminution of the motions.—Direction in which they take place.187Fourth genus.—Motions still less.189Fifth genus.—Remarkable obscurity of the motions.190III.Observations upon the Immoveable Articulations.Situation, forms of each order.—Relation of the structure to the uses.191IV.Of the means of Union between the Articular Surfaces.Union of the immoveable Articulations.—Cartilages of union.193Union of moveable articulations.—Ligaments and muscles considered as articular bands.194ARTICLE FIFTH.DEVELOPMENT OF THE OSSEOUS SYSTEM.Remarks.195I.State of the Osseous System during Growth.Mucous State.—What should be understood by it.195Cartilaginous State.—Period and mode of its development.—Of this state in the broad bones.197Osseous State.—Its phenomena.—Its period.198Progress of the osseous state in the long bones; 1st, in the middle; 2d, in the extremities.200Progress of the osseous state in the broad bones.—Varieties according to the bones.—Formation of the ossa wormiana.ib.Progress of the osseous state in the short bones.202II.State of the Osseous System after its Growth.Increase in thickness.—Composition and decomposition after the termination of growth in thickness.—Experiments.—State of the bones in old age.203III.Peculiar Phenomena of the Development of the Callus.1st. Fleshy granulations.—2d. Adhesions of these granulations.—3d. Exhalation of gelatine and then of phosphate of lime.206IV.Peculiar Phenomena of the Development of the Teeth.Organization of the teeth.—Hard portion of the teeth.—Enamel.—Experiment which distinguishes it from bone.—Its thickness.—Its nature.—Reflections upon its organization.—Osseous portion.—Its form.—Cavity of the tooth.209Soft portion of the tooth.—Its spongy nature.—Its acute sensibility.—Remarks upon its different sympathies.211First dentition considered before cutting.—Follicle.—Membrane of this follicle analogous to the serous membranes.—Albuminous nature of the fluid which lubricates it.—Mode of development of the osseous tooth upon the follicle.—Number of the first teeth.213First dentition considered at the period of cutting.—Mode of cutting.—Accidents.—Their causes.216Second dentition considered before cutting.—Formation of the second follicle.217Second dentition considered at the period of cutting.—Fall of the first teeth.—Appearance of the second.Phenomena subsequent to the cutting of the second teeth.—Growth in length and thickness.—Fall of the teeth earlier than the death of the bones.—Why.—State of the jaws after the fall of the teeth.219V.Particular Phenomena of the Development of the Sesamoid Bones.General arrangement of the sesamoid bones.—Situation.—Forms.221Fibro-cartilaginous state.—Osseous state.—Phenomena of the patella.—Use of the sesamoid bones.222MEDULLARY SYSTEM.Division of this system.225ARTICLE FIRST.MEDULLARY SYSTEM OF THE FLAT AND SHORT BONES, AND THE EXTREMITIES OF THE LONG ONES.I.Origin and Conformation.It is an expansion of the vessels of the second order.225II.Organization.There is no medullary membrane.—Vascular interlacing.226III.Properties.There are only organic ones.—Experiments.227IV.Development.There is no medullary oil in infancy.—Proofs.—Experiments.227ARTICLE SECOND.MEDULLARY SYSTEM OF THE MIDDLE OF THE LONG BONES.I.Conformation.It is like the cellular.229II.Organization.The medullary membrane is not an expansion of the periosteum.—Its vessels.230III.Properties.Properties of texture.—Vital properties.—Animal sensibility.—Vitality more active than in the bones.231IV.Development.How the medullary membrane is formed.—The marrow of the infant is wholly different from that of the adult.—Proofs.233Functions.—The marrow is exhaled.—Its alterations.—Its relations with the nutrition of the bone.—Necrosis.—The marrow is foreign to the synovia.234CARTILAGINOUS SYSTEM.What must be understood by cartilage.237ARTICLE FIRST.OF THE FORMS OF THE CARTILAGINOUS SYSTEM.I.Forms of the Cartilages of the Moveable Articulations.Internal and external surfaces.—Relations of the two corresponding cartilages.—Peculiar characters of these cartilages in each kind of moveable articulations.238II.Forms of the Cartilages of the Immoveable Articulations.241III.Forms of the Cartilages of the Cavities.242ARTICLE SECOND.ORGANIZATION OF THE CARTILAGINOUS SYSTEM.I.Texture peculiar to the Cartilaginous System.Fibres.—Remarkable resistance of the cartilaginous texture to putrefaction, maceration, &c.—Stewing and desiccation of this texture.—Its various alterations.243II.Parts common to the Organization of the Cartilaginous Texture.Cellular texture.—Means of seeing it.—Absence of blood vessels.—White vessels.—Their colour in jaundice.245ARTICLE THIRD.PROPERTIES OF THE CARTILAGINOUS SYSTEM.I.Physical Properties.Elasticity.—It appears to be owing to the superabundance of gelatine.—Proofs.247II.Properties of Texture.They are very obscure.248III.Vital Properties.They are inconsiderable, as well as the sympathies.249Character of the Vital Properties.—All the phenomena over which they preside have a chronic progress.—General observations upon the reunion of the parts.250ARTICLE FOURTH.DEVELOPMENT OF THE CARTILAGINOUS SYSTEM.I.State of the Cartilaginous System in the First Age.Predominance of gelatine in the early periods.—Property which the cartilages then have of becoming red by maceration.—Vascular layers between the cartilage and the bone.—Cause which limits ossification in the cartilage.—Development of the cartilages of the cavities.252II.State of the Cartilaginous System in the after Ages.Different character which the gelatine assumes.—Ossification of the cartilages in old age.—Those of the cavities are the soonest ossified.255III.Preternatural Development of the Cartilaginous System.Tendency of the membrane of the spleen to become the seat of it.—Preternatural cartilages of the articulations.257FIBROUS SYSTEM.GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.ARTICLE FIRST.OF THE FORMS AND DIVISIONS OF THE FIBROUS SYSTEM.The fibrous forms are either membranous or in fasciæ.259I.Of the Fibrous Organs of a Membranous Form.Fibrous membranes.—Fibrous capsules.—Fibrous sheaths.—Aponeuroses.260II.Of the Fibrous Organs in the form of Fasciæ.1st. Tendons.—2d. Ligaments.262III.Table of the Fibrous System.Analogy of the different organs of this system.—The periosteum is the common centre of these organs.262ARTICLE SECOND.ORGANIZATION OF THE FIBROUS SYSTEM.I.Of the Texture peculiar to the Organization of the Fibrous System.Peculiar nature of the fibrous texture.—Its extreme resistance.—Phenomenaof this resistance.—It can be overcome.—Difference of the fibrous and muscular textures.—Experiments upon the fibrous texture subjected to maceration, ebullition, putrefaction, the action of the acids, the digestive juices, &c.264II.Of the Common Parts which enter into the Organization of the Fibrous System.Cellular texture.—Blood vessels.—Their varieties according to the organs.270ARTICLE THIRD.PROPERTIES OF THE FIBROUS SYSTEM.I.Physical Properties.II.Properties of Texture.Extensibility.—Peculiar law to which it is subjected there. Contractility.—It is almost nothing.—When it is manifested.272III.Vital Properties.Animal sensibility.—Singular mode of putting it in action by distension.—Consequence of this peculiar phenomenon to the fibrous texture.274Character of the vital properties.—The vital activity is more evident in this system than in the preceding.—It appears that the fibrous texture does not suppurate.277Sympathies.—Examples of those of the animal and the organic properties.279ARTICLE FOURTH.DEVELOPMENT OF THE FIBROUS SYSTEM.I.State of the Fibrous System in the First Age.The fibres are wanting in most of the fibrous organs of the fœtus.—Softness of these organs at this age.—Varieties of development.—Remarks upon rheumatism.281II.State of the Fibrous System in the After Ages.Phenomena of the adult.—General stiffness in old age.283III.Preternatural Development of the Fibrous System.Various tumours exhibit fibres analogous to those of this system.284ARTICLE FIFTH.OF THE FIBROUS MEMBRANES IN GENERAL.I.Forms of the Fibrous Membranes.Their double surface.—These membranes are like moulds of their respective organs.—Researches respecting that of the corpus cavernosum.—Experiments which show that it differs essentially from the subjacent spongy texture.—Other researches upon that of the testicle.285II.Organization of the Fibrous Membranes.288III.Of the Periosteum. Of its Form.Its two surfaces.—Their adhesion to the bones.289Organization of the periosteum.—Preternatural development of its fibres in elephantiasis.—Its connexions with the fibrous bodies in infancy.291Development of the periosteum.Functions of the Periosteum.—In what way it assists ossification.—It relates as much to the fibrous organs as to the bones.292IV.Perichondrium.Experiments upon this membrane.294ARTICLE SIXTH.OF THE FIBROUS CAPSULES.I.Forms of the Fibrous Capsules.They are very few.—Arrangement of the two principal ones.—Canal between them and the synovial capsule.295II.Functions of the Fibrous Capsules.296ARTICLE SEVENTH.OF THE FIBROUS SHEATHS.Their division.297I.Partial Fibrous Sheaths.Their form.—Their arrangement.—Why the flexor tendons are alone provided with them.297II.General Fibrous Sheaths.299ARTICLE EIGHTH.OF THE APONEUROSES.I.Of the Aponeuroses for Covering.Their division.299Aponeuroses for general covering.300Forms.—They are accommodated to the extremities, &c.ib.Tensor muscles.—Organization.—Examples of the tensor muscles.—Their uses relative to the aponeuroses.—Analogy with the tendons and difference from them.—Arrangement of the fibres.301Functions.302Aponeuroses for partial covering.—Examples.—General uses of these aponeuroses.303II.Of the Aponeuroses of Insertion.Aponeuroses of insertion with a broad surface.—Their origin.—Their uses.—The identity of their nature with that of the tendons.—Experiments.304Aponeuroses of insertion in the form of an arch.—They are rare.—They exist where vessels pass through.—They do not compress them.305Aponeuroses of insertion with separate fibres.306ARTICLE NINTH.OF THE TENDONS.I.Form of the Tendons.Relation of the uses with the forms.—Union with the fleshy fibres.307II.Organization of the Tendons.Method of seeing their fibres advantageously.—They appear to be destitute of blood vessels.—Their tendency to be penetrated with the phosphate of lime.309ARTICLE TENTH.OF THE LIGAMENTS.I.Ligaments with, Regular Fasciæ.General arrangement.311II.Ligaments with Irregular Fasciæ.312FIBRO-CARTILAGINOUS SYSTEM.Organs which compose it.315ARTICLE FIRST.OF THE FORMS OF THE FIBRO-CARTILAGINOUS SYSTEM.Division into three classes of the organs of this system.—Characters of each class.315ARTICLE SECOND.ORGANIZATION OF THE FIBRO-CARTILAGINOUS SYSTEM.I.Texture peculiar to the Organization of the Fibro-Cartilaginous System.It arises, 1st, from a fibrous substance; 2d, from a cartilaginous one.—It owes its resistance to the first and its elasticity to the second.—Action of caloric, air and water upon the fibro-cartilaginous texture.—It reddens by maceration.—Absence of the perichondrium upon most of the fibro-cartilages.317II.Parts common to the Organization of the Fibro-Cartilaginous System.320ARTICLE THIRD.PROPERTIES OF THE FIBRO-CARTILAGINOUS SYSTEM.I.Physical Properties.Elasticity and suppleness united.320II.Properties of Texture.Extensibility.—It is quite evident in it.—Contractility.—Difference from elasticity.321III.Vital Properties.They are inconsiderable.—Influence of the obscurity of these forces upon the properties of the fibro-cartilages.322ARTICLE FOURTH.DEVELOPMENT OF THE FIBRO-CARTILAGINOUS SYSTEM.I.State of this System in the First Age.Mode of development of the three classes.323II.State of this System in the after Ages.General rigidity of these organs.—Consequences.—Ossification of the fibro-cartilages rare.325MUSCULAR SYSTEM OF ANIMAL LIFE.Difference between the muscles of the two lives.—Observations upon those of animal life.327ARTICLE FIRST.OF THE FORMS OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM OF ANIMAL LIFE.Division of these muscles into long, broad and short.327I.Forms of the Long Muscles.Place which they occupy.—Their division.—Their separation and reunion.—Peculiar forms of the long muscles of the spine.328II.Forms of the Broad Muscles.Where they are situated.—Thickness.—Peculiar forms of the broad pectoral muscles.330III.Forms of the Short Muscles.Where they are found.—Their arrangement.—Remarks upon the three species of muscles.331ARTICLE SECOND.ORGANIZATION OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM OF ANIMAL LIFE.I.Texture peculiar to this Organization.Arrangement of this texture into fasciculi.—Its divisioninto fibres.—Length of the fleshy fibres compared with that of the muscle.—Their direction.—Their figure.—Their softness.—Ease of their rupture in the dead body.—Difficulty in the living.332Composition of the muscular texture.—Action of the air in desiccation and putrefaction.—Action of cold water.—Maceration and its products.—Ease with which the colouring substance is removed.—Analogy of the remaining texture with the fibrin of the blood.—Relation of the forces with this texture.—Action of boiling water.—Some peculiar phenomena of common boiled flesh.—Roasting of the fleshy texture.—Singular affinity of the digestive juices to this sort of texture.—General observations.—Influence of sex and the genital organs upon the fleshy texture.336II.Parts common to the Organization of this System.Cellular texture.—Manner in which it envelops the fibres.—Its uses for muscular motion.—Experiment.—Fatty muscles.343Blood vessels.—Arteries.—Of the blood of the muscles.—Of their colour.—Free and combined state of the colouring substance.—Veins.—Remarks upon the injection of them.346Nerves.—There are hardly any but those of animal life.—Their difference in the extensors and the flexors.—Manner in which the nerves penetrate the muscles.348ARTICLE THIRD.PROPERTIES OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM OF ANIMAL LIFE.I.Properties of Texture. Extensibility.This property is continually in action.—It is in proportion to the length of the fibres.—Its exercise in diseases.350Contractility of texture.—Phenomena of the antagonists.—Distinction in these phenomena of that which belongs to the vital properties from that which belongs to those of texture.—Of the contractility of texture in diseases.—Extent and quickness of the contractions.—They continue after death.—Essential differences between the contractility of texture and horny hardening. Their parallel.352II.Vital Properties.Properties of animal life.—Sensibility.—Most of the ordinary agents do not develop it.—It is put into action by repeated contractions.—Of the sensation of lassitude.—Sensibility of the muscles in their affections.359Animal Contractility.—It should be considered in three relations.361Animal contractility considered in the brain.—The principle of this property exists in this organ.—Proofs drawn from observation.—Proofs derived from diseases.—Proofs borrowed from experiments upon animals.—Cases in which the brain is foreign to the muscles.362Animal contractility considered in the nerves.—Influence of the spinal marrow upon this property.—Observations and experiments.—Influence of the nerves.—Observations and experiments.—All the nerves do not transmit equally the different irradiations of the brain.—Direction of the propagation of the nervous influence.367Animal contractility considered in the muscles.—Necessary conditions in the muscle for it to contract.—Obstacles to contraction.—Various experiments.374Causes which bring into action animal contractility.—Division of these causes.—Of the will.—Of the involuntary causes.—Direct excitement.—Sympathetic excitement.—Influence of the passions.—Remarks upon the motion of the fœtus.374Duration of the animal contractility after death.—Various experiments.—Consequences relative to respiration.—Variety of the duration of this property.—How it is extinguished.379Organic Properties.—Organic sensibility and insensible organic contractility.—Sensible organic contractility.—Various experiments upon this last property.—Phenomena of irritations.—In order to study this contractility the animal contractility must be destroyed.—How this is done.—Various modes of contraction.382Sympathies.—The animal sensibility is the property especially brought into action by them.—General Remarks.—Sympathies of animal sensibility.—The organic properties are rarely brought into action.386Characters of the vital properties.—Different remarks upon these characters.388ARTICLE FOURTH.PHENOMENA OF THE ACTION OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM OF ANIMAL LIFE.I.Force of the Muscular Contraction.Difference according as it is put into action by stimuli or by the cerebral influence.—Experiments.—Influence of muscular organization upon contraction.—The laws of nature the reverse of those of mechanics in the production of motions.—Multiplication of forces.—Uncertainty of calculations upon this point.390II.Quickness of the Contractions.Varieties according as the contractions are, 1st, from stimuli; 2d, from nervous action.—Different degrees of quickness in different individuals.—Influence of habit upon this degree.395III.Duration of the Contractions.397IV.State of the Muscles in Contraction.Different phenomena which they then experience.—Essential remark upon the different modes of contraction.398V.Motions imparted by the Muscles.Simple Motions.—1st. In the muscles with a straight direction.—How we determine the uses of these muscles.—2d. In the muscles with a reflected direction.—3d. In those with a circular direction.400Compound Motions.—Almost every motion is compound.—How.—Different examples of compound motions.—Antagonist muscles.403VI.Phenomena of the Relaxation of the Muscles.They are opposite to the preceding.406ARTICLE FIFTH.DEVELOPMENT OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM OF ANIMAL LIFE.I.State of this System in the Fœtus.It contains but little blood.—Slight contractility at this age.—Influence upon these phenomena, of the blood which then penetrates the muscles.—These organs are then slender and weak.407II.State of this System during Growth.Sudden effect of the red blood which penetrates the muscles, and of the other irritations which are connected with it.—Colour of the Muscles.—Period of the brightest colour.—Varieties of the action of reagents on the fleshy texture of young animals.410III.State of this System after Growth.The thickness constantly increases.—The external forms are more evident.—Colour in the adult.—Innumerable variety.413IV.State of this System in Old Age.Increase of density.—Diminution of cohesion.—Phenomena of the vacillation of the muscles.—Atrophous muscles.416V.State of the System at Death.Relaxation or stiffness of the muscles.419END OF CONTENTS TO VOL. II.