De copia verborum.I:1I. Sed haec eloquendi praecepta, sicut cognitioni sunt necessaria, ita non satis ad vim dicendi valent, nisi illis firmaquaedam facilitas, quae apud Graecosἕξιςnominatur; accesserit; ad quam scribendo plus an legendo an dicendo conferatur, solere quaeri scio. Quod esset diligentius nobis examinandum, si qualibet earum rerum possemus una esse contenti:§ 1.haec eloquendi praecepta. The reference is generally to the theoretical part of the work, which has just been completed, but specially to the two books immediately preceding, in which Quintilian deals withelocutio(φράσις, ‘style’). In Books III-VII he has treated ofinventio(includingdispositio); and the transition to Books VIII and IX is marked in the words ‘a dispositione ad elocutionis praecepta labor’ vii. §17 ad fin. He passes now to the exercises necessary for practice: quo genere exercitationis ad certamina praeparandus sit (sc. orator) (§4.)sicut ... ita=μὲν ... δὲ. Soquemadmodum ... sic5 §17: cp.§14below. More commonly ut ... ita:§§4,15,62,72,74:3 §§28,31. Frequent in Livy: e.g. xxi. 35, 10 pleraque Alpium ab Italia sicut breviora ita arrectiora sunt: cp. 39, 7.cognitioni: so most edd. except Halm and Hild (seeCrit. Notes). The word denotes ‘theoretical knowledge,’ and is set over againstvis dicendi: for a similar opposition between theory and practice (scientia ... exercitatio) see Tac. Dial. 33. The reading may be supported by a reference to qui sciet§2, qui ... sciet ... perceperit§4. Cp. viii. pr. §1 Quam (rationem inveniendi et inventa disponendi) ut ... penitus cognoscere ad summam scientiae necessarium est ita, &c.: ib. §28, qui rationem loquendi primum cognoverit ... deinde haec omnia exercitatione plurima roborarit. In ii. 18, 1cognitiois used to distinguishθεωρητικήfromπρακτικήandποιητική. Cp. too iii. 1, 3 ut ... adliceremus ... iuventutem ad cognitionem eorum quae necessaria studiis arbitrabamur.—The readingcogitatiowould have to be understood in a wider sense than it has in ch. 6, or in3 §19: Hild takes it of ‘toute la préparation oratoire qui précède le discours proprement dit.’vim dicendi: ‘true eloquence,’ as in§8vim orandi,2 §16vim dicendi atque inventionis non adsequuntur:6 §2vim cogitandi: xii. 1, 33 vis ac facultas dicendi expugnat ipsam veritatem. Cp. viii. pr. 30 praeparata dicendi vis: xii. 10, 64. Bonn. Lex., p. 233.—Thevisof a thing is its essence, that which makes it what it is: Cic. de Am. §15 id in quo est omnis vis amicitiae. So with the genitive of a gerund it gives the idea contained in the infinitive when used as a noun: cp. de Fin. v. §76 percipiendi vis (i.e.τὸ αἰσθάνεσθαι) ita definitur a Stoicis: ibid. ii. §17 Zenonis est ... hoc Stoici: omnem vim loquendi (πᾶν τὸ φθέγγεσθαι) in duas tributam esse partes. See Nägelsbach, Lat. Stil., (8th ed.) p. 45: and cp. ratio collocandi3 §5, pronuntiandi ratio1 §17: ratio delendi3 §31.non satis ... valent, nisi, &c. For the necessity of practice in addition to theory cp.5 §19: also i. pr. §§18, 23, 27: ii. 13, 15: vii. 10, 14-15: Cic. de Orat. i. §§109-110: Dion. Hal. de Comp. Verb. 26 ad fin.οὐ γὰρ αὐτάρκη τὰ παραγγέλματα τῶν τεχνῶν ἐστὶ ... δίχα μελέτης τε καὶ γυμνασίας.firma quaedam facilitas, a ‘sure readiness’: cp.§44qui confirmare facultatemdicendi volent:§59dum adsequimur illam firmam, ut dixi, facilitatem:2 §12:7 §18sq.: xii, 9, 21 vires facilitatis.ἕξις:§59and5 §1. Pliny, Ep. ii. 3, 4 (of Isaeus) ad tantamἕξινstudio et exercitatione pervenit. See Schäfer on Dion. de Comp. i. p. 7.—In the sphere of morals theἕξιςis the fixed tendency that results from repeated acts:ἐκ τῶν ὁμοίων ἐνεργειῶν αἱ ἕξεις γίνονταιEth. Nic. ii. 1, 1103a, 31.—Prof. Mayor compares Cicero’s use ofhabitus constans, de Inv. i. §36: ii. §30.scribendo ... legendo ... dicendo: i. pr. §27 haec ipsa (natural gifts) sine doctore perito, studio pertinaci, scribendi, legendi, dicendi multa et continua exercitatione per se nihil prosunt. So§2eloquentia ... stilo ... lectionis. Reading is covered by chs. i ii: chs. iii-v treat of writing; and ch. vii. of extemporary declamation.conferatur: frequent in this sense in Quint. (cp.συμφέρειν): (1) with ad, as here, i. 8, 7: ii. 19, 1: vii. 1, 41: xii. 1, 1 and passim: (2) with in,7 §26: (3) with dat.,§§27,63,71,95: i. 1, 6, &c. Bonn. Lex., p. 155.solere quaeri (ζητεῖσθαι): the subject is treated, e.g., by Crassus in Cic. de Orat. i. chs. 33-34. Forquaericp. i. 4, 26: ib. 12 §1 (quaeri solet):x. 5, 13.qualibet ... una: v. 10, 117, quamdiu quilibet unus superfuerit. In reverse order i. 12, 7 una res quaelibet: xii. 1, 44 unum ex iis quodlibet. The collocation does not occur in Cicero.I:2verum ita sunt inter se conexa et indiscreta omnia ut, si quid ex his defuerit, frustra sit in ceteris laboratum. Nam neque solida atque robusta fuerit umquam eloquentia nisi multo stilo vires acceperit, et citra lectionis exemplum labor ille carens rectore fluitabit; et qui sciet quae quoque sint modo dicenda,nisi tamen in procinctu paratamque ad omnes casus habuerit eloquentiam, velut clausis thesauris incubabit.§ 2.conexa et indiscreta.Etis intensive: ‘so closely, nay, inseparably connected.’ So i. 2, 3: iuncta ista atque indiscreta sunt.Indiscretusin this sense occurs Tac. Hist. iv. 52 and often in Pliny: not in Cicero. For the use of the perf. part. pass. instead of a verbal adj., cp. Sall. Iug. 43, §5 invictus: ib. 2 §3 incorruptus: 76 §1 infectum: Livy ii. 1, 4 inviolatum: ib. 55 §3 contemptius (‘more contemptible’). So intactus, inaccessus, &c.neque ... et=οὔτε ... τε, as3 §23:4 §3:5 §22.solida ... robusta ... vires. Hild notes that the figure is taken from a living organism which gathers strength from the nourishment supplied to it: cp.§§19,31, &c. Tac. Dial. 21: oratio autem sicut corpus hominis ea demum pulchra est in qua non eminent venae nec ossa numerantur, sed temperatus ac bonus sanguis implet membra et exsurgit toris ipsosque nervos rubor tegit et decor commendat: cp. 23.multo stilo: ‘by much practice in writing.’ Cic. de Orat. i. §150 Stilus optimus et praestantissimus dicendi effector ac magister (where see Wilkins’ note). Quintilian returns to this subject below3 §1sq.: cp.6 §§1and3:7 §§4and7.citra lectionis exemplum: ‘without the models which reading supplies.’Citrais common in this sense (forsine, sometimespraeter) in Quint. (Bonn. Lex. p. 127) and other post-Aug. writers. So7 §7citra divisionem: xii. 6, 4 plusque, si separes, usus sine doctrina quam citra usum doctrina valet. Cp. Ov. Trist. v. 8, 23 peccavi citra scelus (‘short of’): Plin. Ep. ii. 1, 4 citra dolorem tamen.labor ille, sc. scribendi.fluitabit, like a vessel drifting about without a pilot (carens rectore). The writing will want method, and the definiteness of aim which models would impose. So vii. pr. §2 sic oratio carens hac virtute (sc. ordine) tumultuetur necesse est et sine rectore fluitet nec cohaereat sibi, multa repetat, multa transeat, velut nocte in ignotis locis errans, nec initio nec fine proposito casum potius quam consilium sequatur: cp. xii. 2 §20.quae quoque sint modo. This is thereading of the oldest MSS. (see Crit. Notes), and was adopted by Halm: cp.§8quod quoque loco sit aptissimum:7 §5quid quoque loco primum sit, and§6quid quoque loco quaerant. So iv. 2, 33 quid quoque loco prosit.Quaecoversinventio: whilequoque modomay be taken of the exhaustive discussion of the various departments ofelocutiowhich has just been concluded.—Meister has returned to Spalding’squo quaeque sint modo, probably from a doubt whether Halm (followed by Mayor) is right in explainingquae quoqueas =quae et quomodo, ‘what is to be said and how’; ‘copulae enimquein coniunctione talium membrorum relativorum inter se discretorum non aptus est locus,’ Osann, i. p. 14. Butquoquemay very well be the abl. ofquisque, though Cicero seems to avoid such a collocation, unless there is a prep. to make the construction clear: e.g. pro Sulla §73 quae ex quoque ordine multitudo: pro Domo §33 qui de quaque re constituti iudices sint: Har.Resp. §24 quae de quoque deo ... tradita sunt. Cp. in Cat. iii. §10 tabellas quae a quoque dicebantur datae. Even in the exactly parallel passage Sall. Cat. 23, 4 quae quoque modo audierat ... narravit (where Mommsen suggestsquoquo), it is possible to understandquoqueof the various methods Fulvia had employed to get information from Curius. So quid ubique, ib. 21, 1.tamen: seeCrit. Notes.in procinctu: ‘ready for battle.’ So xii. 9, 21 quem armatum semper ac velut in procinctu stantem non magis umquam in causis oratio quam in rebus cotidianis ac domesticis sermo deficiet. Similarly in7 §24promptum hoc et in expedito positum. Examples of the proper use of the phrase occur Tac. Hist. iii. 2: Ovid Pont. i. 8, 10: Gell. i. 11: Plin. Nat. Hist. vi. 22. Quintilian expresses a similar idea by another of his military metaphors, viii pr. 15: eloqui enim hoc est omnia quae mente conceperis promere atque ad audientes perferre; sine quo supervacua sunt priora et similia gladio condito atque intra vaginam suam haerenti: cp. vi. 4, 8. For the explanation of the phraseprocingo, ‘I gird up’see Mayor’s note on Cic. de N. D. ii. 3 §9: “in procinctuis used of an army in readiness for battle, Milton’s ‘war in procinct’ (P. L. vi. 19): cp. Festus, pp. 43 and 225 procincta classis dicebatur cum exercitus cinctus erat Gabino cinctu confestim pugnaturus. Vetustius enim fuit multitudinem hominum, quam navium, classem appellari, also p. 249 procincta toga Romani olim ad pugnam ire soliti. Thecinctus Gabinuswas a particular way of wearing thetoga, so as to use part of it as a girdle, tying it in a knot in front. Servius (Aen. vii. 612) says the ancient Latins, before they were acquainted with the use of defensive armour, praecinctis togis bellabant, unde etiam militesin procinctuesse dicuntur.” For the figurative use cp. Sen. de Benef. i. 1, 4 severitatem abditam clementiam in procinctu habeo: [Quint.] Decl. 3, 1 neque in militiam gravissimo asperrimoque bello ita venit, ut nesciret sibi mortem in procinctu habendam.paratam:5 §12: Cic. ad Fam. vi. 21, 1 ad omnem eventum paratus sum.velut cl. thes. incubabit. Unless he adds practice to his theoretical knowledge, all he knows will be as useless as a miser’s hoard. The phrase is a reminiscence of Verg. Georg. ii. 507 condit opes alius, defossoque incubat auro: cp. Aen. vi. 610 aut qui divitiis soli incubuere repertis. Martial, xii. 53, 3-4 largiris nihil incubasque gazae, ut magnus draco. Mayor quotes Ecclus. 20, 30 Wisdom that is hid, and treasure that is hoarded up, what profit is in them both?I:3Non autemut quidquid praecipue necessarium est, sic ad efficiendum oratorem maximi protinus erit momenti. Nam certe, cum sit in eloquendo positum oratoris officium, dicere ante omnia est, atque hinc initium eius artis fuisse manifestum est: proximum deinde imitatio, novissimum scribendi quoque diligentia.§ 3.The argument here requires elucidation. Quint. has said (§§1,2) that for thefirma facilitasorἕξιςwhich must be superadded to theory, writing, reading and speaking are all essential. He now goes on to state that it does not follow that what is theoretically most indispensable (cp. cognitioni necessaria§1above) is for the practical training of the orator of greatest consequence. The most essential element is of course that of speech (dicere)—followed by imitation and writing. But perfection of speech can only be attained, like other forms of perfection, by starting from first beginnings (principia), which become relatively unimportant (minima) as things progress. This is not however the place for dealing with the methods of preliminary training in rhetoric: our student has done his theory, and we must now show him how to apply it to practice. Cp. Analysis, p. 1.ut quidquid. Properlyquisquisis an indefinite relative: in this usage it has the same force asquisque(Roby, 2283, 2285). It may have been an archaism which became colloquial. Madvig (on de Fin. v. §24) shows that undoubted instances occur in Plautus, Terence, Cato (de R. R. 57: uti quidquid operis facient), Lucretius (with whom it is especially common: e.g. ruit qua quidquid fluctibus obstat, i. 289, where see Munro), Cicero (Tusc. v. 98), and in the Agrarian Law (utei quicquid quoieique ante h. l. r. licuit, ita &c. Mommsen C.I.L. 1 n. 200 v. 27). Cp. vii. 2, 35. So too Corn. ad. Herenn. ii. §47, where the MSS. almost without exception givequidquid(quicquid) forquicque. For the spelling here, cp. i. 7, 6 frigidiora his alia, ut ‘quidquid’ c quartam haberet, ne interrogare bis videremur.ad efficiendum oratorem: i. 10, 2.protinus, of logical consequence, as frequentlycontinuoin Cicero: generally with a negative, or a question implying a negative answer. For the form of the sentence cp. viii. 2, 4 non tamen quidquid non erit proprium protinus et improprii vitio laborabit: and§42below, sed non quidquid ad aliquam partem scientiae pertinet protinus ad faciendamφράσιν... accommodatum. So3 §22(§§5and 18 are different): ii. 21, 10: v. 10, 102 and 119: vii. 4, 38.nam certe. This leads up to the next sentence, beginningsed ut.in eloquendo: cp. viii. pr. 15 (quoted on in procinctu,§2above): Cic. Or. §61 sed iam illius perfecti oratoris et summae eloquentiae species exprimenda est; quem hoc uno (sc. in eloquendo) excellere cetera in eo latere indicat nomen ipsum. Non enim inventor aut compositor aut actor qui haec complexus est omnia, sed et Graece ab eloquendoῥήτωρet Latine eloquens dictus est. Ceterarum enim rerum quae sunt in oratore partem aliquam sibi quisque vindicat; dicendi autem, id est eloquendi, maxima vis soli huic conceditur. Cp. de Orat. ii. §38.ante omnia est. Becher vindicates the traditional reading by comparing ii. 15, 12 atqui non multum ab hoc fine abest Apollodorus dicens iudicialis orationis primum etsuper omnia esse persuadereiudici et sententiam eiusducerein id quod velit. So too iii. 8, 56 anpro Caesare fuerit occidiPompeium?—SeeCrit. Notes. Forante omniacp. Introd.p. lii.hinc ... fuisse: cp. viii. 2, 7 proprie tamen unde initium est: vi. pr. §10 ut prorsus posset hinc esse tanti fulminis metus.proximum: cp. i. 3, 1 proximum imitatio. As is evident from ch. ii,imitatiohere includes notlectioonly butauditioas well:§8optima legendo atque audiendo. It was in this sense that Dion. Hal. entitled his workπερὶ μιμήσεως:see Usener, Praef. pp. 1-4: and cp. Cic. de Orat. i. §14 sq. and §149 sq.I:4Sed ut perveniri ad summa nisi ex principiis non potest, ita procedente iam opere minima incipiunt esse quae prima sunt. Verum nos non quo modo sit instituendus orator hoc loco dicimus,(nam id quidem aut satis aut certe uti potuimus dictum est), sed athleta, qui omnes iam perdidicerit a praeceptore numeros, quo genere exercitationis ad certamina praeparandus sit. Igitur eum qui res invenire et disponere sciet, verba quoque et eligendi et collocandi rationem perceperit, instruamus qua ratione quod didicerit facere quam optime, quam facillime possit.§ 4.sed ut perveniri, &c.7 §18. Cp. i. pr. §§4-5 contemnentes tamquam parva quae prius discimus studia ... ego cum existimem nihil arti oratoriae alienum sine quo fieri non posse oratorem fatendum est, nec ad ullius rei summam nisi praecedentibus initiis perveniri ad minora illa ... demittere me non recusabo.procedente iam opere: here of the progress of the orator’s training.minimain importance:primain point of time. Krüger says thatdicerealone is meant, being theinitium artisabove; but it seems better to understand Quint. to be indicating here that the order of importance does not correspond with the order of development as stated above, viz. (1) the faculty of speech, (2) reading (included underimitatio) and (3) writing. These are to be taken first as the subsidiary beginnings (principia) from which we attain to the ultimate object: but as things progress they will become relatively unimportant (minima), and theirplace will be taken by systematic training in speaking or declamation, an exercise which is always essential to success and can therefore never be left off (7 §24).aut ... autin the sense of si minus satis, at certe uti potuimus: cp. xii. 11, 21.athleta: a metaphor abruptly introduced: cp.§33:3 §7:4 §4:7 §§1and23. The orator is often compared to an athlete, gladiator, soldier, &c.: see on§33non athletarum toris sed militum lacertis, and Introd.p. lvi. Cp.§§29,31,79:3 §3:5 §§15,17. Cic. de Orat. i. §73 ut qui pila ludunt ... sic in orationibus: iii. §83: Or. §§14, 42, 228-9. Tac. Dial. 34 ferro non rudibus dimicantes: cp. end of 37.numeros: here of rhythmical movements, ‘movements according to rule, “passes” in fencing, “throws” in wrestling,’ &c.—Mayor. The use of the word in this sense is probably founded on the analogy between rhythm (for which see ix. 4, 45) and graceful motion: ix. 4, 8 in omni palaestra quid satis recte cavetur ac petitur cui non artifex motus et certi quidam pedes adsint? Cp. xii. 2, 12: ut palaestrici doctores illos quos numeros vocant non idcirco discentibus tradunt, ut iis omnibus ii qui didicerint in ipso luctandi certamine utantur ... sed ut subsit copia illa ex qua unum aut alterum cuius se occasio dederit efficiant: ii. 8, 13 sicut ille ... exercendi corpora peritus non ... nexus modo atque in iis certos aliquos docebit, sed omnia quae sunt eius certaminis. Sen. de Benef. vii. 1 §4 magnus luctator est non qui omnes numeros nexusque perdidicit. So Iuv. vi. 249 of the lady in the arena, omnes implet numeros: cp. Tac. Dial. 32 per omnes eloquentiae numeros isse. That this use is based on the notion of rhythm may be seen from a comparison of these exx. with Hor. Ep. ii. 2, 144 verae numerosque modosque ediscere vitae. For the wider meaning ofnumeri, in which it is used of that which is complete and perfect in all its parts, v. on§70.igitur. As to whether the position ofigiturat the beginning of a sentence is to be considered an instance oftransmutatio(like ‘quoque ego,’ ‘enim hoc voluit’) Quintilian says (i. 5, 39) there is a doubt: ‘quia maximos auctores in diversa fuisse opinione video, cum apud alios sit etiam frequens, apud alios numquam reperiatur.’ Numerous instances from his own work are given in Bonn. Lex., p. 394. In Tacitus,igituralways stands first except in the following passages: Dial. 8, 29: 10, 37: 20, 21: Agr. 16, 12: Germ. 45, 22: Hist. iv. 15, 15: Ann. i. 47, 5 (Gerber and Greef). In Cicero it is very rarely found first: de Leg. Agr. ii. 72: pro Milone §48: Phil. ii. §94: de Fin. i. §61: de Nat. Deor. i. §80.res invenire. For the five parts of oratory (which are quite distinct from the five parts of an oration) cp.7 §9: iii. 3, §§1 and 7. They areinventio(treated of in Books iii.-vi.),dispositio(vii.),elocutio(viii.-ix.),memoria,actioorpronuntiatio(xi.). Cicero has substantially the same division de Orat. ii. §79, quinque faciunt quasi membra eloquentiae, invenire quod dicas, inventa disponere, deinde ornare verbis, post memoriae mandare, tum ad extremum agere ac pronuntiare: cp. i. §142: and forinventio, de Inv. i. §9, inventio est excogitatio rerum verarum aut veri similium quae causam probabilem reddant.—For the antithesis betweenresandverba, cp.§§5and 6: also§61:2 §27:3 §§5,9:6 §2:7 §§9,22.sciet. Bonnell calls attention to the use of the fut. in dependent relative sentences as common in manuals of instruction:§§5,10,13,17,22,25,33,112, &c.Instruamusis virtually future.eligendi§6: cp.dilectus3 §5.collocandi: Cic. de Orat. ii. §307 ordo collocatioque rerum ac locorum: cp. Or. §50: Brut. §139. For both cp. Brut. §140 in verbis et eligendis ... et collocandis: de Part. Or. i. §3. Both are parts ofelocutio, for which see viii. 1, 1. Forratiowith gerund cp.§§17,54:2 §1:3 §§5,31: and see note on2 §3.qua ratione. The recurrence ofrationeso soon afterrationemneed create no difficulty in Quintilian: for similar instances of negligence see on2 §23. ForKiderlin’s treatment of the whole passage, seeCrit. Notes.optime ... facillime, xii. 10, 77 neque vero omnia ista de quibus locuti sumus orator optime tantum sed etiam facillime faciet.I:5Non ergo dubium est quin ei velut opes sint quaedam parandae, quibus uti, ubicumque desideratum erit, possit: eae constant copia rerum ac verborum.§ 5.velut ... quaedam. So§§18,61:3 §3:5 §17:7 §1, and frequently elsewhere: e.g. xii. 10, 19 velut sata quaedam: iii. 8, 29 veluti quoddam templum. Cicero generally usesquasiortanquam quidam. Indeed Quintilian seems to have a general preference forvelutoverquasiortanquamin introducing similes: cp.7 §6ducetur ante omnia rerum ipsa serie velut duce: viii. 5, 29 inaequalia tantum et velut confragosa: see Bonn. Lex., s.v.ubicumque, so§10below. For a less classical use (as an indefinite) see7 §28quidquid loquemur ubicumque.I:6Sed res propriae sunt cuiusque causae aut paucis communes, verba in universas paranda; quae si rebus singulis essent singula, minorem curam postularent, nam cuncta sese cum ipsis protinus rebus offerrent. Sed cum sint aliis alia aut magis propria aut magis ornata aut plus efficientiaaut melius sonantia, debent esse non solum nota omnia, sed in promptu atque, ut ita dicam, in conspectu, ut, cum se iudicio dicentis ostenderint, facilis ex his optimorum sit electio.§ 6.sed res ... paranda: an example of the construction so common in Greek and Latin, by which two contrasted clauses are co-ordinated. In English we subordinate the one to the other by using ‘while,’ ‘whereas,’ or some such word. In Greek the use ofμὲνmakes the antithesis plainer.—Hereres=νοήματα:verba=ὀνόματα.paucis communes. For theloci communes, appropriate to several causae, v. Cic. de Inv. ii. §48 argumenta quae transferri in multas causas possunt, and compare the Topica.cum ipsis protinus rebus. For the order of words cp.§33historico nonnumquam nitore. Herbst gives the following exx. of an adv. inserted between the adj. and the noun:§§38,41,104,116,120:2 §§7,8:3 §§2,31:5 §7:7 §§3,28.—For the thought, cp. Hor. A. P. 311 verbaque provisam rem non invita sequentur: Cic. de Orat. ii. §146 ea (sc. res et sententiae) vi sua verba parient: iii. §125 rerum enim copia verborum copiam gignit. No doubt Quintilian in his teaching also gave due prominence to Cato’s golden rule, ‘rem tene verba sequentur.’propria. The general meaning under which all uses ofpropriusand its cognates may be included is that in which it contrasts with all departures from and innovations on ordinary language. Sometimes it may mean nothing more than ‘suitable,’ ‘appropriate,’ in which senseproprieoccurs immediately below, in§9: cp. opportune proprieque2 §13, and proprie et copiose (dicere) i. 4, 5. This is the meaning with which it is applied to the language of Simonides§64below,—‘natural’; cp. Cic. de Orat. i. §154, whereverba propriaoccurs alongside ofornatissimaand corresponds withidonea, introduced shortly afterwards: cp.id.iii. §31, wherepropriais reinforced byapta, andib.§49 proprie demonstrantibus (verbis) ea quae significari ac declarari volemus. The use ofproprietasin§46and§121below may be compared with this: cp. also the first of the meanings assigned to the word in the important passage viii. 2, 1-11: also ix. 2, 18 and xii. 2, 19. The translators here render by ‘suitable’ or ‘significant,’ but the juxtaposition ofornataseems rather to point to the use in whichverba propriaare the antithesis oftranslata,—direct, literal, and natural, as opposed to figurative: i. 5, 71 propria sunt verba cum id significant in quod primo denominata sunt: translata, cum alium natura intellectum, alium loco praebent. Cp. i. 5, 3: viii. 3, 24: 6, 5, and 48 (wherepropria ... ornatain the passage above may well be illustrated by the words species ex arcessitis verbis venit et intellectus ex propriis): ix. 1, 4. This is undoubtedly the meaning in whichpropriusis used in§29below: also in5 §8alia translatis virtus alia propriis. The nearest equivalent in Greek would beοἰκεῖα ὀνόματα, rather thanκύρια ὀνόματα, which correspond to ‘usitata verba’ in Quint, (i. 5, 71, and v. 14, 33 verbis quam maxime propriis et ex usu),—though he may have had in mind here, as Mayor suggests,ἔστι γὰρ ἄλλο ἄλλου κυριώτερον, Arist. Rhet. iii. 2, p. 1405 b, 11. (For the distinction betweenὄνομα οἰκεῖονandὄνομα κύριονsee Cope on Ar. Rhet. iii. 2§§2 and 6, and Introd. p. 282 note). Many parallels might be cited from Cicero: e.g. de Or. iii. §149 (verbis eis) quaepropriasunt et certa quasi vocabula rerum, paene una nata cum rebus ipsis: cp.ib.§150: Brutus §274: Or. §80.ornata: cp. viii. 3, 15 quamquam enim rectissime traditum est perspicuitatem propriis, ornatum translatis verbis magis egere, sciamus nihil ornatum esse quod sit improprium:ib.pr. §26 ut propria sint (verba) et dilucida et ornata et apte collocentur, and§31: ii. 5, 9 quod verbum proprium, ornatum, sublime: and especially viii. 1, 1 in singulis (verbis) intuendum est ut sint Latina, perspicua, ornata, ad id quod efficere volumus accommodata.plus efficientia, ‘more significant’: ix. 4, §123 membrum autem est sensus ... per se nihil efficiens. The adj.efficaxoccurs only once in Quint. (vi. 1, 41).melius sonantia. Sovocalioraviii. 3, §16 sq.: cp. i. 5, 4 sola est quae notari possit vocalitas, quaeεὐφωνίαdicitur: cuius in eo dilectus est ut inter duo quae idem significant ac tantundem valent quod melius sonet malis. Cic. de Or. iii. §150 lectis atque illustribus (verbis) utatur, in quibus plenum quiddam et sonans inesse videatur: Or. §163 verba ... legenda sunt potissimum bene sonantia: §149, and §80 (verbum) quod aut optime sonat aut rem maxime explanat (= plus effic.): Part. Or. §17 alia (verba) sonantiora, grandiora, leviora: and §53 gravia, plena, sonantia verba.non solum ... sed(οὐ μόνον ... ἀλλά), a formula used where the second clause is stronger than or includes and comprehends the first. Cp.§8below:§46(nec modo sed):7 §8(non modo sed):3 §20(non tantum sed):5 §5(neque tantum sed):7 §16(non tantum sed). Of the numerous exx. in Cicero’s speeches (Merguet, pp. 361-2) none are exceptions to the rule thus stated,—not even the seeming anticlimax of pro Sest. §45 iecissem me potius in profundum ut ceteros conservarem quam illos mei tam cupidos non modo ad certam mortem sed in magnum vitae discrimen adducerem: heresedstill introduces the stronger clause, as the sacrifice would be greater if it were made to avertdiscrimenthan if it were made to avertcerta mors. Becher cps. pro Lege Manil. §66: Div. in Caec. §27.—There is nothing in the distinction which Herbst (followed by Dosson) seeks to set up (on the strength ofsed etiamin§13): ‘pro simplicised,ἀλλά, infertursed etiam,ἀλλὰ καί, si utrumque orationis membrum pari vi praeditum est.’ Cp. the following: (a) non solum sed, vi. 2, 13 and 36: non solum sed (or verum) etiam, vii. 10, 17: ii. 2, 14: vii. 5, 3: viii. 3, 64: i. 11, 14. (b) non tantum sed, ix. 3, 28, 78: xi. 1, 7: ii. 17, 2: non tantum sed etiam (or et), xi. 2, 5: viii. 3, 3: ix. 2, 50. (c) non modo sed, pr.§9:x. 1, 46: ii. 17, 3: iv. 5, 6: non modo sed etiam (or quoque), ix. 3, 50: xi. 1, 15: i. 10, 9: ii. 2, 12: vi. 3, 57: ix. 3, 47: i. 1, 34: i. 4, 6: i. 11, 13: ix. 4, 9:x. 1, 10.in promptu—in readiness, ‘at one’s fingers’ ends,’ as it were: i.e. not only must we be able to recognise them when we see or hear them, but we must always have a stock of them on hand. Cp. ii. 4, 27 ut quidam ... scriptos eos (locos) memoriaeque diligentissime mandatos in promptu habuerint: vii. 10, 14 non respiciendum ad haec sed in promptu habenda: viii. pr. 28 ut semper in promptu sint et ante oculos: xi. 2, 1 exemplorum ... velut quasdam copias quibus abundare quasque in promptu habere debet orator. In ix. 1, 13 we have simplex atque in promptu positus dicendi modus. Cp. Demetrius Cynicus ap. Senec. de Benef. vii. 1 §3: plus prodesse si pauca praecepta sapientiae teneas sed illa in promptu tibi et in usu sint quam si multa quidem didiceris sed illa non habeas ad manum.—In Lucr. ii. 149 and 246 (in promptu manifestumque esse videmus) the phrase rather = in aperto: as often in Cicero, e.g. de Off. i. §§61, 95, 105, 126.ut ita dicam, in conspectu. So vii. 1, 4 cum haec (themata s. proposita) in conspectu quodammodo collocaveram. Cp. viii. 3, 37 quod idem (‘ut ita dicam’) etiam in iis quae licentius translata erunt proderit.I:7Et quae idem significarent solitosscioediscere, quo facilius etoccurreret unum ex pluribus, et, cum essent usi aliquo, si breve intra spatium rursus desideraretur, effugiendae repetitionis gratia sumerent aliud quo idem intellegi posset. Quod cum est puerile et cuiusdam infelicis operae, tum etiam utile parum: turbam tantum modo congregat, ex qua sine discrimine occupet proximum quodque.
De copia verborum.I:1I. Sed haec eloquendi praecepta, sicut cognitioni sunt necessaria, ita non satis ad vim dicendi valent, nisi illis firmaquaedam facilitas, quae apud Graecosἕξιςnominatur; accesserit; ad quam scribendo plus an legendo an dicendo conferatur, solere quaeri scio. Quod esset diligentius nobis examinandum, si qualibet earum rerum possemus una esse contenti:§ 1.haec eloquendi praecepta. The reference is generally to the theoretical part of the work, which has just been completed, but specially to the two books immediately preceding, in which Quintilian deals withelocutio(φράσις, ‘style’). In Books III-VII he has treated ofinventio(includingdispositio); and the transition to Books VIII and IX is marked in the words ‘a dispositione ad elocutionis praecepta labor’ vii. §17 ad fin. He passes now to the exercises necessary for practice: quo genere exercitationis ad certamina praeparandus sit (sc. orator) (§4.)sicut ... ita=μὲν ... δὲ. Soquemadmodum ... sic5 §17: cp.§14below. More commonly ut ... ita:§§4,15,62,72,74:3 §§28,31. Frequent in Livy: e.g. xxi. 35, 10 pleraque Alpium ab Italia sicut breviora ita arrectiora sunt: cp. 39, 7.cognitioni: so most edd. except Halm and Hild (seeCrit. Notes). The word denotes ‘theoretical knowledge,’ and is set over againstvis dicendi: for a similar opposition between theory and practice (scientia ... exercitatio) see Tac. Dial. 33. The reading may be supported by a reference to qui sciet§2, qui ... sciet ... perceperit§4. Cp. viii. pr. §1 Quam (rationem inveniendi et inventa disponendi) ut ... penitus cognoscere ad summam scientiae necessarium est ita, &c.: ib. §28, qui rationem loquendi primum cognoverit ... deinde haec omnia exercitatione plurima roborarit. In ii. 18, 1cognitiois used to distinguishθεωρητικήfromπρακτικήandποιητική. Cp. too iii. 1, 3 ut ... adliceremus ... iuventutem ad cognitionem eorum quae necessaria studiis arbitrabamur.—The readingcogitatiowould have to be understood in a wider sense than it has in ch. 6, or in3 §19: Hild takes it of ‘toute la préparation oratoire qui précède le discours proprement dit.’vim dicendi: ‘true eloquence,’ as in§8vim orandi,2 §16vim dicendi atque inventionis non adsequuntur:6 §2vim cogitandi: xii. 1, 33 vis ac facultas dicendi expugnat ipsam veritatem. Cp. viii. pr. 30 praeparata dicendi vis: xii. 10, 64. Bonn. Lex., p. 233.—Thevisof a thing is its essence, that which makes it what it is: Cic. de Am. §15 id in quo est omnis vis amicitiae. So with the genitive of a gerund it gives the idea contained in the infinitive when used as a noun: cp. de Fin. v. §76 percipiendi vis (i.e.τὸ αἰσθάνεσθαι) ita definitur a Stoicis: ibid. ii. §17 Zenonis est ... hoc Stoici: omnem vim loquendi (πᾶν τὸ φθέγγεσθαι) in duas tributam esse partes. See Nägelsbach, Lat. Stil., (8th ed.) p. 45: and cp. ratio collocandi3 §5, pronuntiandi ratio1 §17: ratio delendi3 §31.non satis ... valent, nisi, &c. For the necessity of practice in addition to theory cp.5 §19: also i. pr. §§18, 23, 27: ii. 13, 15: vii. 10, 14-15: Cic. de Orat. i. §§109-110: Dion. Hal. de Comp. Verb. 26 ad fin.οὐ γὰρ αὐτάρκη τὰ παραγγέλματα τῶν τεχνῶν ἐστὶ ... δίχα μελέτης τε καὶ γυμνασίας.firma quaedam facilitas, a ‘sure readiness’: cp.§44qui confirmare facultatemdicendi volent:§59dum adsequimur illam firmam, ut dixi, facilitatem:2 §12:7 §18sq.: xii, 9, 21 vires facilitatis.ἕξις:§59and5 §1. Pliny, Ep. ii. 3, 4 (of Isaeus) ad tantamἕξινstudio et exercitatione pervenit. See Schäfer on Dion. de Comp. i. p. 7.—In the sphere of morals theἕξιςis the fixed tendency that results from repeated acts:ἐκ τῶν ὁμοίων ἐνεργειῶν αἱ ἕξεις γίνονταιEth. Nic. ii. 1, 1103a, 31.—Prof. Mayor compares Cicero’s use ofhabitus constans, de Inv. i. §36: ii. §30.scribendo ... legendo ... dicendo: i. pr. §27 haec ipsa (natural gifts) sine doctore perito, studio pertinaci, scribendi, legendi, dicendi multa et continua exercitatione per se nihil prosunt. So§2eloquentia ... stilo ... lectionis. Reading is covered by chs. i ii: chs. iii-v treat of writing; and ch. vii. of extemporary declamation.conferatur: frequent in this sense in Quint. (cp.συμφέρειν): (1) with ad, as here, i. 8, 7: ii. 19, 1: vii. 1, 41: xii. 1, 1 and passim: (2) with in,7 §26: (3) with dat.,§§27,63,71,95: i. 1, 6, &c. Bonn. Lex., p. 155.solere quaeri (ζητεῖσθαι): the subject is treated, e.g., by Crassus in Cic. de Orat. i. chs. 33-34. Forquaericp. i. 4, 26: ib. 12 §1 (quaeri solet):x. 5, 13.qualibet ... una: v. 10, 117, quamdiu quilibet unus superfuerit. In reverse order i. 12, 7 una res quaelibet: xii. 1, 44 unum ex iis quodlibet. The collocation does not occur in Cicero.I:2verum ita sunt inter se conexa et indiscreta omnia ut, si quid ex his defuerit, frustra sit in ceteris laboratum. Nam neque solida atque robusta fuerit umquam eloquentia nisi multo stilo vires acceperit, et citra lectionis exemplum labor ille carens rectore fluitabit; et qui sciet quae quoque sint modo dicenda,nisi tamen in procinctu paratamque ad omnes casus habuerit eloquentiam, velut clausis thesauris incubabit.§ 2.conexa et indiscreta.Etis intensive: ‘so closely, nay, inseparably connected.’ So i. 2, 3: iuncta ista atque indiscreta sunt.Indiscretusin this sense occurs Tac. Hist. iv. 52 and often in Pliny: not in Cicero. For the use of the perf. part. pass. instead of a verbal adj., cp. Sall. Iug. 43, §5 invictus: ib. 2 §3 incorruptus: 76 §1 infectum: Livy ii. 1, 4 inviolatum: ib. 55 §3 contemptius (‘more contemptible’). So intactus, inaccessus, &c.neque ... et=οὔτε ... τε, as3 §23:4 §3:5 §22.solida ... robusta ... vires. Hild notes that the figure is taken from a living organism which gathers strength from the nourishment supplied to it: cp.§§19,31, &c. Tac. Dial. 21: oratio autem sicut corpus hominis ea demum pulchra est in qua non eminent venae nec ossa numerantur, sed temperatus ac bonus sanguis implet membra et exsurgit toris ipsosque nervos rubor tegit et decor commendat: cp. 23.multo stilo: ‘by much practice in writing.’ Cic. de Orat. i. §150 Stilus optimus et praestantissimus dicendi effector ac magister (where see Wilkins’ note). Quintilian returns to this subject below3 §1sq.: cp.6 §§1and3:7 §§4and7.citra lectionis exemplum: ‘without the models which reading supplies.’Citrais common in this sense (forsine, sometimespraeter) in Quint. (Bonn. Lex. p. 127) and other post-Aug. writers. So7 §7citra divisionem: xii. 6, 4 plusque, si separes, usus sine doctrina quam citra usum doctrina valet. Cp. Ov. Trist. v. 8, 23 peccavi citra scelus (‘short of’): Plin. Ep. ii. 1, 4 citra dolorem tamen.labor ille, sc. scribendi.fluitabit, like a vessel drifting about without a pilot (carens rectore). The writing will want method, and the definiteness of aim which models would impose. So vii. pr. §2 sic oratio carens hac virtute (sc. ordine) tumultuetur necesse est et sine rectore fluitet nec cohaereat sibi, multa repetat, multa transeat, velut nocte in ignotis locis errans, nec initio nec fine proposito casum potius quam consilium sequatur: cp. xii. 2 §20.quae quoque sint modo. This is thereading of the oldest MSS. (see Crit. Notes), and was adopted by Halm: cp.§8quod quoque loco sit aptissimum:7 §5quid quoque loco primum sit, and§6quid quoque loco quaerant. So iv. 2, 33 quid quoque loco prosit.Quaecoversinventio: whilequoque modomay be taken of the exhaustive discussion of the various departments ofelocutiowhich has just been concluded.—Meister has returned to Spalding’squo quaeque sint modo, probably from a doubt whether Halm (followed by Mayor) is right in explainingquae quoqueas =quae et quomodo, ‘what is to be said and how’; ‘copulae enimquein coniunctione talium membrorum relativorum inter se discretorum non aptus est locus,’ Osann, i. p. 14. Butquoquemay very well be the abl. ofquisque, though Cicero seems to avoid such a collocation, unless there is a prep. to make the construction clear: e.g. pro Sulla §73 quae ex quoque ordine multitudo: pro Domo §33 qui de quaque re constituti iudices sint: Har.Resp. §24 quae de quoque deo ... tradita sunt. Cp. in Cat. iii. §10 tabellas quae a quoque dicebantur datae. Even in the exactly parallel passage Sall. Cat. 23, 4 quae quoque modo audierat ... narravit (where Mommsen suggestsquoquo), it is possible to understandquoqueof the various methods Fulvia had employed to get information from Curius. So quid ubique, ib. 21, 1.tamen: seeCrit. Notes.in procinctu: ‘ready for battle.’ So xii. 9, 21 quem armatum semper ac velut in procinctu stantem non magis umquam in causis oratio quam in rebus cotidianis ac domesticis sermo deficiet. Similarly in7 §24promptum hoc et in expedito positum. Examples of the proper use of the phrase occur Tac. Hist. iii. 2: Ovid Pont. i. 8, 10: Gell. i. 11: Plin. Nat. Hist. vi. 22. Quintilian expresses a similar idea by another of his military metaphors, viii pr. 15: eloqui enim hoc est omnia quae mente conceperis promere atque ad audientes perferre; sine quo supervacua sunt priora et similia gladio condito atque intra vaginam suam haerenti: cp. vi. 4, 8. For the explanation of the phraseprocingo, ‘I gird up’see Mayor’s note on Cic. de N. D. ii. 3 §9: “in procinctuis used of an army in readiness for battle, Milton’s ‘war in procinct’ (P. L. vi. 19): cp. Festus, pp. 43 and 225 procincta classis dicebatur cum exercitus cinctus erat Gabino cinctu confestim pugnaturus. Vetustius enim fuit multitudinem hominum, quam navium, classem appellari, also p. 249 procincta toga Romani olim ad pugnam ire soliti. Thecinctus Gabinuswas a particular way of wearing thetoga, so as to use part of it as a girdle, tying it in a knot in front. Servius (Aen. vii. 612) says the ancient Latins, before they were acquainted with the use of defensive armour, praecinctis togis bellabant, unde etiam militesin procinctuesse dicuntur.” For the figurative use cp. Sen. de Benef. i. 1, 4 severitatem abditam clementiam in procinctu habeo: [Quint.] Decl. 3, 1 neque in militiam gravissimo asperrimoque bello ita venit, ut nesciret sibi mortem in procinctu habendam.paratam:5 §12: Cic. ad Fam. vi. 21, 1 ad omnem eventum paratus sum.velut cl. thes. incubabit. Unless he adds practice to his theoretical knowledge, all he knows will be as useless as a miser’s hoard. The phrase is a reminiscence of Verg. Georg. ii. 507 condit opes alius, defossoque incubat auro: cp. Aen. vi. 610 aut qui divitiis soli incubuere repertis. Martial, xii. 53, 3-4 largiris nihil incubasque gazae, ut magnus draco. Mayor quotes Ecclus. 20, 30 Wisdom that is hid, and treasure that is hoarded up, what profit is in them both?I:3Non autemut quidquid praecipue necessarium est, sic ad efficiendum oratorem maximi protinus erit momenti. Nam certe, cum sit in eloquendo positum oratoris officium, dicere ante omnia est, atque hinc initium eius artis fuisse manifestum est: proximum deinde imitatio, novissimum scribendi quoque diligentia.§ 3.The argument here requires elucidation. Quint. has said (§§1,2) that for thefirma facilitasorἕξιςwhich must be superadded to theory, writing, reading and speaking are all essential. He now goes on to state that it does not follow that what is theoretically most indispensable (cp. cognitioni necessaria§1above) is for the practical training of the orator of greatest consequence. The most essential element is of course that of speech (dicere)—followed by imitation and writing. But perfection of speech can only be attained, like other forms of perfection, by starting from first beginnings (principia), which become relatively unimportant (minima) as things progress. This is not however the place for dealing with the methods of preliminary training in rhetoric: our student has done his theory, and we must now show him how to apply it to practice. Cp. Analysis, p. 1.ut quidquid. Properlyquisquisis an indefinite relative: in this usage it has the same force asquisque(Roby, 2283, 2285). It may have been an archaism which became colloquial. Madvig (on de Fin. v. §24) shows that undoubted instances occur in Plautus, Terence, Cato (de R. R. 57: uti quidquid operis facient), Lucretius (with whom it is especially common: e.g. ruit qua quidquid fluctibus obstat, i. 289, where see Munro), Cicero (Tusc. v. 98), and in the Agrarian Law (utei quicquid quoieique ante h. l. r. licuit, ita &c. Mommsen C.I.L. 1 n. 200 v. 27). Cp. vii. 2, 35. So too Corn. ad. Herenn. ii. §47, where the MSS. almost without exception givequidquid(quicquid) forquicque. For the spelling here, cp. i. 7, 6 frigidiora his alia, ut ‘quidquid’ c quartam haberet, ne interrogare bis videremur.ad efficiendum oratorem: i. 10, 2.protinus, of logical consequence, as frequentlycontinuoin Cicero: generally with a negative, or a question implying a negative answer. For the form of the sentence cp. viii. 2, 4 non tamen quidquid non erit proprium protinus et improprii vitio laborabit: and§42below, sed non quidquid ad aliquam partem scientiae pertinet protinus ad faciendamφράσιν... accommodatum. So3 §22(§§5and 18 are different): ii. 21, 10: v. 10, 102 and 119: vii. 4, 38.nam certe. This leads up to the next sentence, beginningsed ut.in eloquendo: cp. viii. pr. 15 (quoted on in procinctu,§2above): Cic. Or. §61 sed iam illius perfecti oratoris et summae eloquentiae species exprimenda est; quem hoc uno (sc. in eloquendo) excellere cetera in eo latere indicat nomen ipsum. Non enim inventor aut compositor aut actor qui haec complexus est omnia, sed et Graece ab eloquendoῥήτωρet Latine eloquens dictus est. Ceterarum enim rerum quae sunt in oratore partem aliquam sibi quisque vindicat; dicendi autem, id est eloquendi, maxima vis soli huic conceditur. Cp. de Orat. ii. §38.ante omnia est. Becher vindicates the traditional reading by comparing ii. 15, 12 atqui non multum ab hoc fine abest Apollodorus dicens iudicialis orationis primum etsuper omnia esse persuadereiudici et sententiam eiusducerein id quod velit. So too iii. 8, 56 anpro Caesare fuerit occidiPompeium?—SeeCrit. Notes. Forante omniacp. Introd.p. lii.hinc ... fuisse: cp. viii. 2, 7 proprie tamen unde initium est: vi. pr. §10 ut prorsus posset hinc esse tanti fulminis metus.proximum: cp. i. 3, 1 proximum imitatio. As is evident from ch. ii,imitatiohere includes notlectioonly butauditioas well:§8optima legendo atque audiendo. It was in this sense that Dion. Hal. entitled his workπερὶ μιμήσεως:see Usener, Praef. pp. 1-4: and cp. Cic. de Orat. i. §14 sq. and §149 sq.I:4Sed ut perveniri ad summa nisi ex principiis non potest, ita procedente iam opere minima incipiunt esse quae prima sunt. Verum nos non quo modo sit instituendus orator hoc loco dicimus,(nam id quidem aut satis aut certe uti potuimus dictum est), sed athleta, qui omnes iam perdidicerit a praeceptore numeros, quo genere exercitationis ad certamina praeparandus sit. Igitur eum qui res invenire et disponere sciet, verba quoque et eligendi et collocandi rationem perceperit, instruamus qua ratione quod didicerit facere quam optime, quam facillime possit.§ 4.sed ut perveniri, &c.7 §18. Cp. i. pr. §§4-5 contemnentes tamquam parva quae prius discimus studia ... ego cum existimem nihil arti oratoriae alienum sine quo fieri non posse oratorem fatendum est, nec ad ullius rei summam nisi praecedentibus initiis perveniri ad minora illa ... demittere me non recusabo.procedente iam opere: here of the progress of the orator’s training.minimain importance:primain point of time. Krüger says thatdicerealone is meant, being theinitium artisabove; but it seems better to understand Quint. to be indicating here that the order of importance does not correspond with the order of development as stated above, viz. (1) the faculty of speech, (2) reading (included underimitatio) and (3) writing. These are to be taken first as the subsidiary beginnings (principia) from which we attain to the ultimate object: but as things progress they will become relatively unimportant (minima), and theirplace will be taken by systematic training in speaking or declamation, an exercise which is always essential to success and can therefore never be left off (7 §24).aut ... autin the sense of si minus satis, at certe uti potuimus: cp. xii. 11, 21.athleta: a metaphor abruptly introduced: cp.§33:3 §7:4 §4:7 §§1and23. The orator is often compared to an athlete, gladiator, soldier, &c.: see on§33non athletarum toris sed militum lacertis, and Introd.p. lvi. Cp.§§29,31,79:3 §3:5 §§15,17. Cic. de Orat. i. §73 ut qui pila ludunt ... sic in orationibus: iii. §83: Or. §§14, 42, 228-9. Tac. Dial. 34 ferro non rudibus dimicantes: cp. end of 37.numeros: here of rhythmical movements, ‘movements according to rule, “passes” in fencing, “throws” in wrestling,’ &c.—Mayor. The use of the word in this sense is probably founded on the analogy between rhythm (for which see ix. 4, 45) and graceful motion: ix. 4, 8 in omni palaestra quid satis recte cavetur ac petitur cui non artifex motus et certi quidam pedes adsint? Cp. xii. 2, 12: ut palaestrici doctores illos quos numeros vocant non idcirco discentibus tradunt, ut iis omnibus ii qui didicerint in ipso luctandi certamine utantur ... sed ut subsit copia illa ex qua unum aut alterum cuius se occasio dederit efficiant: ii. 8, 13 sicut ille ... exercendi corpora peritus non ... nexus modo atque in iis certos aliquos docebit, sed omnia quae sunt eius certaminis. Sen. de Benef. vii. 1 §4 magnus luctator est non qui omnes numeros nexusque perdidicit. So Iuv. vi. 249 of the lady in the arena, omnes implet numeros: cp. Tac. Dial. 32 per omnes eloquentiae numeros isse. That this use is based on the notion of rhythm may be seen from a comparison of these exx. with Hor. Ep. ii. 2, 144 verae numerosque modosque ediscere vitae. For the wider meaning ofnumeri, in which it is used of that which is complete and perfect in all its parts, v. on§70.igitur. As to whether the position ofigiturat the beginning of a sentence is to be considered an instance oftransmutatio(like ‘quoque ego,’ ‘enim hoc voluit’) Quintilian says (i. 5, 39) there is a doubt: ‘quia maximos auctores in diversa fuisse opinione video, cum apud alios sit etiam frequens, apud alios numquam reperiatur.’ Numerous instances from his own work are given in Bonn. Lex., p. 394. In Tacitus,igituralways stands first except in the following passages: Dial. 8, 29: 10, 37: 20, 21: Agr. 16, 12: Germ. 45, 22: Hist. iv. 15, 15: Ann. i. 47, 5 (Gerber and Greef). In Cicero it is very rarely found first: de Leg. Agr. ii. 72: pro Milone §48: Phil. ii. §94: de Fin. i. §61: de Nat. Deor. i. §80.res invenire. For the five parts of oratory (which are quite distinct from the five parts of an oration) cp.7 §9: iii. 3, §§1 and 7. They areinventio(treated of in Books iii.-vi.),dispositio(vii.),elocutio(viii.-ix.),memoria,actioorpronuntiatio(xi.). Cicero has substantially the same division de Orat. ii. §79, quinque faciunt quasi membra eloquentiae, invenire quod dicas, inventa disponere, deinde ornare verbis, post memoriae mandare, tum ad extremum agere ac pronuntiare: cp. i. §142: and forinventio, de Inv. i. §9, inventio est excogitatio rerum verarum aut veri similium quae causam probabilem reddant.—For the antithesis betweenresandverba, cp.§§5and 6: also§61:2 §27:3 §§5,9:6 §2:7 §§9,22.sciet. Bonnell calls attention to the use of the fut. in dependent relative sentences as common in manuals of instruction:§§5,10,13,17,22,25,33,112, &c.Instruamusis virtually future.eligendi§6: cp.dilectus3 §5.collocandi: Cic. de Orat. ii. §307 ordo collocatioque rerum ac locorum: cp. Or. §50: Brut. §139. For both cp. Brut. §140 in verbis et eligendis ... et collocandis: de Part. Or. i. §3. Both are parts ofelocutio, for which see viii. 1, 1. Forratiowith gerund cp.§§17,54:2 §1:3 §§5,31: and see note on2 §3.qua ratione. The recurrence ofrationeso soon afterrationemneed create no difficulty in Quintilian: for similar instances of negligence see on2 §23. ForKiderlin’s treatment of the whole passage, seeCrit. Notes.optime ... facillime, xii. 10, 77 neque vero omnia ista de quibus locuti sumus orator optime tantum sed etiam facillime faciet.I:5Non ergo dubium est quin ei velut opes sint quaedam parandae, quibus uti, ubicumque desideratum erit, possit: eae constant copia rerum ac verborum.§ 5.velut ... quaedam. So§§18,61:3 §3:5 §17:7 §1, and frequently elsewhere: e.g. xii. 10, 19 velut sata quaedam: iii. 8, 29 veluti quoddam templum. Cicero generally usesquasiortanquam quidam. Indeed Quintilian seems to have a general preference forvelutoverquasiortanquamin introducing similes: cp.7 §6ducetur ante omnia rerum ipsa serie velut duce: viii. 5, 29 inaequalia tantum et velut confragosa: see Bonn. Lex., s.v.ubicumque, so§10below. For a less classical use (as an indefinite) see7 §28quidquid loquemur ubicumque.I:6Sed res propriae sunt cuiusque causae aut paucis communes, verba in universas paranda; quae si rebus singulis essent singula, minorem curam postularent, nam cuncta sese cum ipsis protinus rebus offerrent. Sed cum sint aliis alia aut magis propria aut magis ornata aut plus efficientiaaut melius sonantia, debent esse non solum nota omnia, sed in promptu atque, ut ita dicam, in conspectu, ut, cum se iudicio dicentis ostenderint, facilis ex his optimorum sit electio.§ 6.sed res ... paranda: an example of the construction so common in Greek and Latin, by which two contrasted clauses are co-ordinated. In English we subordinate the one to the other by using ‘while,’ ‘whereas,’ or some such word. In Greek the use ofμὲνmakes the antithesis plainer.—Hereres=νοήματα:verba=ὀνόματα.paucis communes. For theloci communes, appropriate to several causae, v. Cic. de Inv. ii. §48 argumenta quae transferri in multas causas possunt, and compare the Topica.cum ipsis protinus rebus. For the order of words cp.§33historico nonnumquam nitore. Herbst gives the following exx. of an adv. inserted between the adj. and the noun:§§38,41,104,116,120:2 §§7,8:3 §§2,31:5 §7:7 §§3,28.—For the thought, cp. Hor. A. P. 311 verbaque provisam rem non invita sequentur: Cic. de Orat. ii. §146 ea (sc. res et sententiae) vi sua verba parient: iii. §125 rerum enim copia verborum copiam gignit. No doubt Quintilian in his teaching also gave due prominence to Cato’s golden rule, ‘rem tene verba sequentur.’propria. The general meaning under which all uses ofpropriusand its cognates may be included is that in which it contrasts with all departures from and innovations on ordinary language. Sometimes it may mean nothing more than ‘suitable,’ ‘appropriate,’ in which senseproprieoccurs immediately below, in§9: cp. opportune proprieque2 §13, and proprie et copiose (dicere) i. 4, 5. This is the meaning with which it is applied to the language of Simonides§64below,—‘natural’; cp. Cic. de Orat. i. §154, whereverba propriaoccurs alongside ofornatissimaand corresponds withidonea, introduced shortly afterwards: cp.id.iii. §31, wherepropriais reinforced byapta, andib.§49 proprie demonstrantibus (verbis) ea quae significari ac declarari volemus. The use ofproprietasin§46and§121below may be compared with this: cp. also the first of the meanings assigned to the word in the important passage viii. 2, 1-11: also ix. 2, 18 and xii. 2, 19. The translators here render by ‘suitable’ or ‘significant,’ but the juxtaposition ofornataseems rather to point to the use in whichverba propriaare the antithesis oftranslata,—direct, literal, and natural, as opposed to figurative: i. 5, 71 propria sunt verba cum id significant in quod primo denominata sunt: translata, cum alium natura intellectum, alium loco praebent. Cp. i. 5, 3: viii. 3, 24: 6, 5, and 48 (wherepropria ... ornatain the passage above may well be illustrated by the words species ex arcessitis verbis venit et intellectus ex propriis): ix. 1, 4. This is undoubtedly the meaning in whichpropriusis used in§29below: also in5 §8alia translatis virtus alia propriis. The nearest equivalent in Greek would beοἰκεῖα ὀνόματα, rather thanκύρια ὀνόματα, which correspond to ‘usitata verba’ in Quint, (i. 5, 71, and v. 14, 33 verbis quam maxime propriis et ex usu),—though he may have had in mind here, as Mayor suggests,ἔστι γὰρ ἄλλο ἄλλου κυριώτερον, Arist. Rhet. iii. 2, p. 1405 b, 11. (For the distinction betweenὄνομα οἰκεῖονandὄνομα κύριονsee Cope on Ar. Rhet. iii. 2§§2 and 6, and Introd. p. 282 note). Many parallels might be cited from Cicero: e.g. de Or. iii. §149 (verbis eis) quaepropriasunt et certa quasi vocabula rerum, paene una nata cum rebus ipsis: cp.ib.§150: Brutus §274: Or. §80.ornata: cp. viii. 3, 15 quamquam enim rectissime traditum est perspicuitatem propriis, ornatum translatis verbis magis egere, sciamus nihil ornatum esse quod sit improprium:ib.pr. §26 ut propria sint (verba) et dilucida et ornata et apte collocentur, and§31: ii. 5, 9 quod verbum proprium, ornatum, sublime: and especially viii. 1, 1 in singulis (verbis) intuendum est ut sint Latina, perspicua, ornata, ad id quod efficere volumus accommodata.plus efficientia, ‘more significant’: ix. 4, §123 membrum autem est sensus ... per se nihil efficiens. The adj.efficaxoccurs only once in Quint. (vi. 1, 41).melius sonantia. Sovocalioraviii. 3, §16 sq.: cp. i. 5, 4 sola est quae notari possit vocalitas, quaeεὐφωνίαdicitur: cuius in eo dilectus est ut inter duo quae idem significant ac tantundem valent quod melius sonet malis. Cic. de Or. iii. §150 lectis atque illustribus (verbis) utatur, in quibus plenum quiddam et sonans inesse videatur: Or. §163 verba ... legenda sunt potissimum bene sonantia: §149, and §80 (verbum) quod aut optime sonat aut rem maxime explanat (= plus effic.): Part. Or. §17 alia (verba) sonantiora, grandiora, leviora: and §53 gravia, plena, sonantia verba.non solum ... sed(οὐ μόνον ... ἀλλά), a formula used where the second clause is stronger than or includes and comprehends the first. Cp.§8below:§46(nec modo sed):7 §8(non modo sed):3 §20(non tantum sed):5 §5(neque tantum sed):7 §16(non tantum sed). Of the numerous exx. in Cicero’s speeches (Merguet, pp. 361-2) none are exceptions to the rule thus stated,—not even the seeming anticlimax of pro Sest. §45 iecissem me potius in profundum ut ceteros conservarem quam illos mei tam cupidos non modo ad certam mortem sed in magnum vitae discrimen adducerem: heresedstill introduces the stronger clause, as the sacrifice would be greater if it were made to avertdiscrimenthan if it were made to avertcerta mors. Becher cps. pro Lege Manil. §66: Div. in Caec. §27.—There is nothing in the distinction which Herbst (followed by Dosson) seeks to set up (on the strength ofsed etiamin§13): ‘pro simplicised,ἀλλά, infertursed etiam,ἀλλὰ καί, si utrumque orationis membrum pari vi praeditum est.’ Cp. the following: (a) non solum sed, vi. 2, 13 and 36: non solum sed (or verum) etiam, vii. 10, 17: ii. 2, 14: vii. 5, 3: viii. 3, 64: i. 11, 14. (b) non tantum sed, ix. 3, 28, 78: xi. 1, 7: ii. 17, 2: non tantum sed etiam (or et), xi. 2, 5: viii. 3, 3: ix. 2, 50. (c) non modo sed, pr.§9:x. 1, 46: ii. 17, 3: iv. 5, 6: non modo sed etiam (or quoque), ix. 3, 50: xi. 1, 15: i. 10, 9: ii. 2, 12: vi. 3, 57: ix. 3, 47: i. 1, 34: i. 4, 6: i. 11, 13: ix. 4, 9:x. 1, 10.in promptu—in readiness, ‘at one’s fingers’ ends,’ as it were: i.e. not only must we be able to recognise them when we see or hear them, but we must always have a stock of them on hand. Cp. ii. 4, 27 ut quidam ... scriptos eos (locos) memoriaeque diligentissime mandatos in promptu habuerint: vii. 10, 14 non respiciendum ad haec sed in promptu habenda: viii. pr. 28 ut semper in promptu sint et ante oculos: xi. 2, 1 exemplorum ... velut quasdam copias quibus abundare quasque in promptu habere debet orator. In ix. 1, 13 we have simplex atque in promptu positus dicendi modus. Cp. Demetrius Cynicus ap. Senec. de Benef. vii. 1 §3: plus prodesse si pauca praecepta sapientiae teneas sed illa in promptu tibi et in usu sint quam si multa quidem didiceris sed illa non habeas ad manum.—In Lucr. ii. 149 and 246 (in promptu manifestumque esse videmus) the phrase rather = in aperto: as often in Cicero, e.g. de Off. i. §§61, 95, 105, 126.ut ita dicam, in conspectu. So vii. 1, 4 cum haec (themata s. proposita) in conspectu quodammodo collocaveram. Cp. viii. 3, 37 quod idem (‘ut ita dicam’) etiam in iis quae licentius translata erunt proderit.I:7Et quae idem significarent solitosscioediscere, quo facilius etoccurreret unum ex pluribus, et, cum essent usi aliquo, si breve intra spatium rursus desideraretur, effugiendae repetitionis gratia sumerent aliud quo idem intellegi posset. Quod cum est puerile et cuiusdam infelicis operae, tum etiam utile parum: turbam tantum modo congregat, ex qua sine discrimine occupet proximum quodque.
I:1I. Sed haec eloquendi praecepta, sicut cognitioni sunt necessaria, ita non satis ad vim dicendi valent, nisi illis firmaquaedam facilitas, quae apud Graecosἕξιςnominatur; accesserit; ad quam scribendo plus an legendo an dicendo conferatur, solere quaeri scio. Quod esset diligentius nobis examinandum, si qualibet earum rerum possemus una esse contenti:
§ 1.haec eloquendi praecepta. The reference is generally to the theoretical part of the work, which has just been completed, but specially to the two books immediately preceding, in which Quintilian deals withelocutio(φράσις, ‘style’). In Books III-VII he has treated ofinventio(includingdispositio); and the transition to Books VIII and IX is marked in the words ‘a dispositione ad elocutionis praecepta labor’ vii. §17 ad fin. He passes now to the exercises necessary for practice: quo genere exercitationis ad certamina praeparandus sit (sc. orator) (§4.)sicut ... ita=μὲν ... δὲ. Soquemadmodum ... sic5 §17: cp.§14below. More commonly ut ... ita:§§4,15,62,72,74:3 §§28,31. Frequent in Livy: e.g. xxi. 35, 10 pleraque Alpium ab Italia sicut breviora ita arrectiora sunt: cp. 39, 7.cognitioni: so most edd. except Halm and Hild (seeCrit. Notes). The word denotes ‘theoretical knowledge,’ and is set over againstvis dicendi: for a similar opposition between theory and practice (scientia ... exercitatio) see Tac. Dial. 33. The reading may be supported by a reference to qui sciet§2, qui ... sciet ... perceperit§4. Cp. viii. pr. §1 Quam (rationem inveniendi et inventa disponendi) ut ... penitus cognoscere ad summam scientiae necessarium est ita, &c.: ib. §28, qui rationem loquendi primum cognoverit ... deinde haec omnia exercitatione plurima roborarit. In ii. 18, 1cognitiois used to distinguishθεωρητικήfromπρακτικήandποιητική. Cp. too iii. 1, 3 ut ... adliceremus ... iuventutem ad cognitionem eorum quae necessaria studiis arbitrabamur.—The readingcogitatiowould have to be understood in a wider sense than it has in ch. 6, or in3 §19: Hild takes it of ‘toute la préparation oratoire qui précède le discours proprement dit.’vim dicendi: ‘true eloquence,’ as in§8vim orandi,2 §16vim dicendi atque inventionis non adsequuntur:6 §2vim cogitandi: xii. 1, 33 vis ac facultas dicendi expugnat ipsam veritatem. Cp. viii. pr. 30 praeparata dicendi vis: xii. 10, 64. Bonn. Lex., p. 233.—Thevisof a thing is its essence, that which makes it what it is: Cic. de Am. §15 id in quo est omnis vis amicitiae. So with the genitive of a gerund it gives the idea contained in the infinitive when used as a noun: cp. de Fin. v. §76 percipiendi vis (i.e.τὸ αἰσθάνεσθαι) ita definitur a Stoicis: ibid. ii. §17 Zenonis est ... hoc Stoici: omnem vim loquendi (πᾶν τὸ φθέγγεσθαι) in duas tributam esse partes. See Nägelsbach, Lat. Stil., (8th ed.) p. 45: and cp. ratio collocandi3 §5, pronuntiandi ratio1 §17: ratio delendi3 §31.non satis ... valent, nisi, &c. For the necessity of practice in addition to theory cp.5 §19: also i. pr. §§18, 23, 27: ii. 13, 15: vii. 10, 14-15: Cic. de Orat. i. §§109-110: Dion. Hal. de Comp. Verb. 26 ad fin.οὐ γὰρ αὐτάρκη τὰ παραγγέλματα τῶν τεχνῶν ἐστὶ ... δίχα μελέτης τε καὶ γυμνασίας.firma quaedam facilitas, a ‘sure readiness’: cp.§44qui confirmare facultatemdicendi volent:§59dum adsequimur illam firmam, ut dixi, facilitatem:2 §12:7 §18sq.: xii, 9, 21 vires facilitatis.ἕξις:§59and5 §1. Pliny, Ep. ii. 3, 4 (of Isaeus) ad tantamἕξινstudio et exercitatione pervenit. See Schäfer on Dion. de Comp. i. p. 7.—In the sphere of morals theἕξιςis the fixed tendency that results from repeated acts:ἐκ τῶν ὁμοίων ἐνεργειῶν αἱ ἕξεις γίνονταιEth. Nic. ii. 1, 1103a, 31.—Prof. Mayor compares Cicero’s use ofhabitus constans, de Inv. i. §36: ii. §30.scribendo ... legendo ... dicendo: i. pr. §27 haec ipsa (natural gifts) sine doctore perito, studio pertinaci, scribendi, legendi, dicendi multa et continua exercitatione per se nihil prosunt. So§2eloquentia ... stilo ... lectionis. Reading is covered by chs. i ii: chs. iii-v treat of writing; and ch. vii. of extemporary declamation.conferatur: frequent in this sense in Quint. (cp.συμφέρειν): (1) with ad, as here, i. 8, 7: ii. 19, 1: vii. 1, 41: xii. 1, 1 and passim: (2) with in,7 §26: (3) with dat.,§§27,63,71,95: i. 1, 6, &c. Bonn. Lex., p. 155.solere quaeri (ζητεῖσθαι): the subject is treated, e.g., by Crassus in Cic. de Orat. i. chs. 33-34. Forquaericp. i. 4, 26: ib. 12 §1 (quaeri solet):x. 5, 13.qualibet ... una: v. 10, 117, quamdiu quilibet unus superfuerit. In reverse order i. 12, 7 una res quaelibet: xii. 1, 44 unum ex iis quodlibet. The collocation does not occur in Cicero.
§ 1.haec eloquendi praecepta. The reference is generally to the theoretical part of the work, which has just been completed, but specially to the two books immediately preceding, in which Quintilian deals withelocutio(φράσις, ‘style’). In Books III-VII he has treated ofinventio(includingdispositio); and the transition to Books VIII and IX is marked in the words ‘a dispositione ad elocutionis praecepta labor’ vii. §17 ad fin. He passes now to the exercises necessary for practice: quo genere exercitationis ad certamina praeparandus sit (sc. orator) (§4.)
sicut ... ita=μὲν ... δὲ. Soquemadmodum ... sic5 §17: cp.§14below. More commonly ut ... ita:§§4,15,62,72,74:3 §§28,31. Frequent in Livy: e.g. xxi. 35, 10 pleraque Alpium ab Italia sicut breviora ita arrectiora sunt: cp. 39, 7.
cognitioni: so most edd. except Halm and Hild (seeCrit. Notes). The word denotes ‘theoretical knowledge,’ and is set over againstvis dicendi: for a similar opposition between theory and practice (scientia ... exercitatio) see Tac. Dial. 33. The reading may be supported by a reference to qui sciet§2, qui ... sciet ... perceperit§4. Cp. viii. pr. §1 Quam (rationem inveniendi et inventa disponendi) ut ... penitus cognoscere ad summam scientiae necessarium est ita, &c.: ib. §28, qui rationem loquendi primum cognoverit ... deinde haec omnia exercitatione plurima roborarit. In ii. 18, 1cognitiois used to distinguishθεωρητικήfromπρακτικήandποιητική. Cp. too iii. 1, 3 ut ... adliceremus ... iuventutem ad cognitionem eorum quae necessaria studiis arbitrabamur.—The readingcogitatiowould have to be understood in a wider sense than it has in ch. 6, or in3 §19: Hild takes it of ‘toute la préparation oratoire qui précède le discours proprement dit.’
vim dicendi: ‘true eloquence,’ as in§8vim orandi,2 §16vim dicendi atque inventionis non adsequuntur:6 §2vim cogitandi: xii. 1, 33 vis ac facultas dicendi expugnat ipsam veritatem. Cp. viii. pr. 30 praeparata dicendi vis: xii. 10, 64. Bonn. Lex., p. 233.—Thevisof a thing is its essence, that which makes it what it is: Cic. de Am. §15 id in quo est omnis vis amicitiae. So with the genitive of a gerund it gives the idea contained in the infinitive when used as a noun: cp. de Fin. v. §76 percipiendi vis (i.e.τὸ αἰσθάνεσθαι) ita definitur a Stoicis: ibid. ii. §17 Zenonis est ... hoc Stoici: omnem vim loquendi (πᾶν τὸ φθέγγεσθαι) in duas tributam esse partes. See Nägelsbach, Lat. Stil., (8th ed.) p. 45: and cp. ratio collocandi3 §5, pronuntiandi ratio1 §17: ratio delendi3 §31.
non satis ... valent, nisi, &c. For the necessity of practice in addition to theory cp.5 §19: also i. pr. §§18, 23, 27: ii. 13, 15: vii. 10, 14-15: Cic. de Orat. i. §§109-110: Dion. Hal. de Comp. Verb. 26 ad fin.οὐ γὰρ αὐτάρκη τὰ παραγγέλματα τῶν τεχνῶν ἐστὶ ... δίχα μελέτης τε καὶ γυμνασίας.
firma quaedam facilitas, a ‘sure readiness’: cp.§44qui confirmare facultatemdicendi volent:§59dum adsequimur illam firmam, ut dixi, facilitatem:2 §12:7 §18sq.: xii, 9, 21 vires facilitatis.
ἕξις:§59and5 §1. Pliny, Ep. ii. 3, 4 (of Isaeus) ad tantamἕξινstudio et exercitatione pervenit. See Schäfer on Dion. de Comp. i. p. 7.—In the sphere of morals theἕξιςis the fixed tendency that results from repeated acts:ἐκ τῶν ὁμοίων ἐνεργειῶν αἱ ἕξεις γίνονταιEth. Nic. ii. 1, 1103a, 31.—Prof. Mayor compares Cicero’s use ofhabitus constans, de Inv. i. §36: ii. §30.
scribendo ... legendo ... dicendo: i. pr. §27 haec ipsa (natural gifts) sine doctore perito, studio pertinaci, scribendi, legendi, dicendi multa et continua exercitatione per se nihil prosunt. So§2eloquentia ... stilo ... lectionis. Reading is covered by chs. i ii: chs. iii-v treat of writing; and ch. vii. of extemporary declamation.
conferatur: frequent in this sense in Quint. (cp.συμφέρειν): (1) with ad, as here, i. 8, 7: ii. 19, 1: vii. 1, 41: xii. 1, 1 and passim: (2) with in,7 §26: (3) with dat.,§§27,63,71,95: i. 1, 6, &c. Bonn. Lex., p. 155.
solere quaeri (ζητεῖσθαι): the subject is treated, e.g., by Crassus in Cic. de Orat. i. chs. 33-34. Forquaericp. i. 4, 26: ib. 12 §1 (quaeri solet):x. 5, 13.
qualibet ... una: v. 10, 117, quamdiu quilibet unus superfuerit. In reverse order i. 12, 7 una res quaelibet: xii. 1, 44 unum ex iis quodlibet. The collocation does not occur in Cicero.
I:2verum ita sunt inter se conexa et indiscreta omnia ut, si quid ex his defuerit, frustra sit in ceteris laboratum. Nam neque solida atque robusta fuerit umquam eloquentia nisi multo stilo vires acceperit, et citra lectionis exemplum labor ille carens rectore fluitabit; et qui sciet quae quoque sint modo dicenda,nisi tamen in procinctu paratamque ad omnes casus habuerit eloquentiam, velut clausis thesauris incubabit.
§ 2.conexa et indiscreta.Etis intensive: ‘so closely, nay, inseparably connected.’ So i. 2, 3: iuncta ista atque indiscreta sunt.Indiscretusin this sense occurs Tac. Hist. iv. 52 and often in Pliny: not in Cicero. For the use of the perf. part. pass. instead of a verbal adj., cp. Sall. Iug. 43, §5 invictus: ib. 2 §3 incorruptus: 76 §1 infectum: Livy ii. 1, 4 inviolatum: ib. 55 §3 contemptius (‘more contemptible’). So intactus, inaccessus, &c.neque ... et=οὔτε ... τε, as3 §23:4 §3:5 §22.solida ... robusta ... vires. Hild notes that the figure is taken from a living organism which gathers strength from the nourishment supplied to it: cp.§§19,31, &c. Tac. Dial. 21: oratio autem sicut corpus hominis ea demum pulchra est in qua non eminent venae nec ossa numerantur, sed temperatus ac bonus sanguis implet membra et exsurgit toris ipsosque nervos rubor tegit et decor commendat: cp. 23.multo stilo: ‘by much practice in writing.’ Cic. de Orat. i. §150 Stilus optimus et praestantissimus dicendi effector ac magister (where see Wilkins’ note). Quintilian returns to this subject below3 §1sq.: cp.6 §§1and3:7 §§4and7.citra lectionis exemplum: ‘without the models which reading supplies.’Citrais common in this sense (forsine, sometimespraeter) in Quint. (Bonn. Lex. p. 127) and other post-Aug. writers. So7 §7citra divisionem: xii. 6, 4 plusque, si separes, usus sine doctrina quam citra usum doctrina valet. Cp. Ov. Trist. v. 8, 23 peccavi citra scelus (‘short of’): Plin. Ep. ii. 1, 4 citra dolorem tamen.labor ille, sc. scribendi.fluitabit, like a vessel drifting about without a pilot (carens rectore). The writing will want method, and the definiteness of aim which models would impose. So vii. pr. §2 sic oratio carens hac virtute (sc. ordine) tumultuetur necesse est et sine rectore fluitet nec cohaereat sibi, multa repetat, multa transeat, velut nocte in ignotis locis errans, nec initio nec fine proposito casum potius quam consilium sequatur: cp. xii. 2 §20.quae quoque sint modo. This is thereading of the oldest MSS. (see Crit. Notes), and was adopted by Halm: cp.§8quod quoque loco sit aptissimum:7 §5quid quoque loco primum sit, and§6quid quoque loco quaerant. So iv. 2, 33 quid quoque loco prosit.Quaecoversinventio: whilequoque modomay be taken of the exhaustive discussion of the various departments ofelocutiowhich has just been concluded.—Meister has returned to Spalding’squo quaeque sint modo, probably from a doubt whether Halm (followed by Mayor) is right in explainingquae quoqueas =quae et quomodo, ‘what is to be said and how’; ‘copulae enimquein coniunctione talium membrorum relativorum inter se discretorum non aptus est locus,’ Osann, i. p. 14. Butquoquemay very well be the abl. ofquisque, though Cicero seems to avoid such a collocation, unless there is a prep. to make the construction clear: e.g. pro Sulla §73 quae ex quoque ordine multitudo: pro Domo §33 qui de quaque re constituti iudices sint: Har.Resp. §24 quae de quoque deo ... tradita sunt. Cp. in Cat. iii. §10 tabellas quae a quoque dicebantur datae. Even in the exactly parallel passage Sall. Cat. 23, 4 quae quoque modo audierat ... narravit (where Mommsen suggestsquoquo), it is possible to understandquoqueof the various methods Fulvia had employed to get information from Curius. So quid ubique, ib. 21, 1.tamen: seeCrit. Notes.in procinctu: ‘ready for battle.’ So xii. 9, 21 quem armatum semper ac velut in procinctu stantem non magis umquam in causis oratio quam in rebus cotidianis ac domesticis sermo deficiet. Similarly in7 §24promptum hoc et in expedito positum. Examples of the proper use of the phrase occur Tac. Hist. iii. 2: Ovid Pont. i. 8, 10: Gell. i. 11: Plin. Nat. Hist. vi. 22. Quintilian expresses a similar idea by another of his military metaphors, viii pr. 15: eloqui enim hoc est omnia quae mente conceperis promere atque ad audientes perferre; sine quo supervacua sunt priora et similia gladio condito atque intra vaginam suam haerenti: cp. vi. 4, 8. For the explanation of the phraseprocingo, ‘I gird up’see Mayor’s note on Cic. de N. D. ii. 3 §9: “in procinctuis used of an army in readiness for battle, Milton’s ‘war in procinct’ (P. L. vi. 19): cp. Festus, pp. 43 and 225 procincta classis dicebatur cum exercitus cinctus erat Gabino cinctu confestim pugnaturus. Vetustius enim fuit multitudinem hominum, quam navium, classem appellari, also p. 249 procincta toga Romani olim ad pugnam ire soliti. Thecinctus Gabinuswas a particular way of wearing thetoga, so as to use part of it as a girdle, tying it in a knot in front. Servius (Aen. vii. 612) says the ancient Latins, before they were acquainted with the use of defensive armour, praecinctis togis bellabant, unde etiam militesin procinctuesse dicuntur.” For the figurative use cp. Sen. de Benef. i. 1, 4 severitatem abditam clementiam in procinctu habeo: [Quint.] Decl. 3, 1 neque in militiam gravissimo asperrimoque bello ita venit, ut nesciret sibi mortem in procinctu habendam.paratam:5 §12: Cic. ad Fam. vi. 21, 1 ad omnem eventum paratus sum.velut cl. thes. incubabit. Unless he adds practice to his theoretical knowledge, all he knows will be as useless as a miser’s hoard. The phrase is a reminiscence of Verg. Georg. ii. 507 condit opes alius, defossoque incubat auro: cp. Aen. vi. 610 aut qui divitiis soli incubuere repertis. Martial, xii. 53, 3-4 largiris nihil incubasque gazae, ut magnus draco. Mayor quotes Ecclus. 20, 30 Wisdom that is hid, and treasure that is hoarded up, what profit is in them both?
§ 2.conexa et indiscreta.Etis intensive: ‘so closely, nay, inseparably connected.’ So i. 2, 3: iuncta ista atque indiscreta sunt.Indiscretusin this sense occurs Tac. Hist. iv. 52 and often in Pliny: not in Cicero. For the use of the perf. part. pass. instead of a verbal adj., cp. Sall. Iug. 43, §5 invictus: ib. 2 §3 incorruptus: 76 §1 infectum: Livy ii. 1, 4 inviolatum: ib. 55 §3 contemptius (‘more contemptible’). So intactus, inaccessus, &c.
neque ... et=οὔτε ... τε, as3 §23:4 §3:5 §22.
solida ... robusta ... vires. Hild notes that the figure is taken from a living organism which gathers strength from the nourishment supplied to it: cp.§§19,31, &c. Tac. Dial. 21: oratio autem sicut corpus hominis ea demum pulchra est in qua non eminent venae nec ossa numerantur, sed temperatus ac bonus sanguis implet membra et exsurgit toris ipsosque nervos rubor tegit et decor commendat: cp. 23.
multo stilo: ‘by much practice in writing.’ Cic. de Orat. i. §150 Stilus optimus et praestantissimus dicendi effector ac magister (where see Wilkins’ note). Quintilian returns to this subject below3 §1sq.: cp.6 §§1and3:7 §§4and7.
citra lectionis exemplum: ‘without the models which reading supplies.’Citrais common in this sense (forsine, sometimespraeter) in Quint. (Bonn. Lex. p. 127) and other post-Aug. writers. So7 §7citra divisionem: xii. 6, 4 plusque, si separes, usus sine doctrina quam citra usum doctrina valet. Cp. Ov. Trist. v. 8, 23 peccavi citra scelus (‘short of’): Plin. Ep. ii. 1, 4 citra dolorem tamen.
labor ille, sc. scribendi.
fluitabit, like a vessel drifting about without a pilot (carens rectore). The writing will want method, and the definiteness of aim which models would impose. So vii. pr. §2 sic oratio carens hac virtute (sc. ordine) tumultuetur necesse est et sine rectore fluitet nec cohaereat sibi, multa repetat, multa transeat, velut nocte in ignotis locis errans, nec initio nec fine proposito casum potius quam consilium sequatur: cp. xii. 2 §20.
quae quoque sint modo. This is thereading of the oldest MSS. (see Crit. Notes), and was adopted by Halm: cp.§8quod quoque loco sit aptissimum:7 §5quid quoque loco primum sit, and§6quid quoque loco quaerant. So iv. 2, 33 quid quoque loco prosit.Quaecoversinventio: whilequoque modomay be taken of the exhaustive discussion of the various departments ofelocutiowhich has just been concluded.—Meister has returned to Spalding’squo quaeque sint modo, probably from a doubt whether Halm (followed by Mayor) is right in explainingquae quoqueas =quae et quomodo, ‘what is to be said and how’; ‘copulae enimquein coniunctione talium membrorum relativorum inter se discretorum non aptus est locus,’ Osann, i. p. 14. Butquoquemay very well be the abl. ofquisque, though Cicero seems to avoid such a collocation, unless there is a prep. to make the construction clear: e.g. pro Sulla §73 quae ex quoque ordine multitudo: pro Domo §33 qui de quaque re constituti iudices sint: Har.Resp. §24 quae de quoque deo ... tradita sunt. Cp. in Cat. iii. §10 tabellas quae a quoque dicebantur datae. Even in the exactly parallel passage Sall. Cat. 23, 4 quae quoque modo audierat ... narravit (where Mommsen suggestsquoquo), it is possible to understandquoqueof the various methods Fulvia had employed to get information from Curius. So quid ubique, ib. 21, 1.
tamen: seeCrit. Notes.
in procinctu: ‘ready for battle.’ So xii. 9, 21 quem armatum semper ac velut in procinctu stantem non magis umquam in causis oratio quam in rebus cotidianis ac domesticis sermo deficiet. Similarly in7 §24promptum hoc et in expedito positum. Examples of the proper use of the phrase occur Tac. Hist. iii. 2: Ovid Pont. i. 8, 10: Gell. i. 11: Plin. Nat. Hist. vi. 22. Quintilian expresses a similar idea by another of his military metaphors, viii pr. 15: eloqui enim hoc est omnia quae mente conceperis promere atque ad audientes perferre; sine quo supervacua sunt priora et similia gladio condito atque intra vaginam suam haerenti: cp. vi. 4, 8. For the explanation of the phraseprocingo, ‘I gird up’see Mayor’s note on Cic. de N. D. ii. 3 §9: “in procinctuis used of an army in readiness for battle, Milton’s ‘war in procinct’ (P. L. vi. 19): cp. Festus, pp. 43 and 225 procincta classis dicebatur cum exercitus cinctus erat Gabino cinctu confestim pugnaturus. Vetustius enim fuit multitudinem hominum, quam navium, classem appellari, also p. 249 procincta toga Romani olim ad pugnam ire soliti. Thecinctus Gabinuswas a particular way of wearing thetoga, so as to use part of it as a girdle, tying it in a knot in front. Servius (Aen. vii. 612) says the ancient Latins, before they were acquainted with the use of defensive armour, praecinctis togis bellabant, unde etiam militesin procinctuesse dicuntur.” For the figurative use cp. Sen. de Benef. i. 1, 4 severitatem abditam clementiam in procinctu habeo: [Quint.] Decl. 3, 1 neque in militiam gravissimo asperrimoque bello ita venit, ut nesciret sibi mortem in procinctu habendam.
paratam:5 §12: Cic. ad Fam. vi. 21, 1 ad omnem eventum paratus sum.
velut cl. thes. incubabit. Unless he adds practice to his theoretical knowledge, all he knows will be as useless as a miser’s hoard. The phrase is a reminiscence of Verg. Georg. ii. 507 condit opes alius, defossoque incubat auro: cp. Aen. vi. 610 aut qui divitiis soli incubuere repertis. Martial, xii. 53, 3-4 largiris nihil incubasque gazae, ut magnus draco. Mayor quotes Ecclus. 20, 30 Wisdom that is hid, and treasure that is hoarded up, what profit is in them both?
I:3Non autemut quidquid praecipue necessarium est, sic ad efficiendum oratorem maximi protinus erit momenti. Nam certe, cum sit in eloquendo positum oratoris officium, dicere ante omnia est, atque hinc initium eius artis fuisse manifestum est: proximum deinde imitatio, novissimum scribendi quoque diligentia.
§ 3.The argument here requires elucidation. Quint. has said (§§1,2) that for thefirma facilitasorἕξιςwhich must be superadded to theory, writing, reading and speaking are all essential. He now goes on to state that it does not follow that what is theoretically most indispensable (cp. cognitioni necessaria§1above) is for the practical training of the orator of greatest consequence. The most essential element is of course that of speech (dicere)—followed by imitation and writing. But perfection of speech can only be attained, like other forms of perfection, by starting from first beginnings (principia), which become relatively unimportant (minima) as things progress. This is not however the place for dealing with the methods of preliminary training in rhetoric: our student has done his theory, and we must now show him how to apply it to practice. Cp. Analysis, p. 1.ut quidquid. Properlyquisquisis an indefinite relative: in this usage it has the same force asquisque(Roby, 2283, 2285). It may have been an archaism which became colloquial. Madvig (on de Fin. v. §24) shows that undoubted instances occur in Plautus, Terence, Cato (de R. R. 57: uti quidquid operis facient), Lucretius (with whom it is especially common: e.g. ruit qua quidquid fluctibus obstat, i. 289, where see Munro), Cicero (Tusc. v. 98), and in the Agrarian Law (utei quicquid quoieique ante h. l. r. licuit, ita &c. Mommsen C.I.L. 1 n. 200 v. 27). Cp. vii. 2, 35. So too Corn. ad. Herenn. ii. §47, where the MSS. almost without exception givequidquid(quicquid) forquicque. For the spelling here, cp. i. 7, 6 frigidiora his alia, ut ‘quidquid’ c quartam haberet, ne interrogare bis videremur.ad efficiendum oratorem: i. 10, 2.protinus, of logical consequence, as frequentlycontinuoin Cicero: generally with a negative, or a question implying a negative answer. For the form of the sentence cp. viii. 2, 4 non tamen quidquid non erit proprium protinus et improprii vitio laborabit: and§42below, sed non quidquid ad aliquam partem scientiae pertinet protinus ad faciendamφράσιν... accommodatum. So3 §22(§§5and 18 are different): ii. 21, 10: v. 10, 102 and 119: vii. 4, 38.nam certe. This leads up to the next sentence, beginningsed ut.in eloquendo: cp. viii. pr. 15 (quoted on in procinctu,§2above): Cic. Or. §61 sed iam illius perfecti oratoris et summae eloquentiae species exprimenda est; quem hoc uno (sc. in eloquendo) excellere cetera in eo latere indicat nomen ipsum. Non enim inventor aut compositor aut actor qui haec complexus est omnia, sed et Graece ab eloquendoῥήτωρet Latine eloquens dictus est. Ceterarum enim rerum quae sunt in oratore partem aliquam sibi quisque vindicat; dicendi autem, id est eloquendi, maxima vis soli huic conceditur. Cp. de Orat. ii. §38.ante omnia est. Becher vindicates the traditional reading by comparing ii. 15, 12 atqui non multum ab hoc fine abest Apollodorus dicens iudicialis orationis primum etsuper omnia esse persuadereiudici et sententiam eiusducerein id quod velit. So too iii. 8, 56 anpro Caesare fuerit occidiPompeium?—SeeCrit. Notes. Forante omniacp. Introd.p. lii.hinc ... fuisse: cp. viii. 2, 7 proprie tamen unde initium est: vi. pr. §10 ut prorsus posset hinc esse tanti fulminis metus.proximum: cp. i. 3, 1 proximum imitatio. As is evident from ch. ii,imitatiohere includes notlectioonly butauditioas well:§8optima legendo atque audiendo. It was in this sense that Dion. Hal. entitled his workπερὶ μιμήσεως:see Usener, Praef. pp. 1-4: and cp. Cic. de Orat. i. §14 sq. and §149 sq.
§ 3.The argument here requires elucidation. Quint. has said (§§1,2) that for thefirma facilitasorἕξιςwhich must be superadded to theory, writing, reading and speaking are all essential. He now goes on to state that it does not follow that what is theoretically most indispensable (cp. cognitioni necessaria§1above) is for the practical training of the orator of greatest consequence. The most essential element is of course that of speech (dicere)—followed by imitation and writing. But perfection of speech can only be attained, like other forms of perfection, by starting from first beginnings (principia), which become relatively unimportant (minima) as things progress. This is not however the place for dealing with the methods of preliminary training in rhetoric: our student has done his theory, and we must now show him how to apply it to practice. Cp. Analysis, p. 1.
ut quidquid. Properlyquisquisis an indefinite relative: in this usage it has the same force asquisque(Roby, 2283, 2285). It may have been an archaism which became colloquial. Madvig (on de Fin. v. §24) shows that undoubted instances occur in Plautus, Terence, Cato (de R. R. 57: uti quidquid operis facient), Lucretius (with whom it is especially common: e.g. ruit qua quidquid fluctibus obstat, i. 289, where see Munro), Cicero (Tusc. v. 98), and in the Agrarian Law (utei quicquid quoieique ante h. l. r. licuit, ita &c. Mommsen C.I.L. 1 n. 200 v. 27). Cp. vii. 2, 35. So too Corn. ad. Herenn. ii. §47, where the MSS. almost without exception givequidquid(quicquid) forquicque. For the spelling here, cp. i. 7, 6 frigidiora his alia, ut ‘quidquid’ c quartam haberet, ne interrogare bis videremur.
ad efficiendum oratorem: i. 10, 2.
protinus, of logical consequence, as frequentlycontinuoin Cicero: generally with a negative, or a question implying a negative answer. For the form of the sentence cp. viii. 2, 4 non tamen quidquid non erit proprium protinus et improprii vitio laborabit: and§42below, sed non quidquid ad aliquam partem scientiae pertinet protinus ad faciendamφράσιν... accommodatum. So3 §22(§§5and 18 are different): ii. 21, 10: v. 10, 102 and 119: vii. 4, 38.
nam certe. This leads up to the next sentence, beginningsed ut.
in eloquendo: cp. viii. pr. 15 (quoted on in procinctu,§2above): Cic. Or. §61 sed iam illius perfecti oratoris et summae eloquentiae species exprimenda est; quem hoc uno (sc. in eloquendo) excellere cetera in eo latere indicat nomen ipsum. Non enim inventor aut compositor aut actor qui haec complexus est omnia, sed et Graece ab eloquendoῥήτωρet Latine eloquens dictus est. Ceterarum enim rerum quae sunt in oratore partem aliquam sibi quisque vindicat; dicendi autem, id est eloquendi, maxima vis soli huic conceditur. Cp. de Orat. ii. §38.
ante omnia est. Becher vindicates the traditional reading by comparing ii. 15, 12 atqui non multum ab hoc fine abest Apollodorus dicens iudicialis orationis primum etsuper omnia esse persuadereiudici et sententiam eiusducerein id quod velit. So too iii. 8, 56 anpro Caesare fuerit occidiPompeium?—SeeCrit. Notes. Forante omniacp. Introd.p. lii.
hinc ... fuisse: cp. viii. 2, 7 proprie tamen unde initium est: vi. pr. §10 ut prorsus posset hinc esse tanti fulminis metus.
proximum: cp. i. 3, 1 proximum imitatio. As is evident from ch. ii,imitatiohere includes notlectioonly butauditioas well:§8optima legendo atque audiendo. It was in this sense that Dion. Hal. entitled his workπερὶ μιμήσεως:see Usener, Praef. pp. 1-4: and cp. Cic. de Orat. i. §14 sq. and §149 sq.
I:4Sed ut perveniri ad summa nisi ex principiis non potest, ita procedente iam opere minima incipiunt esse quae prima sunt. Verum nos non quo modo sit instituendus orator hoc loco dicimus,(nam id quidem aut satis aut certe uti potuimus dictum est), sed athleta, qui omnes iam perdidicerit a praeceptore numeros, quo genere exercitationis ad certamina praeparandus sit. Igitur eum qui res invenire et disponere sciet, verba quoque et eligendi et collocandi rationem perceperit, instruamus qua ratione quod didicerit facere quam optime, quam facillime possit.
§ 4.sed ut perveniri, &c.7 §18. Cp. i. pr. §§4-5 contemnentes tamquam parva quae prius discimus studia ... ego cum existimem nihil arti oratoriae alienum sine quo fieri non posse oratorem fatendum est, nec ad ullius rei summam nisi praecedentibus initiis perveniri ad minora illa ... demittere me non recusabo.procedente iam opere: here of the progress of the orator’s training.minimain importance:primain point of time. Krüger says thatdicerealone is meant, being theinitium artisabove; but it seems better to understand Quint. to be indicating here that the order of importance does not correspond with the order of development as stated above, viz. (1) the faculty of speech, (2) reading (included underimitatio) and (3) writing. These are to be taken first as the subsidiary beginnings (principia) from which we attain to the ultimate object: but as things progress they will become relatively unimportant (minima), and theirplace will be taken by systematic training in speaking or declamation, an exercise which is always essential to success and can therefore never be left off (7 §24).aut ... autin the sense of si minus satis, at certe uti potuimus: cp. xii. 11, 21.athleta: a metaphor abruptly introduced: cp.§33:3 §7:4 §4:7 §§1and23. The orator is often compared to an athlete, gladiator, soldier, &c.: see on§33non athletarum toris sed militum lacertis, and Introd.p. lvi. Cp.§§29,31,79:3 §3:5 §§15,17. Cic. de Orat. i. §73 ut qui pila ludunt ... sic in orationibus: iii. §83: Or. §§14, 42, 228-9. Tac. Dial. 34 ferro non rudibus dimicantes: cp. end of 37.numeros: here of rhythmical movements, ‘movements according to rule, “passes” in fencing, “throws” in wrestling,’ &c.—Mayor. The use of the word in this sense is probably founded on the analogy between rhythm (for which see ix. 4, 45) and graceful motion: ix. 4, 8 in omni palaestra quid satis recte cavetur ac petitur cui non artifex motus et certi quidam pedes adsint? Cp. xii. 2, 12: ut palaestrici doctores illos quos numeros vocant non idcirco discentibus tradunt, ut iis omnibus ii qui didicerint in ipso luctandi certamine utantur ... sed ut subsit copia illa ex qua unum aut alterum cuius se occasio dederit efficiant: ii. 8, 13 sicut ille ... exercendi corpora peritus non ... nexus modo atque in iis certos aliquos docebit, sed omnia quae sunt eius certaminis. Sen. de Benef. vii. 1 §4 magnus luctator est non qui omnes numeros nexusque perdidicit. So Iuv. vi. 249 of the lady in the arena, omnes implet numeros: cp. Tac. Dial. 32 per omnes eloquentiae numeros isse. That this use is based on the notion of rhythm may be seen from a comparison of these exx. with Hor. Ep. ii. 2, 144 verae numerosque modosque ediscere vitae. For the wider meaning ofnumeri, in which it is used of that which is complete and perfect in all its parts, v. on§70.igitur. As to whether the position ofigiturat the beginning of a sentence is to be considered an instance oftransmutatio(like ‘quoque ego,’ ‘enim hoc voluit’) Quintilian says (i. 5, 39) there is a doubt: ‘quia maximos auctores in diversa fuisse opinione video, cum apud alios sit etiam frequens, apud alios numquam reperiatur.’ Numerous instances from his own work are given in Bonn. Lex., p. 394. In Tacitus,igituralways stands first except in the following passages: Dial. 8, 29: 10, 37: 20, 21: Agr. 16, 12: Germ. 45, 22: Hist. iv. 15, 15: Ann. i. 47, 5 (Gerber and Greef). In Cicero it is very rarely found first: de Leg. Agr. ii. 72: pro Milone §48: Phil. ii. §94: de Fin. i. §61: de Nat. Deor. i. §80.res invenire. For the five parts of oratory (which are quite distinct from the five parts of an oration) cp.7 §9: iii. 3, §§1 and 7. They areinventio(treated of in Books iii.-vi.),dispositio(vii.),elocutio(viii.-ix.),memoria,actioorpronuntiatio(xi.). Cicero has substantially the same division de Orat. ii. §79, quinque faciunt quasi membra eloquentiae, invenire quod dicas, inventa disponere, deinde ornare verbis, post memoriae mandare, tum ad extremum agere ac pronuntiare: cp. i. §142: and forinventio, de Inv. i. §9, inventio est excogitatio rerum verarum aut veri similium quae causam probabilem reddant.—For the antithesis betweenresandverba, cp.§§5and 6: also§61:2 §27:3 §§5,9:6 §2:7 §§9,22.sciet. Bonnell calls attention to the use of the fut. in dependent relative sentences as common in manuals of instruction:§§5,10,13,17,22,25,33,112, &c.Instruamusis virtually future.eligendi§6: cp.dilectus3 §5.collocandi: Cic. de Orat. ii. §307 ordo collocatioque rerum ac locorum: cp. Or. §50: Brut. §139. For both cp. Brut. §140 in verbis et eligendis ... et collocandis: de Part. Or. i. §3. Both are parts ofelocutio, for which see viii. 1, 1. Forratiowith gerund cp.§§17,54:2 §1:3 §§5,31: and see note on2 §3.qua ratione. The recurrence ofrationeso soon afterrationemneed create no difficulty in Quintilian: for similar instances of negligence see on2 §23. ForKiderlin’s treatment of the whole passage, seeCrit. Notes.optime ... facillime, xii. 10, 77 neque vero omnia ista de quibus locuti sumus orator optime tantum sed etiam facillime faciet.
§ 4.sed ut perveniri, &c.7 §18. Cp. i. pr. §§4-5 contemnentes tamquam parva quae prius discimus studia ... ego cum existimem nihil arti oratoriae alienum sine quo fieri non posse oratorem fatendum est, nec ad ullius rei summam nisi praecedentibus initiis perveniri ad minora illa ... demittere me non recusabo.
procedente iam opere: here of the progress of the orator’s training.
minimain importance:primain point of time. Krüger says thatdicerealone is meant, being theinitium artisabove; but it seems better to understand Quint. to be indicating here that the order of importance does not correspond with the order of development as stated above, viz. (1) the faculty of speech, (2) reading (included underimitatio) and (3) writing. These are to be taken first as the subsidiary beginnings (principia) from which we attain to the ultimate object: but as things progress they will become relatively unimportant (minima), and theirplace will be taken by systematic training in speaking or declamation, an exercise which is always essential to success and can therefore never be left off (7 §24).
aut ... autin the sense of si minus satis, at certe uti potuimus: cp. xii. 11, 21.
athleta: a metaphor abruptly introduced: cp.§33:3 §7:4 §4:7 §§1and23. The orator is often compared to an athlete, gladiator, soldier, &c.: see on§33non athletarum toris sed militum lacertis, and Introd.p. lvi. Cp.§§29,31,79:3 §3:5 §§15,17. Cic. de Orat. i. §73 ut qui pila ludunt ... sic in orationibus: iii. §83: Or. §§14, 42, 228-9. Tac. Dial. 34 ferro non rudibus dimicantes: cp. end of 37.
numeros: here of rhythmical movements, ‘movements according to rule, “passes” in fencing, “throws” in wrestling,’ &c.—Mayor. The use of the word in this sense is probably founded on the analogy between rhythm (for which see ix. 4, 45) and graceful motion: ix. 4, 8 in omni palaestra quid satis recte cavetur ac petitur cui non artifex motus et certi quidam pedes adsint? Cp. xii. 2, 12: ut palaestrici doctores illos quos numeros vocant non idcirco discentibus tradunt, ut iis omnibus ii qui didicerint in ipso luctandi certamine utantur ... sed ut subsit copia illa ex qua unum aut alterum cuius se occasio dederit efficiant: ii. 8, 13 sicut ille ... exercendi corpora peritus non ... nexus modo atque in iis certos aliquos docebit, sed omnia quae sunt eius certaminis. Sen. de Benef. vii. 1 §4 magnus luctator est non qui omnes numeros nexusque perdidicit. So Iuv. vi. 249 of the lady in the arena, omnes implet numeros: cp. Tac. Dial. 32 per omnes eloquentiae numeros isse. That this use is based on the notion of rhythm may be seen from a comparison of these exx. with Hor. Ep. ii. 2, 144 verae numerosque modosque ediscere vitae. For the wider meaning ofnumeri, in which it is used of that which is complete and perfect in all its parts, v. on§70.
igitur. As to whether the position ofigiturat the beginning of a sentence is to be considered an instance oftransmutatio(like ‘quoque ego,’ ‘enim hoc voluit’) Quintilian says (i. 5, 39) there is a doubt: ‘quia maximos auctores in diversa fuisse opinione video, cum apud alios sit etiam frequens, apud alios numquam reperiatur.’ Numerous instances from his own work are given in Bonn. Lex., p. 394. In Tacitus,igituralways stands first except in the following passages: Dial. 8, 29: 10, 37: 20, 21: Agr. 16, 12: Germ. 45, 22: Hist. iv. 15, 15: Ann. i. 47, 5 (Gerber and Greef). In Cicero it is very rarely found first: de Leg. Agr. ii. 72: pro Milone §48: Phil. ii. §94: de Fin. i. §61: de Nat. Deor. i. §80.
res invenire. For the five parts of oratory (which are quite distinct from the five parts of an oration) cp.7 §9: iii. 3, §§1 and 7. They areinventio(treated of in Books iii.-vi.),dispositio(vii.),elocutio(viii.-ix.),memoria,actioorpronuntiatio(xi.). Cicero has substantially the same division de Orat. ii. §79, quinque faciunt quasi membra eloquentiae, invenire quod dicas, inventa disponere, deinde ornare verbis, post memoriae mandare, tum ad extremum agere ac pronuntiare: cp. i. §142: and forinventio, de Inv. i. §9, inventio est excogitatio rerum verarum aut veri similium quae causam probabilem reddant.—For the antithesis betweenresandverba, cp.§§5and 6: also§61:2 §27:3 §§5,9:6 §2:7 §§9,22.
sciet. Bonnell calls attention to the use of the fut. in dependent relative sentences as common in manuals of instruction:§§5,10,13,17,22,25,33,112, &c.Instruamusis virtually future.
eligendi§6: cp.dilectus3 §5.
collocandi: Cic. de Orat. ii. §307 ordo collocatioque rerum ac locorum: cp. Or. §50: Brut. §139. For both cp. Brut. §140 in verbis et eligendis ... et collocandis: de Part. Or. i. §3. Both are parts ofelocutio, for which see viii. 1, 1. Forratiowith gerund cp.§§17,54:2 §1:3 §§5,31: and see note on2 §3.
qua ratione. The recurrence ofrationeso soon afterrationemneed create no difficulty in Quintilian: for similar instances of negligence see on2 §23. ForKiderlin’s treatment of the whole passage, seeCrit. Notes.
optime ... facillime, xii. 10, 77 neque vero omnia ista de quibus locuti sumus orator optime tantum sed etiam facillime faciet.
I:5Non ergo dubium est quin ei velut opes sint quaedam parandae, quibus uti, ubicumque desideratum erit, possit: eae constant copia rerum ac verborum.
§ 5.velut ... quaedam. So§§18,61:3 §3:5 §17:7 §1, and frequently elsewhere: e.g. xii. 10, 19 velut sata quaedam: iii. 8, 29 veluti quoddam templum. Cicero generally usesquasiortanquam quidam. Indeed Quintilian seems to have a general preference forvelutoverquasiortanquamin introducing similes: cp.7 §6ducetur ante omnia rerum ipsa serie velut duce: viii. 5, 29 inaequalia tantum et velut confragosa: see Bonn. Lex., s.v.ubicumque, so§10below. For a less classical use (as an indefinite) see7 §28quidquid loquemur ubicumque.
§ 5.velut ... quaedam. So§§18,61:3 §3:5 §17:7 §1, and frequently elsewhere: e.g. xii. 10, 19 velut sata quaedam: iii. 8, 29 veluti quoddam templum. Cicero generally usesquasiortanquam quidam. Indeed Quintilian seems to have a general preference forvelutoverquasiortanquamin introducing similes: cp.7 §6ducetur ante omnia rerum ipsa serie velut duce: viii. 5, 29 inaequalia tantum et velut confragosa: see Bonn. Lex., s.v.
ubicumque, so§10below. For a less classical use (as an indefinite) see7 §28quidquid loquemur ubicumque.
I:6Sed res propriae sunt cuiusque causae aut paucis communes, verba in universas paranda; quae si rebus singulis essent singula, minorem curam postularent, nam cuncta sese cum ipsis protinus rebus offerrent. Sed cum sint aliis alia aut magis propria aut magis ornata aut plus efficientiaaut melius sonantia, debent esse non solum nota omnia, sed in promptu atque, ut ita dicam, in conspectu, ut, cum se iudicio dicentis ostenderint, facilis ex his optimorum sit electio.
§ 6.sed res ... paranda: an example of the construction so common in Greek and Latin, by which two contrasted clauses are co-ordinated. In English we subordinate the one to the other by using ‘while,’ ‘whereas,’ or some such word. In Greek the use ofμὲνmakes the antithesis plainer.—Hereres=νοήματα:verba=ὀνόματα.paucis communes. For theloci communes, appropriate to several causae, v. Cic. de Inv. ii. §48 argumenta quae transferri in multas causas possunt, and compare the Topica.cum ipsis protinus rebus. For the order of words cp.§33historico nonnumquam nitore. Herbst gives the following exx. of an adv. inserted between the adj. and the noun:§§38,41,104,116,120:2 §§7,8:3 §§2,31:5 §7:7 §§3,28.—For the thought, cp. Hor. A. P. 311 verbaque provisam rem non invita sequentur: Cic. de Orat. ii. §146 ea (sc. res et sententiae) vi sua verba parient: iii. §125 rerum enim copia verborum copiam gignit. No doubt Quintilian in his teaching also gave due prominence to Cato’s golden rule, ‘rem tene verba sequentur.’propria. The general meaning under which all uses ofpropriusand its cognates may be included is that in which it contrasts with all departures from and innovations on ordinary language. Sometimes it may mean nothing more than ‘suitable,’ ‘appropriate,’ in which senseproprieoccurs immediately below, in§9: cp. opportune proprieque2 §13, and proprie et copiose (dicere) i. 4, 5. This is the meaning with which it is applied to the language of Simonides§64below,—‘natural’; cp. Cic. de Orat. i. §154, whereverba propriaoccurs alongside ofornatissimaand corresponds withidonea, introduced shortly afterwards: cp.id.iii. §31, wherepropriais reinforced byapta, andib.§49 proprie demonstrantibus (verbis) ea quae significari ac declarari volemus. The use ofproprietasin§46and§121below may be compared with this: cp. also the first of the meanings assigned to the word in the important passage viii. 2, 1-11: also ix. 2, 18 and xii. 2, 19. The translators here render by ‘suitable’ or ‘significant,’ but the juxtaposition ofornataseems rather to point to the use in whichverba propriaare the antithesis oftranslata,—direct, literal, and natural, as opposed to figurative: i. 5, 71 propria sunt verba cum id significant in quod primo denominata sunt: translata, cum alium natura intellectum, alium loco praebent. Cp. i. 5, 3: viii. 3, 24: 6, 5, and 48 (wherepropria ... ornatain the passage above may well be illustrated by the words species ex arcessitis verbis venit et intellectus ex propriis): ix. 1, 4. This is undoubtedly the meaning in whichpropriusis used in§29below: also in5 §8alia translatis virtus alia propriis. The nearest equivalent in Greek would beοἰκεῖα ὀνόματα, rather thanκύρια ὀνόματα, which correspond to ‘usitata verba’ in Quint, (i. 5, 71, and v. 14, 33 verbis quam maxime propriis et ex usu),—though he may have had in mind here, as Mayor suggests,ἔστι γὰρ ἄλλο ἄλλου κυριώτερον, Arist. Rhet. iii. 2, p. 1405 b, 11. (For the distinction betweenὄνομα οἰκεῖονandὄνομα κύριονsee Cope on Ar. Rhet. iii. 2§§2 and 6, and Introd. p. 282 note). Many parallels might be cited from Cicero: e.g. de Or. iii. §149 (verbis eis) quaepropriasunt et certa quasi vocabula rerum, paene una nata cum rebus ipsis: cp.ib.§150: Brutus §274: Or. §80.ornata: cp. viii. 3, 15 quamquam enim rectissime traditum est perspicuitatem propriis, ornatum translatis verbis magis egere, sciamus nihil ornatum esse quod sit improprium:ib.pr. §26 ut propria sint (verba) et dilucida et ornata et apte collocentur, and§31: ii. 5, 9 quod verbum proprium, ornatum, sublime: and especially viii. 1, 1 in singulis (verbis) intuendum est ut sint Latina, perspicua, ornata, ad id quod efficere volumus accommodata.plus efficientia, ‘more significant’: ix. 4, §123 membrum autem est sensus ... per se nihil efficiens. The adj.efficaxoccurs only once in Quint. (vi. 1, 41).melius sonantia. Sovocalioraviii. 3, §16 sq.: cp. i. 5, 4 sola est quae notari possit vocalitas, quaeεὐφωνίαdicitur: cuius in eo dilectus est ut inter duo quae idem significant ac tantundem valent quod melius sonet malis. Cic. de Or. iii. §150 lectis atque illustribus (verbis) utatur, in quibus plenum quiddam et sonans inesse videatur: Or. §163 verba ... legenda sunt potissimum bene sonantia: §149, and §80 (verbum) quod aut optime sonat aut rem maxime explanat (= plus effic.): Part. Or. §17 alia (verba) sonantiora, grandiora, leviora: and §53 gravia, plena, sonantia verba.non solum ... sed(οὐ μόνον ... ἀλλά), a formula used where the second clause is stronger than or includes and comprehends the first. Cp.§8below:§46(nec modo sed):7 §8(non modo sed):3 §20(non tantum sed):5 §5(neque tantum sed):7 §16(non tantum sed). Of the numerous exx. in Cicero’s speeches (Merguet, pp. 361-2) none are exceptions to the rule thus stated,—not even the seeming anticlimax of pro Sest. §45 iecissem me potius in profundum ut ceteros conservarem quam illos mei tam cupidos non modo ad certam mortem sed in magnum vitae discrimen adducerem: heresedstill introduces the stronger clause, as the sacrifice would be greater if it were made to avertdiscrimenthan if it were made to avertcerta mors. Becher cps. pro Lege Manil. §66: Div. in Caec. §27.—There is nothing in the distinction which Herbst (followed by Dosson) seeks to set up (on the strength ofsed etiamin§13): ‘pro simplicised,ἀλλά, infertursed etiam,ἀλλὰ καί, si utrumque orationis membrum pari vi praeditum est.’ Cp. the following: (a) non solum sed, vi. 2, 13 and 36: non solum sed (or verum) etiam, vii. 10, 17: ii. 2, 14: vii. 5, 3: viii. 3, 64: i. 11, 14. (b) non tantum sed, ix. 3, 28, 78: xi. 1, 7: ii. 17, 2: non tantum sed etiam (or et), xi. 2, 5: viii. 3, 3: ix. 2, 50. (c) non modo sed, pr.§9:x. 1, 46: ii. 17, 3: iv. 5, 6: non modo sed etiam (or quoque), ix. 3, 50: xi. 1, 15: i. 10, 9: ii. 2, 12: vi. 3, 57: ix. 3, 47: i. 1, 34: i. 4, 6: i. 11, 13: ix. 4, 9:x. 1, 10.in promptu—in readiness, ‘at one’s fingers’ ends,’ as it were: i.e. not only must we be able to recognise them when we see or hear them, but we must always have a stock of them on hand. Cp. ii. 4, 27 ut quidam ... scriptos eos (locos) memoriaeque diligentissime mandatos in promptu habuerint: vii. 10, 14 non respiciendum ad haec sed in promptu habenda: viii. pr. 28 ut semper in promptu sint et ante oculos: xi. 2, 1 exemplorum ... velut quasdam copias quibus abundare quasque in promptu habere debet orator. In ix. 1, 13 we have simplex atque in promptu positus dicendi modus. Cp. Demetrius Cynicus ap. Senec. de Benef. vii. 1 §3: plus prodesse si pauca praecepta sapientiae teneas sed illa in promptu tibi et in usu sint quam si multa quidem didiceris sed illa non habeas ad manum.—In Lucr. ii. 149 and 246 (in promptu manifestumque esse videmus) the phrase rather = in aperto: as often in Cicero, e.g. de Off. i. §§61, 95, 105, 126.ut ita dicam, in conspectu. So vii. 1, 4 cum haec (themata s. proposita) in conspectu quodammodo collocaveram. Cp. viii. 3, 37 quod idem (‘ut ita dicam’) etiam in iis quae licentius translata erunt proderit.
§ 6.sed res ... paranda: an example of the construction so common in Greek and Latin, by which two contrasted clauses are co-ordinated. In English we subordinate the one to the other by using ‘while,’ ‘whereas,’ or some such word. In Greek the use ofμὲνmakes the antithesis plainer.—Hereres=νοήματα:verba=ὀνόματα.
paucis communes. For theloci communes, appropriate to several causae, v. Cic. de Inv. ii. §48 argumenta quae transferri in multas causas possunt, and compare the Topica.
cum ipsis protinus rebus. For the order of words cp.§33historico nonnumquam nitore. Herbst gives the following exx. of an adv. inserted between the adj. and the noun:§§38,41,104,116,120:2 §§7,8:3 §§2,31:5 §7:7 §§3,28.—For the thought, cp. Hor. A. P. 311 verbaque provisam rem non invita sequentur: Cic. de Orat. ii. §146 ea (sc. res et sententiae) vi sua verba parient: iii. §125 rerum enim copia verborum copiam gignit. No doubt Quintilian in his teaching also gave due prominence to Cato’s golden rule, ‘rem tene verba sequentur.’
propria. The general meaning under which all uses ofpropriusand its cognates may be included is that in which it contrasts with all departures from and innovations on ordinary language. Sometimes it may mean nothing more than ‘suitable,’ ‘appropriate,’ in which senseproprieoccurs immediately below, in§9: cp. opportune proprieque2 §13, and proprie et copiose (dicere) i. 4, 5. This is the meaning with which it is applied to the language of Simonides§64below,—‘natural’; cp. Cic. de Orat. i. §154, whereverba propriaoccurs alongside ofornatissimaand corresponds withidonea, introduced shortly afterwards: cp.id.iii. §31, wherepropriais reinforced byapta, andib.§49 proprie demonstrantibus (verbis) ea quae significari ac declarari volemus. The use ofproprietasin§46and§121below may be compared with this: cp. also the first of the meanings assigned to the word in the important passage viii. 2, 1-11: also ix. 2, 18 and xii. 2, 19. The translators here render by ‘suitable’ or ‘significant,’ but the juxtaposition ofornataseems rather to point to the use in whichverba propriaare the antithesis oftranslata,—direct, literal, and natural, as opposed to figurative: i. 5, 71 propria sunt verba cum id significant in quod primo denominata sunt: translata, cum alium natura intellectum, alium loco praebent. Cp. i. 5, 3: viii. 3, 24: 6, 5, and 48 (wherepropria ... ornatain the passage above may well be illustrated by the words species ex arcessitis verbis venit et intellectus ex propriis): ix. 1, 4. This is undoubtedly the meaning in whichpropriusis used in§29below: also in5 §8alia translatis virtus alia propriis. The nearest equivalent in Greek would beοἰκεῖα ὀνόματα, rather thanκύρια ὀνόματα, which correspond to ‘usitata verba’ in Quint, (i. 5, 71, and v. 14, 33 verbis quam maxime propriis et ex usu),—though he may have had in mind here, as Mayor suggests,ἔστι γὰρ ἄλλο ἄλλου κυριώτερον, Arist. Rhet. iii. 2, p. 1405 b, 11. (For the distinction betweenὄνομα οἰκεῖονandὄνομα κύριονsee Cope on Ar. Rhet. iii. 2§§2 and 6, and Introd. p. 282 note). Many parallels might be cited from Cicero: e.g. de Or. iii. §149 (verbis eis) quaepropriasunt et certa quasi vocabula rerum, paene una nata cum rebus ipsis: cp.ib.§150: Brutus §274: Or. §80.
ornata: cp. viii. 3, 15 quamquam enim rectissime traditum est perspicuitatem propriis, ornatum translatis verbis magis egere, sciamus nihil ornatum esse quod sit improprium:ib.pr. §26 ut propria sint (verba) et dilucida et ornata et apte collocentur, and§31: ii. 5, 9 quod verbum proprium, ornatum, sublime: and especially viii. 1, 1 in singulis (verbis) intuendum est ut sint Latina, perspicua, ornata, ad id quod efficere volumus accommodata.
plus efficientia, ‘more significant’: ix. 4, §123 membrum autem est sensus ... per se nihil efficiens. The adj.efficaxoccurs only once in Quint. (vi. 1, 41).
melius sonantia. Sovocalioraviii. 3, §16 sq.: cp. i. 5, 4 sola est quae notari possit vocalitas, quaeεὐφωνίαdicitur: cuius in eo dilectus est ut inter duo quae idem significant ac tantundem valent quod melius sonet malis. Cic. de Or. iii. §150 lectis atque illustribus (verbis) utatur, in quibus plenum quiddam et sonans inesse videatur: Or. §163 verba ... legenda sunt potissimum bene sonantia: §149, and §80 (verbum) quod aut optime sonat aut rem maxime explanat (= plus effic.): Part. Or. §17 alia (verba) sonantiora, grandiora, leviora: and §53 gravia, plena, sonantia verba.
non solum ... sed(οὐ μόνον ... ἀλλά), a formula used where the second clause is stronger than or includes and comprehends the first. Cp.§8below:§46(nec modo sed):7 §8(non modo sed):3 §20(non tantum sed):5 §5(neque tantum sed):7 §16(non tantum sed). Of the numerous exx. in Cicero’s speeches (Merguet, pp. 361-2) none are exceptions to the rule thus stated,—not even the seeming anticlimax of pro Sest. §45 iecissem me potius in profundum ut ceteros conservarem quam illos mei tam cupidos non modo ad certam mortem sed in magnum vitae discrimen adducerem: heresedstill introduces the stronger clause, as the sacrifice would be greater if it were made to avertdiscrimenthan if it were made to avertcerta mors. Becher cps. pro Lege Manil. §66: Div. in Caec. §27.—There is nothing in the distinction which Herbst (followed by Dosson) seeks to set up (on the strength ofsed etiamin§13): ‘pro simplicised,ἀλλά, infertursed etiam,ἀλλὰ καί, si utrumque orationis membrum pari vi praeditum est.’ Cp. the following: (a) non solum sed, vi. 2, 13 and 36: non solum sed (or verum) etiam, vii. 10, 17: ii. 2, 14: vii. 5, 3: viii. 3, 64: i. 11, 14. (b) non tantum sed, ix. 3, 28, 78: xi. 1, 7: ii. 17, 2: non tantum sed etiam (or et), xi. 2, 5: viii. 3, 3: ix. 2, 50. (c) non modo sed, pr.§9:x. 1, 46: ii. 17, 3: iv. 5, 6: non modo sed etiam (or quoque), ix. 3, 50: xi. 1, 15: i. 10, 9: ii. 2, 12: vi. 3, 57: ix. 3, 47: i. 1, 34: i. 4, 6: i. 11, 13: ix. 4, 9:x. 1, 10.
in promptu—in readiness, ‘at one’s fingers’ ends,’ as it were: i.e. not only must we be able to recognise them when we see or hear them, but we must always have a stock of them on hand. Cp. ii. 4, 27 ut quidam ... scriptos eos (locos) memoriaeque diligentissime mandatos in promptu habuerint: vii. 10, 14 non respiciendum ad haec sed in promptu habenda: viii. pr. 28 ut semper in promptu sint et ante oculos: xi. 2, 1 exemplorum ... velut quasdam copias quibus abundare quasque in promptu habere debet orator. In ix. 1, 13 we have simplex atque in promptu positus dicendi modus. Cp. Demetrius Cynicus ap. Senec. de Benef. vii. 1 §3: plus prodesse si pauca praecepta sapientiae teneas sed illa in promptu tibi et in usu sint quam si multa quidem didiceris sed illa non habeas ad manum.—In Lucr. ii. 149 and 246 (in promptu manifestumque esse videmus) the phrase rather = in aperto: as often in Cicero, e.g. de Off. i. §§61, 95, 105, 126.
ut ita dicam, in conspectu. So vii. 1, 4 cum haec (themata s. proposita) in conspectu quodammodo collocaveram. Cp. viii. 3, 37 quod idem (‘ut ita dicam’) etiam in iis quae licentius translata erunt proderit.
I:7Et quae idem significarent solitosscioediscere, quo facilius etoccurreret unum ex pluribus, et, cum essent usi aliquo, si breve intra spatium rursus desideraretur, effugiendae repetitionis gratia sumerent aliud quo idem intellegi posset. Quod cum est puerile et cuiusdam infelicis operae, tum etiam utile parum: turbam tantum modo congregat, ex qua sine discrimine occupet proximum quodque.