CHAPTER II.Of Imitation.

CHAPTER II.Of Imitation.De Imitatione.II:1II. Ex his ceterisque lectione dignis auctoribus et verborum sumenda copia est et varietas figurarum et componendi ratio, tum ad exemplum virtutum omnium mens derigenda. Nequeenim dubitari potest, quin artis pars magna contineatur imitatione. Nam ut invenire primum fuit estque praecipuum, sic ea quae bene inventa sunt utile sequi.§ 1.verborum ... copia: cp.1 §5and§8.varietas figurarum: see note on plurima vero mutatione figuramus1 §12.componendi ratio, the ‘theory of rhythmical arrangement’: see oncompositione1 §79: and cp.§§44,52, and66.tum ... virtutum omnium: i.e. in reading the best authors we are not only to acquire facility and dexterity in regard to the points enumerated, but to imitate also all the good qualities exemplified in their works.ad exemplum, ‘after the model of,’ as ii. 3, 12 ad Phoenicis Homerici exemplumdicere ac facere: not likein exemplum§2below, ‘as a model.’ The same use ofadoccurs below ad propositum sibi praescriptum: and7 §3ad incursus tempestatum ... ratio mutanda est.mens derigenda: so vi. 5, 2 ideoque nos quid in quaque re sequendum cavendumque sit docemus ac deinceps docebimus, ut ad ea iudicium derigatur. For the formderigosee Munro on Lucr. vi. 823: ‘this was probably the only genuine ancient form.’ So Cic. pro Mur. §3 vitam ad certam rationis normam derigenti: Orator §9 ad illius similitudinem artem et manum derigebat (where, however, Sandys reads dirigebat): Tac. Dial. §5 ad utilitatem vitae omnia consilia ... derigenda sunt: Ann. iv. 40 ad famam praecipua rerum derigere. Cp. note on3 §28.dubitari: see on1 §73,§81.imitatione: a reference to Aristotle’s general theory of art, made to introduce the subject of imitation (μίμησις, ζῆλος) in the sphere of oratory. This is defined by Cornif. ad Herenn. i. 2, 3 imitatio est qua impellimur cum diligenti ratione ut aliquorum similes in dicendo velimus esse: cp. de Orat. ii. §90 sq.II:2Atque omnis vitae ratio sic constat, ut quae probamus in aliis facere ipsi velimus. Sic litterarum ductus, ut scribendi fiat usus, pueri sequuntur; sic musici vocem docentium, pictores opera priorum, rustici probatam experimento culturam in exemplum intuentur; omnis denique disciplinae initia ad propositum sibi praescriptum formari videmus.§ 2.ratio sic constat: ‘it is a universal rule of life that,’ &c. More usual would have been ‘ita ratio comparata est vitae ut,’ &c. (Cic. de Amicit. §101). The phraseratio constat(cp. rationem reddere) was originally a figure taken from commerce (ratio—reor, ‘calculate,’ ‘count’), as Tac. Ann. i. 6 eam condicionem esse imperandi ut non aliter ratio constet quam si uni reddatur: i.e. if you are an absolute ruler the only way to ‘get your accounts square’ is to audit them yourself. So Nettleship (Lat. Lex.) would explain here ‘there is this balance in ordinary life’: i.e. the account of life only comes out right on the supposition that, &c,—civilised life would come to an end unless, &c. More probably Quintilian is employing here a loose combination of two modes of expression, ratio constat ut, &c., and such a phrase as that quoted from Cic. de Amicit. §101: cp. Acad. ii. §132 omnis ratio vitae definitione summi boni continetur. In Pliny’s letters the same expression is constantly used (likeratio estin Cicero) for ‘it is right or reasonable’: iii. 18, 10 confido in hoc genere materiae laetioris stili constare rationem: i. 5, 16 mihi et temptandi aliquid et quiescendi ... ratio constabit: ii. 4, 4 in te vero ratio constabit: cp. vii. 6, 4.—For the thought cp. Arist. Poet. 1, 4τό τε γὰρ μιμεῖσθαι σύμφυτον τοῖς ἀνθρώποις ἐκ παίδων ἐστί κ.τ.λ.ductus, ‘tracings,’—writing-copies made on wax-tablets: cp. i. 1. 25 sq., esp. §27 cum vero iam ductus sequi coeperit, non inutile erit eas tabellae quam optime insculpi, ut per illos velut sulcos ducatur stilus.usus: cp. Cic. Acad. ii. §2 Ingenii magnitudo non desideravit indocilem usus disciplinam: de Orat. i. §15 ut ad eam doctrinam quam suo quisque studio adsecutus esset adiungeretur usus frequens: pro Balbo §45.experimento: cp. vi. 2, 25 experimento meo ac natura ipsa duce. The phraseexperimento probareoccurs in the Vulgate, Esth. iii. 5.in exemplum: cp.§11in exemplum adsumimus.initia, abstract for concrete: cp.3 §8hanc moram et sollicitudinem initiis (i.e. incipientibus) impero. So in ii. 4, 13 ‘studia’ is put for ‘studiosi.’ad ... praescriptum: subst. as frequently in Cicero, e.g. Orat. §36. So Quint. ii. 13, 2: iv. 2, 84: ix. 4, 117. Cp. Seneca Ep. 94 §51 pueri ad praescriptum discunt. On the other handpropositumis even more frequently used as a noun by Quintilian: e.g.§11omnis imitatio ... ad alienum propositum accommodatur: ii. 10, 15 omne propositum operisa nobis destinati: v. 11, 31 ad praesens propositum.II:3Et hercule necesse est aut similes aut dissimiles bonis simus. Similem raro natura praestat, frequenter imitatio. Sed hoc ipsum quod tanto faciliorem nobis rationem rerum omnium facit quam fuit iis qui nihil quod sequerentur habuerunt, nisi caute et cum iudicio adprehenditur, nocet.§ 3.hoc ipsum quodmust go together, ‘the fact that’: cp. ix. 2, 69 aperta figura perdit hoc ipsum quod figura est. The commentators wrongly takequodas the conjunction and explainhoc ipsumas imitatio (or perhaps the advantage of having examples to follow).tantowithout a correlative: cp. tanto plena§28: Cic. pro Rosc. Amer. i. 1, 2 at tanto officiosior quam ceteri? In all three instances the quam depends on the comparative.rationem rerum omnium: the general course, method, or procedure of everything, ‘every process’: cp.3 §31ratio delendi.Ratiois often used with the genitive of a subst. as a periphrasis for the subst. itself, Zumpt. §678: the various instances are well classified by Nettleship, Lat. Lex. p. 566, 9 and 11.adprehenditur, frequent in Quintilian of taking hold of a fact, idea, or argument: cp. v. 14, 23 quae (leges oratorias) Graeci adprehensa magis in catenas ligant: vi. 4, 18 quod adprehendens maius aliquid cogatur dimittere: vii. 1, 56 in hoc de quo loquimur patre quid adprehendi potest?II:4Ante omnia igitur imitatio per se ipsa non sufficit, vel quia pigri est ingenii contentum esse iis quae sint ab aliis inventa. Quid enim futurum erat temporibus illis quae sine exemplo fuerunt, si homines nihil, nisi quod iam cognovissent, faciendum sibi aut cogitandum putassent? Nempe nihil fuisset inventum.§ 4.Ante omnia: cp. the formulaac primum quidem, introducing the first argument, viz. that imitation is not sufficient in itself: others follow in§7:§10: and§12adde quod ea quae in oratore maxima sunt imitabilia non sunt, &c.vel quia: ‘just because,’ i.e. because (if for no other reason) it is the mark of, &c. The use ofvelimplies that there are other reasons which could be adduced, if the reader cared to have them (vel—si velis). Cp.1 §75vel hoc est ipso probabilis:§80,§86:5 §8: Roby §2222.Quid futurum erat:§7below. Contrast the use of the plpf. subj. in thedefiniteapodosis supplied in ‘nihil fuisset inventum.’ For the indic. cp. longum est1 §118: oportebat2 §28: fas erat5 §7: satis erat6 §2.Nempe, ‘why!’ For a similar use ofnempe, apart from all irony, in answer to a question, cp. Livy vi. 41 penes quos igitur sunt auspicia more maiorum? nempe penes patres. In such cases the assent of the imaginary interlocutor is taken for granted.—Frotscher compares Libanius, Declam. xviii. p. 487εἰ δ᾽ ἀεί τινος ἔδει παραδείγματος οὐκ ἂν ἀρχὴν οὐδὲ ἓν ἐλάμβανεν.II:5Cur igitur nefas est reperiri aliquid a nobis, quod ante non fuerit? An illi rudes sola mentis natura ducti sunt in hoc, ut tam multa generarent: nos ad quaerendum non eo ipso concitemur, quod certe scimus invenisse eos qui quaesierunt?§ 5.illi rudesis explained by§4temporibus illis quae sine exemplo fuerunt.Anis the mark of a double question, being used to introduce the second alternative as opposed to the first, even when the first is understood rather than expressed. Here it almost = num, and implies the needlessness of the preceding remark (Roby 2255), and introduces anà fortioriargument; cp. Cicero, Tusc. v. §90 Cur pecuniam ... curet omnino? An Scythes Anacharsis potuit pro nihilo pecuniam ducere, nostrates philosophi facere non potuerunt? Cic. Cat. i. 1, 3. So3 §29below an vero ... hoc cogitatio praestat:5 §7.certe scimus.Certeis less absolutethancerto. Acc. to Klotz ad Cic. de Sen. i. 2 certe scio = certum est me scire (‘I am sure that I know’): certo scio = certum est quod scio (‘I have certain or sure knowledge,’ ‘my knowledge is accurate’). Cp. Ter. Andr. 503 with 929.II:6Etcum illi, qui nullum cuiusquam rei habuerunt magistrum, plurima in posteros tradiderunt, nobis usus aliarum rerum ad eruendas alias non proderit, sed nihil habebimus nisi beneficii alieni? quem ad modum quidam pictores in id solum student, ut describere tabulas mensuris ac lineis sciant.§ 6.cuiusquam rei.Quisquam(generally subst.) is, when employed adjectivally, more usually found along with names of persons or words implying personality: cp. iv. 1, 10 ne contumeliosi in quenquam hominem ordinemve videamur:7 §3below quisquam ... orator: iii. 1, 22 cuiusquam sectae.in posteros: so i. 1, 6: ad posteros xii. 11, 28.—Fortradiderunt, seeCrit. Notes.eruendas: ix. 2, 64 latens aliquid eruitur: xii. 8, 13 multa ... patronus eruet: iv. 2, 60 hoc quoque tamquam occultum et a se prudenter erutum tradunt. Quintilian follows Cicero in the figurative use of this word; e.g. de Orat. ii. 146 scrutari locos ex quibus argumenta eruamus: ibid. 360 hac exercitatione non eruenda memoria est, si est nulla naturalis, sed certe, si latet, evocanda est.beneficii. This gen. occurs in the phrase ‘sui beneficii facere,’ not uncommon in the Latin of the Silver Age, ‘to make dependent on one’s own bounty or favour.’ Suet. Claud. 23 commeatus a senatu peti solitos benefici sui fecit: Iust. xiii. 4, 9 ut munus imperii beneficii sui faceret: Sen. Ben. iii. 18, 4. The phrase is equivalent to nihil habebimusnisi quod sitorquod non sitben. al. = nisi quod debeamus aliis (‘due to the favour of others’). Becher cites the analogous expression ‘tui muneris habeo’ in Tac. Ann. xiv. 55: cp. ib. xv. 52, 4 ne ... sui muneris rem publicam faceret, and tui muneris est Hor. Car. iv. 3, 21. So ‘ducere aliquid offici sui.’ The genitive must not therefore be explained as a gen. of quality, dependent onnihil(as Meister).in id solum student. The construction (which occurs again xii. 6, 6 in quam rem studendum sit) seems to be modelled on that ofniti. Here, however,ei solicould not have stood.—The process of ‘copying by measures and lines’ is not unknown even now. The picture to be reproduced, and the surface on which the copy was to be made, were divided into equal numbers of squares (mensurae) by lines drawn across at right angles.II:7Turpe etiam illud est, contentum esse id consequi quod imiteris. Nam rursus quid erat futurum, si nemo plus effecisset eo quem sequebatur? Nihil in poetis supra Livium Andronicum, nihil in historiis suprapontificum annales haberemus; ratibus adhuc navigaremus; non esset pictura, nisi quae lineas modo extremas umbrae, quam corpora in sole fecissent, circumscriberet.§ 7.turpe etiam. For the argument seeCrit. Notes.contentum ... consequi. The constr. c. infin. is very common in Quintilian: over a dozen instances are given in Bonn. Lex. (q.v.). It passed from the usage of poetry (e.g. Ovid, Metam. i. 461) into the prose of the Silver Age. Cicero would have usedsatis habere. Cp. solus legi dignus1 §96.rursusresumes quid futurum erat§4.in poetis ... in historiis: see on1 §28:1 §75.Livius Andronicus. Cicero (Brutus §71) compares his translation of the Odyssey to the first rude attempts at sculpture, which passed under the name of Daedalus: nam et Odyssia Latina est sic tamquam opus aliquod Daedali et Livianae fabulae non satis dignae quae iterum legantur. Cp. Liv. xxvii. §37 forsitan laudabile rudibus ingeniis, nunc abhorrens et inconditum.—Livius was a native of Tarentum, who came to Rome as a slave after the capture of his native city (272B.C.) and set up as a schoolmaster: his Odyssey survived for scholastic purposes down to the days of Orbilius and Horace (Ep. ii. 1, 69). His production inB.C.240—the year after the end of the First Punic War—of a tragedy and comedy in Latin (in which he discarded the old Saturnian metre), may be said to mark the beginning of Roman literature. For thirty years he continued to produce plays at the Roman games, adapting the indigenous Italian drama,such as it was, to the laws which regulated dramatic composition among the Greeks; and when he died at a ripe old age, a compliment was paid to his memory by the assignment of the Temple of Minerva on the Aventine to the ‘guild of poets’ (collegium poetarum) as a place for their meetings.pontificum annales: also called Annales Maximi, probably because they were kept by the Pontifex Maximus. In them was preserved the list of consuls and other magistrates, and they recorded in the baldest fashion the most noteworthy events of each magistracy. Cp. Cic. de Orat. ii. §52 erat enim historia nihil aliud nisi annalium confectio, &c. P. Mucius Scaevola, the consul of 133B.C., edited them in thirty books. Teuffel §66: Mommsen, i. 477 sq.lineas extremas, i.e. the tracing of outlines: this was said to have been the origin of painting. Pliny N. H. xxxv. 5 Graeci (picturam affirmant) ... repertam ... umbra hominis lineis circumducta. Cp. the distinction between free imitation and servile copying in the following from Aulus Gellius (xvii. 20, 8): ea quae in Platonis oratione demiramur, non aemulari quidem, sed lineas umbrasque facere ausi sumus.II:8Ac si omnia percenseas, nullamansit ars qualis inventa est, nec intra initium stetit: nisi forte nostra potissimum tempora damnamus huius infelicitatis, ut nunc demum nihil crescat: nihil autem crescit sola imitatione.§ 8.nisi forte: cp.1 §70:3 §31:5 §6.infelicitatis: cp. on1 §7infelicis operae. So viii. prooem. §27 abominanda ... haec infelicitas ... quae et cursum dicendi refrenat et calorem cogitationis extinguit mora et diffidentia. xi. 2, 49 haec rara infelicitas erit. Pliny N. H. praef. 23 has ‘infelix’ ingenium for ‘sterile.’ The opposite would be beatissima ubertas1 §109. For the constr. c. genit. cp. ii. 5, 24 neque enim nos tarditatis natura damnavit: ix. 2, 81 tyrannidis affectatae damnatus: vii. 8, 3 incesti damnata.demum: v. on1 §44.II:9Quod si prioribus adicere fas non est, quo modo sperare possumus illum oratorem perfectum? cum in his, quos maximos adhuc novimus, nemo sit inventus in quo nihil aut desideretur aut reprehendatur. Sed etiam qui summa non adpetent, contendere potius quam sequi debent.§ 9.oratorem perfectum:§28below, with which cp. the preface to Book i, §9 Oratorem autem instituimus illum perfectum qui esse nisi vir bonus non potest. So Cicero, Orat. §7: de Orat. i. §117.nemo sit inventus: cp. Pr. i. §18 qualis fortasse nemo adhuc fuerit. So too i. 10, 4 where referring to Cicero’s Orator he says: quibus ego primum hoc respondeo, quod M. Cicero scripto ad Brutum libro frequentius testatur: non eum a nobis institui oratorem qui sit aut fuerit, sed imaginem quandam concepisse nos animo perfecti illius et nulla parte cessantis. Orat. §7 non saepe atque haud scio an nunquam.summa: Pr. i. §§19-20 nobis ad summa tendendum est ... altius tamen ibunt qui ad summa nitentur. xii. 11 §26 contendere = certare ut priores sunt, ‘compete,’ ‘rival.’II:10Nam qui hoc agit ut prior sit, forsitan etiamsi non transierit aequabit. Eum vero nemo potest aequare cuius vestigiis sibi utique insistendum putat; necesse est enim semper sit posterior quisequitur. Adde quod plerumque facilius est plus facere quam idem; tantam enim difficultatem habet similitudo ut ne ipsa quidem natura in hoc ita evaluerit ut non res quae simillimae quaeque pares maxime videantur utique discrimine aliquo discernantur.§ 10.forsitan: c. ind. as in Quint. Curt. iv. xiv. 20.utique. See on1 §20. Tr. ‘in whose footsteps he thinks he must by all means follow.’adde quod, used thrice within three paragraphs§§10,11,12: another proof of a certain want of finish in Quintilian’s style. Cp. on2 §23: and discrimine ... discernantur, below.—See Introd.p. liii.in hoc, i.e. in the endeavour to reproduce.utique ... aliquo: iv. 5, 8 in omni partitione est utique aliquid potentissimum: iv. 1, 77 aliquam utique sententiam: xii. 10, 67 utique aliquo momento.II:11Adde quod quidquid alteri simile est, necesse est minus sit eo quod imitatur, ut umbra corpore et imago facie et actus histrionum veris adfectibus. Quod in orationibus quoque evenit. Namque iis quae in exemplum adsumimus subest natura et vera vis; contra omnis imitatio facta est et ad alienum propositum accommodatur.§ 11.veris adfectibus. Cp. vi. 2, 35 Vidi ego saepe histriones atque comoedos, cum ex aliquo graviore actu personam deposuissent, flentes adhuc egredi. quod si in alienis scriptis sola pronuntiatio ita falsis accendit adfectibus, quid nos faciemus qui illa cogitare debemus ut moveri periclitantium vice possimus? Cp. Hor. A. P. 431-433.alienum proposition, i.e. the purpose of the imitator, not that of the original writer or speaker.II:12Quo fit ut minus sanguinis ac virium declamationes habeant quam orationes, quod in illis vera, in his adsimilata materia est. Adde quod ea quae in oratore maxima sunt imitabilia non sunt, ingenium, inventio, vis, facilitas et quidquid arte non traditur.§ 12.sanguinis:1 §60(of Archilochus) plurimum sanguinis atque nervorum:§115eum (Calvum) ... verum sanguinem perdidisse: viii. 3, 6 (hic ornatus) sanguine et viribus niteat.illis ... his. This is only an apparent inversion of the usual arrangement:declamationesis the nearer subject in thought, as being the subject of the sentence, in which it comes beforeorationes. The use ofhicmay also serve to indicate the prevalence of declamation in Quintilian’s day:5 §14.—See Zumpt §700.II:13Ideoque plerique, cum verba quaedam ex orationibus excerpserunt aut aliquos compositionis certos pedes, mire a se quae legerunt effingi arbitrantur, cum et verba intercidant invalescantque temporibus, (ut quorum certissimasit regula in consuetudine,) eaque non sua natura sint bona aut mala— nam per se soni tantum sunt— sed prout opportune proprieque aut secus collocata sunt, et compositio cum rebus accommodata sit, tum ipsa varietate gratissima.§ 13.compositionis: see§1componendi ratio. Tr. ‘particular cadences in the arrangement’1 §52. Cp. especially ix. 4, 116 quem in poemate locum habet versificatio, eum in oratione compositio.cum et, &c., ‘though, as for the words, they drop out or come into use in course of time ... while the arrangement,’ &c.Verbais opp. tocompositiobelow: cp.verbaandcomp. pedesabove. See Crit. Notes.verba intercidant ... consuetudine. Hor. A. P. 70, Multa renascentur quae iam cecidere, cadentque Quae nunc sunt in honore vocabula, si volet usus, Quem penes arbitrium est et ius et norma loquendi. Ibid. 60-62 Ut silvae foliis pronos mutantur in annos, Prima cadunt, ita verborum vetus interit aetas, Et iuvenum ritu florent modo nata vigentque. viii. 6, 32 cum multa (ὀνόματα) cotidie ab antiquis ficta moriantur.ut quorum= quippe. Cp.1 §55ut in qua ... sit:1 §§57,74. I have put this clause in brackets to show that it stands by itself:consuetudineexplainstemporibus, whilenon sua natura ... sed prout ... collocataintroduce a new idea. See following note.eaqueis a continuation of the clausecum et verba. The use and disuse of words is a matter of fashion:and moreovertheir value depends on their proper employment.—The commentators, except Krüger (3rd ed.), explain this as part of the clauseut quorum, &c., the demonstr. taking the place of the relative, as not infrequently with double relative clauses in Cicero: Orat. §9 quam intuens in eaque defixus: de Fin. i. 12, 42 quod ipsum nullam ad aliam rem, ad id autem res referuntur omnes (where see Madvig): ad Att. x. 16, 3: Brutus §258. Cp. Lucr. i. 718-21, and Munro’s note. But the context is against this. SeeCrit. Notes.proprie: v. on1 §9.collocatahere not much more thanadhibita. In themselves words are nothing: their effect depends entirely on their appropriate use.et compositio: i.e. and though, as to the arrangement (et compositiocorresponds toet verbaabove), it may owe its effect in the original to the manner in which it has been adapted to the sense (rebus accommodata), while moreover (cum ... tum) its charm lies in its very variety. The art by which thecompositiois saved from monotony in the original is lost by the servile copyists of particular extracts: they take no account of the fact that the style ought to reflect the sense, and they forget that the motive for a particularcompositioin their original was the desire to produce an agreeable effect by diversity of form.—SeeCrit. Notes.II:14Quapropter exactissimo iudicio circa hanc partem studiorum examinanda sunt omnia. Primum, quos imitemur: nam sunt plurimi qui similitudinem pessimi cuiusque et corruptissimi concupierint: tum in ipsis quos elegerimus, quid sitadquod nos efficiendum comparemus.§ 14.exactissimo: so7 §30commentarii ita exacti = perfecti. In the sense of ‘perfectly finished’ it is found Hor. Ep. ii. 1, 72: Ovid, Met. i. 405.circa: v. on1 §52.corruptissimi: cp.§16declinant in peius, &c. The word is used of a vicious style,1 §125.efficiendum= effingendum, as§13above.II:15Nam in magnis quoque auctoribus incidunt aliqua vitiosa et a doctis inter ipsos etiam mutuo reprehensa;atque utinam tam bona imitantes dicerent melius quam mala peius dicunt. Nec vero saltem iis quibus ad evitanda vitia iudicii satis fuit sufficiat imaginem virtutis effingere et solam, ut sic dixerim, cutem vel potius illas Epicuri figuras, quas e summis corporibus dicit effluere.§ 15.in ... auctoribus.Inis used forapudin speaking of an author’s whole works or general characteristics, not of a particular passage or a particular composition. So Hor. Sat. i. 10, 52: Tu nihil in magno doctus reprendis Homero?1 §76tanta vis in eo (Demosthene). Forapudcp.1 §39brevitas illa ... quae est apud Livium in epistula ad filium scripta.—The same warning is given1 §24Neque id statim legenti persuasum sit, omnia quae optimi auctores dixerint utique esse perfecta.a doctis, ‘by competent critics’: cp.1 §97qui esse docti adfectant: viii. 3, 2 in ceteris iudicium doctorum, in hoc vero etiam popularem laudem petit: xii. 10, 72 tum laudem quoque, nec doctorum modo sed etiam vulgi consequatur: ib. 1 §20: 9 §4: 10 §50.inter ipsosis to be referred toin magnis auctoribus, not toa doctis: hence the comma.—Inter ipsoswould have beeninter seif the word to which the pronoun refers had been nom. or acc. Cp. 1, 14 non semper enim haec inter se idem faciunt: Cic. de Off. i. §50 conciliat inter se homines. But societas hominum inter ipsos, Cic. de Off. i. §20: quam sancta est societas civium inter ipsos, Leg. ii. 7: latissime patens hominibus inter ipsos ... societas haec est, de Off. i. §51. Cp.§23below. On the other hand we have multa sunt civibus inter se communia, de Off. i. §53: communia esse amicorum inter se omnia, Ter. Ad. v. 3, 18.mutuo, only here in Quintilian: he frequently usesinvicem. Liv. viii. 24, 6 cum interclusissent trifariam a mutuo inter se auxilio.mutuo reprehensa. Cp. the reference to the letters of Calvus and Brutus to Cicero, Tac. Dial. 18 ex quibus facile est deprehendere Calvum quidem Ciceroni visum exsanguem et attritum, Brutum autem otiosum atque diiunctum; rursusque Ciceronem a Calvo quidem male audisse tanquam solutum et enervem, a Bruto autem, ut ipsius verbis utar, tanquam fractum atque elumbem.—For the position oftam, cp. on7 §27.mala(sc.imitantes)peius, as in the case of Seneca’s imitators: placebat propter sola vitia et ad ea se quisque dirigebat effingenda quae poterat:1 §127.nec ... saltem.Saltemwith a negative is used by Quintilian in the sense ofne ... quidem, standing sometimes before, sometimes after the word to which it applies: here withsufficiat. Cp. i. 1, 24 Neque enim mihi illud saltem placet quod fieri in plurimis video:7 §20below ut non breve saltem tempus sumamus, &c.: v. 1, 4 neque enim de omnibus causis dicere quisquam potest saltem praeteritis, ut taceam de futuris: xii. 11, 11 ut ipsum iter neque impervium neque saltem durum putent.ut sic dixerim, for the more classical ‘ut ita dicam’: cp.1 §§6,77. So Tac. Ann. xiv. 53, 14: Dial. 34, 8: 40, 19: ut ita dixerim Agr. 3, 13. SeeCrit. Notes.Epicuri figuras. The reference is to the theory ofεἴδωλαfirst adopted to explain sensation by Democritus, and afterwards developed by Epicurus. Cp. Plut. de Pl. Phil. iv. 8Λεύκιππος καὶ Δημόκριτος τὴν αἴσθησιν καὶ τὴν νόησιν γίγνεσθαι εἰδώλων ἔξωθεν προσιόντων. See Ritter and Preller §155 sq. Cp. Lucret. iv. 42 sq. Dico igitur rerum effigias tenuesque figuras Mittier ab rebus summo de corpore rerum, Quoi quasi membranae, vel cortex nominitandast, Quod speciem ac formam similem gerit eius imago Cuiuscumque cluet de corpore fusa vagari: cp. 157-8 Perpetuo fluere ut noscas e corpore summo Texturas rerum tenues tenuesque figuras.II:16Hoc autem his accidit qui non introspectis penitus virtutibus ad primum se velut adspectum orationis aptarunt; et cum iis felicissime cessit imitatio, verbis atque numeris sunt non multum differentes, vim dicendi atque inventionis non adsequuntur, sed plerumque declinant in peius et proxima virtutibus vitia comprehendunt fiuntque pro grandibus tumidi, pressis exiles, fortibus temerarii, laetis corrupti, compositisexultantes, simplicibus neglegentes.§ 16.numeris, ‘rhythm’: cp. compositio§13, and1 §79. Numerosῥυθμούςaccipi volo ix. 4, 45.sunt ... differentes: a Greek construction.vim dicendi1 §1: viii. pr. 30. Neither in force of expression nor in power of thought do they come up to their models.in peius. Cp. i. 1, 5 bona facile mutantur in peius, i. 3, 1: ii. 16, 2: Verg. Georg. i. 200 in peius ruere. See Introd.p. xlvii.proxima virtutibus vitia. Cp. Hor. A. P. 25-28 Decipimur specie recti: brevis esse laboro, Obscurus fio; sectantem levia nervi Deficiunt animique; professus grandia turget; Serpit humi tutus nimium timidusque procellae. Below (32-37) Quintilian draws the moral that knowledge is necessary in order to avoid a fault, otherwise the opposite fault may be committed. With ‘specie recti’ in Horace cp. Quint. viii. 3, 56Κακόζηλον, id est mala adfectatio, per omne dicendi genus peccat: nam et tumida et pusilla et praedulcia et abundantia et arcessita et exultantia sub idem nomen cadunt. Denique cacozelon vocatur quidquid est ultra virtutem, quotiens ingenium iudicio caret et specie boni fallitur, omnium in eloquentia vitiorum pessimum.comprehendunt: a rare use. See on§3adprehenditur. Cp. Cic. pro Balb. §3 omnes animo virtutes penitus comprehendere.pro grandibus tumidi: so grandia non tumida xii. 10, 80: professus grandia turget Hor. l.c.pressis, ‘concise,’ ‘chaste,’1 §44,§46.exiles, ‘bald.’ Cp. Cic. Brut. §202 Sed cavenda est presso illi oratori inopiaet ieiunitas, amplo autem inflatum et corruptum orationis genus.fortibus temerarii: strength of style ought not to become rashness. Cp. iii. 7, 25 pro temerario fortem ... vocemus: ii. 12, 4 est praeterea quaedam virtutum vitiorumque vicinia qua maledicus pro libero, temerarius pro forti, effusus pro copioso accipitur: ii. 12, 11 vim appellant quae est potius violentia.laetis corrupti: xii. 10, 80 laeta non luxuriosa. Wealth of style ought not to degenerate into extravagance. Forlaetuscp.1 §46.compositis exultantes: lit. ‘bounding instead of measured’: cp. exultantia coercere4 §1, where see note. Forcompositisv.1 §44: forexultantescp. ix. 4, 28 quaedam transgressiones ... sunt etiam compositione vitiosae quae in hoc ipsum petuntur ut exultent atque lasciviant quales illae Maecenatis: Sole et aurora rubent plurima, &c., ibid. §142, wheresaltareis used of this style, in which the excessive care bestowed on the arrangement (compositio) degenerates into affectation. SeeCrit. Notes.simplicibus neglegentes: Cicero, de Inv. i. 21, 30 opposes dilucide et ornate ... to obscure et neglegenter.Neglegentesimplies contempt for as well as absence of ornament, almost ‘slovenliness.’II:17Ideoque qui horride atque incomposite quidlibet illud frigidum et inane extulerunt, antiquis se pares credunt; qui carent cultu atque sententiis, Attici sunt scilicet; qui praecisis conclusionibus obscuri, Sallustiumatque Thucydiden superant; tristes ac ieiuni Pollionem aemulantur; otiosi et supini, si quid modo longius circumduxerunt, iurant ita Ciceronem locuturum fuisse.§ 17.horride atque incomposite: horride inculteque Cic. Orat. 28: cp.1 §66rudis in plerisque et incompositus (Aeschylus): Tac. Dial. 18 sunt enim horridi et impoliti et rudes et informes.Horridusis the opposite ofnitidus: Cic. de Orat. iii. 51: de Legg. i. 2, 6: Brutus §§68, 83, 117, 238, 268.quidlibet illud frigidum et inane. As the expressionhorride atque incompositedenotes the unpleasing form, so this phrase (cp. frigida et inanis adfectatio ix. 3, 74) stigmatises the tasteless and vapid substance of the incompetent imitators (Hor. Ep. i. 19, 19 O imitatores, servum pecus): tr. ‘writers who have come out with their favourite platitudes and inanities.’ There is something deictic aboutillud. Becher compares ix. 2, 94 postulandum est utnescio quid illudquod adversarii obliquis sententiis significare voluerint obiciant palam: i. 3, 4 hi sunt qui ... quicquid illud possunt statim ostendunt: Liv. ix. 3, 13 vivet semper in pectoribus illorum quidquid istud praesens necessitas inusserit. Cp. xii. 6, 2: vi. pr. §3 (quidquid hoc est in me), and oftenipsum illud,hoc illud(e.g. Liv. praef. 10): Liv. i. 29, 3 domos suas ultimum illud visuri.extulerunt. The commentators explain as = dicendo extulerunt: cp. i. 5, 16: viii. 3, 40: and Cicero, Orat. §150. But it is more probably the same use as we have in1 §109, viz. a metaphor from a productive soil: cp. Cic. de Natur. Deor. ii. §86, and Brut. §16.antiquis:1 §43quidam solos veteres legendos putant: Tac. Dial. 20 tristem et impexam antiquitatem: 21 sordes autem illae verborum et hians compositio et inconditi sensus redolent antiquitatem: Quint. v. 14, 32 se antiquis per hoc similes vocant. In the Dialogue, Aper (15-23) criticises excessive devotion to antique models,—holding ‘vitio malignitatis humanae vetera semper in laude, praesentia in fastidio esse.’cultu= ornatu:1 §124: See Introd.p. xliv.sententiis:1 §61,§90,§129.Attici:1 §44. SeeCrit. Notes. Cp. xii. 10, 16 Et antiqua quidem illa divisio inter Atticos atque Asianos fuit, cum hi pressi et integri, contra inflati illi et inanes haberentur, in his nihil superflueret, illis iudicium maxime ac modus deesset: ibid. 21 quapropter mihi falli multum videntur qui solos esse Atticos credunt tenues et lucidos et significantes, sed quadam eloquentiae frugalitate contentos ac semper manum intra pallium continentes. Cp. Cic. de Opt. Gen. Orat. §11: Brutus §284 sq.: Orator§28putant enim qui horride inculteque dicat, modo id eleganter enucleateque faciat, eum solum Attice dicere.scilicet, ironical.praecisis. iv. 2, 47 neque mihi umquam tanta fuerit cura brevitatis ut non ea quae credibilem faciunt expositionem inseri velim. Simplex enim et undique praecisa non tam narratio vocari potest quam confessio.conclusionibus, the clauses that ‘round off’ the period: cp. on concludit1 §106. Anacoluths result in such a style from the omission of something essential to the complete period.obscuri. A similar cause of obscurityis noted viii. 2, 19 alii brevitatem aemulati necessaria quoque orationi subtrahunt verba et, velut satis sit scire ipsos, quid dicere velint, quantum ad alios pertineant, nihil putant referre. For the omission ofsunt, see Introd.p. lv.Sallustium: cp.1 §32,§102: iv. 2, 45 quare vitanda est etiam illa Sallustiana (quamquam in ipso virtutis obtinet locum) brevitas et abruptum sermonis genus.Thucydiden:1 §73.tristes ac ieiuni. The opposite would behilares et copiosi: viii. 3, 49 proinde quaedam hebes, sordida, ieiuna, tristis (‘dreary’), ingrata, vilis oratio est. Quae vitia facillime fient manifesta contrariis virtutibus. Nam primum acuto, secundum nitido, tertium copioso, deinceps hilari, iucundo, accurato diversum est.Pollionem,1 §113. Cp. vi. 3, 110 de Pollione Asinio seriis iocisque pariter accommodato dictum est, esse eum omnium horarum.otiosi et supini: ‘your easy-going drawler.’ Forsupinuscp.ὑπτιοςin Dion. Hal. de Isocr. 15: de Dein. 8, &c. So supini securique xi. 3. 3: Iuv. 1, 66 multum referens de Maecenate supino: Martial ii. 6, 13 nunquam deliciae supiniores: vi. 42, 22 Non attendis, et aure me supina Iamdudum quasi negligenter audis. See Introd.p. xliii. andxlvi.—Forotiosus, see on1 §76.circumduxerunt: ix. 4, 124 cum sensus unus longiore ambitu circumducitur.Ciceronem: cp. lentus est in principiis, &c. Tac. Dial. 22.II:18Noveram quosdam qui se pulchre expressisse genus illud caelestis huius in dicendo viri sibi viderentur, si in clausula posuissent ‘esse videatur.’ Ergo primum est ut quod imitaturus est quisque intellegat, et quare bonum sit sciat.§ 18.se expressisse. This unusual construction (aftersibi viderentur= persuasum haberent) may express intensity of conviction: these imitators are thoroughly convinced of their own excellence, whatever the opinion of others may be (sibi, sc.nonaliis). Cp. Cic. de Off. iii. §71 ea malitia quae volt ... videri se esse prudentiam. The same construction occurs sometimes aftermihi videturin the sense ofmihi placet:1 §91: Cic. Tusc. v. 5, 12 Non mihi videtur ad beate vivendum satis posse virtutem: Sall. Iug. 85, 2: Livy xxxvi. 13, 9 quia videbatur et Limnaeum eodem tempore oppugnari posse.caelestis:1 §86.clausula. Cicero gives minute directions for ending a period, Orator. §215: cp. Quint. ix. 3, 45 and 77: iv. 62, 75, 96, &c.esse videatur: Tac. Dial. 23 illud tertio quoque sensu in omnibus orationibus pro sententia positum ‘esse videatur’: Quint, ix. 4, 73 esse videatur iam nimis frequens, octonarium inchoat. An instance occurs below7 §29.primum est ut: cp. rarum est ut7, §24. Zumpt §623.II:19Tum in suscipiendo onere consulat suas vires. Nam quaedam sunt imitabilia, quibus aut infirmitas naturae non sufficiat aut diversitas repugnet. Ne, cui tenue ingenium erit, sola velit fortia et abrupta, cui forte quidem, sed indomitum, amore subtilitatiset vim suam perdat et elegantiam quam cupit non persequatur; nihil est enim tam indecens quam cum mollia dure fiunt.§ 19.consulat suas vires. So Hor. A. P. 38 Sumite materiam vestris, qui scribitis, aequam Viribus, et versate diu quid ferre recusent, Quid valeant umeri. Cui lecta potenter erit res Nec facundia deseret hunc nec lucidus ordo.imitabilia: i.e. there are some things which are (in themselves) fit patterns for imitation, but—then follows the limitation (quibus c. subj.).tenue ingenium= ability for thetenue genus dicendi, for which see on1 §44. Cp. xii. 10, 35 nec rerum nimiam tenuitatem ... fortioribus ... verbis miscebimus.fortia et abrupta: a ‘bold and rugged style,’ the latter quality being often associated with excessive brevity: iv. 2, 45 vitanda est illa Sallustiana brevitas et abruptum sermonis genus.forte(sc. ingenium): a talent for vigorous and energetic diction. Cp. Cic. deOrat. ii. 183 non enim semper fortis oratio quaeritur, sed saepe placida, summissa, lenis. So below§23‘lene ac remissum genus causarum’ is that which calls for ‘lene ac remissum genus dicendi.’indomitum: ‘violent,’ unbridled, unrestrained. In such a case thegenus dicendi grande atque robustumwill be more appropriate than thegenus subtile: cp.1 §44. For the union ofsubtilitasandelegantiacp. 1, 78 Lysias subtilis atque elegans.et ... et: not foraut ... autas Bonnell-Meister, on the ground thatetis inconsistent with the negative. He losesvisand fails to secureelegantiaat one and the same time. The construction occurs when the writer wishes to indicate that the coincidence of the two should be guarded against: cp. Cic. ad Att. iii. 7, 2 ne et meum maerorem exagitem et te in eundem luctum vocem: id. xii. 40, 2: ad Fam. xi. 7, 2: de Off. i. 14, 42.mollia= lenia, dulcia. He might have added, having regard to what has gone before,aut cum dura molliter. Cp. Arist. Rhet. iii. 7ἐὰν οὖν τὰ μαλακὰ σκληρῶς καὶ τὰ σκληρὰ μαλακῶς λέγηται ἀπίθανον γίγνεται.II:20Atque ego illi praeceptori quem institueram in libro secundo credidi non ea sola docenda esse, ad quae quemque discipulorum natura compositum videret; nam is et adiuvare debet quae in quoque eorum invenit bona, et, quantum fieri potest, adicere quae desunt et emendare quaedam et mutare; rector enim est alienorum ingeniorum atque formator. Difficilius est naturam suam fingere.§ 20.atquehas in transitions often the force ofatqui. Tr. ‘To be sure ... I expressed the belief that’ (credidi.)in libro secundo: ch. 8, where he discusses the question, An secundum sui quisque ingenii naturam docendus sit. The conclusion arrived at there might seem inconsistent with what he is now saying, so this paragraph is added to clear away the contradiction.—The sequence of thought is as follows: the teacher must not confine himself to what his pupils have a natural bent for. Besides developing latent talent, he must ‘adicere quae desunt et emendare quaedam et mutare’: for his office is to mould the minds of others, and that is not so hard. It is more difficult to form one’s own character. But he ought not to waste his pains over what he finds repugnant to the mind of his pupils.compositum: cp. ii. 8, 7.naturam suam fingere: i.e. without the help and supervision of apraeceptorto assist in applying such principles as are laid down in§19.II:21Sed ne ille quidem doctor, quamquam omnia quae recta sunt velit esse in suis auditoribus quam plenissima, in eo tamen cui naturam obstare viderit laborabit.Id quoque vitandum, in quo magna pars errat, ne in oratione poetas nobis et historicos, in illis operibus oratores aut declamatores imitandos putemus.§ 21.quamquam: v.1 §33and§96:7 §17below.in illis operibus, sc. in poesi et historia: cp.1 §31.declamatores:1 §71.II:22Sua cuique proposito lex, suus decor est: nec comoedia in cothurnos adsurgit, nec contratragoedia socco ingreditur. Habet tamen omnis eloquentia aliquid commune: id imitemur quod commune est.§ 22.proposito, i.e. officio poetarum, historicorum, oratorum: cp. ix. 4, 19: xi. 1, 33. SeeCrit. Notes.decor, ‘appropriate character’: v. on1 §27. Quintilian seems to have in view here the passage in Ars Poetica (86-118) where Horace insists on the necessity for maintaining proper tone and style. Cp. esp. 86 Descriptas servare vices operumque colores, and 92 Singulaquaequelocum teneant sortita decentem. Cp. also Cicero, de Opt. Gen. Oratorum1 §1Itaque et in tragoedia comicum vitiosum est, et in comoedia turpe tragicum: et in ceteris suus est cuique sonus et quaedam intellegentibus vox.cothurnos ... socco. Hor. A. P. 89-91 Versibus exponi tragicis res comica non vult; Indignatur item privatis ac prope socco Dignis carminibus narrari cena Thyestae. In line 80 he contrasts thesoccus(κρηπίς) or ‘slipper’ of comedy with thegrandes cothurni(‘buskins’) of tragedy. Cp. Milton’s ‘the buskin’d stage,’ and ‘If Jonson’s learned sock be on.’ Bombast must be avoided in comedy, though Interdum tamen et vocem comoedia tollit, Iratusque Chremes tumido delitigat ore (A. P. 93): and tragedy on the other hand should soar above the tone suited to the affairs of daily life (cp. 95 sq.).—Foradsurgitcp.1 §52.nec ... nec contra: iv. 1, 60 Nec argumentis autem nec locis nec narrationi similis esse in prooemio debet oratio, neque tamen deducta semper atque circumlita, &c.habet tamen, i.e. notwithstanding the rules appropriate to each department (lex cuique proposita).omnis eloquentia. For this wide use of the word cp. Tac. Dial. x. Ego vero omnem eloquentiam omnesque eius partes sacras et venerabiles puto: nec solum cothurnum vestrum aut heroici carminis sonum, sed lyricorum quoque iucunditatem et elegorum lascivias et iamborum amaritudinem et epigrammatum lusus et quamcumque aliam speciem eloquentia habeat, anteponendam ceteris aliarum artium studiis credo. Fororatoria eloquentiaon the other hand see cap. vi. andpassim.II:23Etiam hoc solet incommodi accidere iis qui se uni alicui generi dediderunt, ut, si asperitas iis placuit alicuius, hanc etiam in leni ac remisso causarum genere non exuant; si tenuitas aut iucunditas, in asperis gravibusque causis ponderi rerum parum respondeant:cum sit diversa non causarum modo inter ipsas condicio, sed in singulis etiam causis partium, sintque alia leniter alia aspere, alia concitate alia remisse, alia docendi alia movendi gratia dicenda; quorum omnium dissimilis atque diversa inter se ratio est.§ 23.uni alicui: cp.§24below, also in reverse order7 §16aliquam rem unam. It is used as the singular ofsinguli.asperitas, ‘passion,’ opp. tolenitasandaequabilitas. Cp. Cic. de Orat. ii. 64 genus orationis fusum atque tractum (‘easy and flowing’) et cum lenitate quadam aequabili profluens sine hac iudiciali asperitate et sine sententiarum forensibus aculeis: Quint. i. 8, 11 forensi asperitate: cp.5 §14below. The same antithesis is given in other words Orat. §53 Elaborant alii in lenitate et aequabilitate et puro quasi quodam et candido genere dicendi; ecce aliqui duritatem et severitatem quandam in verbis et orationis quasi maestitiam sequuntur. Cp. de Orat. iii. 7, 28 Gravitatem Africanus, lenitatem Laelius, asperitatem Galba, profluens quiddam habuit Carbo et canorum.alicuius, ‘some particular author’: for the use of the full form in a conditional clause, whereby the pronoun receives emphasis, cp.1 §22,§130:6 §5:7 §2,§15,§16.leni ac remisso, cp. on forte (sc. ingenium)§19, above. So Brutus §317 Cotta et Hortensius, quorum alter remissus et lenis et propriis verbis comprehendens solute et facile sententiam, alter ornatus, acer, ... verborum et actionis genere commotior: de Orat. ii. 95 dicendi molliora ac remissiora genera.tenuitas: like subtilitas in§19above, amore subtilitatis vim suam perdat: cp. 12, 2, 13 sectas ad tenuitatem suam vires ipsa subtilitate consumet. In conjunction withiucunditas(cp.1 §§46,64,82,96,101,113) it is certainly not used in a depreciatory sense, though it always implies the absence of all attempt at embellishment. Ernesti (Clav. Cic.) says: corporis esttenuitas, cum sucus ei et carnis copia deest, cum sit sanum: unde ad dicendi genus subtile transfertur, quod sine vitiis est,sed et sine ornamentis. Tr. ‘simplicity,’ ‘naturalness’: cp.1 §44. Perhapstenuitasandiucunditastogether might be rendered ‘artless grace,’ which does not suffice wheregravitasor evenasperitasorationis is called for. SeeCrit. Notes.asperis: ‘exciting’ causes, i.e. such as arouse passion, so that the speaker cannot belenis ac remissus, ‘smooth and unimpassioned.’cum sit: cp.§13.diversa ... diversa: an instance of negligent repetition, of which we have another inuni alicuiimmediately following. Cp.1 §§8,9,23,25,26,28,29,42,80,94,116,126,131:2 §§11-13,24:3 §§7,21:5 §§6,7:6 §7:7 §§7,30.inter ipsas,§15.docendi ... movendi, cp. xii. 10, 58 quoted on1 §44.II:24Itaque ne hoc quidem suaserim, uni se alicui proprie, quem per omnia sequatur, addicere. Longe perfectissimus Graecorum Demosthenes, aliquid tamen aliquo in loco melius alii, plurima ille. Sed non qui maxime imitandus, et solus imitandus est.§ 24.suaserim ... se addicere: for the infinitive cp. Cic. de Orat. i. §251; Zumpt 616.sequatur: the subj. is to be supplied from the indefinite pronoun (sc. aliquem) understood beforeaddicere. Cp.1 §7: ii. 15, 12 primum esse ... ducere in id quod velit: 16, 19 in quae velit ducere. For this use ofsequicp.1 §28:2 §7.longe perfectissimus:1 §§39,105.melius. The same ellipse of the verb is repeated below3 §25.II:25Quid ergo? non est satis omnia sic dicere quo modo M. Tullius dixit? Mihi quidem satis esset, si omnia consequi possem: quid tamen noceret vim Caesaris, asperitatem Caeli, diligentiam Pollionis, iudicium Calvi quibusdam in locis adsumere?§ 25.non est: cp.1 §56.M. Tullius; for Quintilian’s reverence for Cicero see1 §39and§105sq.quid tamen noceretshould be taken in connection with the foregoing. The meaning is, ‘yet even if Icouldrival Cicero in every respect, what harm would it do?’ etc. The impf. is motived by the precedingsi possem,—an unrealisable supposition.vim Caesaris:1 §114. Cp. i. 7, 34 vim Caesaris fregerunt editi de analogia libri?asperitatem Caeli:1 §115. For an example see iv. 2, 123. For ‘asperitatem’ Eussner proposesacerbitatem.Pollionis:1 §113.Calvi:1 §115. A similar enumeration is given, xii. 10, 11, vim Caesaris, indolem Caeli, subtilitatem Calidi, diligentiam Pollionis, dignitatem Messallae, sanctitatem Calvi, gravitatem Bruti, acumen Sulpici, acerbitatem Cassi.adsumere: as§27utilitatis gratia adsumpta; not as1 §121.II:26Nam praeter id quod prudentis est quod in quoque optimum est, si possit, suum facere, tum in tanta rei difficultate unum intuentes vix aliqua pars sequitur. Ideoque cum totum exprimere quem elegeris paene sit homini inconcessum, plurium bona ponamus ante oculos, ut aliud ex alio haereat, et quo quidque loco conveniat aptemus.§ 26.praeter id quod: see on1 §28: cp.3 §6.tum, as if the sentence had opened withNam primum.vix ... sequitur: ‘some element, or quality, is realised with difficulty, if we look only at one model.’Vix aliquigives prominence to the affirmative, and so differs fromvix quisquam: it is achieved but with difficulty. Foraliquacp.7 §16.Sequiturhere =contingit. See on§27: and cp. xi. 2, 39, quod meae quoque memoriae infirmitatem sequebatur.aliud ex alio: sc. scriptore.haereat: sc. in animo legentis. Cp. Hor. A. P. 195 quod non proposito conducat et haereat apte.II:27Imitatio autem (nam saepius idem dicam) non sit tantum in verbis. Illuc intendenda mens, quantum fuerit illis viris decoris in rebus atque personis, quod consilium, quae dispositio, quam omnia, etiam quae delectationi videantur data, ad victoriam spectent; quid agatur prooemio, quae ratio et quam varia narrandi, quae vis probandi ac refellendi, quanta in adfectibus omnis generis movendis scientia, quamque laus ipsa popularis utilitatis gratia adsumpta, quae tum est pulcherrima, cum sequitur, non cum arcessitur. Haec si perviderimus, tum vere imitabimur.§ 27.saepius:§§12-13:§16.non sit: cp. non putemus3 §16: ibid.§5. (Cp. also utinam non inquinasset1 §100.) Cic. pro Cluent. §155 a legibus non recedamus: Hor. Sat. ii. 5, 91 non etiam sileas. Draeger, Hist. Synt. 1, 312 speaks of the usage as a stronger negation thanne. Nettleship on Aen. 12, 78 says that non is used ‘if a particular part of the sentence is to be emphasized.’ Kr.3suggests thatnonshould be taken withtantum.—See Introd.p. lii.delectationi ... data: xii. 10, 45 atque id fecisse M. Tullium video, ut cum plurimum utilitati, turn partem quandam delectationi daret.ad victoriam:1 §29ad victoriam niti: ii. 4, 32: v. 12, 22: xii. 10, 48.prooemio, narrandi, probandi, refellendi, adfectibus movendisgive the five essential parts of a judicial speech (iii. 9, 1); the introduction, the narrative, the proof, the refutation, and the closing appeal (epilogus, peroratio).laus popularis: cp.1 §17laudantium clamor: referring to the crowd surrounding the tribunal. Tac. Dial. vi. coire populum et circumfundi coronam et accipere adfectum quemcumque orator induerit. In viii. 3, 2 Quintilian opposes tolaus popularis,iudicium doctorum.adsumpta(sit): ‘how popular applause itself has been worked in,’ made useful for winning the case.cum sequitur, ‘when it is given spontaneously, not courted.’ So viii. prooem. 18 decoris qui est in dicendo mea quidem sententia pulcherrimus, sed cum sequitur, non cum adfectatur. Cp. Sall. Cat. 54 ad fin.: quo minus petebat gloriam, eo magis illum sequebatur: ibid. 3. Plin. Epist. i. 8, 14 sequi enim gloria non adpeti debet, nec si casu aliquo non sequatur, idcirco quod gloriam meruit minus pulchrum est.II:28Qui vero etiam propria his bona adiecerit, ut suppleat quae deerunt, circumcidat si quid redundabit, is erit, quem quaerimus, perfectus orator; quem nunc consummari potissimum oporteat, cum tanto plura exempla bene dicendi supersunt quam illis qui adhuc summi sunt contigerunt. Nam erit haec quoque laus eorum, ut priores superasse, posteros docuisse dicantur.§ 28.perfectus orator: see on§9quomodo sperare possumus illum oratorem perfectum?quem ... consummari. Ifquemcan be referred only tooratorin what immediately precedes (and not toperfectus orator) the inf. need not mean anything more than ‘perfectum fieri.’ This is Becher’s view (Quaest. Quint. p. 19) adopted by Krüger (3rd ed.). But ‘perfectus orator’ forms so much a single idea here that it seems more probable thatquemcovers both the noun and the adj. In so loose a writer as Quintilian no difficulty need be felt aboutconsummari, though the editors think it necessary to assume that, with the infin.,perfectusis proleptic = oratorem consummari ita ut perfectus fiat, comparing (with Krüger, 2nd ed.) Demosth.μέγας ἐκ μικροῦ ὁ Φίλιππος ηὔξηται. See1 §122onconsummatus.oporteat: seeCrit. Notes.eorum: sc. qui adhuc summi sunt,—those who have hitherto been (and are) pre-eminent.

De Imitatione.II:1II. Ex his ceterisque lectione dignis auctoribus et verborum sumenda copia est et varietas figurarum et componendi ratio, tum ad exemplum virtutum omnium mens derigenda. Nequeenim dubitari potest, quin artis pars magna contineatur imitatione. Nam ut invenire primum fuit estque praecipuum, sic ea quae bene inventa sunt utile sequi.§ 1.verborum ... copia: cp.1 §5and§8.varietas figurarum: see note on plurima vero mutatione figuramus1 §12.componendi ratio, the ‘theory of rhythmical arrangement’: see oncompositione1 §79: and cp.§§44,52, and66.tum ... virtutum omnium: i.e. in reading the best authors we are not only to acquire facility and dexterity in regard to the points enumerated, but to imitate also all the good qualities exemplified in their works.ad exemplum, ‘after the model of,’ as ii. 3, 12 ad Phoenicis Homerici exemplumdicere ac facere: not likein exemplum§2below, ‘as a model.’ The same use ofadoccurs below ad propositum sibi praescriptum: and7 §3ad incursus tempestatum ... ratio mutanda est.mens derigenda: so vi. 5, 2 ideoque nos quid in quaque re sequendum cavendumque sit docemus ac deinceps docebimus, ut ad ea iudicium derigatur. For the formderigosee Munro on Lucr. vi. 823: ‘this was probably the only genuine ancient form.’ So Cic. pro Mur. §3 vitam ad certam rationis normam derigenti: Orator §9 ad illius similitudinem artem et manum derigebat (where, however, Sandys reads dirigebat): Tac. Dial. §5 ad utilitatem vitae omnia consilia ... derigenda sunt: Ann. iv. 40 ad famam praecipua rerum derigere. Cp. note on3 §28.dubitari: see on1 §73,§81.imitatione: a reference to Aristotle’s general theory of art, made to introduce the subject of imitation (μίμησις, ζῆλος) in the sphere of oratory. This is defined by Cornif. ad Herenn. i. 2, 3 imitatio est qua impellimur cum diligenti ratione ut aliquorum similes in dicendo velimus esse: cp. de Orat. ii. §90 sq.II:2Atque omnis vitae ratio sic constat, ut quae probamus in aliis facere ipsi velimus. Sic litterarum ductus, ut scribendi fiat usus, pueri sequuntur; sic musici vocem docentium, pictores opera priorum, rustici probatam experimento culturam in exemplum intuentur; omnis denique disciplinae initia ad propositum sibi praescriptum formari videmus.§ 2.ratio sic constat: ‘it is a universal rule of life that,’ &c. More usual would have been ‘ita ratio comparata est vitae ut,’ &c. (Cic. de Amicit. §101). The phraseratio constat(cp. rationem reddere) was originally a figure taken from commerce (ratio—reor, ‘calculate,’ ‘count’), as Tac. Ann. i. 6 eam condicionem esse imperandi ut non aliter ratio constet quam si uni reddatur: i.e. if you are an absolute ruler the only way to ‘get your accounts square’ is to audit them yourself. So Nettleship (Lat. Lex.) would explain here ‘there is this balance in ordinary life’: i.e. the account of life only comes out right on the supposition that, &c,—civilised life would come to an end unless, &c. More probably Quintilian is employing here a loose combination of two modes of expression, ratio constat ut, &c., and such a phrase as that quoted from Cic. de Amicit. §101: cp. Acad. ii. §132 omnis ratio vitae definitione summi boni continetur. In Pliny’s letters the same expression is constantly used (likeratio estin Cicero) for ‘it is right or reasonable’: iii. 18, 10 confido in hoc genere materiae laetioris stili constare rationem: i. 5, 16 mihi et temptandi aliquid et quiescendi ... ratio constabit: ii. 4, 4 in te vero ratio constabit: cp. vii. 6, 4.—For the thought cp. Arist. Poet. 1, 4τό τε γὰρ μιμεῖσθαι σύμφυτον τοῖς ἀνθρώποις ἐκ παίδων ἐστί κ.τ.λ.ductus, ‘tracings,’—writing-copies made on wax-tablets: cp. i. 1. 25 sq., esp. §27 cum vero iam ductus sequi coeperit, non inutile erit eas tabellae quam optime insculpi, ut per illos velut sulcos ducatur stilus.usus: cp. Cic. Acad. ii. §2 Ingenii magnitudo non desideravit indocilem usus disciplinam: de Orat. i. §15 ut ad eam doctrinam quam suo quisque studio adsecutus esset adiungeretur usus frequens: pro Balbo §45.experimento: cp. vi. 2, 25 experimento meo ac natura ipsa duce. The phraseexperimento probareoccurs in the Vulgate, Esth. iii. 5.in exemplum: cp.§11in exemplum adsumimus.initia, abstract for concrete: cp.3 §8hanc moram et sollicitudinem initiis (i.e. incipientibus) impero. So in ii. 4, 13 ‘studia’ is put for ‘studiosi.’ad ... praescriptum: subst. as frequently in Cicero, e.g. Orat. §36. So Quint. ii. 13, 2: iv. 2, 84: ix. 4, 117. Cp. Seneca Ep. 94 §51 pueri ad praescriptum discunt. On the other handpropositumis even more frequently used as a noun by Quintilian: e.g.§11omnis imitatio ... ad alienum propositum accommodatur: ii. 10, 15 omne propositum operisa nobis destinati: v. 11, 31 ad praesens propositum.II:3Et hercule necesse est aut similes aut dissimiles bonis simus. Similem raro natura praestat, frequenter imitatio. Sed hoc ipsum quod tanto faciliorem nobis rationem rerum omnium facit quam fuit iis qui nihil quod sequerentur habuerunt, nisi caute et cum iudicio adprehenditur, nocet.§ 3.hoc ipsum quodmust go together, ‘the fact that’: cp. ix. 2, 69 aperta figura perdit hoc ipsum quod figura est. The commentators wrongly takequodas the conjunction and explainhoc ipsumas imitatio (or perhaps the advantage of having examples to follow).tantowithout a correlative: cp. tanto plena§28: Cic. pro Rosc. Amer. i. 1, 2 at tanto officiosior quam ceteri? In all three instances the quam depends on the comparative.rationem rerum omnium: the general course, method, or procedure of everything, ‘every process’: cp.3 §31ratio delendi.Ratiois often used with the genitive of a subst. as a periphrasis for the subst. itself, Zumpt. §678: the various instances are well classified by Nettleship, Lat. Lex. p. 566, 9 and 11.adprehenditur, frequent in Quintilian of taking hold of a fact, idea, or argument: cp. v. 14, 23 quae (leges oratorias) Graeci adprehensa magis in catenas ligant: vi. 4, 18 quod adprehendens maius aliquid cogatur dimittere: vii. 1, 56 in hoc de quo loquimur patre quid adprehendi potest?II:4Ante omnia igitur imitatio per se ipsa non sufficit, vel quia pigri est ingenii contentum esse iis quae sint ab aliis inventa. Quid enim futurum erat temporibus illis quae sine exemplo fuerunt, si homines nihil, nisi quod iam cognovissent, faciendum sibi aut cogitandum putassent? Nempe nihil fuisset inventum.§ 4.Ante omnia: cp. the formulaac primum quidem, introducing the first argument, viz. that imitation is not sufficient in itself: others follow in§7:§10: and§12adde quod ea quae in oratore maxima sunt imitabilia non sunt, &c.vel quia: ‘just because,’ i.e. because (if for no other reason) it is the mark of, &c. The use ofvelimplies that there are other reasons which could be adduced, if the reader cared to have them (vel—si velis). Cp.1 §75vel hoc est ipso probabilis:§80,§86:5 §8: Roby §2222.Quid futurum erat:§7below. Contrast the use of the plpf. subj. in thedefiniteapodosis supplied in ‘nihil fuisset inventum.’ For the indic. cp. longum est1 §118: oportebat2 §28: fas erat5 §7: satis erat6 §2.Nempe, ‘why!’ For a similar use ofnempe, apart from all irony, in answer to a question, cp. Livy vi. 41 penes quos igitur sunt auspicia more maiorum? nempe penes patres. In such cases the assent of the imaginary interlocutor is taken for granted.—Frotscher compares Libanius, Declam. xviii. p. 487εἰ δ᾽ ἀεί τινος ἔδει παραδείγματος οὐκ ἂν ἀρχὴν οὐδὲ ἓν ἐλάμβανεν.II:5Cur igitur nefas est reperiri aliquid a nobis, quod ante non fuerit? An illi rudes sola mentis natura ducti sunt in hoc, ut tam multa generarent: nos ad quaerendum non eo ipso concitemur, quod certe scimus invenisse eos qui quaesierunt?§ 5.illi rudesis explained by§4temporibus illis quae sine exemplo fuerunt.Anis the mark of a double question, being used to introduce the second alternative as opposed to the first, even when the first is understood rather than expressed. Here it almost = num, and implies the needlessness of the preceding remark (Roby 2255), and introduces anà fortioriargument; cp. Cicero, Tusc. v. §90 Cur pecuniam ... curet omnino? An Scythes Anacharsis potuit pro nihilo pecuniam ducere, nostrates philosophi facere non potuerunt? Cic. Cat. i. 1, 3. So3 §29below an vero ... hoc cogitatio praestat:5 §7.certe scimus.Certeis less absolutethancerto. Acc. to Klotz ad Cic. de Sen. i. 2 certe scio = certum est me scire (‘I am sure that I know’): certo scio = certum est quod scio (‘I have certain or sure knowledge,’ ‘my knowledge is accurate’). Cp. Ter. Andr. 503 with 929.II:6Etcum illi, qui nullum cuiusquam rei habuerunt magistrum, plurima in posteros tradiderunt, nobis usus aliarum rerum ad eruendas alias non proderit, sed nihil habebimus nisi beneficii alieni? quem ad modum quidam pictores in id solum student, ut describere tabulas mensuris ac lineis sciant.§ 6.cuiusquam rei.Quisquam(generally subst.) is, when employed adjectivally, more usually found along with names of persons or words implying personality: cp. iv. 1, 10 ne contumeliosi in quenquam hominem ordinemve videamur:7 §3below quisquam ... orator: iii. 1, 22 cuiusquam sectae.in posteros: so i. 1, 6: ad posteros xii. 11, 28.—Fortradiderunt, seeCrit. Notes.eruendas: ix. 2, 64 latens aliquid eruitur: xii. 8, 13 multa ... patronus eruet: iv. 2, 60 hoc quoque tamquam occultum et a se prudenter erutum tradunt. Quintilian follows Cicero in the figurative use of this word; e.g. de Orat. ii. 146 scrutari locos ex quibus argumenta eruamus: ibid. 360 hac exercitatione non eruenda memoria est, si est nulla naturalis, sed certe, si latet, evocanda est.beneficii. This gen. occurs in the phrase ‘sui beneficii facere,’ not uncommon in the Latin of the Silver Age, ‘to make dependent on one’s own bounty or favour.’ Suet. Claud. 23 commeatus a senatu peti solitos benefici sui fecit: Iust. xiii. 4, 9 ut munus imperii beneficii sui faceret: Sen. Ben. iii. 18, 4. The phrase is equivalent to nihil habebimusnisi quod sitorquod non sitben. al. = nisi quod debeamus aliis (‘due to the favour of others’). Becher cites the analogous expression ‘tui muneris habeo’ in Tac. Ann. xiv. 55: cp. ib. xv. 52, 4 ne ... sui muneris rem publicam faceret, and tui muneris est Hor. Car. iv. 3, 21. So ‘ducere aliquid offici sui.’ The genitive must not therefore be explained as a gen. of quality, dependent onnihil(as Meister).in id solum student. The construction (which occurs again xii. 6, 6 in quam rem studendum sit) seems to be modelled on that ofniti. Here, however,ei solicould not have stood.—The process of ‘copying by measures and lines’ is not unknown even now. The picture to be reproduced, and the surface on which the copy was to be made, were divided into equal numbers of squares (mensurae) by lines drawn across at right angles.II:7Turpe etiam illud est, contentum esse id consequi quod imiteris. Nam rursus quid erat futurum, si nemo plus effecisset eo quem sequebatur? Nihil in poetis supra Livium Andronicum, nihil in historiis suprapontificum annales haberemus; ratibus adhuc navigaremus; non esset pictura, nisi quae lineas modo extremas umbrae, quam corpora in sole fecissent, circumscriberet.§ 7.turpe etiam. For the argument seeCrit. Notes.contentum ... consequi. The constr. c. infin. is very common in Quintilian: over a dozen instances are given in Bonn. Lex. (q.v.). It passed from the usage of poetry (e.g. Ovid, Metam. i. 461) into the prose of the Silver Age. Cicero would have usedsatis habere. Cp. solus legi dignus1 §96.rursusresumes quid futurum erat§4.in poetis ... in historiis: see on1 §28:1 §75.Livius Andronicus. Cicero (Brutus §71) compares his translation of the Odyssey to the first rude attempts at sculpture, which passed under the name of Daedalus: nam et Odyssia Latina est sic tamquam opus aliquod Daedali et Livianae fabulae non satis dignae quae iterum legantur. Cp. Liv. xxvii. §37 forsitan laudabile rudibus ingeniis, nunc abhorrens et inconditum.—Livius was a native of Tarentum, who came to Rome as a slave after the capture of his native city (272B.C.) and set up as a schoolmaster: his Odyssey survived for scholastic purposes down to the days of Orbilius and Horace (Ep. ii. 1, 69). His production inB.C.240—the year after the end of the First Punic War—of a tragedy and comedy in Latin (in which he discarded the old Saturnian metre), may be said to mark the beginning of Roman literature. For thirty years he continued to produce plays at the Roman games, adapting the indigenous Italian drama,such as it was, to the laws which regulated dramatic composition among the Greeks; and when he died at a ripe old age, a compliment was paid to his memory by the assignment of the Temple of Minerva on the Aventine to the ‘guild of poets’ (collegium poetarum) as a place for their meetings.pontificum annales: also called Annales Maximi, probably because they were kept by the Pontifex Maximus. In them was preserved the list of consuls and other magistrates, and they recorded in the baldest fashion the most noteworthy events of each magistracy. Cp. Cic. de Orat. ii. §52 erat enim historia nihil aliud nisi annalium confectio, &c. P. Mucius Scaevola, the consul of 133B.C., edited them in thirty books. Teuffel §66: Mommsen, i. 477 sq.lineas extremas, i.e. the tracing of outlines: this was said to have been the origin of painting. Pliny N. H. xxxv. 5 Graeci (picturam affirmant) ... repertam ... umbra hominis lineis circumducta. Cp. the distinction between free imitation and servile copying in the following from Aulus Gellius (xvii. 20, 8): ea quae in Platonis oratione demiramur, non aemulari quidem, sed lineas umbrasque facere ausi sumus.II:8Ac si omnia percenseas, nullamansit ars qualis inventa est, nec intra initium stetit: nisi forte nostra potissimum tempora damnamus huius infelicitatis, ut nunc demum nihil crescat: nihil autem crescit sola imitatione.§ 8.nisi forte: cp.1 §70:3 §31:5 §6.infelicitatis: cp. on1 §7infelicis operae. So viii. prooem. §27 abominanda ... haec infelicitas ... quae et cursum dicendi refrenat et calorem cogitationis extinguit mora et diffidentia. xi. 2, 49 haec rara infelicitas erit. Pliny N. H. praef. 23 has ‘infelix’ ingenium for ‘sterile.’ The opposite would be beatissima ubertas1 §109. For the constr. c. genit. cp. ii. 5, 24 neque enim nos tarditatis natura damnavit: ix. 2, 81 tyrannidis affectatae damnatus: vii. 8, 3 incesti damnata.demum: v. on1 §44.II:9Quod si prioribus adicere fas non est, quo modo sperare possumus illum oratorem perfectum? cum in his, quos maximos adhuc novimus, nemo sit inventus in quo nihil aut desideretur aut reprehendatur. Sed etiam qui summa non adpetent, contendere potius quam sequi debent.§ 9.oratorem perfectum:§28below, with which cp. the preface to Book i, §9 Oratorem autem instituimus illum perfectum qui esse nisi vir bonus non potest. So Cicero, Orat. §7: de Orat. i. §117.nemo sit inventus: cp. Pr. i. §18 qualis fortasse nemo adhuc fuerit. So too i. 10, 4 where referring to Cicero’s Orator he says: quibus ego primum hoc respondeo, quod M. Cicero scripto ad Brutum libro frequentius testatur: non eum a nobis institui oratorem qui sit aut fuerit, sed imaginem quandam concepisse nos animo perfecti illius et nulla parte cessantis. Orat. §7 non saepe atque haud scio an nunquam.summa: Pr. i. §§19-20 nobis ad summa tendendum est ... altius tamen ibunt qui ad summa nitentur. xii. 11 §26 contendere = certare ut priores sunt, ‘compete,’ ‘rival.’II:10Nam qui hoc agit ut prior sit, forsitan etiamsi non transierit aequabit. Eum vero nemo potest aequare cuius vestigiis sibi utique insistendum putat; necesse est enim semper sit posterior quisequitur. Adde quod plerumque facilius est plus facere quam idem; tantam enim difficultatem habet similitudo ut ne ipsa quidem natura in hoc ita evaluerit ut non res quae simillimae quaeque pares maxime videantur utique discrimine aliquo discernantur.§ 10.forsitan: c. ind. as in Quint. Curt. iv. xiv. 20.utique. See on1 §20. Tr. ‘in whose footsteps he thinks he must by all means follow.’adde quod, used thrice within three paragraphs§§10,11,12: another proof of a certain want of finish in Quintilian’s style. Cp. on2 §23: and discrimine ... discernantur, below.—See Introd.p. liii.in hoc, i.e. in the endeavour to reproduce.utique ... aliquo: iv. 5, 8 in omni partitione est utique aliquid potentissimum: iv. 1, 77 aliquam utique sententiam: xii. 10, 67 utique aliquo momento.II:11Adde quod quidquid alteri simile est, necesse est minus sit eo quod imitatur, ut umbra corpore et imago facie et actus histrionum veris adfectibus. Quod in orationibus quoque evenit. Namque iis quae in exemplum adsumimus subest natura et vera vis; contra omnis imitatio facta est et ad alienum propositum accommodatur.§ 11.veris adfectibus. Cp. vi. 2, 35 Vidi ego saepe histriones atque comoedos, cum ex aliquo graviore actu personam deposuissent, flentes adhuc egredi. quod si in alienis scriptis sola pronuntiatio ita falsis accendit adfectibus, quid nos faciemus qui illa cogitare debemus ut moveri periclitantium vice possimus? Cp. Hor. A. P. 431-433.alienum proposition, i.e. the purpose of the imitator, not that of the original writer or speaker.II:12Quo fit ut minus sanguinis ac virium declamationes habeant quam orationes, quod in illis vera, in his adsimilata materia est. Adde quod ea quae in oratore maxima sunt imitabilia non sunt, ingenium, inventio, vis, facilitas et quidquid arte non traditur.§ 12.sanguinis:1 §60(of Archilochus) plurimum sanguinis atque nervorum:§115eum (Calvum) ... verum sanguinem perdidisse: viii. 3, 6 (hic ornatus) sanguine et viribus niteat.illis ... his. This is only an apparent inversion of the usual arrangement:declamationesis the nearer subject in thought, as being the subject of the sentence, in which it comes beforeorationes. The use ofhicmay also serve to indicate the prevalence of declamation in Quintilian’s day:5 §14.—See Zumpt §700.II:13Ideoque plerique, cum verba quaedam ex orationibus excerpserunt aut aliquos compositionis certos pedes, mire a se quae legerunt effingi arbitrantur, cum et verba intercidant invalescantque temporibus, (ut quorum certissimasit regula in consuetudine,) eaque non sua natura sint bona aut mala— nam per se soni tantum sunt— sed prout opportune proprieque aut secus collocata sunt, et compositio cum rebus accommodata sit, tum ipsa varietate gratissima.§ 13.compositionis: see§1componendi ratio. Tr. ‘particular cadences in the arrangement’1 §52. Cp. especially ix. 4, 116 quem in poemate locum habet versificatio, eum in oratione compositio.cum et, &c., ‘though, as for the words, they drop out or come into use in course of time ... while the arrangement,’ &c.Verbais opp. tocompositiobelow: cp.verbaandcomp. pedesabove. See Crit. Notes.verba intercidant ... consuetudine. Hor. A. P. 70, Multa renascentur quae iam cecidere, cadentque Quae nunc sunt in honore vocabula, si volet usus, Quem penes arbitrium est et ius et norma loquendi. Ibid. 60-62 Ut silvae foliis pronos mutantur in annos, Prima cadunt, ita verborum vetus interit aetas, Et iuvenum ritu florent modo nata vigentque. viii. 6, 32 cum multa (ὀνόματα) cotidie ab antiquis ficta moriantur.ut quorum= quippe. Cp.1 §55ut in qua ... sit:1 §§57,74. I have put this clause in brackets to show that it stands by itself:consuetudineexplainstemporibus, whilenon sua natura ... sed prout ... collocataintroduce a new idea. See following note.eaqueis a continuation of the clausecum et verba. The use and disuse of words is a matter of fashion:and moreovertheir value depends on their proper employment.—The commentators, except Krüger (3rd ed.), explain this as part of the clauseut quorum, &c., the demonstr. taking the place of the relative, as not infrequently with double relative clauses in Cicero: Orat. §9 quam intuens in eaque defixus: de Fin. i. 12, 42 quod ipsum nullam ad aliam rem, ad id autem res referuntur omnes (where see Madvig): ad Att. x. 16, 3: Brutus §258. Cp. Lucr. i. 718-21, and Munro’s note. But the context is against this. SeeCrit. Notes.proprie: v. on1 §9.collocatahere not much more thanadhibita. In themselves words are nothing: their effect depends entirely on their appropriate use.et compositio: i.e. and though, as to the arrangement (et compositiocorresponds toet verbaabove), it may owe its effect in the original to the manner in which it has been adapted to the sense (rebus accommodata), while moreover (cum ... tum) its charm lies in its very variety. The art by which thecompositiois saved from monotony in the original is lost by the servile copyists of particular extracts: they take no account of the fact that the style ought to reflect the sense, and they forget that the motive for a particularcompositioin their original was the desire to produce an agreeable effect by diversity of form.—SeeCrit. Notes.II:14Quapropter exactissimo iudicio circa hanc partem studiorum examinanda sunt omnia. Primum, quos imitemur: nam sunt plurimi qui similitudinem pessimi cuiusque et corruptissimi concupierint: tum in ipsis quos elegerimus, quid sitadquod nos efficiendum comparemus.§ 14.exactissimo: so7 §30commentarii ita exacti = perfecti. In the sense of ‘perfectly finished’ it is found Hor. Ep. ii. 1, 72: Ovid, Met. i. 405.circa: v. on1 §52.corruptissimi: cp.§16declinant in peius, &c. The word is used of a vicious style,1 §125.efficiendum= effingendum, as§13above.II:15Nam in magnis quoque auctoribus incidunt aliqua vitiosa et a doctis inter ipsos etiam mutuo reprehensa;atque utinam tam bona imitantes dicerent melius quam mala peius dicunt. Nec vero saltem iis quibus ad evitanda vitia iudicii satis fuit sufficiat imaginem virtutis effingere et solam, ut sic dixerim, cutem vel potius illas Epicuri figuras, quas e summis corporibus dicit effluere.§ 15.in ... auctoribus.Inis used forapudin speaking of an author’s whole works or general characteristics, not of a particular passage or a particular composition. So Hor. Sat. i. 10, 52: Tu nihil in magno doctus reprendis Homero?1 §76tanta vis in eo (Demosthene). Forapudcp.1 §39brevitas illa ... quae est apud Livium in epistula ad filium scripta.—The same warning is given1 §24Neque id statim legenti persuasum sit, omnia quae optimi auctores dixerint utique esse perfecta.a doctis, ‘by competent critics’: cp.1 §97qui esse docti adfectant: viii. 3, 2 in ceteris iudicium doctorum, in hoc vero etiam popularem laudem petit: xii. 10, 72 tum laudem quoque, nec doctorum modo sed etiam vulgi consequatur: ib. 1 §20: 9 §4: 10 §50.inter ipsosis to be referred toin magnis auctoribus, not toa doctis: hence the comma.—Inter ipsoswould have beeninter seif the word to which the pronoun refers had been nom. or acc. Cp. 1, 14 non semper enim haec inter se idem faciunt: Cic. de Off. i. §50 conciliat inter se homines. But societas hominum inter ipsos, Cic. de Off. i. §20: quam sancta est societas civium inter ipsos, Leg. ii. 7: latissime patens hominibus inter ipsos ... societas haec est, de Off. i. §51. Cp.§23below. On the other hand we have multa sunt civibus inter se communia, de Off. i. §53: communia esse amicorum inter se omnia, Ter. Ad. v. 3, 18.mutuo, only here in Quintilian: he frequently usesinvicem. Liv. viii. 24, 6 cum interclusissent trifariam a mutuo inter se auxilio.mutuo reprehensa. Cp. the reference to the letters of Calvus and Brutus to Cicero, Tac. Dial. 18 ex quibus facile est deprehendere Calvum quidem Ciceroni visum exsanguem et attritum, Brutum autem otiosum atque diiunctum; rursusque Ciceronem a Calvo quidem male audisse tanquam solutum et enervem, a Bruto autem, ut ipsius verbis utar, tanquam fractum atque elumbem.—For the position oftam, cp. on7 §27.mala(sc.imitantes)peius, as in the case of Seneca’s imitators: placebat propter sola vitia et ad ea se quisque dirigebat effingenda quae poterat:1 §127.nec ... saltem.Saltemwith a negative is used by Quintilian in the sense ofne ... quidem, standing sometimes before, sometimes after the word to which it applies: here withsufficiat. Cp. i. 1, 24 Neque enim mihi illud saltem placet quod fieri in plurimis video:7 §20below ut non breve saltem tempus sumamus, &c.: v. 1, 4 neque enim de omnibus causis dicere quisquam potest saltem praeteritis, ut taceam de futuris: xii. 11, 11 ut ipsum iter neque impervium neque saltem durum putent.ut sic dixerim, for the more classical ‘ut ita dicam’: cp.1 §§6,77. So Tac. Ann. xiv. 53, 14: Dial. 34, 8: 40, 19: ut ita dixerim Agr. 3, 13. SeeCrit. Notes.Epicuri figuras. The reference is to the theory ofεἴδωλαfirst adopted to explain sensation by Democritus, and afterwards developed by Epicurus. Cp. Plut. de Pl. Phil. iv. 8Λεύκιππος καὶ Δημόκριτος τὴν αἴσθησιν καὶ τὴν νόησιν γίγνεσθαι εἰδώλων ἔξωθεν προσιόντων. See Ritter and Preller §155 sq. Cp. Lucret. iv. 42 sq. Dico igitur rerum effigias tenuesque figuras Mittier ab rebus summo de corpore rerum, Quoi quasi membranae, vel cortex nominitandast, Quod speciem ac formam similem gerit eius imago Cuiuscumque cluet de corpore fusa vagari: cp. 157-8 Perpetuo fluere ut noscas e corpore summo Texturas rerum tenues tenuesque figuras.II:16Hoc autem his accidit qui non introspectis penitus virtutibus ad primum se velut adspectum orationis aptarunt; et cum iis felicissime cessit imitatio, verbis atque numeris sunt non multum differentes, vim dicendi atque inventionis non adsequuntur, sed plerumque declinant in peius et proxima virtutibus vitia comprehendunt fiuntque pro grandibus tumidi, pressis exiles, fortibus temerarii, laetis corrupti, compositisexultantes, simplicibus neglegentes.§ 16.numeris, ‘rhythm’: cp. compositio§13, and1 §79. Numerosῥυθμούςaccipi volo ix. 4, 45.sunt ... differentes: a Greek construction.vim dicendi1 §1: viii. pr. 30. Neither in force of expression nor in power of thought do they come up to their models.in peius. Cp. i. 1, 5 bona facile mutantur in peius, i. 3, 1: ii. 16, 2: Verg. Georg. i. 200 in peius ruere. See Introd.p. xlvii.proxima virtutibus vitia. Cp. Hor. A. P. 25-28 Decipimur specie recti: brevis esse laboro, Obscurus fio; sectantem levia nervi Deficiunt animique; professus grandia turget; Serpit humi tutus nimium timidusque procellae. Below (32-37) Quintilian draws the moral that knowledge is necessary in order to avoid a fault, otherwise the opposite fault may be committed. With ‘specie recti’ in Horace cp. Quint. viii. 3, 56Κακόζηλον, id est mala adfectatio, per omne dicendi genus peccat: nam et tumida et pusilla et praedulcia et abundantia et arcessita et exultantia sub idem nomen cadunt. Denique cacozelon vocatur quidquid est ultra virtutem, quotiens ingenium iudicio caret et specie boni fallitur, omnium in eloquentia vitiorum pessimum.comprehendunt: a rare use. See on§3adprehenditur. Cp. Cic. pro Balb. §3 omnes animo virtutes penitus comprehendere.pro grandibus tumidi: so grandia non tumida xii. 10, 80: professus grandia turget Hor. l.c.pressis, ‘concise,’ ‘chaste,’1 §44,§46.exiles, ‘bald.’ Cp. Cic. Brut. §202 Sed cavenda est presso illi oratori inopiaet ieiunitas, amplo autem inflatum et corruptum orationis genus.fortibus temerarii: strength of style ought not to become rashness. Cp. iii. 7, 25 pro temerario fortem ... vocemus: ii. 12, 4 est praeterea quaedam virtutum vitiorumque vicinia qua maledicus pro libero, temerarius pro forti, effusus pro copioso accipitur: ii. 12, 11 vim appellant quae est potius violentia.laetis corrupti: xii. 10, 80 laeta non luxuriosa. Wealth of style ought not to degenerate into extravagance. Forlaetuscp.1 §46.compositis exultantes: lit. ‘bounding instead of measured’: cp. exultantia coercere4 §1, where see note. Forcompositisv.1 §44: forexultantescp. ix. 4, 28 quaedam transgressiones ... sunt etiam compositione vitiosae quae in hoc ipsum petuntur ut exultent atque lasciviant quales illae Maecenatis: Sole et aurora rubent plurima, &c., ibid. §142, wheresaltareis used of this style, in which the excessive care bestowed on the arrangement (compositio) degenerates into affectation. SeeCrit. Notes.simplicibus neglegentes: Cicero, de Inv. i. 21, 30 opposes dilucide et ornate ... to obscure et neglegenter.Neglegentesimplies contempt for as well as absence of ornament, almost ‘slovenliness.’II:17Ideoque qui horride atque incomposite quidlibet illud frigidum et inane extulerunt, antiquis se pares credunt; qui carent cultu atque sententiis, Attici sunt scilicet; qui praecisis conclusionibus obscuri, Sallustiumatque Thucydiden superant; tristes ac ieiuni Pollionem aemulantur; otiosi et supini, si quid modo longius circumduxerunt, iurant ita Ciceronem locuturum fuisse.§ 17.horride atque incomposite: horride inculteque Cic. Orat. 28: cp.1 §66rudis in plerisque et incompositus (Aeschylus): Tac. Dial. 18 sunt enim horridi et impoliti et rudes et informes.Horridusis the opposite ofnitidus: Cic. de Orat. iii. 51: de Legg. i. 2, 6: Brutus §§68, 83, 117, 238, 268.quidlibet illud frigidum et inane. As the expressionhorride atque incompositedenotes the unpleasing form, so this phrase (cp. frigida et inanis adfectatio ix. 3, 74) stigmatises the tasteless and vapid substance of the incompetent imitators (Hor. Ep. i. 19, 19 O imitatores, servum pecus): tr. ‘writers who have come out with their favourite platitudes and inanities.’ There is something deictic aboutillud. Becher compares ix. 2, 94 postulandum est utnescio quid illudquod adversarii obliquis sententiis significare voluerint obiciant palam: i. 3, 4 hi sunt qui ... quicquid illud possunt statim ostendunt: Liv. ix. 3, 13 vivet semper in pectoribus illorum quidquid istud praesens necessitas inusserit. Cp. xii. 6, 2: vi. pr. §3 (quidquid hoc est in me), and oftenipsum illud,hoc illud(e.g. Liv. praef. 10): Liv. i. 29, 3 domos suas ultimum illud visuri.extulerunt. The commentators explain as = dicendo extulerunt: cp. i. 5, 16: viii. 3, 40: and Cicero, Orat. §150. But it is more probably the same use as we have in1 §109, viz. a metaphor from a productive soil: cp. Cic. de Natur. Deor. ii. §86, and Brut. §16.antiquis:1 §43quidam solos veteres legendos putant: Tac. Dial. 20 tristem et impexam antiquitatem: 21 sordes autem illae verborum et hians compositio et inconditi sensus redolent antiquitatem: Quint. v. 14, 32 se antiquis per hoc similes vocant. In the Dialogue, Aper (15-23) criticises excessive devotion to antique models,—holding ‘vitio malignitatis humanae vetera semper in laude, praesentia in fastidio esse.’cultu= ornatu:1 §124: See Introd.p. xliv.sententiis:1 §61,§90,§129.Attici:1 §44. SeeCrit. Notes. Cp. xii. 10, 16 Et antiqua quidem illa divisio inter Atticos atque Asianos fuit, cum hi pressi et integri, contra inflati illi et inanes haberentur, in his nihil superflueret, illis iudicium maxime ac modus deesset: ibid. 21 quapropter mihi falli multum videntur qui solos esse Atticos credunt tenues et lucidos et significantes, sed quadam eloquentiae frugalitate contentos ac semper manum intra pallium continentes. Cp. Cic. de Opt. Gen. Orat. §11: Brutus §284 sq.: Orator§28putant enim qui horride inculteque dicat, modo id eleganter enucleateque faciat, eum solum Attice dicere.scilicet, ironical.praecisis. iv. 2, 47 neque mihi umquam tanta fuerit cura brevitatis ut non ea quae credibilem faciunt expositionem inseri velim. Simplex enim et undique praecisa non tam narratio vocari potest quam confessio.conclusionibus, the clauses that ‘round off’ the period: cp. on concludit1 §106. Anacoluths result in such a style from the omission of something essential to the complete period.obscuri. A similar cause of obscurityis noted viii. 2, 19 alii brevitatem aemulati necessaria quoque orationi subtrahunt verba et, velut satis sit scire ipsos, quid dicere velint, quantum ad alios pertineant, nihil putant referre. For the omission ofsunt, see Introd.p. lv.Sallustium: cp.1 §32,§102: iv. 2, 45 quare vitanda est etiam illa Sallustiana (quamquam in ipso virtutis obtinet locum) brevitas et abruptum sermonis genus.Thucydiden:1 §73.tristes ac ieiuni. The opposite would behilares et copiosi: viii. 3, 49 proinde quaedam hebes, sordida, ieiuna, tristis (‘dreary’), ingrata, vilis oratio est. Quae vitia facillime fient manifesta contrariis virtutibus. Nam primum acuto, secundum nitido, tertium copioso, deinceps hilari, iucundo, accurato diversum est.Pollionem,1 §113. Cp. vi. 3, 110 de Pollione Asinio seriis iocisque pariter accommodato dictum est, esse eum omnium horarum.otiosi et supini: ‘your easy-going drawler.’ Forsupinuscp.ὑπτιοςin Dion. Hal. de Isocr. 15: de Dein. 8, &c. So supini securique xi. 3. 3: Iuv. 1, 66 multum referens de Maecenate supino: Martial ii. 6, 13 nunquam deliciae supiniores: vi. 42, 22 Non attendis, et aure me supina Iamdudum quasi negligenter audis. See Introd.p. xliii. andxlvi.—Forotiosus, see on1 §76.circumduxerunt: ix. 4, 124 cum sensus unus longiore ambitu circumducitur.Ciceronem: cp. lentus est in principiis, &c. Tac. Dial. 22.II:18Noveram quosdam qui se pulchre expressisse genus illud caelestis huius in dicendo viri sibi viderentur, si in clausula posuissent ‘esse videatur.’ Ergo primum est ut quod imitaturus est quisque intellegat, et quare bonum sit sciat.§ 18.se expressisse. This unusual construction (aftersibi viderentur= persuasum haberent) may express intensity of conviction: these imitators are thoroughly convinced of their own excellence, whatever the opinion of others may be (sibi, sc.nonaliis). Cp. Cic. de Off. iii. §71 ea malitia quae volt ... videri se esse prudentiam. The same construction occurs sometimes aftermihi videturin the sense ofmihi placet:1 §91: Cic. Tusc. v. 5, 12 Non mihi videtur ad beate vivendum satis posse virtutem: Sall. Iug. 85, 2: Livy xxxvi. 13, 9 quia videbatur et Limnaeum eodem tempore oppugnari posse.caelestis:1 §86.clausula. Cicero gives minute directions for ending a period, Orator. §215: cp. Quint. ix. 3, 45 and 77: iv. 62, 75, 96, &c.esse videatur: Tac. Dial. 23 illud tertio quoque sensu in omnibus orationibus pro sententia positum ‘esse videatur’: Quint, ix. 4, 73 esse videatur iam nimis frequens, octonarium inchoat. An instance occurs below7 §29.primum est ut: cp. rarum est ut7, §24. Zumpt §623.II:19Tum in suscipiendo onere consulat suas vires. Nam quaedam sunt imitabilia, quibus aut infirmitas naturae non sufficiat aut diversitas repugnet. Ne, cui tenue ingenium erit, sola velit fortia et abrupta, cui forte quidem, sed indomitum, amore subtilitatiset vim suam perdat et elegantiam quam cupit non persequatur; nihil est enim tam indecens quam cum mollia dure fiunt.§ 19.consulat suas vires. So Hor. A. P. 38 Sumite materiam vestris, qui scribitis, aequam Viribus, et versate diu quid ferre recusent, Quid valeant umeri. Cui lecta potenter erit res Nec facundia deseret hunc nec lucidus ordo.imitabilia: i.e. there are some things which are (in themselves) fit patterns for imitation, but—then follows the limitation (quibus c. subj.).tenue ingenium= ability for thetenue genus dicendi, for which see on1 §44. Cp. xii. 10, 35 nec rerum nimiam tenuitatem ... fortioribus ... verbis miscebimus.fortia et abrupta: a ‘bold and rugged style,’ the latter quality being often associated with excessive brevity: iv. 2, 45 vitanda est illa Sallustiana brevitas et abruptum sermonis genus.forte(sc. ingenium): a talent for vigorous and energetic diction. Cp. Cic. deOrat. ii. 183 non enim semper fortis oratio quaeritur, sed saepe placida, summissa, lenis. So below§23‘lene ac remissum genus causarum’ is that which calls for ‘lene ac remissum genus dicendi.’indomitum: ‘violent,’ unbridled, unrestrained. In such a case thegenus dicendi grande atque robustumwill be more appropriate than thegenus subtile: cp.1 §44. For the union ofsubtilitasandelegantiacp. 1, 78 Lysias subtilis atque elegans.et ... et: not foraut ... autas Bonnell-Meister, on the ground thatetis inconsistent with the negative. He losesvisand fails to secureelegantiaat one and the same time. The construction occurs when the writer wishes to indicate that the coincidence of the two should be guarded against: cp. Cic. ad Att. iii. 7, 2 ne et meum maerorem exagitem et te in eundem luctum vocem: id. xii. 40, 2: ad Fam. xi. 7, 2: de Off. i. 14, 42.mollia= lenia, dulcia. He might have added, having regard to what has gone before,aut cum dura molliter. Cp. Arist. Rhet. iii. 7ἐὰν οὖν τὰ μαλακὰ σκληρῶς καὶ τὰ σκληρὰ μαλακῶς λέγηται ἀπίθανον γίγνεται.II:20Atque ego illi praeceptori quem institueram in libro secundo credidi non ea sola docenda esse, ad quae quemque discipulorum natura compositum videret; nam is et adiuvare debet quae in quoque eorum invenit bona, et, quantum fieri potest, adicere quae desunt et emendare quaedam et mutare; rector enim est alienorum ingeniorum atque formator. Difficilius est naturam suam fingere.§ 20.atquehas in transitions often the force ofatqui. Tr. ‘To be sure ... I expressed the belief that’ (credidi.)in libro secundo: ch. 8, where he discusses the question, An secundum sui quisque ingenii naturam docendus sit. The conclusion arrived at there might seem inconsistent with what he is now saying, so this paragraph is added to clear away the contradiction.—The sequence of thought is as follows: the teacher must not confine himself to what his pupils have a natural bent for. Besides developing latent talent, he must ‘adicere quae desunt et emendare quaedam et mutare’: for his office is to mould the minds of others, and that is not so hard. It is more difficult to form one’s own character. But he ought not to waste his pains over what he finds repugnant to the mind of his pupils.compositum: cp. ii. 8, 7.naturam suam fingere: i.e. without the help and supervision of apraeceptorto assist in applying such principles as are laid down in§19.II:21Sed ne ille quidem doctor, quamquam omnia quae recta sunt velit esse in suis auditoribus quam plenissima, in eo tamen cui naturam obstare viderit laborabit.Id quoque vitandum, in quo magna pars errat, ne in oratione poetas nobis et historicos, in illis operibus oratores aut declamatores imitandos putemus.§ 21.quamquam: v.1 §33and§96:7 §17below.in illis operibus, sc. in poesi et historia: cp.1 §31.declamatores:1 §71.II:22Sua cuique proposito lex, suus decor est: nec comoedia in cothurnos adsurgit, nec contratragoedia socco ingreditur. Habet tamen omnis eloquentia aliquid commune: id imitemur quod commune est.§ 22.proposito, i.e. officio poetarum, historicorum, oratorum: cp. ix. 4, 19: xi. 1, 33. SeeCrit. Notes.decor, ‘appropriate character’: v. on1 §27. Quintilian seems to have in view here the passage in Ars Poetica (86-118) where Horace insists on the necessity for maintaining proper tone and style. Cp. esp. 86 Descriptas servare vices operumque colores, and 92 Singulaquaequelocum teneant sortita decentem. Cp. also Cicero, de Opt. Gen. Oratorum1 §1Itaque et in tragoedia comicum vitiosum est, et in comoedia turpe tragicum: et in ceteris suus est cuique sonus et quaedam intellegentibus vox.cothurnos ... socco. Hor. A. P. 89-91 Versibus exponi tragicis res comica non vult; Indignatur item privatis ac prope socco Dignis carminibus narrari cena Thyestae. In line 80 he contrasts thesoccus(κρηπίς) or ‘slipper’ of comedy with thegrandes cothurni(‘buskins’) of tragedy. Cp. Milton’s ‘the buskin’d stage,’ and ‘If Jonson’s learned sock be on.’ Bombast must be avoided in comedy, though Interdum tamen et vocem comoedia tollit, Iratusque Chremes tumido delitigat ore (A. P. 93): and tragedy on the other hand should soar above the tone suited to the affairs of daily life (cp. 95 sq.).—Foradsurgitcp.1 §52.nec ... nec contra: iv. 1, 60 Nec argumentis autem nec locis nec narrationi similis esse in prooemio debet oratio, neque tamen deducta semper atque circumlita, &c.habet tamen, i.e. notwithstanding the rules appropriate to each department (lex cuique proposita).omnis eloquentia. For this wide use of the word cp. Tac. Dial. x. Ego vero omnem eloquentiam omnesque eius partes sacras et venerabiles puto: nec solum cothurnum vestrum aut heroici carminis sonum, sed lyricorum quoque iucunditatem et elegorum lascivias et iamborum amaritudinem et epigrammatum lusus et quamcumque aliam speciem eloquentia habeat, anteponendam ceteris aliarum artium studiis credo. Fororatoria eloquentiaon the other hand see cap. vi. andpassim.II:23Etiam hoc solet incommodi accidere iis qui se uni alicui generi dediderunt, ut, si asperitas iis placuit alicuius, hanc etiam in leni ac remisso causarum genere non exuant; si tenuitas aut iucunditas, in asperis gravibusque causis ponderi rerum parum respondeant:cum sit diversa non causarum modo inter ipsas condicio, sed in singulis etiam causis partium, sintque alia leniter alia aspere, alia concitate alia remisse, alia docendi alia movendi gratia dicenda; quorum omnium dissimilis atque diversa inter se ratio est.§ 23.uni alicui: cp.§24below, also in reverse order7 §16aliquam rem unam. It is used as the singular ofsinguli.asperitas, ‘passion,’ opp. tolenitasandaequabilitas. Cp. Cic. de Orat. ii. 64 genus orationis fusum atque tractum (‘easy and flowing’) et cum lenitate quadam aequabili profluens sine hac iudiciali asperitate et sine sententiarum forensibus aculeis: Quint. i. 8, 11 forensi asperitate: cp.5 §14below. The same antithesis is given in other words Orat. §53 Elaborant alii in lenitate et aequabilitate et puro quasi quodam et candido genere dicendi; ecce aliqui duritatem et severitatem quandam in verbis et orationis quasi maestitiam sequuntur. Cp. de Orat. iii. 7, 28 Gravitatem Africanus, lenitatem Laelius, asperitatem Galba, profluens quiddam habuit Carbo et canorum.alicuius, ‘some particular author’: for the use of the full form in a conditional clause, whereby the pronoun receives emphasis, cp.1 §22,§130:6 §5:7 §2,§15,§16.leni ac remisso, cp. on forte (sc. ingenium)§19, above. So Brutus §317 Cotta et Hortensius, quorum alter remissus et lenis et propriis verbis comprehendens solute et facile sententiam, alter ornatus, acer, ... verborum et actionis genere commotior: de Orat. ii. 95 dicendi molliora ac remissiora genera.tenuitas: like subtilitas in§19above, amore subtilitatis vim suam perdat: cp. 12, 2, 13 sectas ad tenuitatem suam vires ipsa subtilitate consumet. In conjunction withiucunditas(cp.1 §§46,64,82,96,101,113) it is certainly not used in a depreciatory sense, though it always implies the absence of all attempt at embellishment. Ernesti (Clav. Cic.) says: corporis esttenuitas, cum sucus ei et carnis copia deest, cum sit sanum: unde ad dicendi genus subtile transfertur, quod sine vitiis est,sed et sine ornamentis. Tr. ‘simplicity,’ ‘naturalness’: cp.1 §44. Perhapstenuitasandiucunditastogether might be rendered ‘artless grace,’ which does not suffice wheregravitasor evenasperitasorationis is called for. SeeCrit. Notes.asperis: ‘exciting’ causes, i.e. such as arouse passion, so that the speaker cannot belenis ac remissus, ‘smooth and unimpassioned.’cum sit: cp.§13.diversa ... diversa: an instance of negligent repetition, of which we have another inuni alicuiimmediately following. Cp.1 §§8,9,23,25,26,28,29,42,80,94,116,126,131:2 §§11-13,24:3 §§7,21:5 §§6,7:6 §7:7 §§7,30.inter ipsas,§15.docendi ... movendi, cp. xii. 10, 58 quoted on1 §44.II:24Itaque ne hoc quidem suaserim, uni se alicui proprie, quem per omnia sequatur, addicere. Longe perfectissimus Graecorum Demosthenes, aliquid tamen aliquo in loco melius alii, plurima ille. Sed non qui maxime imitandus, et solus imitandus est.§ 24.suaserim ... se addicere: for the infinitive cp. Cic. de Orat. i. §251; Zumpt 616.sequatur: the subj. is to be supplied from the indefinite pronoun (sc. aliquem) understood beforeaddicere. Cp.1 §7: ii. 15, 12 primum esse ... ducere in id quod velit: 16, 19 in quae velit ducere. For this use ofsequicp.1 §28:2 §7.longe perfectissimus:1 §§39,105.melius. The same ellipse of the verb is repeated below3 §25.II:25Quid ergo? non est satis omnia sic dicere quo modo M. Tullius dixit? Mihi quidem satis esset, si omnia consequi possem: quid tamen noceret vim Caesaris, asperitatem Caeli, diligentiam Pollionis, iudicium Calvi quibusdam in locis adsumere?§ 25.non est: cp.1 §56.M. Tullius; for Quintilian’s reverence for Cicero see1 §39and§105sq.quid tamen noceretshould be taken in connection with the foregoing. The meaning is, ‘yet even if Icouldrival Cicero in every respect, what harm would it do?’ etc. The impf. is motived by the precedingsi possem,—an unrealisable supposition.vim Caesaris:1 §114. Cp. i. 7, 34 vim Caesaris fregerunt editi de analogia libri?asperitatem Caeli:1 §115. For an example see iv. 2, 123. For ‘asperitatem’ Eussner proposesacerbitatem.Pollionis:1 §113.Calvi:1 §115. A similar enumeration is given, xii. 10, 11, vim Caesaris, indolem Caeli, subtilitatem Calidi, diligentiam Pollionis, dignitatem Messallae, sanctitatem Calvi, gravitatem Bruti, acumen Sulpici, acerbitatem Cassi.adsumere: as§27utilitatis gratia adsumpta; not as1 §121.II:26Nam praeter id quod prudentis est quod in quoque optimum est, si possit, suum facere, tum in tanta rei difficultate unum intuentes vix aliqua pars sequitur. Ideoque cum totum exprimere quem elegeris paene sit homini inconcessum, plurium bona ponamus ante oculos, ut aliud ex alio haereat, et quo quidque loco conveniat aptemus.§ 26.praeter id quod: see on1 §28: cp.3 §6.tum, as if the sentence had opened withNam primum.vix ... sequitur: ‘some element, or quality, is realised with difficulty, if we look only at one model.’Vix aliquigives prominence to the affirmative, and so differs fromvix quisquam: it is achieved but with difficulty. Foraliquacp.7 §16.Sequiturhere =contingit. See on§27: and cp. xi. 2, 39, quod meae quoque memoriae infirmitatem sequebatur.aliud ex alio: sc. scriptore.haereat: sc. in animo legentis. Cp. Hor. A. P. 195 quod non proposito conducat et haereat apte.II:27Imitatio autem (nam saepius idem dicam) non sit tantum in verbis. Illuc intendenda mens, quantum fuerit illis viris decoris in rebus atque personis, quod consilium, quae dispositio, quam omnia, etiam quae delectationi videantur data, ad victoriam spectent; quid agatur prooemio, quae ratio et quam varia narrandi, quae vis probandi ac refellendi, quanta in adfectibus omnis generis movendis scientia, quamque laus ipsa popularis utilitatis gratia adsumpta, quae tum est pulcherrima, cum sequitur, non cum arcessitur. Haec si perviderimus, tum vere imitabimur.§ 27.saepius:§§12-13:§16.non sit: cp. non putemus3 §16: ibid.§5. (Cp. also utinam non inquinasset1 §100.) Cic. pro Cluent. §155 a legibus non recedamus: Hor. Sat. ii. 5, 91 non etiam sileas. Draeger, Hist. Synt. 1, 312 speaks of the usage as a stronger negation thanne. Nettleship on Aen. 12, 78 says that non is used ‘if a particular part of the sentence is to be emphasized.’ Kr.3suggests thatnonshould be taken withtantum.—See Introd.p. lii.delectationi ... data: xii. 10, 45 atque id fecisse M. Tullium video, ut cum plurimum utilitati, turn partem quandam delectationi daret.ad victoriam:1 §29ad victoriam niti: ii. 4, 32: v. 12, 22: xii. 10, 48.prooemio, narrandi, probandi, refellendi, adfectibus movendisgive the five essential parts of a judicial speech (iii. 9, 1); the introduction, the narrative, the proof, the refutation, and the closing appeal (epilogus, peroratio).laus popularis: cp.1 §17laudantium clamor: referring to the crowd surrounding the tribunal. Tac. Dial. vi. coire populum et circumfundi coronam et accipere adfectum quemcumque orator induerit. In viii. 3, 2 Quintilian opposes tolaus popularis,iudicium doctorum.adsumpta(sit): ‘how popular applause itself has been worked in,’ made useful for winning the case.cum sequitur, ‘when it is given spontaneously, not courted.’ So viii. prooem. 18 decoris qui est in dicendo mea quidem sententia pulcherrimus, sed cum sequitur, non cum adfectatur. Cp. Sall. Cat. 54 ad fin.: quo minus petebat gloriam, eo magis illum sequebatur: ibid. 3. Plin. Epist. i. 8, 14 sequi enim gloria non adpeti debet, nec si casu aliquo non sequatur, idcirco quod gloriam meruit minus pulchrum est.II:28Qui vero etiam propria his bona adiecerit, ut suppleat quae deerunt, circumcidat si quid redundabit, is erit, quem quaerimus, perfectus orator; quem nunc consummari potissimum oporteat, cum tanto plura exempla bene dicendi supersunt quam illis qui adhuc summi sunt contigerunt. Nam erit haec quoque laus eorum, ut priores superasse, posteros docuisse dicantur.§ 28.perfectus orator: see on§9quomodo sperare possumus illum oratorem perfectum?quem ... consummari. Ifquemcan be referred only tooratorin what immediately precedes (and not toperfectus orator) the inf. need not mean anything more than ‘perfectum fieri.’ This is Becher’s view (Quaest. Quint. p. 19) adopted by Krüger (3rd ed.). But ‘perfectus orator’ forms so much a single idea here that it seems more probable thatquemcovers both the noun and the adj. In so loose a writer as Quintilian no difficulty need be felt aboutconsummari, though the editors think it necessary to assume that, with the infin.,perfectusis proleptic = oratorem consummari ita ut perfectus fiat, comparing (with Krüger, 2nd ed.) Demosth.μέγας ἐκ μικροῦ ὁ Φίλιππος ηὔξηται. See1 §122onconsummatus.oporteat: seeCrit. Notes.eorum: sc. qui adhuc summi sunt,—those who have hitherto been (and are) pre-eminent.

II:1II. Ex his ceterisque lectione dignis auctoribus et verborum sumenda copia est et varietas figurarum et componendi ratio, tum ad exemplum virtutum omnium mens derigenda. Nequeenim dubitari potest, quin artis pars magna contineatur imitatione. Nam ut invenire primum fuit estque praecipuum, sic ea quae bene inventa sunt utile sequi.

§ 1.verborum ... copia: cp.1 §5and§8.varietas figurarum: see note on plurima vero mutatione figuramus1 §12.componendi ratio, the ‘theory of rhythmical arrangement’: see oncompositione1 §79: and cp.§§44,52, and66.tum ... virtutum omnium: i.e. in reading the best authors we are not only to acquire facility and dexterity in regard to the points enumerated, but to imitate also all the good qualities exemplified in their works.ad exemplum, ‘after the model of,’ as ii. 3, 12 ad Phoenicis Homerici exemplumdicere ac facere: not likein exemplum§2below, ‘as a model.’ The same use ofadoccurs below ad propositum sibi praescriptum: and7 §3ad incursus tempestatum ... ratio mutanda est.mens derigenda: so vi. 5, 2 ideoque nos quid in quaque re sequendum cavendumque sit docemus ac deinceps docebimus, ut ad ea iudicium derigatur. For the formderigosee Munro on Lucr. vi. 823: ‘this was probably the only genuine ancient form.’ So Cic. pro Mur. §3 vitam ad certam rationis normam derigenti: Orator §9 ad illius similitudinem artem et manum derigebat (where, however, Sandys reads dirigebat): Tac. Dial. §5 ad utilitatem vitae omnia consilia ... derigenda sunt: Ann. iv. 40 ad famam praecipua rerum derigere. Cp. note on3 §28.dubitari: see on1 §73,§81.imitatione: a reference to Aristotle’s general theory of art, made to introduce the subject of imitation (μίμησις, ζῆλος) in the sphere of oratory. This is defined by Cornif. ad Herenn. i. 2, 3 imitatio est qua impellimur cum diligenti ratione ut aliquorum similes in dicendo velimus esse: cp. de Orat. ii. §90 sq.

§ 1.verborum ... copia: cp.1 §5and§8.

varietas figurarum: see note on plurima vero mutatione figuramus1 §12.

componendi ratio, the ‘theory of rhythmical arrangement’: see oncompositione1 §79: and cp.§§44,52, and66.

tum ... virtutum omnium: i.e. in reading the best authors we are not only to acquire facility and dexterity in regard to the points enumerated, but to imitate also all the good qualities exemplified in their works.

ad exemplum, ‘after the model of,’ as ii. 3, 12 ad Phoenicis Homerici exemplumdicere ac facere: not likein exemplum§2below, ‘as a model.’ The same use ofadoccurs below ad propositum sibi praescriptum: and7 §3ad incursus tempestatum ... ratio mutanda est.

mens derigenda: so vi. 5, 2 ideoque nos quid in quaque re sequendum cavendumque sit docemus ac deinceps docebimus, ut ad ea iudicium derigatur. For the formderigosee Munro on Lucr. vi. 823: ‘this was probably the only genuine ancient form.’ So Cic. pro Mur. §3 vitam ad certam rationis normam derigenti: Orator §9 ad illius similitudinem artem et manum derigebat (where, however, Sandys reads dirigebat): Tac. Dial. §5 ad utilitatem vitae omnia consilia ... derigenda sunt: Ann. iv. 40 ad famam praecipua rerum derigere. Cp. note on3 §28.

dubitari: see on1 §73,§81.

imitatione: a reference to Aristotle’s general theory of art, made to introduce the subject of imitation (μίμησις, ζῆλος) in the sphere of oratory. This is defined by Cornif. ad Herenn. i. 2, 3 imitatio est qua impellimur cum diligenti ratione ut aliquorum similes in dicendo velimus esse: cp. de Orat. ii. §90 sq.

II:2Atque omnis vitae ratio sic constat, ut quae probamus in aliis facere ipsi velimus. Sic litterarum ductus, ut scribendi fiat usus, pueri sequuntur; sic musici vocem docentium, pictores opera priorum, rustici probatam experimento culturam in exemplum intuentur; omnis denique disciplinae initia ad propositum sibi praescriptum formari videmus.

§ 2.ratio sic constat: ‘it is a universal rule of life that,’ &c. More usual would have been ‘ita ratio comparata est vitae ut,’ &c. (Cic. de Amicit. §101). The phraseratio constat(cp. rationem reddere) was originally a figure taken from commerce (ratio—reor, ‘calculate,’ ‘count’), as Tac. Ann. i. 6 eam condicionem esse imperandi ut non aliter ratio constet quam si uni reddatur: i.e. if you are an absolute ruler the only way to ‘get your accounts square’ is to audit them yourself. So Nettleship (Lat. Lex.) would explain here ‘there is this balance in ordinary life’: i.e. the account of life only comes out right on the supposition that, &c,—civilised life would come to an end unless, &c. More probably Quintilian is employing here a loose combination of two modes of expression, ratio constat ut, &c., and such a phrase as that quoted from Cic. de Amicit. §101: cp. Acad. ii. §132 omnis ratio vitae definitione summi boni continetur. In Pliny’s letters the same expression is constantly used (likeratio estin Cicero) for ‘it is right or reasonable’: iii. 18, 10 confido in hoc genere materiae laetioris stili constare rationem: i. 5, 16 mihi et temptandi aliquid et quiescendi ... ratio constabit: ii. 4, 4 in te vero ratio constabit: cp. vii. 6, 4.—For the thought cp. Arist. Poet. 1, 4τό τε γὰρ μιμεῖσθαι σύμφυτον τοῖς ἀνθρώποις ἐκ παίδων ἐστί κ.τ.λ.ductus, ‘tracings,’—writing-copies made on wax-tablets: cp. i. 1. 25 sq., esp. §27 cum vero iam ductus sequi coeperit, non inutile erit eas tabellae quam optime insculpi, ut per illos velut sulcos ducatur stilus.usus: cp. Cic. Acad. ii. §2 Ingenii magnitudo non desideravit indocilem usus disciplinam: de Orat. i. §15 ut ad eam doctrinam quam suo quisque studio adsecutus esset adiungeretur usus frequens: pro Balbo §45.experimento: cp. vi. 2, 25 experimento meo ac natura ipsa duce. The phraseexperimento probareoccurs in the Vulgate, Esth. iii. 5.in exemplum: cp.§11in exemplum adsumimus.initia, abstract for concrete: cp.3 §8hanc moram et sollicitudinem initiis (i.e. incipientibus) impero. So in ii. 4, 13 ‘studia’ is put for ‘studiosi.’ad ... praescriptum: subst. as frequently in Cicero, e.g. Orat. §36. So Quint. ii. 13, 2: iv. 2, 84: ix. 4, 117. Cp. Seneca Ep. 94 §51 pueri ad praescriptum discunt. On the other handpropositumis even more frequently used as a noun by Quintilian: e.g.§11omnis imitatio ... ad alienum propositum accommodatur: ii. 10, 15 omne propositum operisa nobis destinati: v. 11, 31 ad praesens propositum.

§ 2.ratio sic constat: ‘it is a universal rule of life that,’ &c. More usual would have been ‘ita ratio comparata est vitae ut,’ &c. (Cic. de Amicit. §101). The phraseratio constat(cp. rationem reddere) was originally a figure taken from commerce (ratio—reor, ‘calculate,’ ‘count’), as Tac. Ann. i. 6 eam condicionem esse imperandi ut non aliter ratio constet quam si uni reddatur: i.e. if you are an absolute ruler the only way to ‘get your accounts square’ is to audit them yourself. So Nettleship (Lat. Lex.) would explain here ‘there is this balance in ordinary life’: i.e. the account of life only comes out right on the supposition that, &c,—civilised life would come to an end unless, &c. More probably Quintilian is employing here a loose combination of two modes of expression, ratio constat ut, &c., and such a phrase as that quoted from Cic. de Amicit. §101: cp. Acad. ii. §132 omnis ratio vitae definitione summi boni continetur. In Pliny’s letters the same expression is constantly used (likeratio estin Cicero) for ‘it is right or reasonable’: iii. 18, 10 confido in hoc genere materiae laetioris stili constare rationem: i. 5, 16 mihi et temptandi aliquid et quiescendi ... ratio constabit: ii. 4, 4 in te vero ratio constabit: cp. vii. 6, 4.—For the thought cp. Arist. Poet. 1, 4τό τε γὰρ μιμεῖσθαι σύμφυτον τοῖς ἀνθρώποις ἐκ παίδων ἐστί κ.τ.λ.

ductus, ‘tracings,’—writing-copies made on wax-tablets: cp. i. 1. 25 sq., esp. §27 cum vero iam ductus sequi coeperit, non inutile erit eas tabellae quam optime insculpi, ut per illos velut sulcos ducatur stilus.

usus: cp. Cic. Acad. ii. §2 Ingenii magnitudo non desideravit indocilem usus disciplinam: de Orat. i. §15 ut ad eam doctrinam quam suo quisque studio adsecutus esset adiungeretur usus frequens: pro Balbo §45.

experimento: cp. vi. 2, 25 experimento meo ac natura ipsa duce. The phraseexperimento probareoccurs in the Vulgate, Esth. iii. 5.

in exemplum: cp.§11in exemplum adsumimus.

initia, abstract for concrete: cp.3 §8hanc moram et sollicitudinem initiis (i.e. incipientibus) impero. So in ii. 4, 13 ‘studia’ is put for ‘studiosi.’

ad ... praescriptum: subst. as frequently in Cicero, e.g. Orat. §36. So Quint. ii. 13, 2: iv. 2, 84: ix. 4, 117. Cp. Seneca Ep. 94 §51 pueri ad praescriptum discunt. On the other handpropositumis even more frequently used as a noun by Quintilian: e.g.§11omnis imitatio ... ad alienum propositum accommodatur: ii. 10, 15 omne propositum operisa nobis destinati: v. 11, 31 ad praesens propositum.

II:3Et hercule necesse est aut similes aut dissimiles bonis simus. Similem raro natura praestat, frequenter imitatio. Sed hoc ipsum quod tanto faciliorem nobis rationem rerum omnium facit quam fuit iis qui nihil quod sequerentur habuerunt, nisi caute et cum iudicio adprehenditur, nocet.

§ 3.hoc ipsum quodmust go together, ‘the fact that’: cp. ix. 2, 69 aperta figura perdit hoc ipsum quod figura est. The commentators wrongly takequodas the conjunction and explainhoc ipsumas imitatio (or perhaps the advantage of having examples to follow).tantowithout a correlative: cp. tanto plena§28: Cic. pro Rosc. Amer. i. 1, 2 at tanto officiosior quam ceteri? In all three instances the quam depends on the comparative.rationem rerum omnium: the general course, method, or procedure of everything, ‘every process’: cp.3 §31ratio delendi.Ratiois often used with the genitive of a subst. as a periphrasis for the subst. itself, Zumpt. §678: the various instances are well classified by Nettleship, Lat. Lex. p. 566, 9 and 11.adprehenditur, frequent in Quintilian of taking hold of a fact, idea, or argument: cp. v. 14, 23 quae (leges oratorias) Graeci adprehensa magis in catenas ligant: vi. 4, 18 quod adprehendens maius aliquid cogatur dimittere: vii. 1, 56 in hoc de quo loquimur patre quid adprehendi potest?

§ 3.hoc ipsum quodmust go together, ‘the fact that’: cp. ix. 2, 69 aperta figura perdit hoc ipsum quod figura est. The commentators wrongly takequodas the conjunction and explainhoc ipsumas imitatio (or perhaps the advantage of having examples to follow).

tantowithout a correlative: cp. tanto plena§28: Cic. pro Rosc. Amer. i. 1, 2 at tanto officiosior quam ceteri? In all three instances the quam depends on the comparative.

rationem rerum omnium: the general course, method, or procedure of everything, ‘every process’: cp.3 §31ratio delendi.Ratiois often used with the genitive of a subst. as a periphrasis for the subst. itself, Zumpt. §678: the various instances are well classified by Nettleship, Lat. Lex. p. 566, 9 and 11.

adprehenditur, frequent in Quintilian of taking hold of a fact, idea, or argument: cp. v. 14, 23 quae (leges oratorias) Graeci adprehensa magis in catenas ligant: vi. 4, 18 quod adprehendens maius aliquid cogatur dimittere: vii. 1, 56 in hoc de quo loquimur patre quid adprehendi potest?

II:4Ante omnia igitur imitatio per se ipsa non sufficit, vel quia pigri est ingenii contentum esse iis quae sint ab aliis inventa. Quid enim futurum erat temporibus illis quae sine exemplo fuerunt, si homines nihil, nisi quod iam cognovissent, faciendum sibi aut cogitandum putassent? Nempe nihil fuisset inventum.

§ 4.Ante omnia: cp. the formulaac primum quidem, introducing the first argument, viz. that imitation is not sufficient in itself: others follow in§7:§10: and§12adde quod ea quae in oratore maxima sunt imitabilia non sunt, &c.vel quia: ‘just because,’ i.e. because (if for no other reason) it is the mark of, &c. The use ofvelimplies that there are other reasons which could be adduced, if the reader cared to have them (vel—si velis). Cp.1 §75vel hoc est ipso probabilis:§80,§86:5 §8: Roby §2222.Quid futurum erat:§7below. Contrast the use of the plpf. subj. in thedefiniteapodosis supplied in ‘nihil fuisset inventum.’ For the indic. cp. longum est1 §118: oportebat2 §28: fas erat5 §7: satis erat6 §2.Nempe, ‘why!’ For a similar use ofnempe, apart from all irony, in answer to a question, cp. Livy vi. 41 penes quos igitur sunt auspicia more maiorum? nempe penes patres. In such cases the assent of the imaginary interlocutor is taken for granted.—Frotscher compares Libanius, Declam. xviii. p. 487εἰ δ᾽ ἀεί τινος ἔδει παραδείγματος οὐκ ἂν ἀρχὴν οὐδὲ ἓν ἐλάμβανεν.

§ 4.Ante omnia: cp. the formulaac primum quidem, introducing the first argument, viz. that imitation is not sufficient in itself: others follow in§7:§10: and§12adde quod ea quae in oratore maxima sunt imitabilia non sunt, &c.

vel quia: ‘just because,’ i.e. because (if for no other reason) it is the mark of, &c. The use ofvelimplies that there are other reasons which could be adduced, if the reader cared to have them (vel—si velis). Cp.1 §75vel hoc est ipso probabilis:§80,§86:5 §8: Roby §2222.

Quid futurum erat:§7below. Contrast the use of the plpf. subj. in thedefiniteapodosis supplied in ‘nihil fuisset inventum.’ For the indic. cp. longum est1 §118: oportebat2 §28: fas erat5 §7: satis erat6 §2.

Nempe, ‘why!’ For a similar use ofnempe, apart from all irony, in answer to a question, cp. Livy vi. 41 penes quos igitur sunt auspicia more maiorum? nempe penes patres. In such cases the assent of the imaginary interlocutor is taken for granted.—Frotscher compares Libanius, Declam. xviii. p. 487εἰ δ᾽ ἀεί τινος ἔδει παραδείγματος οὐκ ἂν ἀρχὴν οὐδὲ ἓν ἐλάμβανεν.

II:5Cur igitur nefas est reperiri aliquid a nobis, quod ante non fuerit? An illi rudes sola mentis natura ducti sunt in hoc, ut tam multa generarent: nos ad quaerendum non eo ipso concitemur, quod certe scimus invenisse eos qui quaesierunt?

§ 5.illi rudesis explained by§4temporibus illis quae sine exemplo fuerunt.Anis the mark of a double question, being used to introduce the second alternative as opposed to the first, even when the first is understood rather than expressed. Here it almost = num, and implies the needlessness of the preceding remark (Roby 2255), and introduces anà fortioriargument; cp. Cicero, Tusc. v. §90 Cur pecuniam ... curet omnino? An Scythes Anacharsis potuit pro nihilo pecuniam ducere, nostrates philosophi facere non potuerunt? Cic. Cat. i. 1, 3. So3 §29below an vero ... hoc cogitatio praestat:5 §7.certe scimus.Certeis less absolutethancerto. Acc. to Klotz ad Cic. de Sen. i. 2 certe scio = certum est me scire (‘I am sure that I know’): certo scio = certum est quod scio (‘I have certain or sure knowledge,’ ‘my knowledge is accurate’). Cp. Ter. Andr. 503 with 929.

§ 5.illi rudesis explained by§4temporibus illis quae sine exemplo fuerunt.Anis the mark of a double question, being used to introduce the second alternative as opposed to the first, even when the first is understood rather than expressed. Here it almost = num, and implies the needlessness of the preceding remark (Roby 2255), and introduces anà fortioriargument; cp. Cicero, Tusc. v. §90 Cur pecuniam ... curet omnino? An Scythes Anacharsis potuit pro nihilo pecuniam ducere, nostrates philosophi facere non potuerunt? Cic. Cat. i. 1, 3. So3 §29below an vero ... hoc cogitatio praestat:5 §7.

certe scimus.Certeis less absolutethancerto. Acc. to Klotz ad Cic. de Sen. i. 2 certe scio = certum est me scire (‘I am sure that I know’): certo scio = certum est quod scio (‘I have certain or sure knowledge,’ ‘my knowledge is accurate’). Cp. Ter. Andr. 503 with 929.

II:6Etcum illi, qui nullum cuiusquam rei habuerunt magistrum, plurima in posteros tradiderunt, nobis usus aliarum rerum ad eruendas alias non proderit, sed nihil habebimus nisi beneficii alieni? quem ad modum quidam pictores in id solum student, ut describere tabulas mensuris ac lineis sciant.

§ 6.cuiusquam rei.Quisquam(generally subst.) is, when employed adjectivally, more usually found along with names of persons or words implying personality: cp. iv. 1, 10 ne contumeliosi in quenquam hominem ordinemve videamur:7 §3below quisquam ... orator: iii. 1, 22 cuiusquam sectae.in posteros: so i. 1, 6: ad posteros xii. 11, 28.—Fortradiderunt, seeCrit. Notes.eruendas: ix. 2, 64 latens aliquid eruitur: xii. 8, 13 multa ... patronus eruet: iv. 2, 60 hoc quoque tamquam occultum et a se prudenter erutum tradunt. Quintilian follows Cicero in the figurative use of this word; e.g. de Orat. ii. 146 scrutari locos ex quibus argumenta eruamus: ibid. 360 hac exercitatione non eruenda memoria est, si est nulla naturalis, sed certe, si latet, evocanda est.beneficii. This gen. occurs in the phrase ‘sui beneficii facere,’ not uncommon in the Latin of the Silver Age, ‘to make dependent on one’s own bounty or favour.’ Suet. Claud. 23 commeatus a senatu peti solitos benefici sui fecit: Iust. xiii. 4, 9 ut munus imperii beneficii sui faceret: Sen. Ben. iii. 18, 4. The phrase is equivalent to nihil habebimusnisi quod sitorquod non sitben. al. = nisi quod debeamus aliis (‘due to the favour of others’). Becher cites the analogous expression ‘tui muneris habeo’ in Tac. Ann. xiv. 55: cp. ib. xv. 52, 4 ne ... sui muneris rem publicam faceret, and tui muneris est Hor. Car. iv. 3, 21. So ‘ducere aliquid offici sui.’ The genitive must not therefore be explained as a gen. of quality, dependent onnihil(as Meister).in id solum student. The construction (which occurs again xii. 6, 6 in quam rem studendum sit) seems to be modelled on that ofniti. Here, however,ei solicould not have stood.—The process of ‘copying by measures and lines’ is not unknown even now. The picture to be reproduced, and the surface on which the copy was to be made, were divided into equal numbers of squares (mensurae) by lines drawn across at right angles.

§ 6.cuiusquam rei.Quisquam(generally subst.) is, when employed adjectivally, more usually found along with names of persons or words implying personality: cp. iv. 1, 10 ne contumeliosi in quenquam hominem ordinemve videamur:7 §3below quisquam ... orator: iii. 1, 22 cuiusquam sectae.

in posteros: so i. 1, 6: ad posteros xii. 11, 28.—Fortradiderunt, seeCrit. Notes.

eruendas: ix. 2, 64 latens aliquid eruitur: xii. 8, 13 multa ... patronus eruet: iv. 2, 60 hoc quoque tamquam occultum et a se prudenter erutum tradunt. Quintilian follows Cicero in the figurative use of this word; e.g. de Orat. ii. 146 scrutari locos ex quibus argumenta eruamus: ibid. 360 hac exercitatione non eruenda memoria est, si est nulla naturalis, sed certe, si latet, evocanda est.

beneficii. This gen. occurs in the phrase ‘sui beneficii facere,’ not uncommon in the Latin of the Silver Age, ‘to make dependent on one’s own bounty or favour.’ Suet. Claud. 23 commeatus a senatu peti solitos benefici sui fecit: Iust. xiii. 4, 9 ut munus imperii beneficii sui faceret: Sen. Ben. iii. 18, 4. The phrase is equivalent to nihil habebimusnisi quod sitorquod non sitben. al. = nisi quod debeamus aliis (‘due to the favour of others’). Becher cites the analogous expression ‘tui muneris habeo’ in Tac. Ann. xiv. 55: cp. ib. xv. 52, 4 ne ... sui muneris rem publicam faceret, and tui muneris est Hor. Car. iv. 3, 21. So ‘ducere aliquid offici sui.’ The genitive must not therefore be explained as a gen. of quality, dependent onnihil(as Meister).

in id solum student. The construction (which occurs again xii. 6, 6 in quam rem studendum sit) seems to be modelled on that ofniti. Here, however,ei solicould not have stood.—The process of ‘copying by measures and lines’ is not unknown even now. The picture to be reproduced, and the surface on which the copy was to be made, were divided into equal numbers of squares (mensurae) by lines drawn across at right angles.

II:7Turpe etiam illud est, contentum esse id consequi quod imiteris. Nam rursus quid erat futurum, si nemo plus effecisset eo quem sequebatur? Nihil in poetis supra Livium Andronicum, nihil in historiis suprapontificum annales haberemus; ratibus adhuc navigaremus; non esset pictura, nisi quae lineas modo extremas umbrae, quam corpora in sole fecissent, circumscriberet.

§ 7.turpe etiam. For the argument seeCrit. Notes.contentum ... consequi. The constr. c. infin. is very common in Quintilian: over a dozen instances are given in Bonn. Lex. (q.v.). It passed from the usage of poetry (e.g. Ovid, Metam. i. 461) into the prose of the Silver Age. Cicero would have usedsatis habere. Cp. solus legi dignus1 §96.rursusresumes quid futurum erat§4.in poetis ... in historiis: see on1 §28:1 §75.Livius Andronicus. Cicero (Brutus §71) compares his translation of the Odyssey to the first rude attempts at sculpture, which passed under the name of Daedalus: nam et Odyssia Latina est sic tamquam opus aliquod Daedali et Livianae fabulae non satis dignae quae iterum legantur. Cp. Liv. xxvii. §37 forsitan laudabile rudibus ingeniis, nunc abhorrens et inconditum.—Livius was a native of Tarentum, who came to Rome as a slave after the capture of his native city (272B.C.) and set up as a schoolmaster: his Odyssey survived for scholastic purposes down to the days of Orbilius and Horace (Ep. ii. 1, 69). His production inB.C.240—the year after the end of the First Punic War—of a tragedy and comedy in Latin (in which he discarded the old Saturnian metre), may be said to mark the beginning of Roman literature. For thirty years he continued to produce plays at the Roman games, adapting the indigenous Italian drama,such as it was, to the laws which regulated dramatic composition among the Greeks; and when he died at a ripe old age, a compliment was paid to his memory by the assignment of the Temple of Minerva on the Aventine to the ‘guild of poets’ (collegium poetarum) as a place for their meetings.pontificum annales: also called Annales Maximi, probably because they were kept by the Pontifex Maximus. In them was preserved the list of consuls and other magistrates, and they recorded in the baldest fashion the most noteworthy events of each magistracy. Cp. Cic. de Orat. ii. §52 erat enim historia nihil aliud nisi annalium confectio, &c. P. Mucius Scaevola, the consul of 133B.C., edited them in thirty books. Teuffel §66: Mommsen, i. 477 sq.lineas extremas, i.e. the tracing of outlines: this was said to have been the origin of painting. Pliny N. H. xxxv. 5 Graeci (picturam affirmant) ... repertam ... umbra hominis lineis circumducta. Cp. the distinction between free imitation and servile copying in the following from Aulus Gellius (xvii. 20, 8): ea quae in Platonis oratione demiramur, non aemulari quidem, sed lineas umbrasque facere ausi sumus.

§ 7.turpe etiam. For the argument seeCrit. Notes.

contentum ... consequi. The constr. c. infin. is very common in Quintilian: over a dozen instances are given in Bonn. Lex. (q.v.). It passed from the usage of poetry (e.g. Ovid, Metam. i. 461) into the prose of the Silver Age. Cicero would have usedsatis habere. Cp. solus legi dignus1 §96.

rursusresumes quid futurum erat§4.

in poetis ... in historiis: see on1 §28:1 §75.

Livius Andronicus. Cicero (Brutus §71) compares his translation of the Odyssey to the first rude attempts at sculpture, which passed under the name of Daedalus: nam et Odyssia Latina est sic tamquam opus aliquod Daedali et Livianae fabulae non satis dignae quae iterum legantur. Cp. Liv. xxvii. §37 forsitan laudabile rudibus ingeniis, nunc abhorrens et inconditum.—Livius was a native of Tarentum, who came to Rome as a slave after the capture of his native city (272B.C.) and set up as a schoolmaster: his Odyssey survived for scholastic purposes down to the days of Orbilius and Horace (Ep. ii. 1, 69). His production inB.C.240—the year after the end of the First Punic War—of a tragedy and comedy in Latin (in which he discarded the old Saturnian metre), may be said to mark the beginning of Roman literature. For thirty years he continued to produce plays at the Roman games, adapting the indigenous Italian drama,such as it was, to the laws which regulated dramatic composition among the Greeks; and when he died at a ripe old age, a compliment was paid to his memory by the assignment of the Temple of Minerva on the Aventine to the ‘guild of poets’ (collegium poetarum) as a place for their meetings.

pontificum annales: also called Annales Maximi, probably because they were kept by the Pontifex Maximus. In them was preserved the list of consuls and other magistrates, and they recorded in the baldest fashion the most noteworthy events of each magistracy. Cp. Cic. de Orat. ii. §52 erat enim historia nihil aliud nisi annalium confectio, &c. P. Mucius Scaevola, the consul of 133B.C., edited them in thirty books. Teuffel §66: Mommsen, i. 477 sq.

lineas extremas, i.e. the tracing of outlines: this was said to have been the origin of painting. Pliny N. H. xxxv. 5 Graeci (picturam affirmant) ... repertam ... umbra hominis lineis circumducta. Cp. the distinction between free imitation and servile copying in the following from Aulus Gellius (xvii. 20, 8): ea quae in Platonis oratione demiramur, non aemulari quidem, sed lineas umbrasque facere ausi sumus.

II:8Ac si omnia percenseas, nullamansit ars qualis inventa est, nec intra initium stetit: nisi forte nostra potissimum tempora damnamus huius infelicitatis, ut nunc demum nihil crescat: nihil autem crescit sola imitatione.

§ 8.nisi forte: cp.1 §70:3 §31:5 §6.infelicitatis: cp. on1 §7infelicis operae. So viii. prooem. §27 abominanda ... haec infelicitas ... quae et cursum dicendi refrenat et calorem cogitationis extinguit mora et diffidentia. xi. 2, 49 haec rara infelicitas erit. Pliny N. H. praef. 23 has ‘infelix’ ingenium for ‘sterile.’ The opposite would be beatissima ubertas1 §109. For the constr. c. genit. cp. ii. 5, 24 neque enim nos tarditatis natura damnavit: ix. 2, 81 tyrannidis affectatae damnatus: vii. 8, 3 incesti damnata.demum: v. on1 §44.

§ 8.nisi forte: cp.1 §70:3 §31:5 §6.

infelicitatis: cp. on1 §7infelicis operae. So viii. prooem. §27 abominanda ... haec infelicitas ... quae et cursum dicendi refrenat et calorem cogitationis extinguit mora et diffidentia. xi. 2, 49 haec rara infelicitas erit. Pliny N. H. praef. 23 has ‘infelix’ ingenium for ‘sterile.’ The opposite would be beatissima ubertas1 §109. For the constr. c. genit. cp. ii. 5, 24 neque enim nos tarditatis natura damnavit: ix. 2, 81 tyrannidis affectatae damnatus: vii. 8, 3 incesti damnata.

demum: v. on1 §44.

II:9Quod si prioribus adicere fas non est, quo modo sperare possumus illum oratorem perfectum? cum in his, quos maximos adhuc novimus, nemo sit inventus in quo nihil aut desideretur aut reprehendatur. Sed etiam qui summa non adpetent, contendere potius quam sequi debent.

§ 9.oratorem perfectum:§28below, with which cp. the preface to Book i, §9 Oratorem autem instituimus illum perfectum qui esse nisi vir bonus non potest. So Cicero, Orat. §7: de Orat. i. §117.nemo sit inventus: cp. Pr. i. §18 qualis fortasse nemo adhuc fuerit. So too i. 10, 4 where referring to Cicero’s Orator he says: quibus ego primum hoc respondeo, quod M. Cicero scripto ad Brutum libro frequentius testatur: non eum a nobis institui oratorem qui sit aut fuerit, sed imaginem quandam concepisse nos animo perfecti illius et nulla parte cessantis. Orat. §7 non saepe atque haud scio an nunquam.summa: Pr. i. §§19-20 nobis ad summa tendendum est ... altius tamen ibunt qui ad summa nitentur. xii. 11 §26 contendere = certare ut priores sunt, ‘compete,’ ‘rival.’

§ 9.oratorem perfectum:§28below, with which cp. the preface to Book i, §9 Oratorem autem instituimus illum perfectum qui esse nisi vir bonus non potest. So Cicero, Orat. §7: de Orat. i. §117.

nemo sit inventus: cp. Pr. i. §18 qualis fortasse nemo adhuc fuerit. So too i. 10, 4 where referring to Cicero’s Orator he says: quibus ego primum hoc respondeo, quod M. Cicero scripto ad Brutum libro frequentius testatur: non eum a nobis institui oratorem qui sit aut fuerit, sed imaginem quandam concepisse nos animo perfecti illius et nulla parte cessantis. Orat. §7 non saepe atque haud scio an nunquam.

summa: Pr. i. §§19-20 nobis ad summa tendendum est ... altius tamen ibunt qui ad summa nitentur. xii. 11 §26 contendere = certare ut priores sunt, ‘compete,’ ‘rival.’

II:10Nam qui hoc agit ut prior sit, forsitan etiamsi non transierit aequabit. Eum vero nemo potest aequare cuius vestigiis sibi utique insistendum putat; necesse est enim semper sit posterior quisequitur. Adde quod plerumque facilius est plus facere quam idem; tantam enim difficultatem habet similitudo ut ne ipsa quidem natura in hoc ita evaluerit ut non res quae simillimae quaeque pares maxime videantur utique discrimine aliquo discernantur.

§ 10.forsitan: c. ind. as in Quint. Curt. iv. xiv. 20.utique. See on1 §20. Tr. ‘in whose footsteps he thinks he must by all means follow.’adde quod, used thrice within three paragraphs§§10,11,12: another proof of a certain want of finish in Quintilian’s style. Cp. on2 §23: and discrimine ... discernantur, below.—See Introd.p. liii.in hoc, i.e. in the endeavour to reproduce.utique ... aliquo: iv. 5, 8 in omni partitione est utique aliquid potentissimum: iv. 1, 77 aliquam utique sententiam: xii. 10, 67 utique aliquo momento.

§ 10.forsitan: c. ind. as in Quint. Curt. iv. xiv. 20.

utique. See on1 §20. Tr. ‘in whose footsteps he thinks he must by all means follow.’

adde quod, used thrice within three paragraphs§§10,11,12: another proof of a certain want of finish in Quintilian’s style. Cp. on2 §23: and discrimine ... discernantur, below.—See Introd.p. liii.

in hoc, i.e. in the endeavour to reproduce.

utique ... aliquo: iv. 5, 8 in omni partitione est utique aliquid potentissimum: iv. 1, 77 aliquam utique sententiam: xii. 10, 67 utique aliquo momento.

II:11Adde quod quidquid alteri simile est, necesse est minus sit eo quod imitatur, ut umbra corpore et imago facie et actus histrionum veris adfectibus. Quod in orationibus quoque evenit. Namque iis quae in exemplum adsumimus subest natura et vera vis; contra omnis imitatio facta est et ad alienum propositum accommodatur.

§ 11.veris adfectibus. Cp. vi. 2, 35 Vidi ego saepe histriones atque comoedos, cum ex aliquo graviore actu personam deposuissent, flentes adhuc egredi. quod si in alienis scriptis sola pronuntiatio ita falsis accendit adfectibus, quid nos faciemus qui illa cogitare debemus ut moveri periclitantium vice possimus? Cp. Hor. A. P. 431-433.alienum proposition, i.e. the purpose of the imitator, not that of the original writer or speaker.

§ 11.veris adfectibus. Cp. vi. 2, 35 Vidi ego saepe histriones atque comoedos, cum ex aliquo graviore actu personam deposuissent, flentes adhuc egredi. quod si in alienis scriptis sola pronuntiatio ita falsis accendit adfectibus, quid nos faciemus qui illa cogitare debemus ut moveri periclitantium vice possimus? Cp. Hor. A. P. 431-433.

alienum proposition, i.e. the purpose of the imitator, not that of the original writer or speaker.

II:12Quo fit ut minus sanguinis ac virium declamationes habeant quam orationes, quod in illis vera, in his adsimilata materia est. Adde quod ea quae in oratore maxima sunt imitabilia non sunt, ingenium, inventio, vis, facilitas et quidquid arte non traditur.

§ 12.sanguinis:1 §60(of Archilochus) plurimum sanguinis atque nervorum:§115eum (Calvum) ... verum sanguinem perdidisse: viii. 3, 6 (hic ornatus) sanguine et viribus niteat.illis ... his. This is only an apparent inversion of the usual arrangement:declamationesis the nearer subject in thought, as being the subject of the sentence, in which it comes beforeorationes. The use ofhicmay also serve to indicate the prevalence of declamation in Quintilian’s day:5 §14.—See Zumpt §700.

§ 12.sanguinis:1 §60(of Archilochus) plurimum sanguinis atque nervorum:§115eum (Calvum) ... verum sanguinem perdidisse: viii. 3, 6 (hic ornatus) sanguine et viribus niteat.

illis ... his. This is only an apparent inversion of the usual arrangement:declamationesis the nearer subject in thought, as being the subject of the sentence, in which it comes beforeorationes. The use ofhicmay also serve to indicate the prevalence of declamation in Quintilian’s day:5 §14.—See Zumpt §700.

II:13Ideoque plerique, cum verba quaedam ex orationibus excerpserunt aut aliquos compositionis certos pedes, mire a se quae legerunt effingi arbitrantur, cum et verba intercidant invalescantque temporibus, (ut quorum certissimasit regula in consuetudine,) eaque non sua natura sint bona aut mala— nam per se soni tantum sunt— sed prout opportune proprieque aut secus collocata sunt, et compositio cum rebus accommodata sit, tum ipsa varietate gratissima.

§ 13.compositionis: see§1componendi ratio. Tr. ‘particular cadences in the arrangement’1 §52. Cp. especially ix. 4, 116 quem in poemate locum habet versificatio, eum in oratione compositio.cum et, &c., ‘though, as for the words, they drop out or come into use in course of time ... while the arrangement,’ &c.Verbais opp. tocompositiobelow: cp.verbaandcomp. pedesabove. See Crit. Notes.verba intercidant ... consuetudine. Hor. A. P. 70, Multa renascentur quae iam cecidere, cadentque Quae nunc sunt in honore vocabula, si volet usus, Quem penes arbitrium est et ius et norma loquendi. Ibid. 60-62 Ut silvae foliis pronos mutantur in annos, Prima cadunt, ita verborum vetus interit aetas, Et iuvenum ritu florent modo nata vigentque. viii. 6, 32 cum multa (ὀνόματα) cotidie ab antiquis ficta moriantur.ut quorum= quippe. Cp.1 §55ut in qua ... sit:1 §§57,74. I have put this clause in brackets to show that it stands by itself:consuetudineexplainstemporibus, whilenon sua natura ... sed prout ... collocataintroduce a new idea. See following note.eaqueis a continuation of the clausecum et verba. The use and disuse of words is a matter of fashion:and moreovertheir value depends on their proper employment.—The commentators, except Krüger (3rd ed.), explain this as part of the clauseut quorum, &c., the demonstr. taking the place of the relative, as not infrequently with double relative clauses in Cicero: Orat. §9 quam intuens in eaque defixus: de Fin. i. 12, 42 quod ipsum nullam ad aliam rem, ad id autem res referuntur omnes (where see Madvig): ad Att. x. 16, 3: Brutus §258. Cp. Lucr. i. 718-21, and Munro’s note. But the context is against this. SeeCrit. Notes.proprie: v. on1 §9.collocatahere not much more thanadhibita. In themselves words are nothing: their effect depends entirely on their appropriate use.et compositio: i.e. and though, as to the arrangement (et compositiocorresponds toet verbaabove), it may owe its effect in the original to the manner in which it has been adapted to the sense (rebus accommodata), while moreover (cum ... tum) its charm lies in its very variety. The art by which thecompositiois saved from monotony in the original is lost by the servile copyists of particular extracts: they take no account of the fact that the style ought to reflect the sense, and they forget that the motive for a particularcompositioin their original was the desire to produce an agreeable effect by diversity of form.—SeeCrit. Notes.

§ 13.compositionis: see§1componendi ratio. Tr. ‘particular cadences in the arrangement’1 §52. Cp. especially ix. 4, 116 quem in poemate locum habet versificatio, eum in oratione compositio.

cum et, &c., ‘though, as for the words, they drop out or come into use in course of time ... while the arrangement,’ &c.Verbais opp. tocompositiobelow: cp.verbaandcomp. pedesabove. See Crit. Notes.

verba intercidant ... consuetudine. Hor. A. P. 70, Multa renascentur quae iam cecidere, cadentque Quae nunc sunt in honore vocabula, si volet usus, Quem penes arbitrium est et ius et norma loquendi. Ibid. 60-62 Ut silvae foliis pronos mutantur in annos, Prima cadunt, ita verborum vetus interit aetas, Et iuvenum ritu florent modo nata vigentque. viii. 6, 32 cum multa (ὀνόματα) cotidie ab antiquis ficta moriantur.

ut quorum= quippe. Cp.1 §55ut in qua ... sit:1 §§57,74. I have put this clause in brackets to show that it stands by itself:consuetudineexplainstemporibus, whilenon sua natura ... sed prout ... collocataintroduce a new idea. See following note.

eaqueis a continuation of the clausecum et verba. The use and disuse of words is a matter of fashion:and moreovertheir value depends on their proper employment.—The commentators, except Krüger (3rd ed.), explain this as part of the clauseut quorum, &c., the demonstr. taking the place of the relative, as not infrequently with double relative clauses in Cicero: Orat. §9 quam intuens in eaque defixus: de Fin. i. 12, 42 quod ipsum nullam ad aliam rem, ad id autem res referuntur omnes (where see Madvig): ad Att. x. 16, 3: Brutus §258. Cp. Lucr. i. 718-21, and Munro’s note. But the context is against this. SeeCrit. Notes.

proprie: v. on1 §9.

collocatahere not much more thanadhibita. In themselves words are nothing: their effect depends entirely on their appropriate use.

et compositio: i.e. and though, as to the arrangement (et compositiocorresponds toet verbaabove), it may owe its effect in the original to the manner in which it has been adapted to the sense (rebus accommodata), while moreover (cum ... tum) its charm lies in its very variety. The art by which thecompositiois saved from monotony in the original is lost by the servile copyists of particular extracts: they take no account of the fact that the style ought to reflect the sense, and they forget that the motive for a particularcompositioin their original was the desire to produce an agreeable effect by diversity of form.—SeeCrit. Notes.

II:14Quapropter exactissimo iudicio circa hanc partem studiorum examinanda sunt omnia. Primum, quos imitemur: nam sunt plurimi qui similitudinem pessimi cuiusque et corruptissimi concupierint: tum in ipsis quos elegerimus, quid sitadquod nos efficiendum comparemus.

§ 14.exactissimo: so7 §30commentarii ita exacti = perfecti. In the sense of ‘perfectly finished’ it is found Hor. Ep. ii. 1, 72: Ovid, Met. i. 405.circa: v. on1 §52.corruptissimi: cp.§16declinant in peius, &c. The word is used of a vicious style,1 §125.efficiendum= effingendum, as§13above.

§ 14.exactissimo: so7 §30commentarii ita exacti = perfecti. In the sense of ‘perfectly finished’ it is found Hor. Ep. ii. 1, 72: Ovid, Met. i. 405.

circa: v. on1 §52.

corruptissimi: cp.§16declinant in peius, &c. The word is used of a vicious style,1 §125.

efficiendum= effingendum, as§13above.

II:15Nam in magnis quoque auctoribus incidunt aliqua vitiosa et a doctis inter ipsos etiam mutuo reprehensa;atque utinam tam bona imitantes dicerent melius quam mala peius dicunt. Nec vero saltem iis quibus ad evitanda vitia iudicii satis fuit sufficiat imaginem virtutis effingere et solam, ut sic dixerim, cutem vel potius illas Epicuri figuras, quas e summis corporibus dicit effluere.

§ 15.in ... auctoribus.Inis used forapudin speaking of an author’s whole works or general characteristics, not of a particular passage or a particular composition. So Hor. Sat. i. 10, 52: Tu nihil in magno doctus reprendis Homero?1 §76tanta vis in eo (Demosthene). Forapudcp.1 §39brevitas illa ... quae est apud Livium in epistula ad filium scripta.—The same warning is given1 §24Neque id statim legenti persuasum sit, omnia quae optimi auctores dixerint utique esse perfecta.a doctis, ‘by competent critics’: cp.1 §97qui esse docti adfectant: viii. 3, 2 in ceteris iudicium doctorum, in hoc vero etiam popularem laudem petit: xii. 10, 72 tum laudem quoque, nec doctorum modo sed etiam vulgi consequatur: ib. 1 §20: 9 §4: 10 §50.inter ipsosis to be referred toin magnis auctoribus, not toa doctis: hence the comma.—Inter ipsoswould have beeninter seif the word to which the pronoun refers had been nom. or acc. Cp. 1, 14 non semper enim haec inter se idem faciunt: Cic. de Off. i. §50 conciliat inter se homines. But societas hominum inter ipsos, Cic. de Off. i. §20: quam sancta est societas civium inter ipsos, Leg. ii. 7: latissime patens hominibus inter ipsos ... societas haec est, de Off. i. §51. Cp.§23below. On the other hand we have multa sunt civibus inter se communia, de Off. i. §53: communia esse amicorum inter se omnia, Ter. Ad. v. 3, 18.mutuo, only here in Quintilian: he frequently usesinvicem. Liv. viii. 24, 6 cum interclusissent trifariam a mutuo inter se auxilio.mutuo reprehensa. Cp. the reference to the letters of Calvus and Brutus to Cicero, Tac. Dial. 18 ex quibus facile est deprehendere Calvum quidem Ciceroni visum exsanguem et attritum, Brutum autem otiosum atque diiunctum; rursusque Ciceronem a Calvo quidem male audisse tanquam solutum et enervem, a Bruto autem, ut ipsius verbis utar, tanquam fractum atque elumbem.—For the position oftam, cp. on7 §27.mala(sc.imitantes)peius, as in the case of Seneca’s imitators: placebat propter sola vitia et ad ea se quisque dirigebat effingenda quae poterat:1 §127.nec ... saltem.Saltemwith a negative is used by Quintilian in the sense ofne ... quidem, standing sometimes before, sometimes after the word to which it applies: here withsufficiat. Cp. i. 1, 24 Neque enim mihi illud saltem placet quod fieri in plurimis video:7 §20below ut non breve saltem tempus sumamus, &c.: v. 1, 4 neque enim de omnibus causis dicere quisquam potest saltem praeteritis, ut taceam de futuris: xii. 11, 11 ut ipsum iter neque impervium neque saltem durum putent.ut sic dixerim, for the more classical ‘ut ita dicam’: cp.1 §§6,77. So Tac. Ann. xiv. 53, 14: Dial. 34, 8: 40, 19: ut ita dixerim Agr. 3, 13. SeeCrit. Notes.Epicuri figuras. The reference is to the theory ofεἴδωλαfirst adopted to explain sensation by Democritus, and afterwards developed by Epicurus. Cp. Plut. de Pl. Phil. iv. 8Λεύκιππος καὶ Δημόκριτος τὴν αἴσθησιν καὶ τὴν νόησιν γίγνεσθαι εἰδώλων ἔξωθεν προσιόντων. See Ritter and Preller §155 sq. Cp. Lucret. iv. 42 sq. Dico igitur rerum effigias tenuesque figuras Mittier ab rebus summo de corpore rerum, Quoi quasi membranae, vel cortex nominitandast, Quod speciem ac formam similem gerit eius imago Cuiuscumque cluet de corpore fusa vagari: cp. 157-8 Perpetuo fluere ut noscas e corpore summo Texturas rerum tenues tenuesque figuras.

§ 15.in ... auctoribus.Inis used forapudin speaking of an author’s whole works or general characteristics, not of a particular passage or a particular composition. So Hor. Sat. i. 10, 52: Tu nihil in magno doctus reprendis Homero?1 §76tanta vis in eo (Demosthene). Forapudcp.1 §39brevitas illa ... quae est apud Livium in epistula ad filium scripta.—The same warning is given1 §24Neque id statim legenti persuasum sit, omnia quae optimi auctores dixerint utique esse perfecta.

a doctis, ‘by competent critics’: cp.1 §97qui esse docti adfectant: viii. 3, 2 in ceteris iudicium doctorum, in hoc vero etiam popularem laudem petit: xii. 10, 72 tum laudem quoque, nec doctorum modo sed etiam vulgi consequatur: ib. 1 §20: 9 §4: 10 §50.

inter ipsosis to be referred toin magnis auctoribus, not toa doctis: hence the comma.—Inter ipsoswould have beeninter seif the word to which the pronoun refers had been nom. or acc. Cp. 1, 14 non semper enim haec inter se idem faciunt: Cic. de Off. i. §50 conciliat inter se homines. But societas hominum inter ipsos, Cic. de Off. i. §20: quam sancta est societas civium inter ipsos, Leg. ii. 7: latissime patens hominibus inter ipsos ... societas haec est, de Off. i. §51. Cp.§23below. On the other hand we have multa sunt civibus inter se communia, de Off. i. §53: communia esse amicorum inter se omnia, Ter. Ad. v. 3, 18.

mutuo, only here in Quintilian: he frequently usesinvicem. Liv. viii. 24, 6 cum interclusissent trifariam a mutuo inter se auxilio.

mutuo reprehensa. Cp. the reference to the letters of Calvus and Brutus to Cicero, Tac. Dial. 18 ex quibus facile est deprehendere Calvum quidem Ciceroni visum exsanguem et attritum, Brutum autem otiosum atque diiunctum; rursusque Ciceronem a Calvo quidem male audisse tanquam solutum et enervem, a Bruto autem, ut ipsius verbis utar, tanquam fractum atque elumbem.—For the position oftam, cp. on7 §27.

mala(sc.imitantes)peius, as in the case of Seneca’s imitators: placebat propter sola vitia et ad ea se quisque dirigebat effingenda quae poterat:1 §127.

nec ... saltem.Saltemwith a negative is used by Quintilian in the sense ofne ... quidem, standing sometimes before, sometimes after the word to which it applies: here withsufficiat. Cp. i. 1, 24 Neque enim mihi illud saltem placet quod fieri in plurimis video:7 §20below ut non breve saltem tempus sumamus, &c.: v. 1, 4 neque enim de omnibus causis dicere quisquam potest saltem praeteritis, ut taceam de futuris: xii. 11, 11 ut ipsum iter neque impervium neque saltem durum putent.

ut sic dixerim, for the more classical ‘ut ita dicam’: cp.1 §§6,77. So Tac. Ann. xiv. 53, 14: Dial. 34, 8: 40, 19: ut ita dixerim Agr. 3, 13. SeeCrit. Notes.

Epicuri figuras. The reference is to the theory ofεἴδωλαfirst adopted to explain sensation by Democritus, and afterwards developed by Epicurus. Cp. Plut. de Pl. Phil. iv. 8Λεύκιππος καὶ Δημόκριτος τὴν αἴσθησιν καὶ τὴν νόησιν γίγνεσθαι εἰδώλων ἔξωθεν προσιόντων. See Ritter and Preller §155 sq. Cp. Lucret. iv. 42 sq. Dico igitur rerum effigias tenuesque figuras Mittier ab rebus summo de corpore rerum, Quoi quasi membranae, vel cortex nominitandast, Quod speciem ac formam similem gerit eius imago Cuiuscumque cluet de corpore fusa vagari: cp. 157-8 Perpetuo fluere ut noscas e corpore summo Texturas rerum tenues tenuesque figuras.

II:16Hoc autem his accidit qui non introspectis penitus virtutibus ad primum se velut adspectum orationis aptarunt; et cum iis felicissime cessit imitatio, verbis atque numeris sunt non multum differentes, vim dicendi atque inventionis non adsequuntur, sed plerumque declinant in peius et proxima virtutibus vitia comprehendunt fiuntque pro grandibus tumidi, pressis exiles, fortibus temerarii, laetis corrupti, compositisexultantes, simplicibus neglegentes.

§ 16.numeris, ‘rhythm’: cp. compositio§13, and1 §79. Numerosῥυθμούςaccipi volo ix. 4, 45.sunt ... differentes: a Greek construction.vim dicendi1 §1: viii. pr. 30. Neither in force of expression nor in power of thought do they come up to their models.in peius. Cp. i. 1, 5 bona facile mutantur in peius, i. 3, 1: ii. 16, 2: Verg. Georg. i. 200 in peius ruere. See Introd.p. xlvii.proxima virtutibus vitia. Cp. Hor. A. P. 25-28 Decipimur specie recti: brevis esse laboro, Obscurus fio; sectantem levia nervi Deficiunt animique; professus grandia turget; Serpit humi tutus nimium timidusque procellae. Below (32-37) Quintilian draws the moral that knowledge is necessary in order to avoid a fault, otherwise the opposite fault may be committed. With ‘specie recti’ in Horace cp. Quint. viii. 3, 56Κακόζηλον, id est mala adfectatio, per omne dicendi genus peccat: nam et tumida et pusilla et praedulcia et abundantia et arcessita et exultantia sub idem nomen cadunt. Denique cacozelon vocatur quidquid est ultra virtutem, quotiens ingenium iudicio caret et specie boni fallitur, omnium in eloquentia vitiorum pessimum.comprehendunt: a rare use. See on§3adprehenditur. Cp. Cic. pro Balb. §3 omnes animo virtutes penitus comprehendere.pro grandibus tumidi: so grandia non tumida xii. 10, 80: professus grandia turget Hor. l.c.pressis, ‘concise,’ ‘chaste,’1 §44,§46.exiles, ‘bald.’ Cp. Cic. Brut. §202 Sed cavenda est presso illi oratori inopiaet ieiunitas, amplo autem inflatum et corruptum orationis genus.fortibus temerarii: strength of style ought not to become rashness. Cp. iii. 7, 25 pro temerario fortem ... vocemus: ii. 12, 4 est praeterea quaedam virtutum vitiorumque vicinia qua maledicus pro libero, temerarius pro forti, effusus pro copioso accipitur: ii. 12, 11 vim appellant quae est potius violentia.laetis corrupti: xii. 10, 80 laeta non luxuriosa. Wealth of style ought not to degenerate into extravagance. Forlaetuscp.1 §46.compositis exultantes: lit. ‘bounding instead of measured’: cp. exultantia coercere4 §1, where see note. Forcompositisv.1 §44: forexultantescp. ix. 4, 28 quaedam transgressiones ... sunt etiam compositione vitiosae quae in hoc ipsum petuntur ut exultent atque lasciviant quales illae Maecenatis: Sole et aurora rubent plurima, &c., ibid. §142, wheresaltareis used of this style, in which the excessive care bestowed on the arrangement (compositio) degenerates into affectation. SeeCrit. Notes.simplicibus neglegentes: Cicero, de Inv. i. 21, 30 opposes dilucide et ornate ... to obscure et neglegenter.Neglegentesimplies contempt for as well as absence of ornament, almost ‘slovenliness.’

§ 16.numeris, ‘rhythm’: cp. compositio§13, and1 §79. Numerosῥυθμούςaccipi volo ix. 4, 45.

sunt ... differentes: a Greek construction.

vim dicendi1 §1: viii. pr. 30. Neither in force of expression nor in power of thought do they come up to their models.

in peius. Cp. i. 1, 5 bona facile mutantur in peius, i. 3, 1: ii. 16, 2: Verg. Georg. i. 200 in peius ruere. See Introd.p. xlvii.

proxima virtutibus vitia. Cp. Hor. A. P. 25-28 Decipimur specie recti: brevis esse laboro, Obscurus fio; sectantem levia nervi Deficiunt animique; professus grandia turget; Serpit humi tutus nimium timidusque procellae. Below (32-37) Quintilian draws the moral that knowledge is necessary in order to avoid a fault, otherwise the opposite fault may be committed. With ‘specie recti’ in Horace cp. Quint. viii. 3, 56Κακόζηλον, id est mala adfectatio, per omne dicendi genus peccat: nam et tumida et pusilla et praedulcia et abundantia et arcessita et exultantia sub idem nomen cadunt. Denique cacozelon vocatur quidquid est ultra virtutem, quotiens ingenium iudicio caret et specie boni fallitur, omnium in eloquentia vitiorum pessimum.

comprehendunt: a rare use. See on§3adprehenditur. Cp. Cic. pro Balb. §3 omnes animo virtutes penitus comprehendere.

pro grandibus tumidi: so grandia non tumida xii. 10, 80: professus grandia turget Hor. l.c.

pressis, ‘concise,’ ‘chaste,’1 §44,§46.

exiles, ‘bald.’ Cp. Cic. Brut. §202 Sed cavenda est presso illi oratori inopiaet ieiunitas, amplo autem inflatum et corruptum orationis genus.

fortibus temerarii: strength of style ought not to become rashness. Cp. iii. 7, 25 pro temerario fortem ... vocemus: ii. 12, 4 est praeterea quaedam virtutum vitiorumque vicinia qua maledicus pro libero, temerarius pro forti, effusus pro copioso accipitur: ii. 12, 11 vim appellant quae est potius violentia.

laetis corrupti: xii. 10, 80 laeta non luxuriosa. Wealth of style ought not to degenerate into extravagance. Forlaetuscp.1 §46.

compositis exultantes: lit. ‘bounding instead of measured’: cp. exultantia coercere4 §1, where see note. Forcompositisv.1 §44: forexultantescp. ix. 4, 28 quaedam transgressiones ... sunt etiam compositione vitiosae quae in hoc ipsum petuntur ut exultent atque lasciviant quales illae Maecenatis: Sole et aurora rubent plurima, &c., ibid. §142, wheresaltareis used of this style, in which the excessive care bestowed on the arrangement (compositio) degenerates into affectation. SeeCrit. Notes.

simplicibus neglegentes: Cicero, de Inv. i. 21, 30 opposes dilucide et ornate ... to obscure et neglegenter.Neglegentesimplies contempt for as well as absence of ornament, almost ‘slovenliness.’

II:17Ideoque qui horride atque incomposite quidlibet illud frigidum et inane extulerunt, antiquis se pares credunt; qui carent cultu atque sententiis, Attici sunt scilicet; qui praecisis conclusionibus obscuri, Sallustiumatque Thucydiden superant; tristes ac ieiuni Pollionem aemulantur; otiosi et supini, si quid modo longius circumduxerunt, iurant ita Ciceronem locuturum fuisse.

§ 17.horride atque incomposite: horride inculteque Cic. Orat. 28: cp.1 §66rudis in plerisque et incompositus (Aeschylus): Tac. Dial. 18 sunt enim horridi et impoliti et rudes et informes.Horridusis the opposite ofnitidus: Cic. de Orat. iii. 51: de Legg. i. 2, 6: Brutus §§68, 83, 117, 238, 268.quidlibet illud frigidum et inane. As the expressionhorride atque incompositedenotes the unpleasing form, so this phrase (cp. frigida et inanis adfectatio ix. 3, 74) stigmatises the tasteless and vapid substance of the incompetent imitators (Hor. Ep. i. 19, 19 O imitatores, servum pecus): tr. ‘writers who have come out with their favourite platitudes and inanities.’ There is something deictic aboutillud. Becher compares ix. 2, 94 postulandum est utnescio quid illudquod adversarii obliquis sententiis significare voluerint obiciant palam: i. 3, 4 hi sunt qui ... quicquid illud possunt statim ostendunt: Liv. ix. 3, 13 vivet semper in pectoribus illorum quidquid istud praesens necessitas inusserit. Cp. xii. 6, 2: vi. pr. §3 (quidquid hoc est in me), and oftenipsum illud,hoc illud(e.g. Liv. praef. 10): Liv. i. 29, 3 domos suas ultimum illud visuri.extulerunt. The commentators explain as = dicendo extulerunt: cp. i. 5, 16: viii. 3, 40: and Cicero, Orat. §150. But it is more probably the same use as we have in1 §109, viz. a metaphor from a productive soil: cp. Cic. de Natur. Deor. ii. §86, and Brut. §16.antiquis:1 §43quidam solos veteres legendos putant: Tac. Dial. 20 tristem et impexam antiquitatem: 21 sordes autem illae verborum et hians compositio et inconditi sensus redolent antiquitatem: Quint. v. 14, 32 se antiquis per hoc similes vocant. In the Dialogue, Aper (15-23) criticises excessive devotion to antique models,—holding ‘vitio malignitatis humanae vetera semper in laude, praesentia in fastidio esse.’cultu= ornatu:1 §124: See Introd.p. xliv.sententiis:1 §61,§90,§129.Attici:1 §44. SeeCrit. Notes. Cp. xii. 10, 16 Et antiqua quidem illa divisio inter Atticos atque Asianos fuit, cum hi pressi et integri, contra inflati illi et inanes haberentur, in his nihil superflueret, illis iudicium maxime ac modus deesset: ibid. 21 quapropter mihi falli multum videntur qui solos esse Atticos credunt tenues et lucidos et significantes, sed quadam eloquentiae frugalitate contentos ac semper manum intra pallium continentes. Cp. Cic. de Opt. Gen. Orat. §11: Brutus §284 sq.: Orator§28putant enim qui horride inculteque dicat, modo id eleganter enucleateque faciat, eum solum Attice dicere.scilicet, ironical.praecisis. iv. 2, 47 neque mihi umquam tanta fuerit cura brevitatis ut non ea quae credibilem faciunt expositionem inseri velim. Simplex enim et undique praecisa non tam narratio vocari potest quam confessio.conclusionibus, the clauses that ‘round off’ the period: cp. on concludit1 §106. Anacoluths result in such a style from the omission of something essential to the complete period.obscuri. A similar cause of obscurityis noted viii. 2, 19 alii brevitatem aemulati necessaria quoque orationi subtrahunt verba et, velut satis sit scire ipsos, quid dicere velint, quantum ad alios pertineant, nihil putant referre. For the omission ofsunt, see Introd.p. lv.Sallustium: cp.1 §32,§102: iv. 2, 45 quare vitanda est etiam illa Sallustiana (quamquam in ipso virtutis obtinet locum) brevitas et abruptum sermonis genus.Thucydiden:1 §73.tristes ac ieiuni. The opposite would behilares et copiosi: viii. 3, 49 proinde quaedam hebes, sordida, ieiuna, tristis (‘dreary’), ingrata, vilis oratio est. Quae vitia facillime fient manifesta contrariis virtutibus. Nam primum acuto, secundum nitido, tertium copioso, deinceps hilari, iucundo, accurato diversum est.Pollionem,1 §113. Cp. vi. 3, 110 de Pollione Asinio seriis iocisque pariter accommodato dictum est, esse eum omnium horarum.otiosi et supini: ‘your easy-going drawler.’ Forsupinuscp.ὑπτιοςin Dion. Hal. de Isocr. 15: de Dein. 8, &c. So supini securique xi. 3. 3: Iuv. 1, 66 multum referens de Maecenate supino: Martial ii. 6, 13 nunquam deliciae supiniores: vi. 42, 22 Non attendis, et aure me supina Iamdudum quasi negligenter audis. See Introd.p. xliii. andxlvi.—Forotiosus, see on1 §76.circumduxerunt: ix. 4, 124 cum sensus unus longiore ambitu circumducitur.Ciceronem: cp. lentus est in principiis, &c. Tac. Dial. 22.

§ 17.horride atque incomposite: horride inculteque Cic. Orat. 28: cp.1 §66rudis in plerisque et incompositus (Aeschylus): Tac. Dial. 18 sunt enim horridi et impoliti et rudes et informes.Horridusis the opposite ofnitidus: Cic. de Orat. iii. 51: de Legg. i. 2, 6: Brutus §§68, 83, 117, 238, 268.

quidlibet illud frigidum et inane. As the expressionhorride atque incompositedenotes the unpleasing form, so this phrase (cp. frigida et inanis adfectatio ix. 3, 74) stigmatises the tasteless and vapid substance of the incompetent imitators (Hor. Ep. i. 19, 19 O imitatores, servum pecus): tr. ‘writers who have come out with their favourite platitudes and inanities.’ There is something deictic aboutillud. Becher compares ix. 2, 94 postulandum est utnescio quid illudquod adversarii obliquis sententiis significare voluerint obiciant palam: i. 3, 4 hi sunt qui ... quicquid illud possunt statim ostendunt: Liv. ix. 3, 13 vivet semper in pectoribus illorum quidquid istud praesens necessitas inusserit. Cp. xii. 6, 2: vi. pr. §3 (quidquid hoc est in me), and oftenipsum illud,hoc illud(e.g. Liv. praef. 10): Liv. i. 29, 3 domos suas ultimum illud visuri.

extulerunt. The commentators explain as = dicendo extulerunt: cp. i. 5, 16: viii. 3, 40: and Cicero, Orat. §150. But it is more probably the same use as we have in1 §109, viz. a metaphor from a productive soil: cp. Cic. de Natur. Deor. ii. §86, and Brut. §16.

antiquis:1 §43quidam solos veteres legendos putant: Tac. Dial. 20 tristem et impexam antiquitatem: 21 sordes autem illae verborum et hians compositio et inconditi sensus redolent antiquitatem: Quint. v. 14, 32 se antiquis per hoc similes vocant. In the Dialogue, Aper (15-23) criticises excessive devotion to antique models,—holding ‘vitio malignitatis humanae vetera semper in laude, praesentia in fastidio esse.’

cultu= ornatu:1 §124: See Introd.p. xliv.

sententiis:1 §61,§90,§129.

Attici:1 §44. SeeCrit. Notes. Cp. xii. 10, 16 Et antiqua quidem illa divisio inter Atticos atque Asianos fuit, cum hi pressi et integri, contra inflati illi et inanes haberentur, in his nihil superflueret, illis iudicium maxime ac modus deesset: ibid. 21 quapropter mihi falli multum videntur qui solos esse Atticos credunt tenues et lucidos et significantes, sed quadam eloquentiae frugalitate contentos ac semper manum intra pallium continentes. Cp. Cic. de Opt. Gen. Orat. §11: Brutus §284 sq.: Orator§28putant enim qui horride inculteque dicat, modo id eleganter enucleateque faciat, eum solum Attice dicere.scilicet, ironical.

praecisis. iv. 2, 47 neque mihi umquam tanta fuerit cura brevitatis ut non ea quae credibilem faciunt expositionem inseri velim. Simplex enim et undique praecisa non tam narratio vocari potest quam confessio.

conclusionibus, the clauses that ‘round off’ the period: cp. on concludit1 §106. Anacoluths result in such a style from the omission of something essential to the complete period.

obscuri. A similar cause of obscurityis noted viii. 2, 19 alii brevitatem aemulati necessaria quoque orationi subtrahunt verba et, velut satis sit scire ipsos, quid dicere velint, quantum ad alios pertineant, nihil putant referre. For the omission ofsunt, see Introd.p. lv.

Sallustium: cp.1 §32,§102: iv. 2, 45 quare vitanda est etiam illa Sallustiana (quamquam in ipso virtutis obtinet locum) brevitas et abruptum sermonis genus.

Thucydiden:1 §73.

tristes ac ieiuni. The opposite would behilares et copiosi: viii. 3, 49 proinde quaedam hebes, sordida, ieiuna, tristis (‘dreary’), ingrata, vilis oratio est. Quae vitia facillime fient manifesta contrariis virtutibus. Nam primum acuto, secundum nitido, tertium copioso, deinceps hilari, iucundo, accurato diversum est.

Pollionem,1 §113. Cp. vi. 3, 110 de Pollione Asinio seriis iocisque pariter accommodato dictum est, esse eum omnium horarum.

otiosi et supini: ‘your easy-going drawler.’ Forsupinuscp.ὑπτιοςin Dion. Hal. de Isocr. 15: de Dein. 8, &c. So supini securique xi. 3. 3: Iuv. 1, 66 multum referens de Maecenate supino: Martial ii. 6, 13 nunquam deliciae supiniores: vi. 42, 22 Non attendis, et aure me supina Iamdudum quasi negligenter audis. See Introd.p. xliii. andxlvi.—Forotiosus, see on1 §76.

circumduxerunt: ix. 4, 124 cum sensus unus longiore ambitu circumducitur.

Ciceronem: cp. lentus est in principiis, &c. Tac. Dial. 22.

II:18Noveram quosdam qui se pulchre expressisse genus illud caelestis huius in dicendo viri sibi viderentur, si in clausula posuissent ‘esse videatur.’ Ergo primum est ut quod imitaturus est quisque intellegat, et quare bonum sit sciat.

§ 18.se expressisse. This unusual construction (aftersibi viderentur= persuasum haberent) may express intensity of conviction: these imitators are thoroughly convinced of their own excellence, whatever the opinion of others may be (sibi, sc.nonaliis). Cp. Cic. de Off. iii. §71 ea malitia quae volt ... videri se esse prudentiam. The same construction occurs sometimes aftermihi videturin the sense ofmihi placet:1 §91: Cic. Tusc. v. 5, 12 Non mihi videtur ad beate vivendum satis posse virtutem: Sall. Iug. 85, 2: Livy xxxvi. 13, 9 quia videbatur et Limnaeum eodem tempore oppugnari posse.caelestis:1 §86.clausula. Cicero gives minute directions for ending a period, Orator. §215: cp. Quint. ix. 3, 45 and 77: iv. 62, 75, 96, &c.esse videatur: Tac. Dial. 23 illud tertio quoque sensu in omnibus orationibus pro sententia positum ‘esse videatur’: Quint, ix. 4, 73 esse videatur iam nimis frequens, octonarium inchoat. An instance occurs below7 §29.primum est ut: cp. rarum est ut7, §24. Zumpt §623.

§ 18.se expressisse. This unusual construction (aftersibi viderentur= persuasum haberent) may express intensity of conviction: these imitators are thoroughly convinced of their own excellence, whatever the opinion of others may be (sibi, sc.nonaliis). Cp. Cic. de Off. iii. §71 ea malitia quae volt ... videri se esse prudentiam. The same construction occurs sometimes aftermihi videturin the sense ofmihi placet:1 §91: Cic. Tusc. v. 5, 12 Non mihi videtur ad beate vivendum satis posse virtutem: Sall. Iug. 85, 2: Livy xxxvi. 13, 9 quia videbatur et Limnaeum eodem tempore oppugnari posse.

caelestis:1 §86.

clausula. Cicero gives minute directions for ending a period, Orator. §215: cp. Quint. ix. 3, 45 and 77: iv. 62, 75, 96, &c.

esse videatur: Tac. Dial. 23 illud tertio quoque sensu in omnibus orationibus pro sententia positum ‘esse videatur’: Quint, ix. 4, 73 esse videatur iam nimis frequens, octonarium inchoat. An instance occurs below7 §29.

primum est ut: cp. rarum est ut7, §24. Zumpt §623.

II:19Tum in suscipiendo onere consulat suas vires. Nam quaedam sunt imitabilia, quibus aut infirmitas naturae non sufficiat aut diversitas repugnet. Ne, cui tenue ingenium erit, sola velit fortia et abrupta, cui forte quidem, sed indomitum, amore subtilitatiset vim suam perdat et elegantiam quam cupit non persequatur; nihil est enim tam indecens quam cum mollia dure fiunt.

§ 19.consulat suas vires. So Hor. A. P. 38 Sumite materiam vestris, qui scribitis, aequam Viribus, et versate diu quid ferre recusent, Quid valeant umeri. Cui lecta potenter erit res Nec facundia deseret hunc nec lucidus ordo.imitabilia: i.e. there are some things which are (in themselves) fit patterns for imitation, but—then follows the limitation (quibus c. subj.).tenue ingenium= ability for thetenue genus dicendi, for which see on1 §44. Cp. xii. 10, 35 nec rerum nimiam tenuitatem ... fortioribus ... verbis miscebimus.fortia et abrupta: a ‘bold and rugged style,’ the latter quality being often associated with excessive brevity: iv. 2, 45 vitanda est illa Sallustiana brevitas et abruptum sermonis genus.forte(sc. ingenium): a talent for vigorous and energetic diction. Cp. Cic. deOrat. ii. 183 non enim semper fortis oratio quaeritur, sed saepe placida, summissa, lenis. So below§23‘lene ac remissum genus causarum’ is that which calls for ‘lene ac remissum genus dicendi.’indomitum: ‘violent,’ unbridled, unrestrained. In such a case thegenus dicendi grande atque robustumwill be more appropriate than thegenus subtile: cp.1 §44. For the union ofsubtilitasandelegantiacp. 1, 78 Lysias subtilis atque elegans.et ... et: not foraut ... autas Bonnell-Meister, on the ground thatetis inconsistent with the negative. He losesvisand fails to secureelegantiaat one and the same time. The construction occurs when the writer wishes to indicate that the coincidence of the two should be guarded against: cp. Cic. ad Att. iii. 7, 2 ne et meum maerorem exagitem et te in eundem luctum vocem: id. xii. 40, 2: ad Fam. xi. 7, 2: de Off. i. 14, 42.mollia= lenia, dulcia. He might have added, having regard to what has gone before,aut cum dura molliter. Cp. Arist. Rhet. iii. 7ἐὰν οὖν τὰ μαλακὰ σκληρῶς καὶ τὰ σκληρὰ μαλακῶς λέγηται ἀπίθανον γίγνεται.

§ 19.consulat suas vires. So Hor. A. P. 38 Sumite materiam vestris, qui scribitis, aequam Viribus, et versate diu quid ferre recusent, Quid valeant umeri. Cui lecta potenter erit res Nec facundia deseret hunc nec lucidus ordo.

imitabilia: i.e. there are some things which are (in themselves) fit patterns for imitation, but—then follows the limitation (quibus c. subj.).

tenue ingenium= ability for thetenue genus dicendi, for which see on1 §44. Cp. xii. 10, 35 nec rerum nimiam tenuitatem ... fortioribus ... verbis miscebimus.

fortia et abrupta: a ‘bold and rugged style,’ the latter quality being often associated with excessive brevity: iv. 2, 45 vitanda est illa Sallustiana brevitas et abruptum sermonis genus.

forte(sc. ingenium): a talent for vigorous and energetic diction. Cp. Cic. deOrat. ii. 183 non enim semper fortis oratio quaeritur, sed saepe placida, summissa, lenis. So below§23‘lene ac remissum genus causarum’ is that which calls for ‘lene ac remissum genus dicendi.’

indomitum: ‘violent,’ unbridled, unrestrained. In such a case thegenus dicendi grande atque robustumwill be more appropriate than thegenus subtile: cp.1 §44. For the union ofsubtilitasandelegantiacp. 1, 78 Lysias subtilis atque elegans.

et ... et: not foraut ... autas Bonnell-Meister, on the ground thatetis inconsistent with the negative. He losesvisand fails to secureelegantiaat one and the same time. The construction occurs when the writer wishes to indicate that the coincidence of the two should be guarded against: cp. Cic. ad Att. iii. 7, 2 ne et meum maerorem exagitem et te in eundem luctum vocem: id. xii. 40, 2: ad Fam. xi. 7, 2: de Off. i. 14, 42.

mollia= lenia, dulcia. He might have added, having regard to what has gone before,aut cum dura molliter. Cp. Arist. Rhet. iii. 7ἐὰν οὖν τὰ μαλακὰ σκληρῶς καὶ τὰ σκληρὰ μαλακῶς λέγηται ἀπίθανον γίγνεται.

II:20Atque ego illi praeceptori quem institueram in libro secundo credidi non ea sola docenda esse, ad quae quemque discipulorum natura compositum videret; nam is et adiuvare debet quae in quoque eorum invenit bona, et, quantum fieri potest, adicere quae desunt et emendare quaedam et mutare; rector enim est alienorum ingeniorum atque formator. Difficilius est naturam suam fingere.

§ 20.atquehas in transitions often the force ofatqui. Tr. ‘To be sure ... I expressed the belief that’ (credidi.)in libro secundo: ch. 8, where he discusses the question, An secundum sui quisque ingenii naturam docendus sit. The conclusion arrived at there might seem inconsistent with what he is now saying, so this paragraph is added to clear away the contradiction.—The sequence of thought is as follows: the teacher must not confine himself to what his pupils have a natural bent for. Besides developing latent talent, he must ‘adicere quae desunt et emendare quaedam et mutare’: for his office is to mould the minds of others, and that is not so hard. It is more difficult to form one’s own character. But he ought not to waste his pains over what he finds repugnant to the mind of his pupils.compositum: cp. ii. 8, 7.naturam suam fingere: i.e. without the help and supervision of apraeceptorto assist in applying such principles as are laid down in§19.

§ 20.atquehas in transitions often the force ofatqui. Tr. ‘To be sure ... I expressed the belief that’ (credidi.)

in libro secundo: ch. 8, where he discusses the question, An secundum sui quisque ingenii naturam docendus sit. The conclusion arrived at there might seem inconsistent with what he is now saying, so this paragraph is added to clear away the contradiction.—The sequence of thought is as follows: the teacher must not confine himself to what his pupils have a natural bent for. Besides developing latent talent, he must ‘adicere quae desunt et emendare quaedam et mutare’: for his office is to mould the minds of others, and that is not so hard. It is more difficult to form one’s own character. But he ought not to waste his pains over what he finds repugnant to the mind of his pupils.

compositum: cp. ii. 8, 7.

naturam suam fingere: i.e. without the help and supervision of apraeceptorto assist in applying such principles as are laid down in§19.

II:21Sed ne ille quidem doctor, quamquam omnia quae recta sunt velit esse in suis auditoribus quam plenissima, in eo tamen cui naturam obstare viderit laborabit.

Id quoque vitandum, in quo magna pars errat, ne in oratione poetas nobis et historicos, in illis operibus oratores aut declamatores imitandos putemus.

§ 21.quamquam: v.1 §33and§96:7 §17below.in illis operibus, sc. in poesi et historia: cp.1 §31.declamatores:1 §71.

§ 21.quamquam: v.1 §33and§96:7 §17below.

in illis operibus, sc. in poesi et historia: cp.1 §31.

declamatores:1 §71.

II:22Sua cuique proposito lex, suus decor est: nec comoedia in cothurnos adsurgit, nec contratragoedia socco ingreditur. Habet tamen omnis eloquentia aliquid commune: id imitemur quod commune est.§ 22.proposito, i.e. officio poetarum, historicorum, oratorum: cp. ix. 4, 19: xi. 1, 33. SeeCrit. Notes.decor, ‘appropriate character’: v. on1 §27. Quintilian seems to have in view here the passage in Ars Poetica (86-118) where Horace insists on the necessity for maintaining proper tone and style. Cp. esp. 86 Descriptas servare vices operumque colores, and 92 Singulaquaequelocum teneant sortita decentem. Cp. also Cicero, de Opt. Gen. Oratorum1 §1Itaque et in tragoedia comicum vitiosum est, et in comoedia turpe tragicum: et in ceteris suus est cuique sonus et quaedam intellegentibus vox.cothurnos ... socco. Hor. A. P. 89-91 Versibus exponi tragicis res comica non vult; Indignatur item privatis ac prope socco Dignis carminibus narrari cena Thyestae. In line 80 he contrasts thesoccus(κρηπίς) or ‘slipper’ of comedy with thegrandes cothurni(‘buskins’) of tragedy. Cp. Milton’s ‘the buskin’d stage,’ and ‘If Jonson’s learned sock be on.’ Bombast must be avoided in comedy, though Interdum tamen et vocem comoedia tollit, Iratusque Chremes tumido delitigat ore (A. P. 93): and tragedy on the other hand should soar above the tone suited to the affairs of daily life (cp. 95 sq.).—Foradsurgitcp.1 §52.nec ... nec contra: iv. 1, 60 Nec argumentis autem nec locis nec narrationi similis esse in prooemio debet oratio, neque tamen deducta semper atque circumlita, &c.habet tamen, i.e. notwithstanding the rules appropriate to each department (lex cuique proposita).omnis eloquentia. For this wide use of the word cp. Tac. Dial. x. Ego vero omnem eloquentiam omnesque eius partes sacras et venerabiles puto: nec solum cothurnum vestrum aut heroici carminis sonum, sed lyricorum quoque iucunditatem et elegorum lascivias et iamborum amaritudinem et epigrammatum lusus et quamcumque aliam speciem eloquentia habeat, anteponendam ceteris aliarum artium studiis credo. Fororatoria eloquentiaon the other hand see cap. vi. andpassim.

II:22Sua cuique proposito lex, suus decor est: nec comoedia in cothurnos adsurgit, nec contratragoedia socco ingreditur. Habet tamen omnis eloquentia aliquid commune: id imitemur quod commune est.

§ 22.proposito, i.e. officio poetarum, historicorum, oratorum: cp. ix. 4, 19: xi. 1, 33. SeeCrit. Notes.decor, ‘appropriate character’: v. on1 §27. Quintilian seems to have in view here the passage in Ars Poetica (86-118) where Horace insists on the necessity for maintaining proper tone and style. Cp. esp. 86 Descriptas servare vices operumque colores, and 92 Singulaquaequelocum teneant sortita decentem. Cp. also Cicero, de Opt. Gen. Oratorum1 §1Itaque et in tragoedia comicum vitiosum est, et in comoedia turpe tragicum: et in ceteris suus est cuique sonus et quaedam intellegentibus vox.cothurnos ... socco. Hor. A. P. 89-91 Versibus exponi tragicis res comica non vult; Indignatur item privatis ac prope socco Dignis carminibus narrari cena Thyestae. In line 80 he contrasts thesoccus(κρηπίς) or ‘slipper’ of comedy with thegrandes cothurni(‘buskins’) of tragedy. Cp. Milton’s ‘the buskin’d stage,’ and ‘If Jonson’s learned sock be on.’ Bombast must be avoided in comedy, though Interdum tamen et vocem comoedia tollit, Iratusque Chremes tumido delitigat ore (A. P. 93): and tragedy on the other hand should soar above the tone suited to the affairs of daily life (cp. 95 sq.).—Foradsurgitcp.1 §52.nec ... nec contra: iv. 1, 60 Nec argumentis autem nec locis nec narrationi similis esse in prooemio debet oratio, neque tamen deducta semper atque circumlita, &c.habet tamen, i.e. notwithstanding the rules appropriate to each department (lex cuique proposita).omnis eloquentia. For this wide use of the word cp. Tac. Dial. x. Ego vero omnem eloquentiam omnesque eius partes sacras et venerabiles puto: nec solum cothurnum vestrum aut heroici carminis sonum, sed lyricorum quoque iucunditatem et elegorum lascivias et iamborum amaritudinem et epigrammatum lusus et quamcumque aliam speciem eloquentia habeat, anteponendam ceteris aliarum artium studiis credo. Fororatoria eloquentiaon the other hand see cap. vi. andpassim.

§ 22.proposito, i.e. officio poetarum, historicorum, oratorum: cp. ix. 4, 19: xi. 1, 33. SeeCrit. Notes.

decor, ‘appropriate character’: v. on1 §27. Quintilian seems to have in view here the passage in Ars Poetica (86-118) where Horace insists on the necessity for maintaining proper tone and style. Cp. esp. 86 Descriptas servare vices operumque colores, and 92 Singulaquaequelocum teneant sortita decentem. Cp. also Cicero, de Opt. Gen. Oratorum1 §1Itaque et in tragoedia comicum vitiosum est, et in comoedia turpe tragicum: et in ceteris suus est cuique sonus et quaedam intellegentibus vox.

cothurnos ... socco. Hor. A. P. 89-91 Versibus exponi tragicis res comica non vult; Indignatur item privatis ac prope socco Dignis carminibus narrari cena Thyestae. In line 80 he contrasts thesoccus(κρηπίς) or ‘slipper’ of comedy with thegrandes cothurni(‘buskins’) of tragedy. Cp. Milton’s ‘the buskin’d stage,’ and ‘If Jonson’s learned sock be on.’ Bombast must be avoided in comedy, though Interdum tamen et vocem comoedia tollit, Iratusque Chremes tumido delitigat ore (A. P. 93): and tragedy on the other hand should soar above the tone suited to the affairs of daily life (cp. 95 sq.).—Foradsurgitcp.1 §52.

nec ... nec contra: iv. 1, 60 Nec argumentis autem nec locis nec narrationi similis esse in prooemio debet oratio, neque tamen deducta semper atque circumlita, &c.

habet tamen, i.e. notwithstanding the rules appropriate to each department (lex cuique proposita).

omnis eloquentia. For this wide use of the word cp. Tac. Dial. x. Ego vero omnem eloquentiam omnesque eius partes sacras et venerabiles puto: nec solum cothurnum vestrum aut heroici carminis sonum, sed lyricorum quoque iucunditatem et elegorum lascivias et iamborum amaritudinem et epigrammatum lusus et quamcumque aliam speciem eloquentia habeat, anteponendam ceteris aliarum artium studiis credo. Fororatoria eloquentiaon the other hand see cap. vi. andpassim.

II:23Etiam hoc solet incommodi accidere iis qui se uni alicui generi dediderunt, ut, si asperitas iis placuit alicuius, hanc etiam in leni ac remisso causarum genere non exuant; si tenuitas aut iucunditas, in asperis gravibusque causis ponderi rerum parum respondeant:cum sit diversa non causarum modo inter ipsas condicio, sed in singulis etiam causis partium, sintque alia leniter alia aspere, alia concitate alia remisse, alia docendi alia movendi gratia dicenda; quorum omnium dissimilis atque diversa inter se ratio est.

§ 23.uni alicui: cp.§24below, also in reverse order7 §16aliquam rem unam. It is used as the singular ofsinguli.asperitas, ‘passion,’ opp. tolenitasandaequabilitas. Cp. Cic. de Orat. ii. 64 genus orationis fusum atque tractum (‘easy and flowing’) et cum lenitate quadam aequabili profluens sine hac iudiciali asperitate et sine sententiarum forensibus aculeis: Quint. i. 8, 11 forensi asperitate: cp.5 §14below. The same antithesis is given in other words Orat. §53 Elaborant alii in lenitate et aequabilitate et puro quasi quodam et candido genere dicendi; ecce aliqui duritatem et severitatem quandam in verbis et orationis quasi maestitiam sequuntur. Cp. de Orat. iii. 7, 28 Gravitatem Africanus, lenitatem Laelius, asperitatem Galba, profluens quiddam habuit Carbo et canorum.alicuius, ‘some particular author’: for the use of the full form in a conditional clause, whereby the pronoun receives emphasis, cp.1 §22,§130:6 §5:7 §2,§15,§16.leni ac remisso, cp. on forte (sc. ingenium)§19, above. So Brutus §317 Cotta et Hortensius, quorum alter remissus et lenis et propriis verbis comprehendens solute et facile sententiam, alter ornatus, acer, ... verborum et actionis genere commotior: de Orat. ii. 95 dicendi molliora ac remissiora genera.tenuitas: like subtilitas in§19above, amore subtilitatis vim suam perdat: cp. 12, 2, 13 sectas ad tenuitatem suam vires ipsa subtilitate consumet. In conjunction withiucunditas(cp.1 §§46,64,82,96,101,113) it is certainly not used in a depreciatory sense, though it always implies the absence of all attempt at embellishment. Ernesti (Clav. Cic.) says: corporis esttenuitas, cum sucus ei et carnis copia deest, cum sit sanum: unde ad dicendi genus subtile transfertur, quod sine vitiis est,sed et sine ornamentis. Tr. ‘simplicity,’ ‘naturalness’: cp.1 §44. Perhapstenuitasandiucunditastogether might be rendered ‘artless grace,’ which does not suffice wheregravitasor evenasperitasorationis is called for. SeeCrit. Notes.asperis: ‘exciting’ causes, i.e. such as arouse passion, so that the speaker cannot belenis ac remissus, ‘smooth and unimpassioned.’cum sit: cp.§13.diversa ... diversa: an instance of negligent repetition, of which we have another inuni alicuiimmediately following. Cp.1 §§8,9,23,25,26,28,29,42,80,94,116,126,131:2 §§11-13,24:3 §§7,21:5 §§6,7:6 §7:7 §§7,30.inter ipsas,§15.docendi ... movendi, cp. xii. 10, 58 quoted on1 §44.

§ 23.uni alicui: cp.§24below, also in reverse order7 §16aliquam rem unam. It is used as the singular ofsinguli.

asperitas, ‘passion,’ opp. tolenitasandaequabilitas. Cp. Cic. de Orat. ii. 64 genus orationis fusum atque tractum (‘easy and flowing’) et cum lenitate quadam aequabili profluens sine hac iudiciali asperitate et sine sententiarum forensibus aculeis: Quint. i. 8, 11 forensi asperitate: cp.5 §14below. The same antithesis is given in other words Orat. §53 Elaborant alii in lenitate et aequabilitate et puro quasi quodam et candido genere dicendi; ecce aliqui duritatem et severitatem quandam in verbis et orationis quasi maestitiam sequuntur. Cp. de Orat. iii. 7, 28 Gravitatem Africanus, lenitatem Laelius, asperitatem Galba, profluens quiddam habuit Carbo et canorum.

alicuius, ‘some particular author’: for the use of the full form in a conditional clause, whereby the pronoun receives emphasis, cp.1 §22,§130:6 §5:7 §2,§15,§16.

leni ac remisso, cp. on forte (sc. ingenium)§19, above. So Brutus §317 Cotta et Hortensius, quorum alter remissus et lenis et propriis verbis comprehendens solute et facile sententiam, alter ornatus, acer, ... verborum et actionis genere commotior: de Orat. ii. 95 dicendi molliora ac remissiora genera.

tenuitas: like subtilitas in§19above, amore subtilitatis vim suam perdat: cp. 12, 2, 13 sectas ad tenuitatem suam vires ipsa subtilitate consumet. In conjunction withiucunditas(cp.1 §§46,64,82,96,101,113) it is certainly not used in a depreciatory sense, though it always implies the absence of all attempt at embellishment. Ernesti (Clav. Cic.) says: corporis esttenuitas, cum sucus ei et carnis copia deest, cum sit sanum: unde ad dicendi genus subtile transfertur, quod sine vitiis est,sed et sine ornamentis. Tr. ‘simplicity,’ ‘naturalness’: cp.1 §44. Perhapstenuitasandiucunditastogether might be rendered ‘artless grace,’ which does not suffice wheregravitasor evenasperitasorationis is called for. SeeCrit. Notes.

asperis: ‘exciting’ causes, i.e. such as arouse passion, so that the speaker cannot belenis ac remissus, ‘smooth and unimpassioned.’

cum sit: cp.§13.

diversa ... diversa: an instance of negligent repetition, of which we have another inuni alicuiimmediately following. Cp.1 §§8,9,23,25,26,28,29,42,80,94,116,126,131:2 §§11-13,24:3 §§7,21:5 §§6,7:6 §7:7 §§7,30.

inter ipsas,§15.

docendi ... movendi, cp. xii. 10, 58 quoted on1 §44.

II:24Itaque ne hoc quidem suaserim, uni se alicui proprie, quem per omnia sequatur, addicere. Longe perfectissimus Graecorum Demosthenes, aliquid tamen aliquo in loco melius alii, plurima ille. Sed non qui maxime imitandus, et solus imitandus est.

§ 24.suaserim ... se addicere: for the infinitive cp. Cic. de Orat. i. §251; Zumpt 616.sequatur: the subj. is to be supplied from the indefinite pronoun (sc. aliquem) understood beforeaddicere. Cp.1 §7: ii. 15, 12 primum esse ... ducere in id quod velit: 16, 19 in quae velit ducere. For this use ofsequicp.1 §28:2 §7.longe perfectissimus:1 §§39,105.melius. The same ellipse of the verb is repeated below3 §25.

§ 24.suaserim ... se addicere: for the infinitive cp. Cic. de Orat. i. §251; Zumpt 616.

sequatur: the subj. is to be supplied from the indefinite pronoun (sc. aliquem) understood beforeaddicere. Cp.1 §7: ii. 15, 12 primum esse ... ducere in id quod velit: 16, 19 in quae velit ducere. For this use ofsequicp.1 §28:2 §7.

longe perfectissimus:1 §§39,105.

melius. The same ellipse of the verb is repeated below3 §25.

II:25Quid ergo? non est satis omnia sic dicere quo modo M. Tullius dixit? Mihi quidem satis esset, si omnia consequi possem: quid tamen noceret vim Caesaris, asperitatem Caeli, diligentiam Pollionis, iudicium Calvi quibusdam in locis adsumere?

§ 25.non est: cp.1 §56.M. Tullius; for Quintilian’s reverence for Cicero see1 §39and§105sq.quid tamen noceretshould be taken in connection with the foregoing. The meaning is, ‘yet even if Icouldrival Cicero in every respect, what harm would it do?’ etc. The impf. is motived by the precedingsi possem,—an unrealisable supposition.vim Caesaris:1 §114. Cp. i. 7, 34 vim Caesaris fregerunt editi de analogia libri?asperitatem Caeli:1 §115. For an example see iv. 2, 123. For ‘asperitatem’ Eussner proposesacerbitatem.Pollionis:1 §113.Calvi:1 §115. A similar enumeration is given, xii. 10, 11, vim Caesaris, indolem Caeli, subtilitatem Calidi, diligentiam Pollionis, dignitatem Messallae, sanctitatem Calvi, gravitatem Bruti, acumen Sulpici, acerbitatem Cassi.adsumere: as§27utilitatis gratia adsumpta; not as1 §121.

§ 25.non est: cp.1 §56.

M. Tullius; for Quintilian’s reverence for Cicero see1 §39and§105sq.

quid tamen noceretshould be taken in connection with the foregoing. The meaning is, ‘yet even if Icouldrival Cicero in every respect, what harm would it do?’ etc. The impf. is motived by the precedingsi possem,—an unrealisable supposition.

vim Caesaris:1 §114. Cp. i. 7, 34 vim Caesaris fregerunt editi de analogia libri?

asperitatem Caeli:1 §115. For an example see iv. 2, 123. For ‘asperitatem’ Eussner proposesacerbitatem.

Pollionis:1 §113.

Calvi:1 §115. A similar enumeration is given, xii. 10, 11, vim Caesaris, indolem Caeli, subtilitatem Calidi, diligentiam Pollionis, dignitatem Messallae, sanctitatem Calvi, gravitatem Bruti, acumen Sulpici, acerbitatem Cassi.

adsumere: as§27utilitatis gratia adsumpta; not as1 §121.

II:26Nam praeter id quod prudentis est quod in quoque optimum est, si possit, suum facere, tum in tanta rei difficultate unum intuentes vix aliqua pars sequitur. Ideoque cum totum exprimere quem elegeris paene sit homini inconcessum, plurium bona ponamus ante oculos, ut aliud ex alio haereat, et quo quidque loco conveniat aptemus.

§ 26.praeter id quod: see on1 §28: cp.3 §6.tum, as if the sentence had opened withNam primum.vix ... sequitur: ‘some element, or quality, is realised with difficulty, if we look only at one model.’Vix aliquigives prominence to the affirmative, and so differs fromvix quisquam: it is achieved but with difficulty. Foraliquacp.7 §16.Sequiturhere =contingit. See on§27: and cp. xi. 2, 39, quod meae quoque memoriae infirmitatem sequebatur.aliud ex alio: sc. scriptore.haereat: sc. in animo legentis. Cp. Hor. A. P. 195 quod non proposito conducat et haereat apte.

§ 26.praeter id quod: see on1 §28: cp.3 §6.

tum, as if the sentence had opened withNam primum.

vix ... sequitur: ‘some element, or quality, is realised with difficulty, if we look only at one model.’Vix aliquigives prominence to the affirmative, and so differs fromvix quisquam: it is achieved but with difficulty. Foraliquacp.7 §16.Sequiturhere =contingit. See on§27: and cp. xi. 2, 39, quod meae quoque memoriae infirmitatem sequebatur.

aliud ex alio: sc. scriptore.

haereat: sc. in animo legentis. Cp. Hor. A. P. 195 quod non proposito conducat et haereat apte.

II:27Imitatio autem (nam saepius idem dicam) non sit tantum in verbis. Illuc intendenda mens, quantum fuerit illis viris decoris in rebus atque personis, quod consilium, quae dispositio, quam omnia, etiam quae delectationi videantur data, ad victoriam spectent; quid agatur prooemio, quae ratio et quam varia narrandi, quae vis probandi ac refellendi, quanta in adfectibus omnis generis movendis scientia, quamque laus ipsa popularis utilitatis gratia adsumpta, quae tum est pulcherrima, cum sequitur, non cum arcessitur. Haec si perviderimus, tum vere imitabimur.

§ 27.saepius:§§12-13:§16.non sit: cp. non putemus3 §16: ibid.§5. (Cp. also utinam non inquinasset1 §100.) Cic. pro Cluent. §155 a legibus non recedamus: Hor. Sat. ii. 5, 91 non etiam sileas. Draeger, Hist. Synt. 1, 312 speaks of the usage as a stronger negation thanne. Nettleship on Aen. 12, 78 says that non is used ‘if a particular part of the sentence is to be emphasized.’ Kr.3suggests thatnonshould be taken withtantum.—See Introd.p. lii.delectationi ... data: xii. 10, 45 atque id fecisse M. Tullium video, ut cum plurimum utilitati, turn partem quandam delectationi daret.ad victoriam:1 §29ad victoriam niti: ii. 4, 32: v. 12, 22: xii. 10, 48.prooemio, narrandi, probandi, refellendi, adfectibus movendisgive the five essential parts of a judicial speech (iii. 9, 1); the introduction, the narrative, the proof, the refutation, and the closing appeal (epilogus, peroratio).laus popularis: cp.1 §17laudantium clamor: referring to the crowd surrounding the tribunal. Tac. Dial. vi. coire populum et circumfundi coronam et accipere adfectum quemcumque orator induerit. In viii. 3, 2 Quintilian opposes tolaus popularis,iudicium doctorum.adsumpta(sit): ‘how popular applause itself has been worked in,’ made useful for winning the case.cum sequitur, ‘when it is given spontaneously, not courted.’ So viii. prooem. 18 decoris qui est in dicendo mea quidem sententia pulcherrimus, sed cum sequitur, non cum adfectatur. Cp. Sall. Cat. 54 ad fin.: quo minus petebat gloriam, eo magis illum sequebatur: ibid. 3. Plin. Epist. i. 8, 14 sequi enim gloria non adpeti debet, nec si casu aliquo non sequatur, idcirco quod gloriam meruit minus pulchrum est.

§ 27.saepius:§§12-13:§16.

non sit: cp. non putemus3 §16: ibid.§5. (Cp. also utinam non inquinasset1 §100.) Cic. pro Cluent. §155 a legibus non recedamus: Hor. Sat. ii. 5, 91 non etiam sileas. Draeger, Hist. Synt. 1, 312 speaks of the usage as a stronger negation thanne. Nettleship on Aen. 12, 78 says that non is used ‘if a particular part of the sentence is to be emphasized.’ Kr.3suggests thatnonshould be taken withtantum.—See Introd.p. lii.

delectationi ... data: xii. 10, 45 atque id fecisse M. Tullium video, ut cum plurimum utilitati, turn partem quandam delectationi daret.

ad victoriam:1 §29ad victoriam niti: ii. 4, 32: v. 12, 22: xii. 10, 48.

prooemio, narrandi, probandi, refellendi, adfectibus movendisgive the five essential parts of a judicial speech (iii. 9, 1); the introduction, the narrative, the proof, the refutation, and the closing appeal (epilogus, peroratio).

laus popularis: cp.1 §17laudantium clamor: referring to the crowd surrounding the tribunal. Tac. Dial. vi. coire populum et circumfundi coronam et accipere adfectum quemcumque orator induerit. In viii. 3, 2 Quintilian opposes tolaus popularis,iudicium doctorum.

adsumpta(sit): ‘how popular applause itself has been worked in,’ made useful for winning the case.

cum sequitur, ‘when it is given spontaneously, not courted.’ So viii. prooem. 18 decoris qui est in dicendo mea quidem sententia pulcherrimus, sed cum sequitur, non cum adfectatur. Cp. Sall. Cat. 54 ad fin.: quo minus petebat gloriam, eo magis illum sequebatur: ibid. 3. Plin. Epist. i. 8, 14 sequi enim gloria non adpeti debet, nec si casu aliquo non sequatur, idcirco quod gloriam meruit minus pulchrum est.

II:28Qui vero etiam propria his bona adiecerit, ut suppleat quae deerunt, circumcidat si quid redundabit, is erit, quem quaerimus, perfectus orator; quem nunc consummari potissimum oporteat, cum tanto plura exempla bene dicendi supersunt quam illis qui adhuc summi sunt contigerunt. Nam erit haec quoque laus eorum, ut priores superasse, posteros docuisse dicantur.

§ 28.perfectus orator: see on§9quomodo sperare possumus illum oratorem perfectum?quem ... consummari. Ifquemcan be referred only tooratorin what immediately precedes (and not toperfectus orator) the inf. need not mean anything more than ‘perfectum fieri.’ This is Becher’s view (Quaest. Quint. p. 19) adopted by Krüger (3rd ed.). But ‘perfectus orator’ forms so much a single idea here that it seems more probable thatquemcovers both the noun and the adj. In so loose a writer as Quintilian no difficulty need be felt aboutconsummari, though the editors think it necessary to assume that, with the infin.,perfectusis proleptic = oratorem consummari ita ut perfectus fiat, comparing (with Krüger, 2nd ed.) Demosth.μέγας ἐκ μικροῦ ὁ Φίλιππος ηὔξηται. See1 §122onconsummatus.oporteat: seeCrit. Notes.eorum: sc. qui adhuc summi sunt,—those who have hitherto been (and are) pre-eminent.

§ 28.perfectus orator: see on§9quomodo sperare possumus illum oratorem perfectum?

quem ... consummari. Ifquemcan be referred only tooratorin what immediately precedes (and not toperfectus orator) the inf. need not mean anything more than ‘perfectum fieri.’ This is Becher’s view (Quaest. Quint. p. 19) adopted by Krüger (3rd ed.). But ‘perfectus orator’ forms so much a single idea here that it seems more probable thatquemcovers both the noun and the adj. In so loose a writer as Quintilian no difficulty need be felt aboutconsummari, though the editors think it necessary to assume that, with the infin.,perfectusis proleptic = oratorem consummari ita ut perfectus fiat, comparing (with Krüger, 2nd ed.) Demosth.μέγας ἐκ μικροῦ ὁ Φίλιππος ηὔξηται. See1 §122onconsummatus.

oporteat: seeCrit. Notes.

eorum: sc. qui adhuc summi sunt,—those who have hitherto been (and are) pre-eminent.

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