In this list terms relating to paper, to materials described in the body of this work and to historical bindings, and terms seldom used have been omitted.
Acid free leather.Leather which is manufactured without using acid. As interpreted by some dealers, it means leather from which all acid has been removed.
Aldine style.Decorative design consisting of solid face ornaments without shading. First used by Aldus and other early Italian printers.
All-along.In hand-sewing when the thread passes from kettlestitch to kettlestitch in each signature it is sewed all-along.
Antique.See Blind-tooled.
Arabesque.Decorative design consisting of many interwoven lines and curves arranged in conventional patterns. Sometimes applied to a design consisting of interwoven plants, animals, birds, etc.
Arming press.See Blocking press.
Asterisk.This well known sign is sometimes used to indicate that the printed matter on which it appears is to take the place of pages previously printed.
Awl.See Bodkin.
Azuré tools.Tools with a series of horizontal lines parallel on their faces.
Back lining.Cloth or paper glued to the back of a book to help hold the signatures together.
Backing.Forcing over the folds on each side at the back to form grooves into which boards fit, forming the joint.
Backing boards.Used for backing or forming the joint. Made of hardwood sometimes faced with iron. Have a beveled edge, over which the paper is forced by hammering and are thicker at this edge than at the other, so that when placed one on each side of the book and all are placed in the lying press, the power of the press is brought to bear on the part of the book nearest the back.
Backing hammer.Has a broad, flat face and short handle. Used in rounding and backing.
Backing machine.Machine run by power used in edition work for backing books.
Backing press.A press having vertical steel plates brought together with a screw. When the book is placed in it with the back slightly projecting it can be backed in exactly the same way as if backing boards were used.
Band-driver.Used in forwarding to eliminate irregularities of raised bands.
Band nipper.Pincers used after leather has been put on over raised bands in order to straighten them.
Banding.Decorating by means of horizontal stripes.
Bark skiver.Tanned with oak bark.
Bastard title.See Half title.
Beading.Small twist or roll formed when winding the cotton or silk in head-banding.
Beating.Process of flattening and smoothing out the folded sheets to make the leaves lie closely together.
Beating hammer.Heavy, short-handled hammer used for beating books to make the leaves lie closely together.
Beating stone.Stone or iron bed on which books are beaten.
Beveled boards.Heavy boards with beveled edges, sometimes used for the sides of very heavy or large books.
Binder.1. Case used for the temporary protection of pamphlets and periodicals. Can be detached and used on succeeding numbers. 2. One whose business it is to bind books.
Binder's title.Title lettered on the back of a book. Frequently differs from that on the title page.
Binder's board.See Boards.
Binding slip.Sheet of paper containing instructions to the binder inserted in each book sent to the bindery.
Blanks.Books with blank leaves of good paper used for keeping records which are more or less permanent. The binding of such books is a special trade.
Bleed.When books are trimmed so that part of the print is cut off they are said to bleed.
Blind-tooled.Books on which impressions have been made by tools without the use of gilt are blind-tooled. Sometimes called "Antique" tooling.
Block.The solid metal stamp used for impressing a design on a book cover.
Blocking.Stamping the design in gold or other material on book covers.
Blocking press.Used in stamping designs on cloth book covers or back. Known also as stamping press and arming press.
Board papers.The parts of end papers pasted to the boards.
Board shears.Heavy shears with a gauge, for cutting boards for the sides of books.
Boards.Boards for the sides of books are called cloth board, binder's board, mill board, tar board. They are called boards in the full size and also when cut for sides.
Bodkin.An awl used for punching holes in boards through which the bands are laced.
Body.Main part of the book, from Chapter I to the end of the text.
Bolt.The folded edge of signatures at the head, fore edge and tail of books.
Book card, orBook slip. Card kept in the book, used in charging the book when it is borrowed.
Book label.See Label.
Book pocket.A pocket made of paper, generally pasted on the last fly-leaf to hold the book card when the book is on the shelf, or to hold the reader's card when the book is borrowed.
Bosses.Metal ornaments fastened on the boards of books.
Broken.1. Paper folded over. 2. The back of a book which has been cracked open from head to tail is broken.
Broken up (or over).Plates are broken up when they are folded over a short distance from the back before being placed in the book.
Burnish.The gloss produced by the application of a burnisher to the edges of a book.
Burnisher.Piece of agate or blood-stone set in handles and used to produce a gloss on the edges of books.
Calendered paper.Paper with a highly polished surface.
Cancels.Leaves containing errors which are to be replaced with corrected pages. The replacements are frequently marked with an asterisk.
Canvas.Same as duck. See page 80.
Caps.Coverings which protect the edges of books during the processes of covering and finishing.
Case.1. A cover for a book made independently of the book, i. e. the boards are not laced in. 2. Cover made to fit over book already bound in order to protect it.
Case bindings.Books in which the boards and covering materials are made into a case and the book glued into it. Term generally applied to commercial work, which is practically all done by machinery.
Casing-in.The operation of putting a sewed and forwarded book into its case.
Catchword.In old books and in a few modern books the first word of a page is printed under the last line on the preceding page. This is called the catchword.
Center tools.Specially-cut tools for ornamenting the centers of panels.
Circuit edges.Projecting flexible covers turned over to protect the leaves of the book. Used almost wholly on Bibles and prayer books. Sometimes called divinity edges.
Clasp.A catch for fastening the covers of a book together.
Clearing-out.The process of removing the waste paper and paring away superfluous leather on the inside of the covers before pasting down end papers.
Cloth boards.1. Boards covered with cloth. 2. Boards used for the sides are sometimes called cloth boards instead of mill boards.
Collation.An examination of a book to see if it is complete. May be done by signatures before book is bound. Must be done page by page in books which are to be rebound.
Combs.An instrument with wire teeth used in marbling.
Compensating guards.Short stubs bound in the back to equalize space taken up by thick folded plates.
Creaser.The tool used in marking on each side of raised bands. Generally made of steel.
Cropped.Term applied to books which have been trimmed too much.
Crushed.Term applied to leather, generally morocco, which has been pressed so that the surface, naturally grained, is made smooth.
Cut edges.See Edges cut.
Cut flush.In very cheap binding the book is trimmed after the cover is on and edges of boards are cut flush with the leaves.
Cutter, orCutting machine. A machine used for trimming the edges of books. Sometimes called guillotine.
Cutting boards.Boards similar to backing boards, except that they are not beveled. Used in trimming.
Cutting in boards.See In boards.
Cutting press.The "lying press" turned over so that the runners are uppermost.
Deckle edge.The rough untrimmed edge of hand-made paper.
Dentelle.A form of book ornament which supposedly represents lace.
Derome.A style of ornament having dentelle border with small birds among the arabesques.
Diaper.A form of ornament consisting of a small pattern repeated in geometrical form.
Divinity calf.Dark brown calfskin blind-stamped and without gilding, formerly used in binding religious books.
Divinity edges.See Circuit edges.
Die.An engraved stamp used for stamping a design.
Double.See Doublure.
Doubled.A design is doubled when the finisher tries to make a second impression and the tool does not quite follow the lines of the first impression.
Doublure.The lined and decorated inside face of boards on fine bindings. When so lined the cover is said to be "double."
Dummy.1. A book made up of blank leaves to show style of binding and grade of workmanship. 2. A piece of leather or cloth mounted on a board to show exact size and lettering of a periodical.
Duodecimo.Book printed on paper folded into twelve leaves. Generally written 12mo. Loosely applied to books from six to eight inches high.
Dutch metal.An imitation of gold leaf which soon tarnishes.
Edges cut.A book which has all edges trimmed smooth.
Edges gilt.All edges trimmed smooth and gilded.
Edges opened.A book which has the folds of leaves cut by hand with a paper knife, has its edges opened.
Edges rolled.The edges of the covers are marked with a roll.
Edges trimmed.Edges cut somewhat, but not enough to cut all the folds.
Edges uncut.Uncut edges have not been trimmed in any way, though they may have been opened with a paper knife.
Edition de luxe.Fine editions of books printed on large paper and handsomely bound. Many books so-called are in reality cheaply bound.
Eighteenmo.A book printed on paper folded into eighteen leaves. Not often found.
Elephant folio.See Folio.
Embossing.The process of producing raised designs by means of stamps. Used in imitating leathers.
End papers.Folded sheets at the beginning and end of books, half of which are pasted to the boards. Sometimes called lining papers.
Eve style.Decorative design consisting of geometrical figures joined by interlaced circles. The figures contain flowers and the space surrounding them contains scroll work and branches of laurel and palm.
Extra binding.Trade term for the best work.
Fanfare style.Leafy spirals interwoven with a delicate tracery over the cover.
Fast.Colors are fast to sunlight if they do not fade; to water if they do not wash off.
Fillet.1. Plain lines stamped upon the back or cover of the book. 2. The tool with which the work is done.
Filling.See Weft.
Finishing.1. All processes after the book leaves the hand of the forwarder are known as finishing processes. 2. The ornaments stamped on a book.
Finishing press.A small wooden press with wooden screws which holds a book with the back up.
Finishing stove.A small gas or electric stove used for heating finishing tools.
Flexible.A form of binding in which the book is sewed on raised bands, the thread being passed entirely around the bands.
Flush cut.See Cut flush.
Fly leaves.Blank leaves at the beginning and end of the book between end papers and the book itself.
Folder.1. Small flat piece of bone used in folding sheets and in other binding processes. 2. Person engaged in folding sheets.
Folding machines.Power machine for folding sheets.
Folio.1. A book printed on paper folded in two leaves—four pages. Loosely applied to books over fifteen inches high. Very large books are sometimes called elephant folios. 2. Consecutive page numbers of a book.
Fore-edge.The front edge of the leaves of a book.
Font.The complete number of letters, figures, etc., forming a set of type.
Format.Size and shape of a book.
Forwarding.1. All processes between sewing and finishing. 2. The department which takes charge of books during these processes. Those who work in it are called forwarders.
Foxed.Books having leaves stained by dampness are said to be foxed.
French guard.The back edge of an illustration turned over and folded around the adjoining signature.
French joint.Joint formed by setting the boards a short distance away from the back. See page 46.
French morocco.A very inferior quality of levant morocco. Many skins so-called are sheep skins or cowhide.
Frontispiece.Illustration facing the title page.
Full-bound.Term applies to books entirely covered, back and sides, with the same material, whether cloth orleather.
Gascon style.The distinguishing characteristic of this style of decoration is that dotted lines are used instead of lines which are continuous.
Gathering.Collecting the folded sheets, or signatures, in the order in which they are bound.
Gaufre edges.Edges which have had impressions made by finishing tools after the edges have been gilded.
Gauge.A tool used for obtaining the correct size of a volume in order to mark it on boards for squaring.
Gilding press.Same as the finishing press.
Gilt edge.See Edges gilt.
Gilt tops.Top edges gilded.
Glaire.A liquid made by beating whites of eggs. Used in lettering and gilding. See page 195.
Goffered edges.See Gaufre edges.
Gold cushion.Leather cushion on which the finisher cuts gold leaf.
Gold knife.A long straight knife used in cutting gold leaf.
Gold leaf.Gold beaten very thin, used for lettering and gilding.
Gouge.A finishing tool used to stamp the segment of a circle on a book.
Grain.The outer surface of a piece of leather from which the hair has been removed. Generally used with adjectives which indicate the appearance of the grain in question.
Graining.1. Process of "bringing up" the natural grain of leather by artificial means. 2. Process of embossing leather to produce a fictitious grain.
Grater.Tool used for rubbing backs after they are paste-washed.
Grolier.An elaborate style of ornament consisting of scroll work with interwoven squares, circles and diamonds, parts of the design being studded with gold dots.
Grooves.Projections at the back against which boards rest to form the joint. Made by the backing hammer. Sometimes called joints.
Guards.1. Narrow strips of paper bound in books to which plates or leaves are attached later. 2. Narrow strips of cloth or paper used to reinforce the folds of signatures, or pasted to single leaves and folded around adjoining signatures.
Guides.The grooves in which the plough moves on the face of the cutting press.
Guillotine.See Cutter, or Cutting machine.
Half-bound.Term indicating that leather is used on the back, with cloth or paper on the sides. If small pieces of leather are placed on the corners the book is still half-bound. If the corner pieces are large the book is three-quarters bound.
Half-title.Brief title on the leaf preceding the main title page. Also called Bastard title.
Hand letters.Single letters affixed to handles and used in lettering.
Head.The top of the back of the book.
Headband.A silk or cotton band attached to the head of the book to strengthen it, improve its appearance, and make the back even in thickness with the boards.
Head cap.Fold of leather over the headband.
Heel-ball.Shoemaker's preparation of wax used for taking rubbings of the backs of books.
Holeing.Piercing the boards with an awl so that bands can be laced-in.
Hollow back.See Loose back.
Imperfections.In commercial binderies, sheets rejected because imperfect.
In boards.1. Term used when books are cut after boards have been attached. 2. Style of binding which has a very narrow cloth back and paper covered sides.
In print.Obtainable from the publishers.
India-rubbered.When the backs of books consisting of single leaves are covered with a solution of india rubber instead of being sewed they are said to be India-rubbered.Not practicable for permanent bindings.
Inlaid.The cover of a book bound in leather in which leather of a different kind or color has been inlaid.
In quires.Unbound books in sheets.
Inset.A folded sheet laid inside of another.
In sheets.A book is said to be in sheets before it has been bound, whether the sheets are folded or not.
Inside margin.The border made by the turned-in leather on the inside face of the boards.
Inside tins.Sheets of tin sometimes placed in books which are to receive heavy pressure.
Jansen style.A style of decoration in which the book is absolutely plain on the outside except for lettering. The inside covers, however, may be elaborately decorated.
Joints.The part of the book which bends when the book is opened. See also Grooves; French joint.
Kettlestitch.The stitch made at the head and tail of the book fastening a signature at these points to the preceding signature.
Keys.Small metal objects which fasten the bands to the under side of the sewing bench.
Kip calf.Made from the skin of a heifer. Stronger than calfskin.
Knocking-down iron.Iron plate on which books are placed when it is necessary to hammer down the ends of laced-in bands to prevent them from showing.
Label.A piece of paper or leather affixed to the back of a book on which to letter information.
Lacing-in.Process of attaching the ends of bands to boards through holes made with an awl. See page 42.
Large-paper edition.Copies of a book printed on paper with wide margins.
Laying press.See Lying press.
Law sheep.Uncolored sheepskin. So-called because at one time it was generally used on law books. Seepage 65.
Lay cords.The bands when stretched on the sewing bench ready for the signatures.
Leatherette.Imitation leather, generally made of cloth.
Lettering block.A dummy book made of wood on which leather labels that are to be lettered are placed for greater ease in gilding.
Lettering box.That part of the pallet in which type is screwed up before lettering.
Limp leather.Books bound in full leather without stiff boards are said to be bound in limp leather.
Lining papers.See End papers.
Loose back.Books are loose backed when the covering material is not glued to the back, but springs out when the book is opened. Called "hollow back" in England.
Lying press.The under side of the cutting press used in backing. Sometimes called laying press.
Magazine binder.See Binder.
Maioli style.Decoration formed of shields or medallions with scroll work running through them.
Marbled calf.Calfskin treated with acid so that it resembles marble.
Marbling.Process of staining the paper or the edges of books with colors irregularly combined, similar to the irregular colorings and markings in marble.
Marker.Piece of ribbon fastened to the headband and used as a book mark. Also called Register.
Marking-up.Marking the position of the cords on the back.
Millboard.See Boards.
Millboard machine.Used for cutting and squaring boards.
Mitred.Term indicating that lines in finishing meeting each other at right angles, continue but do not overrun each other.
Mosaic binding.A leather binding ornamented by designs made of inlaid pieces of leather or other material of different colors.
Mottled calf.Light brown calf treated with acid to give it a mottled appearance.
Mull.See Super.
Octavo.Book printed on paper folded into eight leaves. Usually written 8vo. Loosely used to indicate that the size of a book is between eight and ten inches in height.
Off and on.Term used in machine sewing, meaning that certain stitches in each signature are skipped.
Off-set.Marks made on opposite page because the printer's ink had not become thoroughly dry. In case of illustrations tissue paper is frequently inserted to prevent this. Also called set-off.
Opened edges.See Edges opened.
Out of boards.A book trimmed before the boards have been fastened to it.
Out of print.Not obtainable from the publishers.
Overcasting.Process of sewing single leaves over and over. Also called whipstitching. See page 23.
Pallet.A tool used in lettering having an adjustable box for holding type securely, with a handle attached.
Panel.1. Space between raised bands, or between stamped lines on the back. 2. A square or rectangular space on the side of a book, whether sunken or enclosed by beveled edges or gilded lines.
Papering-up.Covering the leaves of a book, especially if it has gilded edges, to protect it during further processes.
Parchment.A material similar to vellum, but not so thick.
Paring.Process of thinning the edges of leather with a sharp knife, so that there will not be a rough edge when it is on the book. Sometimes called skiving.
Pastewash.Paste diluted with water.
Pasting-down.Operation of pasting end papers to the boards.
Payne, Roger.Style of decoration distinguished by gold-tooled corner pieces and by the grace and freedom of ornamentation.
Pebble-grained.Covering material grained in an irregular manner.
Pegamoid.An imitation leather made in England.
Perforating machine.A machine which punches holes in sections so that they can be more easily overcast.
Petits fers.Small hand tools used in finishing, as distinguished from the stamps or blocks used in a press.
Pieced.Any space on the cover of a book which has a piece of another material attached to it. Most often used to mean leather which is used as labels for titles; also called titled.
Plate.1. Illustration printed from a plate. The term is often used incorrectly for wood cuts. 2. In library usage any full-page illustration not paged-in.
Plough.A tool used for trimming books.
Pluviusin.An imitation leather made in England.
Pocket.An envelope made of paper or cardboard generally attached to the inside of the back cover and used to hold loose maps or plates. See also Book pocket.
Pointillé style.A form of decoration in which the design is marked with small dots or points.
Points.Holes made in sheets during the process of printing which serve as guides in registering and folding.
Polisher.A steel tool used to give a gloss to leather after finishing.
Portfolio.A case made for holding loose plates or maps.
Powder, Semé.A form of decoration in which a small figure is repeated regularly.
Preliminary matter.Half title, title, table of contents and preface, and all other matter preceding the main part of the book.
Press pin.An iron bar used to turn the screws of standing presses.
Presses.For various kinds see Lying press; Cutting press; Finishing press; Blocking press.
Pressing boards.Wooden boards placed between books in the standing press. Brass strips which project over the edges of the board fit into the grooves of the joint.
Pressing plates.Japanned or nickeled plates, which, when placed next to leather bindings under heavy pressure give them a finish.
Pulled.A book taken from its cover and the signatures separated is said to be pulled.
Puppy.The specially prepared rubber used to remove superfluous gold leaf from a book is sometimes called the puppy.
Quarto.A book printed on paper folded into four leaves (eight pages). Generally written 4to. Loosely applied to books between ten and fifteen inches high.
Quire.Twenty-four sheets.
Raised bands.See Bands.
Recasing.Replacing a book in its original cover, either with or without resewing.
Recto.Right hand page of an open book.
Register.1. Ribbon attached to a book to be used as a book mark. 2. Term indicating that the print on the verso falls exactly over that on the recto.
Rexine.An imitation leather made in England.
Roll.Finishing tool with brass wheel having a design on the circumference. Used in decorating leather bound books.
Rolled edges.See Edges rolled.
Rolling machine.Used in publisher's binding to press the leaves firmly together.
Roulette border.Border design made with a roll.
Rounding hammer.Heavy hammer used in rounding.
Roundlet.Small circle in gold used in decorating books.
Roxburgh binding.Plain leather backed book, lettering near the top enclosed in gold lines, gilt top, and cloth or paper sides.
Rub-off, orRubbing. A copy of the back of a book showing exact lettering. Made by placing a sheet of thin strong paper on the back and rubbing it with a piece of heel-ball until all lettering is fully outlined.
Run-up.The back of a book with a fillet from head to tail not mitred at the bands is said to be run-up.
Running title.Short title of a book or chapter appearing at the head of the page throughout the book or chapter.
Saddle stitching.A machine process which either sews or staples pamphlets of one signature.
Sawing-in.Sawing the back of a book to make grooves in which the bands will rest when the book is sewed.
Section.See Signature.
Semé.See Powder.
Set-off.See Off-set.
Setting the headband.Adjusting the leather so that it covers the headband with a kind of cap.
Sewer.The person who sews the signatures together on a sewing bench to form a book.
Sewing bench.A board about two feet long having at each end on the front edge an upright. These are connected by a bar which is adjustable in height and between which and the board are stretched the bands or tapes on which the book is sewed.
Sextodecimo.See Sixteenmo.
Shears.See Board shears.
Sheets in.See In sheets.
Signature.1. The letter or figure on the first page of each folded sheet to ensure its proper place in the book when bound. 2. The folded sheet itself. Often called section.
Sixteenmo.A book printed on sheets folded into sixteen leaves. Generally written 16mo.
Size.A preparation used in gilding and finishing.
Skiving.See Paring.
Slips.The pieces of bands or tapes projecting beyond the book after it is sewed.
Smooth calf.Plain, undecorated calf.
Split boards.1. Boards split at the edge to admit slips and back-lining. 2. Boards made of two boards glued together, leaving a space for insertion of slips and back-lining.
Sprinkled calf.Calf treated with acid so that it looks as if it had been sprinkled with dye.
Sprinkled edges.Edges which have been colored by shaking or spraying coloring matter on them.
Squares.The parts of the board projecting beyond the edges of the leaves of the book.
Stabbing.1. Process of fastening together the signatures of a pamphlet with wire. 2. Piercing the boards for lacing-in.
Stabbed.A pamphlet is said to be stabbed when the signatures are held together by wire staples driven in vertically near the back and clinched on the other side.
Stamping press.See Blocking press.
Stamps.Blocks or dies used to impress designs upon leather.
Standing press.A large fixed press capable of holding many books.
Start.Sections which after cutting project beyond the others, are said to have started.
Steamboating.Cutting a number of books at the same time.
Stitching.Process of sewing signatures lengthwise with a sewing machine.See alsoSaddle stitching.
Strawboard.Very soft paper board easily broken or cut. Sometimes used in cheap work.
Super.A thin, coarsely woven cotton cloth used for back-lining. Called mull in England.
Tacky.Glue that is still sticky but not wet is tacky.
Tail.The bottom of the back of the book.
Tar board.See Boards.
Thirty-twomo.A book printed on sheets folded into thirty-two leaves. Written 32mo.
Three-quarters bound.See Half-bound.
Thrown out.Folded maps or diagrams which are likely to be used a great deal can be mounted on cloth guards the width of the book. When opened they will be entirely outside the book and are said to be thrown out.
Tight back.A book on which the covering material is glued to the back. See page 44.
Title.Space between the bands upon which the title is lettered.
Title skiver.Very thin skiver used as labels on which to gild lettering.
Titled.See Pieced.
Tooling.The decoration of leather made by stamping designs in gold leaf upon it.
Tools.Brass stamps used in tooling.
Top gilt.Indicates that only the top edge of the book is gilded.
Tree calf.Imitation of the trunk and branches of a tree made with acid on the sides of a book bound in full calf.
Trimmed.1. Books which have only the edges of projecting leaves, not the folds, cut off are said to be trimmed. 2. In library binding the term generally means that all edges have been trimmed even.
Trindle.A small tool used to take out the round of a book when it is being cut.
Tub.Stand supporting the lying press. Formerly a tub used to catch the paper cut from the edges.
Turning up.When books are cut in boards it is necessary to take the round out of the back. The process is assisted by the use of trindles and is called turning up.
Twelvemo.See Duodecimo.
Twenty-fourmo.A book having twenty-four leaves to a sheet.
Two on.See page 23.
Tying up.When leather covers are put on over raised bands it is necessary to tie them with twine so that the leather will stick to the sides of the bands.
Uncut.See Edges uncut.
Unopened.When the folds of signatures have not been cut the book is unopened.
Varnish.Bookbinder's varnish is used to give a gloss to leather. It is claimed that it acts as a preservative also.
Verso.Left hand page of an open book.
Warp.The threads running lengthwise in cloth.
Waste papers.The part of the end papers or fly leaves which in some kinds of work are removed when the end paper is pasted to the cover. The terms end papers, fly leaves and waste papers are used in different binderies with much the same meaning.
Waterproof sheets.Sheets of waterproof cardboard sometimes laid in or between books when pressing.
Weft.The threads running crosswise in cloth. Also called woof, and filling.
Whipping, orwhipstitching. See Overcasting.
Whole bound.Term indicating that a book is bound in full leather. See also Full bound.
Wire sewing.Sewing the signatures of a book to cloth by means of wire staples driven through their centers.
Wired.Pamphlets held together by wire staples driven through and clinched near the back edge, are said to be wired.
Witness.The leaves of a book which show the original size of the sheet, although other sheets have been trimmed, are a witness to the fact that the book has not been cut down.
Woof.See Weft.