§ 7.quae idem significarent: ‘synonyms.’ Cp. i. 5, 4 (quoted above onmelius sonantia): viii. 3, 16.solitossc. quosdam. Cp.§56audire videor congerentes. See Crit. Notes.occurreret= in mentem veniret:§13:3 §33.quo idem intellegi posset. Cp. iii. 11, 27 his plura intelleguntur. SeeCrit. Notes.cum ... tum etiam. Cp. cum ... tum praecipue3 §28: and, for cum ... tum,§§60,65,68,84,101. Bonn. Lex., s.v.cump. 195.cuiusdam. This use ofquidamindicates that the word to which it is attached is being employed in some peculiar sense, or else that it comes nearest to the idea in the writer’s mind: cp.§§76,81.infelicis operae: of trouble which one gives oneself unnecessarily (cp.3 §10:7 §14), with the further idea of unproductiveness, as2 §8nostra potissimum tempora damnamus huius infelicitatis: tr. ‘a thankless task.’ Cp. Hor. Sat. i. 1, 90 infelix operam perdas: A. P. 34 infelix operis summa. With viii. pr. §§27-8 Mayor compares Plato Phaedr. 229dἄλλως τὰ τοιαῦτα χαρίεντα ἡγοῦμαι λίαν δὲ δεινοῦ καὶ ἐπιπόνου καὶ οὐ πάνυ εὐτυχοῦς ἀνδρός.congregat. The subject here is indefinite, and must be supplied from the context—‘the man who learns by rote.’ Quintilian often omits such words as discipulus, orator, declamator, lector: cp.2 §24:7 §4and2 §24:§25est alia exercitatio cogitandi totasque materias vel silentio (dum tamen quasi dicat intra se ipsum) persequendi. So Cic. de Off. i. §101 omnis autem actio vacare debet temeritate et neglegentia nec vero agere quicquam cuius non possit (sc. is qui agit) causam probabilem reddere:ib.§121 si natura non feret ut quaedam imitari possit (sc. is qui imitatur): §134: ii. §39: iii. §107: de Amic. §25 quae non volt: §72 quoad ... possit: de Or. ii. §62 audeat.—There is thus no need for Gemoll’s conjecturecongregat actor.§§8-15.The preceding sections (§§5-7) form the transition to what he now seeks to prove,—the need formulta lectioandauditio. ‘By reading and hearing the best models we learn to choose appropriate words, to arrange and pronounce them rightly; to employ the figures of speech in their proper places.’—Mayor.I:8Nobis autem copia cum iudicio paranda est, vim orandi non circulatoriam volubilitatem spectantibus. Id autem consequemuroptima legendo atque audiendo; non enim solum nomina ipsa rerum cognoscemus hac cura, sed quod quoque loco sit aptissimum.§ 8.cum iudicio,§116:2 §3. Mayor cites Cic. de Or. iii. §150 sed in hoc verborum genere propriorum dilectus est habendus quidem atque is aurium quoque iudicio ponderandus est. The phrase gives the antithesis ofsine discrimineabove.vim orandi: see on§1above, vim dicendi: cp.5 §6: ii. 16, 9: vi. 2, 2. The words denote ‘true oratory’ as opposed to the ‘fluency of a mountebank’ or charlatan. For the absolute use oforare(common in the Silver Age) see on§16.circulatoriam volubilitatem: ii. 4, 15 circulatoriae vere iactationis est. Thecirculatorwas a strolling mountebank who amused the crowd by his legerdemain: Sen. de Benef. vi. 11, 2. So of quack philosophers,Id.Epist. 29 §7 circulatores qui philosophiam honestius neglexissent quam vendunt: 40 §3 sic itaque habe, istam vim dicendi rapidam atque abundantem aptiorem esse circulanti quam agenti in rem magnam ac seriam docentique: 52 §8 eligamus non eos qui verba magna celeritate praecipitant, et communes locos volvunt et in privato circulantur, sed eos qui vita[m] docent.—Forvolubilitascp. xi. 3, 52: Cic. de Orat. §17 est enim et scientia comprehendenda rerum plurimarum, sine qua verborum volubilitas inanis atque inridenda est, et ipsa oratio conformanda non solum electione sed etiam constructione verborum: so linguae volubilitas, pro Planc. §62 flumen aliis verborum volubilitasque cordi est: pro Flacc. §48 homo volubilis praecipiti quadam celeritate dicendi. Pliny Ep. v. 20, 4: est plerisque Graecorum ut illi pro copia volubilitas. Juvenal’s sermo promptus et Isaeo torrentior (3, 73-4) indicates the same feature.id, of the idea contained in the previous sentence (parare copiam cum iudicio):6 §6:7 §4.non enim. Herbst cites§109and5 §8to show that in this form the negative is either attached to a single word, or is meant to be more emphatic: so Cic. Orat. §§47, 101. On the other handneque enimhas less emphasis:§105:2 §1:3 §§10,23:4 §1:6 §5:7 §§5,18,19,27. Forenim ... enim ... namhe compares3 §2and, in Greek, Xen. Anab. iii. 2, 32: v. 6, 4.quod quoque. SeeCrit. Notes.I:9Omnibus enim fere verbis praeter pauca, quae sunt parum verecunda, in oratione locus est. Nam scriptores quidem iamborum veterisque comoediae etiam in illis saepe laudantur, sed nobis nostrum opus intueri sat est. Omnia verba, exceptis de quibus dixi, sunt alicubi optima; nam et humilibus interim et vulgaribus est opus, et quae nitidiore in parte videntursordida, ubi res poscit, proprie dicuntur.§ 9.parum verecunda. These expressions are characterised in the same indirect way i. 2, 7 verba ne Alexandrinis quidem permittenda deliciis. Cp. viii. 3, 38 excepto si obscena nudis nominibus enuntientur:ib.2 §1 obscena vitabimus. Cic. ad Fam. ix. 22.namis here slightly elliptical (cp.§83), introducing a confirmation of the statement contained in the wordspraeter pauca quae sunt parum verecunda: ‘I make exceptions, for though even these may be admired inἰαμβογράφοι(Archilochus §59, Hipponax, &c.), and in the old Comedy, we must look to our own department.’ The sentence might have run,—nam, etiamsi scriptores quidem, &c. etiam in illis saepe laudantur, nobis nostrum opus intueri sat est. This seems better than, with Mayor, to pressin oratione: ‘in orationeI say, for even these may be admired, &c.’scriptores iamborum:§59Horace imitated Archilochus in some of his Epodes: these are ‘parum verecunda.’ Mayor refers also to the Priapeia. Thevetus comoedia(antiquain§65) is often associated withἰαμβογράφοι:§§59,65,96. Hor. Sat. i. 4, 1 sq.: ii. 3, 12.in illis ... laudantur. In such expressionsinwith the abl. denotes the range or scope within which the action of the verb takes place. Nägelsb. p. 491. Cic. Qu. fr. ii. 6, 5 Pompeius noster in amicitia P. Lentuli vituperatur. Cp.§§54,63,64: v. 12, 22 ut ad peiora iuvenes laude ducuntur ita laudari in bonis malent.nostrum opus: not ‘our proper work, the education of an orator’ (Hild); but ‘what we have to do with here,’ our ‘department’ or ‘branch.’ It thus = opus dicendi Cic. Brut. §214, or oratoriumib.§200. In the Silver Ageopus(likegenus) is often used to denote a special branch. Herbst cites§§31,35,64,69,70,72,74,93,96,123;2 §21. Cp. Introd.p. xliv.intueri: v. 13, 31 dum locum praesentem non totam causam intuentur. Cp.2 §§2,26:7 §16.exceptis ... dixi: sc.iis(parum verecundis). Cp.§104circumcisis quae dixisse ei nocuerat.humilibus ... vulgaribus. So xi. 1, 6 humile et cotidianum sermonis genus.Humilia verba(ταπεινά ὀνόματα) are opposed tograndia,elata verba. By Ciceroabiectusis often used to indicate a still lower depth: Brut. §227 verbis non ille quidem ornatis utebatur, sed tamen non abiectis. Mayor cites De Orat. iii. §177 non enim sunt alia sermonis, alia contentionis verba, neque ex alio genere ad usum cotidianum, alio ad scenam pompamque sumuntur; sed ea nos cum iacentia sustulimus e medio sicut mollissimam ceram ad nostrum arbitrium formamus et fingimus. Hor. A. P. 229 ne ... migret in obscuras humili sermone tabernas.interimforinterdum, as often in Quintilian, Seneca, and Pliny: cp.§24:3 §§7,19,20,32,33(where we have interim ... interim for modo ... modo):7 §31. See Introd.p. li.nitidiore ... sordida. There is the same antithesis at viii. 3. 49. Cp. Cic. Brut. §238 non valde nitens non plane horrida oratio. See note on§79: and cp.§§33,44,83,97,98,113,124. Sulp. Vict. inst. or. 15 in Halm rhet. lat. p. 321, 3 adhibendus est nitor ... ut scilicet verba non sordida et vulgaria et de trivio, quod dicitur, sumpta sint, sed electa de libris et hausta de liquido fonte doctrinae.—Forsordidacp. Sen. Ep. 100 (of Fabianus) nihil invenies sordidum ... verba ... splendida ... quamvis sumantur e medio. Quint. ii. 5, 10: viii. 2, 1.proprie: v. on§6propria. Cp.5 §4verba poetica libertate audaciora non praesumunt eadem proprie dicendi facultatem: viii. 2, 2 non mediocriter errare quidam solent qui omnia quae sunt in usu, etiam si causae necessitas postulet, reformidant.I:10Haec ut sciamus atque eorum non significationem modo, sed formas etiam mensurasque norimus, ut ubicumque erunt posita conveniant, nisi multa lectione atque auditione adsequi nullo modo possumus, cum omnem sermonem auribus primum accipiamus. Propter quod infantes a mutis nutricibus iussu regum in solitudine educati, etiamsi verba quaedam emisisse traduntur, tamen loquendi facultate caruerunt.§ 10.non ... modo, sed ... etiam: see on§6. Herbst notes that Quint. usually separates these words by others, as here: cp.§55non forum modo, verum ipsam etiam urbem:2 §23non causarum modo inter ipsas condicio, sed in singulis etiam causis partium. On the other hand we have3 §15non exercitatio modo ... sed etiam ratio:7 §19non in prosa modo, sed etiam in carmine.formas. Theformaof a word, in the widest sense, must mean itsshapeas determined by the syllables and letters of which it consists: cp. viii. 3, 16, where he notes the importance of this in regard to sound. But the reference here is more particularly to the grammatical forms of inflection, i.e. accidence,τὰς πτώσεις τῶν ὀνομάτων καὶ τὰς ἐγκλίσεις τῶν ῥημάτων(Dion. Hal. Comp. Verbor. 25, p. 402 Schäfer). See i. 6, 15 sq. Mayor refers to the grammatical discussions in Cic. Orat. §§152-161. Quint. i. 4 esp. §§22-29: 5-7.mensuras: the ‘quantities’ of single syllables, i.e. prosody. Cic. Or. §159: §§162-236: Quint. i. 10 ‘de musice.’ Latin concrete plurals often correspond to our abstract names of sciences, e.g.numeri‘arithmetic,’tempora‘chronology.’ Nägelsbach 12 §2, p. 71.ut ubicumque. Forut(L) most MSS. (G H S) giveet. Krüger records a conj. by Rowecki, who proposes to readutque, so as to make bothut sciamusandut conveniantdepend uponadsequi. But this seems unnecessary.auditione. Then, as now,auditiowould be specially valuable in regard to prosody (mensurae). The next clause gives the reason for putting it alongside oflectio, and also serves to introduce the reference which follows.propter quod( =δι᾽ ὅ), often in Quint. where Cicero would have usedquam ob rem. Cp.§66:5 §23:7 §6:propter quae(=δι᾽ ἅ)§61:3 §30: ii. 13, 14: xii. 1, 39. At§28and3 §6we havepraeter id quodforpraeterquam quod.infantes ... caruerunt. In spite of the vagueness ofregumanda mutis nutricibus, the reference is obviously to the story told by Herodotus (ii. 2), which Quint. may only have remembered indistinctly. Psammetichus, king of Egypt, wishing to discover if there were any people older than the Egyptians, gave two infants into the charge of a shepherd, who was to keep them out of reach of all human sounds and bring them up on the milk of goats. After two years they greeted the shepherd with the cryβεκός, which on inquiry turned out to be the Phrygian for bread. On the strength of this experiment the sapient king allowed that the Phrygians were more ancient than the Egyptians. Claudian, in Eutrop. ii. 252-4 nec rex Aegyptius ultra Restitit, humani postquam puer uberis expers In Phrygiam primum laxavit murmura vocem. A similar story is told of James IV of Scotland, with the difference that in his case Hebrew instead of Phrygian resulted from the experiment.—Bymutis nutr.Quint. probably means the goats of Psammetichus;mutushaving its proper sense, ‘uttering inarticulate sounds’: so mutae pecudes Lucr. v. 1059: animalia muta Iuv. viii. 56: mutum ac turpe pecus Hor. Sat. i. 3, 100.verba emisisse: Lucr. v. 1087-8 ergo si varii sensus animalia cogunt Muta tamen cum sint, varias emittere voces, &c.carueruntis obviously the right reading, notcaruerint(Hild), which wouldintroduce too great an element of uncertainty into the narrative: caruerunt propter(ea) quod sermonem auribusnonacceperunt. Even though Quint. may have been sceptical about the story its ‘moral’ agreed entirely with his own conclusions.—Noteetiamsi ... traduntur,etiamsi ... sint§11below.I:11Sunt autem alia huius naturae, ut idempluribus vocibus declarent, ita ut nihil significationis, quo potius utaris, intersit, ut ‘ensis’ et ‘gladius’; alia vero, etiamsi propria rerum aliquarum sint nomina,τροπικῶςquasi tamen ad eundem intellectum feruntur, ut ‘ferrum’ et ‘mucro’.§ 11.alia, sc. verba. SeeCrit. Notes.vocibus: ‘sounds,’—words in regard to their sound and form, whileverbaare words in regard to their meaning. The distinction is given Cic. Or. §162 rerum verborumque iudicium prudentiae est, vocum autem et numerorum aures sunt iudices: de Or. iii. §196 itaque non solum verbis arte positis moventur omnes, verum etiam numeris ac vocibus (of musical sounds). Hor. Sat. i. 3, 103 donec verba quibus voces sensusque notarent, Nominaque invenere—whereverbaare the articulate words by which men gave form and meaning to the primitive inarticulate sounds (voces).significationis, for the more usualad significationem, ‘in point of meaning’: vii. 2, 20 nihil interest actionum: ix. 4, 44 plurimum refert compositionis. So Plin. Ep. ix. 13 §25 verane haec adfirmare non ausim: interest tamen exempli ut vera videantur. Cicero has in ad Fam. iv. 10, 5 multum interesse rei familiaris tuae te quam primum venire: and interesse reipublicae occurs (as a sort of personal genitive) in Cicero, Caesar, and Livy. But with such a word as that in the text Cicero would have used ad c. acc.: ad Fam. v. 12, 1 equidem ad nostram laudem non multum video interesse, sed ad properationem meam quiddam interest non te exspectare dum ad locum venias.quo, sc. verbo.ensisis the poetic word forgladius, though in Quint.’s time the difference between prose usage and poetical in regard to such words had begun to disappear. Mayor (following Gesner) notes that ‘ensis’ occurs over sixty times in Vergil, ‘gladius’ only five times.τροπικῶς, by a ‘turn’ or change of application. On metaphor see viii. 2, 6 sq.: Cic. de Orat. iii. §155: Or. §§81, 82 sq. The meaning is that while some words are naturally synonymous, othersbecomesynonyms (ad eundem intellectum feruntur) when used figuratively, though in their literal sense they have each a distinct application (propria rerum aliquarum sint nomina). In the one case there are several words with the same meaning: in the other the original meaning is different (e.g. ferrum, mucro), but the words come to be used synonymously.—For the position ofquasi, afterτροπικῶς, cp. Sall. Iug. 48 §3: and seeCrit. Notes.ad eundem intellectum, viii. 3, 39: feruntur3 §6: lit. ‘pass into the same meaning.’ferrum,mucro, viii. 6, 20 (of synecdoche) nam prosa ut ‘mucronem’ pro gladio et ‘tectum’ pro domo recipiet, ita non ‘puppem’ pro navi nee ‘abietem’ pro tabellis, et rursus ut pro gladio ‘ferrum’ ita non pro equo ‘quadripedem.’—Mayor compares the use of ‘iron’ and ‘steel’ for ‘sword’ in Shakespeare.I:12Nam per abusionemsicarios etiam omnes vocamus qui caedem telo quocumque commiserunt. Alia circuitu verborum plurium ostendimus, quale est ‘et pressi copia lactis.’ Plurima vero mutatione figuramus: scio ‘non ignoro’ et ‘non me fugit’ et ‘non me praeterit’ et ‘quis nescit?’ et ‘nemini dubium est’.§ 12.Namis again elliptical, as in§9. It introduces here a proof of what has just been said in the shape of a reference to something still more striking: ‘and we may go even further, for,’ &c. It may be translated ‘and indeed,’ or ‘nay more,’ or ‘likewise.’ Cp.§§23,83: and withquidem§50. The ellipse may be supplied by the words ‘neque id mirum’: ‘and no wonder, for.’per abusionem: by the figure called ‘catachresis,’—the use of a word of kindred signification for the proper word: Corn. ad Herenn. 10 §45 abusio est quae verbo simili et propinquo pro certo et proprio abutitur. Cp. viii. 2, 5 abusio, quaeκατάχρησιςdicitur, necessaria: ib. 6 §34κατάχρησις, quam recte dicimus abusionem, quae non habentibus nomen suum accommodat, quod in proximo est, sic: equum divina Palladis arte Aedificant: iii. 3, 9: ix. 2, 35. Cic. de Orat. iii. §169: Or. §94. Quint. states the difference betweenabusioandtranslatioviii. 6 §35: discernendumque estabhoc totum translationis genus, quod abusio est ubi nomen deficit, translatio ubi aliud fuit: i.e.abusiois used when a thing has not a name, and the name of something similar is given to it,translatiowhen one name is used instead of another. Mayor cites Serv. Georg. iii.533 donaria proprie loca sunt in quibus dona reponuntur deorum, abusive templa. Cp. Quint. viii. 6, 35 poetae solent abusive etiam in his rebus quibus nomina sua sunt vicinis potius uti.sicarios. Thesicaamong the Romans specially denoted the assassin’s poniard: Cic. de Off. iii. §36: de Nat. Deor. iii. §74: pro Rosc. Amer. §103. Hor. Sat. i. 4, 4.quocumque. Even before Quint.’s timequicumquehad acquired the force of an indefinite pronoun (quivis or quilibet): Cic. Cat. 2, 5 quae sanare poterunt, quacumque ratione (potero) sanabo. Cp.§105,7 §2: i. 10, 35: ii. 21, 1: and frequently in Tacitus, Suetonius, and Juvenal (e.g. x. 359). Mayor cites among other passages from Martial viii. 48, 5 non quicumque capit saturatas murice vestes.circuitu verborum plurium, i.e. periphrasis. viii. 6, 59 pluribus autem verbis cum id quod uno aut paucioribus certe dici potest explicaturπερίφρασινvocant, circuitum quendam eloquendi: ib. §61 cum in vitium inciditπερισσολογίαdicitur. Cp. xii. 10, 16: 41: viii. pr. §24:2 §17.ostendimus= declaramus, significamus, as§14.et pressi copia lactis: Verg. Ecl. 1, 81.plurima, ‘very many,’ not ‘most’: a common usage in Quint. Cp.§§22,27,40,49,58,60,65,81,95,107,109,117,128:2 §§6,14,24:6 §1:7 §17.mutatione figuramus. For this use offigurare(σχηματίζειν) cp. ix. 1, 9 tam enim translatis verbis quam propriis figuratur oratio: here howeverplurimais a cognate accus.,—lit. ‘we very often use a figure in substituting one form of expression for another.’ The verb is found in this sense also in Seneca and Pliny. SeeCrit. Notes.—Figuraeis Quint.’s favourite word for renderingσχήματα. He uses it in more than a hundred places (i. 8, 16 schemata utraque, id est figuras, quaequeλέξεωςquaequeδιανοίαςvocantur): and it is to this use of the word by him and by the later rhetoricians that we owe the modern term ‘figure.’ Cicero has no fixed equivalent forσχήματα: he usesformae,conformationes,lumina,gestus,figurae,—often with the Greek word added; e.g. Brut. §69 sententiarum orationisque formis quae vocantσχήματα: cp. Or. §83, and de Opt. Gen. §14 (wherefigurisis accompanied bytanquam). Quint. definesfiguraix. 1, 4 as ‘conformatio quaedam orationis remota a communi et primum se offerente ratione’:ib.§14 arte aliqua novata forma dicendi. The idea of a divergence from what is usual and ordinary is always prominent in his treatment offigurae: ii. 13, 11 mutant enim aliquid a recto atque hanc prae se virtutem ferunt quod a consuetudine vulgari recesserut: ix. 1, 11 in sensu vel sermone aliqua a vulgari et simplici specie cum ratione mutatio.—That this idea is not involved in the original meaning ofσχήματα, but was extended to them from theτρόποι(a name which indicates changes or ‘turns of expression’), is shown by Causeret pp. 170-180.I:13Sed etiam ex proximo mutuari licet. Nam et ‘intellego’ et ‘sentio’ et ‘video’ saepe idem valent quod ‘scio’. Quorum nobis ubertatemac divitias dabit lectio, ut non solum quo modo occurrent, sed etiam quo modo oportet utamur.§ 13.ex proximo mutuari: i.e. borrow a word that is cognate in meaning, instead of using such negative inversions as the preceding.—Intellego, sentio, video, scio, are cognate words,—‘next door’ (in proximo) to each other.—For the substantival use (in Cicero and Livy) of neuter adjectives in acc. and abl., with prepositions, in expressions denoting place and the like, see Nägelsbach §21 pp. 102-109. Exx. are ex integro (§20), in aperto, ex propinquo, in immensum, de alieno, ad extremum, in praecipiti, in praesenti, in melius, e contrario (§19).idem valent=ταὐτόorἴσον δύναται, as often in Cicero and elsewhere in Quintilian.ubertatem ac divitias: hendiadys, ‘a rich store.’ For the use of two synonymous nouns in Latin instead of a noun and an adjective, see Nägelsbach, §73 pp. 280-281. Exx. are Cic. de Or. i. §300 absolutionem perfectionemque ( = summaperfectio, which never occurs): de Off. ii. 5, 16 conspiratione hominum atque consensu. For this metaphorical use ofdivitiaecp. de Orat. i. §161 in oratione Crassi divitias atque ornamenta eius ingenii per quaedam involucra atque integumenta perspexi.occurrent:§7and frequently elsewhere in this sense.I:14Non semper enim haec inter se idem faciunt, nec sicut de intellectu animi recte dixerim ‘video’, ita de visu oculorum ‘intellego’, nec ut ‘mucro’ gladium, sic mucronem ‘gladius’ ostendit.§ 14.non semper enim, etc., ‘they do not always coincide in meaning,’ are not always identical and interchangeable. Cf. ix. 3, 47 nec verba modo sed sensus quoque idem facientes acervantur: wherefacere=efficere, the words being spoken of as if they were agents in producing the meaning.Inter se(ἀλλήλοις) = ‘reciprocally,’ ‘mutually’: cp. ix. 3, 31:ib.§49.intellego: repeatrecte dixerim. For the ellipse Herbst compares v. 11, 26: viii. 6, 20: xii. 11, 27.mucro: for instance in5 §16gladiuscould not be substituted formucrowithout the point being lost. Cp. viii. 6, 20: vi. 4, 4: ix. 4, 30.ostendit= indicat, significat. Cp.§12.I:15Sed ut copia verborum sic paratur, ita non verborum tantum gratia legendum vel audiendum est. Nam omnium, quaecumque docemus, hoc sunt exempla potentiora etiam ipsis quae traduntur artibus (cum eo qui discit perductus est, ut intellegere ea sine demonstrante et sequi iam suis viribus possit), quia quae doctor praecepit orator ostendit.§ 15.ut ... ita: v. onsicut ... ita§1.sic, multa lectione atque auditione§10. In reading and hearing we are not to aim merely at increasing our stock of words: many other things may be learned by the same practical method. Cp.2 §1.hoc= idcirco, ideo, corresponding toquiabelow. Cp.§34hoc potentiora quod:§129eo perniciosissima quod: v. 11, 37. SeeCrit. Notes.etiam ipsis:§24. Herbst cites also Hor. Sat. i. 3, 39 Turpia decipiunt caecum vitia aut etiam ipsa haec delectant. Cicero usesetiam ipse(with rather more emphasis thanipse quoque) de Nat. Deor. ii. §46: Rab. Post. §33: pro Planc. §73: pro Mil. §21—Nägelsbach p. 367.quae traduntur artibus.Artesis here used, as often in the plural, for the rules or collections of rules taught in schools. So ii. 5, 14 hoc diligentiae genus ausim dicere plus collaturum discentibus quam omnes omnium artes. Pr.§26nihil praecepta atque artes valere nisi adiuvante natura: cp.§47below litium et consiliorum artes:§49qui de artibus scripserunt. This use is derived from that in whicharsstands generally for ‘system’ or ‘theory’: ii. 14, 5 ars erit quae disciplina percipi debet (cp. Cic. de Or. ii. §30 ars earum rerum est quae sciuntur): and below7 §12hic usus ita proderit si ea de qua locuti sumus ars antecesserit. Elsewhere in Quint. it is frequently used for a technical treatise: ii. 13, 1 a plerisque scriptoribus artium: 15 §4 si re vera ars quae circumfertur eius (Isocratis) est: cp. Iuv. 7, 177 artem scindes Theodori. This last use is found also in Cicero: Brutus §46 ait Aristoteles ... artem et praecepta Siculos Coracem et Tisiam conscripsisse: de Fin. iii. §4 ipsae rhetorum artes: iv. §5 non solum praecepta in artibus sed etiam exempla in orationibus bene dicendi reliquerunt:ib.§7 quamquam scripsit artem rhetoricam Cleanthes: de Invent. i. §8: ii. §7.—Traduntur= docentur, just as accipere = discere: cf. i. 3, 3 quae tradentur non difficulter accipiet: ii. 9, 3: iii. 6, 59.sine demonstrante: ‘without a guide’ or teacher. For this use of the participle, cp. i. 2, 12 lectio quoque non omnis nec semper praeeuntevel interpretante eget.iamheightens the contrast between the two stages—pupilage and independent study. There is therefore no need for Hild’s conjectureviam.ostendit‘gives a practical demonstration of.’ We are not merely to learn the rules (artes) from thedoctor, but to observehow they are applied by the best writers and speakers.I:16Alia vero audientes, alia legentes magis adiuvant. Excitat qui dicit spiritu ipso, nec imagine et ambitu rerum, sed rebus incendit. Vivunt omnia enim et moventur, excipimusque nova illa velut nascentia cum favore ac sollicitudine. Nec fortuna modo iudicii, sed etiam ipsorum qui orant periculo adficimur.§ 16.aliadoes not refer to some particular kinds of speeches, as Watson translates. Literally, it is ‘some things do more good when one hears them, others when one reads them’: butaliaandadiuvantrun into each other, as it were, and the meaning is ‘some benefits are derived from hearing, others from reading,’ i.e. they have each their special points. In the passive it would stand ‘aliter audientes adiuvantur aliter legentes.’spiritu ipso: the ‘living breath’ (vivunt omnia et moventur), as opposed to the dead letter: the sound of the voice (viva vox) instead of the ‘cold medium of written symbols’ (Frieze), ii. 2, 8 viva illa, ut dicitur, vox alit plenius (sc. quam exempla). Plin. Ep. ii. 3, 9 multo magis, ut vulgo dicitur, viva vox adficit. nam liceat acriora sint quae legas, altius tamen in animo sedent quae pronuntiatio vultus habitus gestus etiam dicentis adfigit. Cic. Orat. §130 carent libri spiritu illo propter quem maiora eadem illa cum aguntur quam cum leguntur videri solent, where Sandys quotes Isocr. Phil. §26. So Dion. Hal. de Dem. 54 (p. 112 R) of the speeches of Demosthenes when ill delivered,τὸ κάλλιστον αὐτῆς(sc.τῆς λέξεως)ἀπολεῖται, τὸ πνεῦμα, καὶ οὐδὲν διοίσει σώματος καλοῦ μὲν ἀκινήτου δὲ καὶ νεκροῦ.ambitu rerum. This phrase has been variously explained. Wolff thought that it was equivalentto‘rerum circumscriptio quam prima lineamenta ducentes faciunt pictores’; and following him many render by ‘bare outline,’ ‘rough draft or sketch,’ ‘outline drawing,’ without however citing any apposite parallel. Others say it = ‘ambitiosa rerum expositione’: cp. iv. 1, 18 hic ambitus ... pronuntiandi faciendique iniuste: xii. 10, 3 proprio quodam intellegendi ambitu (‘affectation of superior judgment’): Declam. IV, sub fin., novo mihi inauditoque opus est ambitu rerum: ib. I pr. si iuvenis innocentissimus iudices uti vellet ambitu tristissimae calamitatis. Schöll sees no difficulty if the phrase is taken in the same sense as ‘ambitus parietis,’ ‘ambitus aedificiorum.’ Ifambitusis not a gloss, may the meaning not be that the speaker goes straight to the heart of his subject instead of ‘beating about the bush,’ like the more leisurely writer? SeeCrit. Notes.vivunt omnia enim: ‘all is life and movement.’ For the position ofenimcp. non semper enim§14. In Lucr.enimoften comes third in the sentence, and even later. Mayor cites Cic. ad Att. xiv. 6 §1 odiosa illa enim fuerant: Hor. Sat. ii. 7, 105.nova illa velut nascentia: the ‘new births’ of his imagination—of thespokenword which has more of the impromptu element about it than the written.3 §7omnia enim nostra dum nascuntur placent. For this use ofillecp.§17ille laudantium clamor:§47:3 §6calor quoque ille cogitationis:3 §§18,22,31:5 §§4,12: ii 10, 7 tremor ille inanis.fortuna iudicii: Cic. Or. §98 ancipites dicendi incertosque casus: de Orat. i. §120 dicendi difficultatem variosque eventus orationis: pro Marcello §15 incertus exitus et anceps fortuna belli. This is of the issue of the trial in itself:ipsorum qui orant periculois used of the issue as it affects the advocate, who will have all the credit or discredit of success or failure. For the strain which this involved cp. Plin. Ep. iv. 19 §3.—For the absolute use oforarecp.§76:5 §6. Plin. Ep. vii. 9, 7 studium orandi: cp. Tac. Hist. i. 90. Tac. Dial. §6 illa secretiora et tantum ipsis orantibus nota maiora sunt.I:17Praeter haec vox, actio decora, accommodata, ut quisque locuspostulabit, pronuntiandi (vel potentissima in dicendo) ratio et, ut semel dicam, pariter omnia docent. In lectione certius iudicium, quod audienti frequenter aut suus cuique favor aut ille laudantium clamor extorquet.
§ 7.quae idem significarent: ‘synonyms.’ Cp. i. 5, 4 (quoted above onmelius sonantia): viii. 3, 16.solitossc. quosdam. Cp.§56audire videor congerentes. See Crit. Notes.occurreret= in mentem veniret:§13:3 §33.quo idem intellegi posset. Cp. iii. 11, 27 his plura intelleguntur. SeeCrit. Notes.cum ... tum etiam. Cp. cum ... tum praecipue3 §28: and, for cum ... tum,§§60,65,68,84,101. Bonn. Lex., s.v.cump. 195.cuiusdam. This use ofquidamindicates that the word to which it is attached is being employed in some peculiar sense, or else that it comes nearest to the idea in the writer’s mind: cp.§§76,81.infelicis operae: of trouble which one gives oneself unnecessarily (cp.3 §10:7 §14), with the further idea of unproductiveness, as2 §8nostra potissimum tempora damnamus huius infelicitatis: tr. ‘a thankless task.’ Cp. Hor. Sat. i. 1, 90 infelix operam perdas: A. P. 34 infelix operis summa. With viii. pr. §§27-8 Mayor compares Plato Phaedr. 229dἄλλως τὰ τοιαῦτα χαρίεντα ἡγοῦμαι λίαν δὲ δεινοῦ καὶ ἐπιπόνου καὶ οὐ πάνυ εὐτυχοῦς ἀνδρός.congregat. The subject here is indefinite, and must be supplied from the context—‘the man who learns by rote.’ Quintilian often omits such words as discipulus, orator, declamator, lector: cp.2 §24:7 §4and2 §24:§25est alia exercitatio cogitandi totasque materias vel silentio (dum tamen quasi dicat intra se ipsum) persequendi. So Cic. de Off. i. §101 omnis autem actio vacare debet temeritate et neglegentia nec vero agere quicquam cuius non possit (sc. is qui agit) causam probabilem reddere:ib.§121 si natura non feret ut quaedam imitari possit (sc. is qui imitatur): §134: ii. §39: iii. §107: de Amic. §25 quae non volt: §72 quoad ... possit: de Or. ii. §62 audeat.—There is thus no need for Gemoll’s conjecturecongregat actor.§§8-15.The preceding sections (§§5-7) form the transition to what he now seeks to prove,—the need formulta lectioandauditio. ‘By reading and hearing the best models we learn to choose appropriate words, to arrange and pronounce them rightly; to employ the figures of speech in their proper places.’—Mayor.I:8Nobis autem copia cum iudicio paranda est, vim orandi non circulatoriam volubilitatem spectantibus. Id autem consequemuroptima legendo atque audiendo; non enim solum nomina ipsa rerum cognoscemus hac cura, sed quod quoque loco sit aptissimum.§ 8.cum iudicio,§116:2 §3. Mayor cites Cic. de Or. iii. §150 sed in hoc verborum genere propriorum dilectus est habendus quidem atque is aurium quoque iudicio ponderandus est. The phrase gives the antithesis ofsine discrimineabove.vim orandi: see on§1above, vim dicendi: cp.5 §6: ii. 16, 9: vi. 2, 2. The words denote ‘true oratory’ as opposed to the ‘fluency of a mountebank’ or charlatan. For the absolute use oforare(common in the Silver Age) see on§16.circulatoriam volubilitatem: ii. 4, 15 circulatoriae vere iactationis est. Thecirculatorwas a strolling mountebank who amused the crowd by his legerdemain: Sen. de Benef. vi. 11, 2. So of quack philosophers,Id.Epist. 29 §7 circulatores qui philosophiam honestius neglexissent quam vendunt: 40 §3 sic itaque habe, istam vim dicendi rapidam atque abundantem aptiorem esse circulanti quam agenti in rem magnam ac seriam docentique: 52 §8 eligamus non eos qui verba magna celeritate praecipitant, et communes locos volvunt et in privato circulantur, sed eos qui vita[m] docent.—Forvolubilitascp. xi. 3, 52: Cic. de Orat. §17 est enim et scientia comprehendenda rerum plurimarum, sine qua verborum volubilitas inanis atque inridenda est, et ipsa oratio conformanda non solum electione sed etiam constructione verborum: so linguae volubilitas, pro Planc. §62 flumen aliis verborum volubilitasque cordi est: pro Flacc. §48 homo volubilis praecipiti quadam celeritate dicendi. Pliny Ep. v. 20, 4: est plerisque Graecorum ut illi pro copia volubilitas. Juvenal’s sermo promptus et Isaeo torrentior (3, 73-4) indicates the same feature.id, of the idea contained in the previous sentence (parare copiam cum iudicio):6 §6:7 §4.non enim. Herbst cites§109and5 §8to show that in this form the negative is either attached to a single word, or is meant to be more emphatic: so Cic. Orat. §§47, 101. On the other handneque enimhas less emphasis:§105:2 §1:3 §§10,23:4 §1:6 §5:7 §§5,18,19,27. Forenim ... enim ... namhe compares3 §2and, in Greek, Xen. Anab. iii. 2, 32: v. 6, 4.quod quoque. SeeCrit. Notes.I:9Omnibus enim fere verbis praeter pauca, quae sunt parum verecunda, in oratione locus est. Nam scriptores quidem iamborum veterisque comoediae etiam in illis saepe laudantur, sed nobis nostrum opus intueri sat est. Omnia verba, exceptis de quibus dixi, sunt alicubi optima; nam et humilibus interim et vulgaribus est opus, et quae nitidiore in parte videntursordida, ubi res poscit, proprie dicuntur.§ 9.parum verecunda. These expressions are characterised in the same indirect way i. 2, 7 verba ne Alexandrinis quidem permittenda deliciis. Cp. viii. 3, 38 excepto si obscena nudis nominibus enuntientur:ib.2 §1 obscena vitabimus. Cic. ad Fam. ix. 22.namis here slightly elliptical (cp.§83), introducing a confirmation of the statement contained in the wordspraeter pauca quae sunt parum verecunda: ‘I make exceptions, for though even these may be admired inἰαμβογράφοι(Archilochus §59, Hipponax, &c.), and in the old Comedy, we must look to our own department.’ The sentence might have run,—nam, etiamsi scriptores quidem, &c. etiam in illis saepe laudantur, nobis nostrum opus intueri sat est. This seems better than, with Mayor, to pressin oratione: ‘in orationeI say, for even these may be admired, &c.’scriptores iamborum:§59Horace imitated Archilochus in some of his Epodes: these are ‘parum verecunda.’ Mayor refers also to the Priapeia. Thevetus comoedia(antiquain§65) is often associated withἰαμβογράφοι:§§59,65,96. Hor. Sat. i. 4, 1 sq.: ii. 3, 12.in illis ... laudantur. In such expressionsinwith the abl. denotes the range or scope within which the action of the verb takes place. Nägelsb. p. 491. Cic. Qu. fr. ii. 6, 5 Pompeius noster in amicitia P. Lentuli vituperatur. Cp.§§54,63,64: v. 12, 22 ut ad peiora iuvenes laude ducuntur ita laudari in bonis malent.nostrum opus: not ‘our proper work, the education of an orator’ (Hild); but ‘what we have to do with here,’ our ‘department’ or ‘branch.’ It thus = opus dicendi Cic. Brut. §214, or oratoriumib.§200. In the Silver Ageopus(likegenus) is often used to denote a special branch. Herbst cites§§31,35,64,69,70,72,74,93,96,123;2 §21. Cp. Introd.p. xliv.intueri: v. 13, 31 dum locum praesentem non totam causam intuentur. Cp.2 §§2,26:7 §16.exceptis ... dixi: sc.iis(parum verecundis). Cp.§104circumcisis quae dixisse ei nocuerat.humilibus ... vulgaribus. So xi. 1, 6 humile et cotidianum sermonis genus.Humilia verba(ταπεινά ὀνόματα) are opposed tograndia,elata verba. By Ciceroabiectusis often used to indicate a still lower depth: Brut. §227 verbis non ille quidem ornatis utebatur, sed tamen non abiectis. Mayor cites De Orat. iii. §177 non enim sunt alia sermonis, alia contentionis verba, neque ex alio genere ad usum cotidianum, alio ad scenam pompamque sumuntur; sed ea nos cum iacentia sustulimus e medio sicut mollissimam ceram ad nostrum arbitrium formamus et fingimus. Hor. A. P. 229 ne ... migret in obscuras humili sermone tabernas.interimforinterdum, as often in Quintilian, Seneca, and Pliny: cp.§24:3 §§7,19,20,32,33(where we have interim ... interim for modo ... modo):7 §31. See Introd.p. li.nitidiore ... sordida. There is the same antithesis at viii. 3. 49. Cp. Cic. Brut. §238 non valde nitens non plane horrida oratio. See note on§79: and cp.§§33,44,83,97,98,113,124. Sulp. Vict. inst. or. 15 in Halm rhet. lat. p. 321, 3 adhibendus est nitor ... ut scilicet verba non sordida et vulgaria et de trivio, quod dicitur, sumpta sint, sed electa de libris et hausta de liquido fonte doctrinae.—Forsordidacp. Sen. Ep. 100 (of Fabianus) nihil invenies sordidum ... verba ... splendida ... quamvis sumantur e medio. Quint. ii. 5, 10: viii. 2, 1.proprie: v. on§6propria. Cp.5 §4verba poetica libertate audaciora non praesumunt eadem proprie dicendi facultatem: viii. 2, 2 non mediocriter errare quidam solent qui omnia quae sunt in usu, etiam si causae necessitas postulet, reformidant.I:10Haec ut sciamus atque eorum non significationem modo, sed formas etiam mensurasque norimus, ut ubicumque erunt posita conveniant, nisi multa lectione atque auditione adsequi nullo modo possumus, cum omnem sermonem auribus primum accipiamus. Propter quod infantes a mutis nutricibus iussu regum in solitudine educati, etiamsi verba quaedam emisisse traduntur, tamen loquendi facultate caruerunt.§ 10.non ... modo, sed ... etiam: see on§6. Herbst notes that Quint. usually separates these words by others, as here: cp.§55non forum modo, verum ipsam etiam urbem:2 §23non causarum modo inter ipsas condicio, sed in singulis etiam causis partium. On the other hand we have3 §15non exercitatio modo ... sed etiam ratio:7 §19non in prosa modo, sed etiam in carmine.formas. Theformaof a word, in the widest sense, must mean itsshapeas determined by the syllables and letters of which it consists: cp. viii. 3, 16, where he notes the importance of this in regard to sound. But the reference here is more particularly to the grammatical forms of inflection, i.e. accidence,τὰς πτώσεις τῶν ὀνομάτων καὶ τὰς ἐγκλίσεις τῶν ῥημάτων(Dion. Hal. Comp. Verbor. 25, p. 402 Schäfer). See i. 6, 15 sq. Mayor refers to the grammatical discussions in Cic. Orat. §§152-161. Quint. i. 4 esp. §§22-29: 5-7.mensuras: the ‘quantities’ of single syllables, i.e. prosody. Cic. Or. §159: §§162-236: Quint. i. 10 ‘de musice.’ Latin concrete plurals often correspond to our abstract names of sciences, e.g.numeri‘arithmetic,’tempora‘chronology.’ Nägelsbach 12 §2, p. 71.ut ubicumque. Forut(L) most MSS. (G H S) giveet. Krüger records a conj. by Rowecki, who proposes to readutque, so as to make bothut sciamusandut conveniantdepend uponadsequi. But this seems unnecessary.auditione. Then, as now,auditiowould be specially valuable in regard to prosody (mensurae). The next clause gives the reason for putting it alongside oflectio, and also serves to introduce the reference which follows.propter quod( =δι᾽ ὅ), often in Quint. where Cicero would have usedquam ob rem. Cp.§66:5 §23:7 §6:propter quae(=δι᾽ ἅ)§61:3 §30: ii. 13, 14: xii. 1, 39. At§28and3 §6we havepraeter id quodforpraeterquam quod.infantes ... caruerunt. In spite of the vagueness ofregumanda mutis nutricibus, the reference is obviously to the story told by Herodotus (ii. 2), which Quint. may only have remembered indistinctly. Psammetichus, king of Egypt, wishing to discover if there were any people older than the Egyptians, gave two infants into the charge of a shepherd, who was to keep them out of reach of all human sounds and bring them up on the milk of goats. After two years they greeted the shepherd with the cryβεκός, which on inquiry turned out to be the Phrygian for bread. On the strength of this experiment the sapient king allowed that the Phrygians were more ancient than the Egyptians. Claudian, in Eutrop. ii. 252-4 nec rex Aegyptius ultra Restitit, humani postquam puer uberis expers In Phrygiam primum laxavit murmura vocem. A similar story is told of James IV of Scotland, with the difference that in his case Hebrew instead of Phrygian resulted from the experiment.—Bymutis nutr.Quint. probably means the goats of Psammetichus;mutushaving its proper sense, ‘uttering inarticulate sounds’: so mutae pecudes Lucr. v. 1059: animalia muta Iuv. viii. 56: mutum ac turpe pecus Hor. Sat. i. 3, 100.verba emisisse: Lucr. v. 1087-8 ergo si varii sensus animalia cogunt Muta tamen cum sint, varias emittere voces, &c.carueruntis obviously the right reading, notcaruerint(Hild), which wouldintroduce too great an element of uncertainty into the narrative: caruerunt propter(ea) quod sermonem auribusnonacceperunt. Even though Quint. may have been sceptical about the story its ‘moral’ agreed entirely with his own conclusions.—Noteetiamsi ... traduntur,etiamsi ... sint§11below.I:11Sunt autem alia huius naturae, ut idempluribus vocibus declarent, ita ut nihil significationis, quo potius utaris, intersit, ut ‘ensis’ et ‘gladius’; alia vero, etiamsi propria rerum aliquarum sint nomina,τροπικῶςquasi tamen ad eundem intellectum feruntur, ut ‘ferrum’ et ‘mucro’.§ 11.alia, sc. verba. SeeCrit. Notes.vocibus: ‘sounds,’—words in regard to their sound and form, whileverbaare words in regard to their meaning. The distinction is given Cic. Or. §162 rerum verborumque iudicium prudentiae est, vocum autem et numerorum aures sunt iudices: de Or. iii. §196 itaque non solum verbis arte positis moventur omnes, verum etiam numeris ac vocibus (of musical sounds). Hor. Sat. i. 3, 103 donec verba quibus voces sensusque notarent, Nominaque invenere—whereverbaare the articulate words by which men gave form and meaning to the primitive inarticulate sounds (voces).significationis, for the more usualad significationem, ‘in point of meaning’: vii. 2, 20 nihil interest actionum: ix. 4, 44 plurimum refert compositionis. So Plin. Ep. ix. 13 §25 verane haec adfirmare non ausim: interest tamen exempli ut vera videantur. Cicero has in ad Fam. iv. 10, 5 multum interesse rei familiaris tuae te quam primum venire: and interesse reipublicae occurs (as a sort of personal genitive) in Cicero, Caesar, and Livy. But with such a word as that in the text Cicero would have used ad c. acc.: ad Fam. v. 12, 1 equidem ad nostram laudem non multum video interesse, sed ad properationem meam quiddam interest non te exspectare dum ad locum venias.quo, sc. verbo.ensisis the poetic word forgladius, though in Quint.’s time the difference between prose usage and poetical in regard to such words had begun to disappear. Mayor (following Gesner) notes that ‘ensis’ occurs over sixty times in Vergil, ‘gladius’ only five times.τροπικῶς, by a ‘turn’ or change of application. On metaphor see viii. 2, 6 sq.: Cic. de Orat. iii. §155: Or. §§81, 82 sq. The meaning is that while some words are naturally synonymous, othersbecomesynonyms (ad eundem intellectum feruntur) when used figuratively, though in their literal sense they have each a distinct application (propria rerum aliquarum sint nomina). In the one case there are several words with the same meaning: in the other the original meaning is different (e.g. ferrum, mucro), but the words come to be used synonymously.—For the position ofquasi, afterτροπικῶς, cp. Sall. Iug. 48 §3: and seeCrit. Notes.ad eundem intellectum, viii. 3, 39: feruntur3 §6: lit. ‘pass into the same meaning.’ferrum,mucro, viii. 6, 20 (of synecdoche) nam prosa ut ‘mucronem’ pro gladio et ‘tectum’ pro domo recipiet, ita non ‘puppem’ pro navi nee ‘abietem’ pro tabellis, et rursus ut pro gladio ‘ferrum’ ita non pro equo ‘quadripedem.’—Mayor compares the use of ‘iron’ and ‘steel’ for ‘sword’ in Shakespeare.I:12Nam per abusionemsicarios etiam omnes vocamus qui caedem telo quocumque commiserunt. Alia circuitu verborum plurium ostendimus, quale est ‘et pressi copia lactis.’ Plurima vero mutatione figuramus: scio ‘non ignoro’ et ‘non me fugit’ et ‘non me praeterit’ et ‘quis nescit?’ et ‘nemini dubium est’.§ 12.Namis again elliptical, as in§9. It introduces here a proof of what has just been said in the shape of a reference to something still more striking: ‘and we may go even further, for,’ &c. It may be translated ‘and indeed,’ or ‘nay more,’ or ‘likewise.’ Cp.§§23,83: and withquidem§50. The ellipse may be supplied by the words ‘neque id mirum’: ‘and no wonder, for.’per abusionem: by the figure called ‘catachresis,’—the use of a word of kindred signification for the proper word: Corn. ad Herenn. 10 §45 abusio est quae verbo simili et propinquo pro certo et proprio abutitur. Cp. viii. 2, 5 abusio, quaeκατάχρησιςdicitur, necessaria: ib. 6 §34κατάχρησις, quam recte dicimus abusionem, quae non habentibus nomen suum accommodat, quod in proximo est, sic: equum divina Palladis arte Aedificant: iii. 3, 9: ix. 2, 35. Cic. de Orat. iii. §169: Or. §94. Quint. states the difference betweenabusioandtranslatioviii. 6 §35: discernendumque estabhoc totum translationis genus, quod abusio est ubi nomen deficit, translatio ubi aliud fuit: i.e.abusiois used when a thing has not a name, and the name of something similar is given to it,translatiowhen one name is used instead of another. Mayor cites Serv. Georg. iii.533 donaria proprie loca sunt in quibus dona reponuntur deorum, abusive templa. Cp. Quint. viii. 6, 35 poetae solent abusive etiam in his rebus quibus nomina sua sunt vicinis potius uti.sicarios. Thesicaamong the Romans specially denoted the assassin’s poniard: Cic. de Off. iii. §36: de Nat. Deor. iii. §74: pro Rosc. Amer. §103. Hor. Sat. i. 4, 4.quocumque. Even before Quint.’s timequicumquehad acquired the force of an indefinite pronoun (quivis or quilibet): Cic. Cat. 2, 5 quae sanare poterunt, quacumque ratione (potero) sanabo. Cp.§105,7 §2: i. 10, 35: ii. 21, 1: and frequently in Tacitus, Suetonius, and Juvenal (e.g. x. 359). Mayor cites among other passages from Martial viii. 48, 5 non quicumque capit saturatas murice vestes.circuitu verborum plurium, i.e. periphrasis. viii. 6, 59 pluribus autem verbis cum id quod uno aut paucioribus certe dici potest explicaturπερίφρασινvocant, circuitum quendam eloquendi: ib. §61 cum in vitium inciditπερισσολογίαdicitur. Cp. xii. 10, 16: 41: viii. pr. §24:2 §17.ostendimus= declaramus, significamus, as§14.et pressi copia lactis: Verg. Ecl. 1, 81.plurima, ‘very many,’ not ‘most’: a common usage in Quint. Cp.§§22,27,40,49,58,60,65,81,95,107,109,117,128:2 §§6,14,24:6 §1:7 §17.mutatione figuramus. For this use offigurare(σχηματίζειν) cp. ix. 1, 9 tam enim translatis verbis quam propriis figuratur oratio: here howeverplurimais a cognate accus.,—lit. ‘we very often use a figure in substituting one form of expression for another.’ The verb is found in this sense also in Seneca and Pliny. SeeCrit. Notes.—Figuraeis Quint.’s favourite word for renderingσχήματα. He uses it in more than a hundred places (i. 8, 16 schemata utraque, id est figuras, quaequeλέξεωςquaequeδιανοίαςvocantur): and it is to this use of the word by him and by the later rhetoricians that we owe the modern term ‘figure.’ Cicero has no fixed equivalent forσχήματα: he usesformae,conformationes,lumina,gestus,figurae,—often with the Greek word added; e.g. Brut. §69 sententiarum orationisque formis quae vocantσχήματα: cp. Or. §83, and de Opt. Gen. §14 (wherefigurisis accompanied bytanquam). Quint. definesfiguraix. 1, 4 as ‘conformatio quaedam orationis remota a communi et primum se offerente ratione’:ib.§14 arte aliqua novata forma dicendi. The idea of a divergence from what is usual and ordinary is always prominent in his treatment offigurae: ii. 13, 11 mutant enim aliquid a recto atque hanc prae se virtutem ferunt quod a consuetudine vulgari recesserut: ix. 1, 11 in sensu vel sermone aliqua a vulgari et simplici specie cum ratione mutatio.—That this idea is not involved in the original meaning ofσχήματα, but was extended to them from theτρόποι(a name which indicates changes or ‘turns of expression’), is shown by Causeret pp. 170-180.I:13Sed etiam ex proximo mutuari licet. Nam et ‘intellego’ et ‘sentio’ et ‘video’ saepe idem valent quod ‘scio’. Quorum nobis ubertatemac divitias dabit lectio, ut non solum quo modo occurrent, sed etiam quo modo oportet utamur.§ 13.ex proximo mutuari: i.e. borrow a word that is cognate in meaning, instead of using such negative inversions as the preceding.—Intellego, sentio, video, scio, are cognate words,—‘next door’ (in proximo) to each other.—For the substantival use (in Cicero and Livy) of neuter adjectives in acc. and abl., with prepositions, in expressions denoting place and the like, see Nägelsbach §21 pp. 102-109. Exx. are ex integro (§20), in aperto, ex propinquo, in immensum, de alieno, ad extremum, in praecipiti, in praesenti, in melius, e contrario (§19).idem valent=ταὐτόorἴσον δύναται, as often in Cicero and elsewhere in Quintilian.ubertatem ac divitias: hendiadys, ‘a rich store.’ For the use of two synonymous nouns in Latin instead of a noun and an adjective, see Nägelsbach, §73 pp. 280-281. Exx. are Cic. de Or. i. §300 absolutionem perfectionemque ( = summaperfectio, which never occurs): de Off. ii. 5, 16 conspiratione hominum atque consensu. For this metaphorical use ofdivitiaecp. de Orat. i. §161 in oratione Crassi divitias atque ornamenta eius ingenii per quaedam involucra atque integumenta perspexi.occurrent:§7and frequently elsewhere in this sense.I:14Non semper enim haec inter se idem faciunt, nec sicut de intellectu animi recte dixerim ‘video’, ita de visu oculorum ‘intellego’, nec ut ‘mucro’ gladium, sic mucronem ‘gladius’ ostendit.§ 14.non semper enim, etc., ‘they do not always coincide in meaning,’ are not always identical and interchangeable. Cf. ix. 3, 47 nec verba modo sed sensus quoque idem facientes acervantur: wherefacere=efficere, the words being spoken of as if they were agents in producing the meaning.Inter se(ἀλλήλοις) = ‘reciprocally,’ ‘mutually’: cp. ix. 3, 31:ib.§49.intellego: repeatrecte dixerim. For the ellipse Herbst compares v. 11, 26: viii. 6, 20: xii. 11, 27.mucro: for instance in5 §16gladiuscould not be substituted formucrowithout the point being lost. Cp. viii. 6, 20: vi. 4, 4: ix. 4, 30.ostendit= indicat, significat. Cp.§12.I:15Sed ut copia verborum sic paratur, ita non verborum tantum gratia legendum vel audiendum est. Nam omnium, quaecumque docemus, hoc sunt exempla potentiora etiam ipsis quae traduntur artibus (cum eo qui discit perductus est, ut intellegere ea sine demonstrante et sequi iam suis viribus possit), quia quae doctor praecepit orator ostendit.§ 15.ut ... ita: v. onsicut ... ita§1.sic, multa lectione atque auditione§10. In reading and hearing we are not to aim merely at increasing our stock of words: many other things may be learned by the same practical method. Cp.2 §1.hoc= idcirco, ideo, corresponding toquiabelow. Cp.§34hoc potentiora quod:§129eo perniciosissima quod: v. 11, 37. SeeCrit. Notes.etiam ipsis:§24. Herbst cites also Hor. Sat. i. 3, 39 Turpia decipiunt caecum vitia aut etiam ipsa haec delectant. Cicero usesetiam ipse(with rather more emphasis thanipse quoque) de Nat. Deor. ii. §46: Rab. Post. §33: pro Planc. §73: pro Mil. §21—Nägelsbach p. 367.quae traduntur artibus.Artesis here used, as often in the plural, for the rules or collections of rules taught in schools. So ii. 5, 14 hoc diligentiae genus ausim dicere plus collaturum discentibus quam omnes omnium artes. Pr.§26nihil praecepta atque artes valere nisi adiuvante natura: cp.§47below litium et consiliorum artes:§49qui de artibus scripserunt. This use is derived from that in whicharsstands generally for ‘system’ or ‘theory’: ii. 14, 5 ars erit quae disciplina percipi debet (cp. Cic. de Or. ii. §30 ars earum rerum est quae sciuntur): and below7 §12hic usus ita proderit si ea de qua locuti sumus ars antecesserit. Elsewhere in Quint. it is frequently used for a technical treatise: ii. 13, 1 a plerisque scriptoribus artium: 15 §4 si re vera ars quae circumfertur eius (Isocratis) est: cp. Iuv. 7, 177 artem scindes Theodori. This last use is found also in Cicero: Brutus §46 ait Aristoteles ... artem et praecepta Siculos Coracem et Tisiam conscripsisse: de Fin. iii. §4 ipsae rhetorum artes: iv. §5 non solum praecepta in artibus sed etiam exempla in orationibus bene dicendi reliquerunt:ib.§7 quamquam scripsit artem rhetoricam Cleanthes: de Invent. i. §8: ii. §7.—Traduntur= docentur, just as accipere = discere: cf. i. 3, 3 quae tradentur non difficulter accipiet: ii. 9, 3: iii. 6, 59.sine demonstrante: ‘without a guide’ or teacher. For this use of the participle, cp. i. 2, 12 lectio quoque non omnis nec semper praeeuntevel interpretante eget.iamheightens the contrast between the two stages—pupilage and independent study. There is therefore no need for Hild’s conjectureviam.ostendit‘gives a practical demonstration of.’ We are not merely to learn the rules (artes) from thedoctor, but to observehow they are applied by the best writers and speakers.I:16Alia vero audientes, alia legentes magis adiuvant. Excitat qui dicit spiritu ipso, nec imagine et ambitu rerum, sed rebus incendit. Vivunt omnia enim et moventur, excipimusque nova illa velut nascentia cum favore ac sollicitudine. Nec fortuna modo iudicii, sed etiam ipsorum qui orant periculo adficimur.§ 16.aliadoes not refer to some particular kinds of speeches, as Watson translates. Literally, it is ‘some things do more good when one hears them, others when one reads them’: butaliaandadiuvantrun into each other, as it were, and the meaning is ‘some benefits are derived from hearing, others from reading,’ i.e. they have each their special points. In the passive it would stand ‘aliter audientes adiuvantur aliter legentes.’spiritu ipso: the ‘living breath’ (vivunt omnia et moventur), as opposed to the dead letter: the sound of the voice (viva vox) instead of the ‘cold medium of written symbols’ (Frieze), ii. 2, 8 viva illa, ut dicitur, vox alit plenius (sc. quam exempla). Plin. Ep. ii. 3, 9 multo magis, ut vulgo dicitur, viva vox adficit. nam liceat acriora sint quae legas, altius tamen in animo sedent quae pronuntiatio vultus habitus gestus etiam dicentis adfigit. Cic. Orat. §130 carent libri spiritu illo propter quem maiora eadem illa cum aguntur quam cum leguntur videri solent, where Sandys quotes Isocr. Phil. §26. So Dion. Hal. de Dem. 54 (p. 112 R) of the speeches of Demosthenes when ill delivered,τὸ κάλλιστον αὐτῆς(sc.τῆς λέξεως)ἀπολεῖται, τὸ πνεῦμα, καὶ οὐδὲν διοίσει σώματος καλοῦ μὲν ἀκινήτου δὲ καὶ νεκροῦ.ambitu rerum. This phrase has been variously explained. Wolff thought that it was equivalentto‘rerum circumscriptio quam prima lineamenta ducentes faciunt pictores’; and following him many render by ‘bare outline,’ ‘rough draft or sketch,’ ‘outline drawing,’ without however citing any apposite parallel. Others say it = ‘ambitiosa rerum expositione’: cp. iv. 1, 18 hic ambitus ... pronuntiandi faciendique iniuste: xii. 10, 3 proprio quodam intellegendi ambitu (‘affectation of superior judgment’): Declam. IV, sub fin., novo mihi inauditoque opus est ambitu rerum: ib. I pr. si iuvenis innocentissimus iudices uti vellet ambitu tristissimae calamitatis. Schöll sees no difficulty if the phrase is taken in the same sense as ‘ambitus parietis,’ ‘ambitus aedificiorum.’ Ifambitusis not a gloss, may the meaning not be that the speaker goes straight to the heart of his subject instead of ‘beating about the bush,’ like the more leisurely writer? SeeCrit. Notes.vivunt omnia enim: ‘all is life and movement.’ For the position ofenimcp. non semper enim§14. In Lucr.enimoften comes third in the sentence, and even later. Mayor cites Cic. ad Att. xiv. 6 §1 odiosa illa enim fuerant: Hor. Sat. ii. 7, 105.nova illa velut nascentia: the ‘new births’ of his imagination—of thespokenword which has more of the impromptu element about it than the written.3 §7omnia enim nostra dum nascuntur placent. For this use ofillecp.§17ille laudantium clamor:§47:3 §6calor quoque ille cogitationis:3 §§18,22,31:5 §§4,12: ii 10, 7 tremor ille inanis.fortuna iudicii: Cic. Or. §98 ancipites dicendi incertosque casus: de Orat. i. §120 dicendi difficultatem variosque eventus orationis: pro Marcello §15 incertus exitus et anceps fortuna belli. This is of the issue of the trial in itself:ipsorum qui orant periculois used of the issue as it affects the advocate, who will have all the credit or discredit of success or failure. For the strain which this involved cp. Plin. Ep. iv. 19 §3.—For the absolute use oforarecp.§76:5 §6. Plin. Ep. vii. 9, 7 studium orandi: cp. Tac. Hist. i. 90. Tac. Dial. §6 illa secretiora et tantum ipsis orantibus nota maiora sunt.I:17Praeter haec vox, actio decora, accommodata, ut quisque locuspostulabit, pronuntiandi (vel potentissima in dicendo) ratio et, ut semel dicam, pariter omnia docent. In lectione certius iudicium, quod audienti frequenter aut suus cuique favor aut ille laudantium clamor extorquet.
§ 7.quae idem significarent: ‘synonyms.’ Cp. i. 5, 4 (quoted above onmelius sonantia): viii. 3, 16.solitossc. quosdam. Cp.§56audire videor congerentes. See Crit. Notes.occurreret= in mentem veniret:§13:3 §33.quo idem intellegi posset. Cp. iii. 11, 27 his plura intelleguntur. SeeCrit. Notes.cum ... tum etiam. Cp. cum ... tum praecipue3 §28: and, for cum ... tum,§§60,65,68,84,101. Bonn. Lex., s.v.cump. 195.cuiusdam. This use ofquidamindicates that the word to which it is attached is being employed in some peculiar sense, or else that it comes nearest to the idea in the writer’s mind: cp.§§76,81.infelicis operae: of trouble which one gives oneself unnecessarily (cp.3 §10:7 §14), with the further idea of unproductiveness, as2 §8nostra potissimum tempora damnamus huius infelicitatis: tr. ‘a thankless task.’ Cp. Hor. Sat. i. 1, 90 infelix operam perdas: A. P. 34 infelix operis summa. With viii. pr. §§27-8 Mayor compares Plato Phaedr. 229dἄλλως τὰ τοιαῦτα χαρίεντα ἡγοῦμαι λίαν δὲ δεινοῦ καὶ ἐπιπόνου καὶ οὐ πάνυ εὐτυχοῦς ἀνδρός.congregat. The subject here is indefinite, and must be supplied from the context—‘the man who learns by rote.’ Quintilian often omits such words as discipulus, orator, declamator, lector: cp.2 §24:7 §4and2 §24:§25est alia exercitatio cogitandi totasque materias vel silentio (dum tamen quasi dicat intra se ipsum) persequendi. So Cic. de Off. i. §101 omnis autem actio vacare debet temeritate et neglegentia nec vero agere quicquam cuius non possit (sc. is qui agit) causam probabilem reddere:ib.§121 si natura non feret ut quaedam imitari possit (sc. is qui imitatur): §134: ii. §39: iii. §107: de Amic. §25 quae non volt: §72 quoad ... possit: de Or. ii. §62 audeat.—There is thus no need for Gemoll’s conjecturecongregat actor.
§ 7.quae idem significarent: ‘synonyms.’ Cp. i. 5, 4 (quoted above onmelius sonantia): viii. 3, 16.
solitossc. quosdam. Cp.§56audire videor congerentes. See Crit. Notes.
occurreret= in mentem veniret:§13:3 §33.
quo idem intellegi posset. Cp. iii. 11, 27 his plura intelleguntur. SeeCrit. Notes.
cum ... tum etiam. Cp. cum ... tum praecipue3 §28: and, for cum ... tum,§§60,65,68,84,101. Bonn. Lex., s.v.cump. 195.
cuiusdam. This use ofquidamindicates that the word to which it is attached is being employed in some peculiar sense, or else that it comes nearest to the idea in the writer’s mind: cp.§§76,81.
infelicis operae: of trouble which one gives oneself unnecessarily (cp.3 §10:7 §14), with the further idea of unproductiveness, as2 §8nostra potissimum tempora damnamus huius infelicitatis: tr. ‘a thankless task.’ Cp. Hor. Sat. i. 1, 90 infelix operam perdas: A. P. 34 infelix operis summa. With viii. pr. §§27-8 Mayor compares Plato Phaedr. 229dἄλλως τὰ τοιαῦτα χαρίεντα ἡγοῦμαι λίαν δὲ δεινοῦ καὶ ἐπιπόνου καὶ οὐ πάνυ εὐτυχοῦς ἀνδρός.
congregat. The subject here is indefinite, and must be supplied from the context—‘the man who learns by rote.’ Quintilian often omits such words as discipulus, orator, declamator, lector: cp.2 §24:7 §4and2 §24:§25est alia exercitatio cogitandi totasque materias vel silentio (dum tamen quasi dicat intra se ipsum) persequendi. So Cic. de Off. i. §101 omnis autem actio vacare debet temeritate et neglegentia nec vero agere quicquam cuius non possit (sc. is qui agit) causam probabilem reddere:ib.§121 si natura non feret ut quaedam imitari possit (sc. is qui imitatur): §134: ii. §39: iii. §107: de Amic. §25 quae non volt: §72 quoad ... possit: de Or. ii. §62 audeat.—There is thus no need for Gemoll’s conjecturecongregat actor.
§§8-15.The preceding sections (§§5-7) form the transition to what he now seeks to prove,—the need formulta lectioandauditio. ‘By reading and hearing the best models we learn to choose appropriate words, to arrange and pronounce them rightly; to employ the figures of speech in their proper places.’—Mayor.
§§8-15.The preceding sections (§§5-7) form the transition to what he now seeks to prove,—the need formulta lectioandauditio. ‘By reading and hearing the best models we learn to choose appropriate words, to arrange and pronounce them rightly; to employ the figures of speech in their proper places.’—Mayor.
I:8Nobis autem copia cum iudicio paranda est, vim orandi non circulatoriam volubilitatem spectantibus. Id autem consequemuroptima legendo atque audiendo; non enim solum nomina ipsa rerum cognoscemus hac cura, sed quod quoque loco sit aptissimum.
§ 8.cum iudicio,§116:2 §3. Mayor cites Cic. de Or. iii. §150 sed in hoc verborum genere propriorum dilectus est habendus quidem atque is aurium quoque iudicio ponderandus est. The phrase gives the antithesis ofsine discrimineabove.vim orandi: see on§1above, vim dicendi: cp.5 §6: ii. 16, 9: vi. 2, 2. The words denote ‘true oratory’ as opposed to the ‘fluency of a mountebank’ or charlatan. For the absolute use oforare(common in the Silver Age) see on§16.circulatoriam volubilitatem: ii. 4, 15 circulatoriae vere iactationis est. Thecirculatorwas a strolling mountebank who amused the crowd by his legerdemain: Sen. de Benef. vi. 11, 2. So of quack philosophers,Id.Epist. 29 §7 circulatores qui philosophiam honestius neglexissent quam vendunt: 40 §3 sic itaque habe, istam vim dicendi rapidam atque abundantem aptiorem esse circulanti quam agenti in rem magnam ac seriam docentique: 52 §8 eligamus non eos qui verba magna celeritate praecipitant, et communes locos volvunt et in privato circulantur, sed eos qui vita[m] docent.—Forvolubilitascp. xi. 3, 52: Cic. de Orat. §17 est enim et scientia comprehendenda rerum plurimarum, sine qua verborum volubilitas inanis atque inridenda est, et ipsa oratio conformanda non solum electione sed etiam constructione verborum: so linguae volubilitas, pro Planc. §62 flumen aliis verborum volubilitasque cordi est: pro Flacc. §48 homo volubilis praecipiti quadam celeritate dicendi. Pliny Ep. v. 20, 4: est plerisque Graecorum ut illi pro copia volubilitas. Juvenal’s sermo promptus et Isaeo torrentior (3, 73-4) indicates the same feature.id, of the idea contained in the previous sentence (parare copiam cum iudicio):6 §6:7 §4.non enim. Herbst cites§109and5 §8to show that in this form the negative is either attached to a single word, or is meant to be more emphatic: so Cic. Orat. §§47, 101. On the other handneque enimhas less emphasis:§105:2 §1:3 §§10,23:4 §1:6 §5:7 §§5,18,19,27. Forenim ... enim ... namhe compares3 §2and, in Greek, Xen. Anab. iii. 2, 32: v. 6, 4.quod quoque. SeeCrit. Notes.
§ 8.cum iudicio,§116:2 §3. Mayor cites Cic. de Or. iii. §150 sed in hoc verborum genere propriorum dilectus est habendus quidem atque is aurium quoque iudicio ponderandus est. The phrase gives the antithesis ofsine discrimineabove.
vim orandi: see on§1above, vim dicendi: cp.5 §6: ii. 16, 9: vi. 2, 2. The words denote ‘true oratory’ as opposed to the ‘fluency of a mountebank’ or charlatan. For the absolute use oforare(common in the Silver Age) see on§16.
circulatoriam volubilitatem: ii. 4, 15 circulatoriae vere iactationis est. Thecirculatorwas a strolling mountebank who amused the crowd by his legerdemain: Sen. de Benef. vi. 11, 2. So of quack philosophers,Id.Epist. 29 §7 circulatores qui philosophiam honestius neglexissent quam vendunt: 40 §3 sic itaque habe, istam vim dicendi rapidam atque abundantem aptiorem esse circulanti quam agenti in rem magnam ac seriam docentique: 52 §8 eligamus non eos qui verba magna celeritate praecipitant, et communes locos volvunt et in privato circulantur, sed eos qui vita[m] docent.—Forvolubilitascp. xi. 3, 52: Cic. de Orat. §17 est enim et scientia comprehendenda rerum plurimarum, sine qua verborum volubilitas inanis atque inridenda est, et ipsa oratio conformanda non solum electione sed etiam constructione verborum: so linguae volubilitas, pro Planc. §62 flumen aliis verborum volubilitasque cordi est: pro Flacc. §48 homo volubilis praecipiti quadam celeritate dicendi. Pliny Ep. v. 20, 4: est plerisque Graecorum ut illi pro copia volubilitas. Juvenal’s sermo promptus et Isaeo torrentior (3, 73-4) indicates the same feature.
id, of the idea contained in the previous sentence (parare copiam cum iudicio):6 §6:7 §4.
non enim. Herbst cites§109and5 §8to show that in this form the negative is either attached to a single word, or is meant to be more emphatic: so Cic. Orat. §§47, 101. On the other handneque enimhas less emphasis:§105:2 §1:3 §§10,23:4 §1:6 §5:7 §§5,18,19,27. Forenim ... enim ... namhe compares3 §2and, in Greek, Xen. Anab. iii. 2, 32: v. 6, 4.
quod quoque. SeeCrit. Notes.
I:9Omnibus enim fere verbis praeter pauca, quae sunt parum verecunda, in oratione locus est. Nam scriptores quidem iamborum veterisque comoediae etiam in illis saepe laudantur, sed nobis nostrum opus intueri sat est. Omnia verba, exceptis de quibus dixi, sunt alicubi optima; nam et humilibus interim et vulgaribus est opus, et quae nitidiore in parte videntursordida, ubi res poscit, proprie dicuntur.
§ 9.parum verecunda. These expressions are characterised in the same indirect way i. 2, 7 verba ne Alexandrinis quidem permittenda deliciis. Cp. viii. 3, 38 excepto si obscena nudis nominibus enuntientur:ib.2 §1 obscena vitabimus. Cic. ad Fam. ix. 22.namis here slightly elliptical (cp.§83), introducing a confirmation of the statement contained in the wordspraeter pauca quae sunt parum verecunda: ‘I make exceptions, for though even these may be admired inἰαμβογράφοι(Archilochus §59, Hipponax, &c.), and in the old Comedy, we must look to our own department.’ The sentence might have run,—nam, etiamsi scriptores quidem, &c. etiam in illis saepe laudantur, nobis nostrum opus intueri sat est. This seems better than, with Mayor, to pressin oratione: ‘in orationeI say, for even these may be admired, &c.’scriptores iamborum:§59Horace imitated Archilochus in some of his Epodes: these are ‘parum verecunda.’ Mayor refers also to the Priapeia. Thevetus comoedia(antiquain§65) is often associated withἰαμβογράφοι:§§59,65,96. Hor. Sat. i. 4, 1 sq.: ii. 3, 12.in illis ... laudantur. In such expressionsinwith the abl. denotes the range or scope within which the action of the verb takes place. Nägelsb. p. 491. Cic. Qu. fr. ii. 6, 5 Pompeius noster in amicitia P. Lentuli vituperatur. Cp.§§54,63,64: v. 12, 22 ut ad peiora iuvenes laude ducuntur ita laudari in bonis malent.nostrum opus: not ‘our proper work, the education of an orator’ (Hild); but ‘what we have to do with here,’ our ‘department’ or ‘branch.’ It thus = opus dicendi Cic. Brut. §214, or oratoriumib.§200. In the Silver Ageopus(likegenus) is often used to denote a special branch. Herbst cites§§31,35,64,69,70,72,74,93,96,123;2 §21. Cp. Introd.p. xliv.intueri: v. 13, 31 dum locum praesentem non totam causam intuentur. Cp.2 §§2,26:7 §16.exceptis ... dixi: sc.iis(parum verecundis). Cp.§104circumcisis quae dixisse ei nocuerat.humilibus ... vulgaribus. So xi. 1, 6 humile et cotidianum sermonis genus.Humilia verba(ταπεινά ὀνόματα) are opposed tograndia,elata verba. By Ciceroabiectusis often used to indicate a still lower depth: Brut. §227 verbis non ille quidem ornatis utebatur, sed tamen non abiectis. Mayor cites De Orat. iii. §177 non enim sunt alia sermonis, alia contentionis verba, neque ex alio genere ad usum cotidianum, alio ad scenam pompamque sumuntur; sed ea nos cum iacentia sustulimus e medio sicut mollissimam ceram ad nostrum arbitrium formamus et fingimus. Hor. A. P. 229 ne ... migret in obscuras humili sermone tabernas.interimforinterdum, as often in Quintilian, Seneca, and Pliny: cp.§24:3 §§7,19,20,32,33(where we have interim ... interim for modo ... modo):7 §31. See Introd.p. li.nitidiore ... sordida. There is the same antithesis at viii. 3. 49. Cp. Cic. Brut. §238 non valde nitens non plane horrida oratio. See note on§79: and cp.§§33,44,83,97,98,113,124. Sulp. Vict. inst. or. 15 in Halm rhet. lat. p. 321, 3 adhibendus est nitor ... ut scilicet verba non sordida et vulgaria et de trivio, quod dicitur, sumpta sint, sed electa de libris et hausta de liquido fonte doctrinae.—Forsordidacp. Sen. Ep. 100 (of Fabianus) nihil invenies sordidum ... verba ... splendida ... quamvis sumantur e medio. Quint. ii. 5, 10: viii. 2, 1.proprie: v. on§6propria. Cp.5 §4verba poetica libertate audaciora non praesumunt eadem proprie dicendi facultatem: viii. 2, 2 non mediocriter errare quidam solent qui omnia quae sunt in usu, etiam si causae necessitas postulet, reformidant.
§ 9.parum verecunda. These expressions are characterised in the same indirect way i. 2, 7 verba ne Alexandrinis quidem permittenda deliciis. Cp. viii. 3, 38 excepto si obscena nudis nominibus enuntientur:ib.2 §1 obscena vitabimus. Cic. ad Fam. ix. 22.
namis here slightly elliptical (cp.§83), introducing a confirmation of the statement contained in the wordspraeter pauca quae sunt parum verecunda: ‘I make exceptions, for though even these may be admired inἰαμβογράφοι(Archilochus §59, Hipponax, &c.), and in the old Comedy, we must look to our own department.’ The sentence might have run,—nam, etiamsi scriptores quidem, &c. etiam in illis saepe laudantur, nobis nostrum opus intueri sat est. This seems better than, with Mayor, to pressin oratione: ‘in orationeI say, for even these may be admired, &c.’
scriptores iamborum:§59Horace imitated Archilochus in some of his Epodes: these are ‘parum verecunda.’ Mayor refers also to the Priapeia. Thevetus comoedia(antiquain§65) is often associated withἰαμβογράφοι:§§59,65,96. Hor. Sat. i. 4, 1 sq.: ii. 3, 12.
in illis ... laudantur. In such expressionsinwith the abl. denotes the range or scope within which the action of the verb takes place. Nägelsb. p. 491. Cic. Qu. fr. ii. 6, 5 Pompeius noster in amicitia P. Lentuli vituperatur. Cp.§§54,63,64: v. 12, 22 ut ad peiora iuvenes laude ducuntur ita laudari in bonis malent.
nostrum opus: not ‘our proper work, the education of an orator’ (Hild); but ‘what we have to do with here,’ our ‘department’ or ‘branch.’ It thus = opus dicendi Cic. Brut. §214, or oratoriumib.§200. In the Silver Ageopus(likegenus) is often used to denote a special branch. Herbst cites§§31,35,64,69,70,72,74,93,96,123;2 §21. Cp. Introd.p. xliv.
intueri: v. 13, 31 dum locum praesentem non totam causam intuentur. Cp.2 §§2,26:7 §16.
exceptis ... dixi: sc.iis(parum verecundis). Cp.§104circumcisis quae dixisse ei nocuerat.
humilibus ... vulgaribus. So xi. 1, 6 humile et cotidianum sermonis genus.Humilia verba(ταπεινά ὀνόματα) are opposed tograndia,elata verba. By Ciceroabiectusis often used to indicate a still lower depth: Brut. §227 verbis non ille quidem ornatis utebatur, sed tamen non abiectis. Mayor cites De Orat. iii. §177 non enim sunt alia sermonis, alia contentionis verba, neque ex alio genere ad usum cotidianum, alio ad scenam pompamque sumuntur; sed ea nos cum iacentia sustulimus e medio sicut mollissimam ceram ad nostrum arbitrium formamus et fingimus. Hor. A. P. 229 ne ... migret in obscuras humili sermone tabernas.
interimforinterdum, as often in Quintilian, Seneca, and Pliny: cp.§24:3 §§7,19,20,32,33(where we have interim ... interim for modo ... modo):7 §31. See Introd.p. li.
nitidiore ... sordida. There is the same antithesis at viii. 3. 49. Cp. Cic. Brut. §238 non valde nitens non plane horrida oratio. See note on§79: and cp.§§33,44,83,97,98,113,124. Sulp. Vict. inst. or. 15 in Halm rhet. lat. p. 321, 3 adhibendus est nitor ... ut scilicet verba non sordida et vulgaria et de trivio, quod dicitur, sumpta sint, sed electa de libris et hausta de liquido fonte doctrinae.—Forsordidacp. Sen. Ep. 100 (of Fabianus) nihil invenies sordidum ... verba ... splendida ... quamvis sumantur e medio. Quint. ii. 5, 10: viii. 2, 1.
proprie: v. on§6propria. Cp.5 §4verba poetica libertate audaciora non praesumunt eadem proprie dicendi facultatem: viii. 2, 2 non mediocriter errare quidam solent qui omnia quae sunt in usu, etiam si causae necessitas postulet, reformidant.
I:10Haec ut sciamus atque eorum non significationem modo, sed formas etiam mensurasque norimus, ut ubicumque erunt posita conveniant, nisi multa lectione atque auditione adsequi nullo modo possumus, cum omnem sermonem auribus primum accipiamus. Propter quod infantes a mutis nutricibus iussu regum in solitudine educati, etiamsi verba quaedam emisisse traduntur, tamen loquendi facultate caruerunt.
§ 10.non ... modo, sed ... etiam: see on§6. Herbst notes that Quint. usually separates these words by others, as here: cp.§55non forum modo, verum ipsam etiam urbem:2 §23non causarum modo inter ipsas condicio, sed in singulis etiam causis partium. On the other hand we have3 §15non exercitatio modo ... sed etiam ratio:7 §19non in prosa modo, sed etiam in carmine.formas. Theformaof a word, in the widest sense, must mean itsshapeas determined by the syllables and letters of which it consists: cp. viii. 3, 16, where he notes the importance of this in regard to sound. But the reference here is more particularly to the grammatical forms of inflection, i.e. accidence,τὰς πτώσεις τῶν ὀνομάτων καὶ τὰς ἐγκλίσεις τῶν ῥημάτων(Dion. Hal. Comp. Verbor. 25, p. 402 Schäfer). See i. 6, 15 sq. Mayor refers to the grammatical discussions in Cic. Orat. §§152-161. Quint. i. 4 esp. §§22-29: 5-7.mensuras: the ‘quantities’ of single syllables, i.e. prosody. Cic. Or. §159: §§162-236: Quint. i. 10 ‘de musice.’ Latin concrete plurals often correspond to our abstract names of sciences, e.g.numeri‘arithmetic,’tempora‘chronology.’ Nägelsbach 12 §2, p. 71.ut ubicumque. Forut(L) most MSS. (G H S) giveet. Krüger records a conj. by Rowecki, who proposes to readutque, so as to make bothut sciamusandut conveniantdepend uponadsequi. But this seems unnecessary.auditione. Then, as now,auditiowould be specially valuable in regard to prosody (mensurae). The next clause gives the reason for putting it alongside oflectio, and also serves to introduce the reference which follows.propter quod( =δι᾽ ὅ), often in Quint. where Cicero would have usedquam ob rem. Cp.§66:5 §23:7 §6:propter quae(=δι᾽ ἅ)§61:3 §30: ii. 13, 14: xii. 1, 39. At§28and3 §6we havepraeter id quodforpraeterquam quod.infantes ... caruerunt. In spite of the vagueness ofregumanda mutis nutricibus, the reference is obviously to the story told by Herodotus (ii. 2), which Quint. may only have remembered indistinctly. Psammetichus, king of Egypt, wishing to discover if there were any people older than the Egyptians, gave two infants into the charge of a shepherd, who was to keep them out of reach of all human sounds and bring them up on the milk of goats. After two years they greeted the shepherd with the cryβεκός, which on inquiry turned out to be the Phrygian for bread. On the strength of this experiment the sapient king allowed that the Phrygians were more ancient than the Egyptians. Claudian, in Eutrop. ii. 252-4 nec rex Aegyptius ultra Restitit, humani postquam puer uberis expers In Phrygiam primum laxavit murmura vocem. A similar story is told of James IV of Scotland, with the difference that in his case Hebrew instead of Phrygian resulted from the experiment.—Bymutis nutr.Quint. probably means the goats of Psammetichus;mutushaving its proper sense, ‘uttering inarticulate sounds’: so mutae pecudes Lucr. v. 1059: animalia muta Iuv. viii. 56: mutum ac turpe pecus Hor. Sat. i. 3, 100.verba emisisse: Lucr. v. 1087-8 ergo si varii sensus animalia cogunt Muta tamen cum sint, varias emittere voces, &c.carueruntis obviously the right reading, notcaruerint(Hild), which wouldintroduce too great an element of uncertainty into the narrative: caruerunt propter(ea) quod sermonem auribusnonacceperunt. Even though Quint. may have been sceptical about the story its ‘moral’ agreed entirely with his own conclusions.—Noteetiamsi ... traduntur,etiamsi ... sint§11below.
§ 10.non ... modo, sed ... etiam: see on§6. Herbst notes that Quint. usually separates these words by others, as here: cp.§55non forum modo, verum ipsam etiam urbem:2 §23non causarum modo inter ipsas condicio, sed in singulis etiam causis partium. On the other hand we have3 §15non exercitatio modo ... sed etiam ratio:7 §19non in prosa modo, sed etiam in carmine.
formas. Theformaof a word, in the widest sense, must mean itsshapeas determined by the syllables and letters of which it consists: cp. viii. 3, 16, where he notes the importance of this in regard to sound. But the reference here is more particularly to the grammatical forms of inflection, i.e. accidence,τὰς πτώσεις τῶν ὀνομάτων καὶ τὰς ἐγκλίσεις τῶν ῥημάτων(Dion. Hal. Comp. Verbor. 25, p. 402 Schäfer). See i. 6, 15 sq. Mayor refers to the grammatical discussions in Cic. Orat. §§152-161. Quint. i. 4 esp. §§22-29: 5-7.
mensuras: the ‘quantities’ of single syllables, i.e. prosody. Cic. Or. §159: §§162-236: Quint. i. 10 ‘de musice.’ Latin concrete plurals often correspond to our abstract names of sciences, e.g.numeri‘arithmetic,’tempora‘chronology.’ Nägelsbach 12 §2, p. 71.
ut ubicumque. Forut(L) most MSS. (G H S) giveet. Krüger records a conj. by Rowecki, who proposes to readutque, so as to make bothut sciamusandut conveniantdepend uponadsequi. But this seems unnecessary.
auditione. Then, as now,auditiowould be specially valuable in regard to prosody (mensurae). The next clause gives the reason for putting it alongside oflectio, and also serves to introduce the reference which follows.
propter quod( =δι᾽ ὅ), often in Quint. where Cicero would have usedquam ob rem. Cp.§66:5 §23:7 §6:propter quae(=δι᾽ ἅ)§61:3 §30: ii. 13, 14: xii. 1, 39. At§28and3 §6we havepraeter id quodforpraeterquam quod.
infantes ... caruerunt. In spite of the vagueness ofregumanda mutis nutricibus, the reference is obviously to the story told by Herodotus (ii. 2), which Quint. may only have remembered indistinctly. Psammetichus, king of Egypt, wishing to discover if there were any people older than the Egyptians, gave two infants into the charge of a shepherd, who was to keep them out of reach of all human sounds and bring them up on the milk of goats. After two years they greeted the shepherd with the cryβεκός, which on inquiry turned out to be the Phrygian for bread. On the strength of this experiment the sapient king allowed that the Phrygians were more ancient than the Egyptians. Claudian, in Eutrop. ii. 252-4 nec rex Aegyptius ultra Restitit, humani postquam puer uberis expers In Phrygiam primum laxavit murmura vocem. A similar story is told of James IV of Scotland, with the difference that in his case Hebrew instead of Phrygian resulted from the experiment.—Bymutis nutr.Quint. probably means the goats of Psammetichus;mutushaving its proper sense, ‘uttering inarticulate sounds’: so mutae pecudes Lucr. v. 1059: animalia muta Iuv. viii. 56: mutum ac turpe pecus Hor. Sat. i. 3, 100.
verba emisisse: Lucr. v. 1087-8 ergo si varii sensus animalia cogunt Muta tamen cum sint, varias emittere voces, &c.
carueruntis obviously the right reading, notcaruerint(Hild), which wouldintroduce too great an element of uncertainty into the narrative: caruerunt propter(ea) quod sermonem auribusnonacceperunt. Even though Quint. may have been sceptical about the story its ‘moral’ agreed entirely with his own conclusions.—Noteetiamsi ... traduntur,etiamsi ... sint§11below.
I:11Sunt autem alia huius naturae, ut idempluribus vocibus declarent, ita ut nihil significationis, quo potius utaris, intersit, ut ‘ensis’ et ‘gladius’; alia vero, etiamsi propria rerum aliquarum sint nomina,τροπικῶςquasi tamen ad eundem intellectum feruntur, ut ‘ferrum’ et ‘mucro’.
§ 11.alia, sc. verba. SeeCrit. Notes.vocibus: ‘sounds,’—words in regard to their sound and form, whileverbaare words in regard to their meaning. The distinction is given Cic. Or. §162 rerum verborumque iudicium prudentiae est, vocum autem et numerorum aures sunt iudices: de Or. iii. §196 itaque non solum verbis arte positis moventur omnes, verum etiam numeris ac vocibus (of musical sounds). Hor. Sat. i. 3, 103 donec verba quibus voces sensusque notarent, Nominaque invenere—whereverbaare the articulate words by which men gave form and meaning to the primitive inarticulate sounds (voces).significationis, for the more usualad significationem, ‘in point of meaning’: vii. 2, 20 nihil interest actionum: ix. 4, 44 plurimum refert compositionis. So Plin. Ep. ix. 13 §25 verane haec adfirmare non ausim: interest tamen exempli ut vera videantur. Cicero has in ad Fam. iv. 10, 5 multum interesse rei familiaris tuae te quam primum venire: and interesse reipublicae occurs (as a sort of personal genitive) in Cicero, Caesar, and Livy. But with such a word as that in the text Cicero would have used ad c. acc.: ad Fam. v. 12, 1 equidem ad nostram laudem non multum video interesse, sed ad properationem meam quiddam interest non te exspectare dum ad locum venias.quo, sc. verbo.ensisis the poetic word forgladius, though in Quint.’s time the difference between prose usage and poetical in regard to such words had begun to disappear. Mayor (following Gesner) notes that ‘ensis’ occurs over sixty times in Vergil, ‘gladius’ only five times.τροπικῶς, by a ‘turn’ or change of application. On metaphor see viii. 2, 6 sq.: Cic. de Orat. iii. §155: Or. §§81, 82 sq. The meaning is that while some words are naturally synonymous, othersbecomesynonyms (ad eundem intellectum feruntur) when used figuratively, though in their literal sense they have each a distinct application (propria rerum aliquarum sint nomina). In the one case there are several words with the same meaning: in the other the original meaning is different (e.g. ferrum, mucro), but the words come to be used synonymously.—For the position ofquasi, afterτροπικῶς, cp. Sall. Iug. 48 §3: and seeCrit. Notes.ad eundem intellectum, viii. 3, 39: feruntur3 §6: lit. ‘pass into the same meaning.’ferrum,mucro, viii. 6, 20 (of synecdoche) nam prosa ut ‘mucronem’ pro gladio et ‘tectum’ pro domo recipiet, ita non ‘puppem’ pro navi nee ‘abietem’ pro tabellis, et rursus ut pro gladio ‘ferrum’ ita non pro equo ‘quadripedem.’—Mayor compares the use of ‘iron’ and ‘steel’ for ‘sword’ in Shakespeare.
§ 11.alia, sc. verba. SeeCrit. Notes.
vocibus: ‘sounds,’—words in regard to their sound and form, whileverbaare words in regard to their meaning. The distinction is given Cic. Or. §162 rerum verborumque iudicium prudentiae est, vocum autem et numerorum aures sunt iudices: de Or. iii. §196 itaque non solum verbis arte positis moventur omnes, verum etiam numeris ac vocibus (of musical sounds). Hor. Sat. i. 3, 103 donec verba quibus voces sensusque notarent, Nominaque invenere—whereverbaare the articulate words by which men gave form and meaning to the primitive inarticulate sounds (voces).
significationis, for the more usualad significationem, ‘in point of meaning’: vii. 2, 20 nihil interest actionum: ix. 4, 44 plurimum refert compositionis. So Plin. Ep. ix. 13 §25 verane haec adfirmare non ausim: interest tamen exempli ut vera videantur. Cicero has in ad Fam. iv. 10, 5 multum interesse rei familiaris tuae te quam primum venire: and interesse reipublicae occurs (as a sort of personal genitive) in Cicero, Caesar, and Livy. But with such a word as that in the text Cicero would have used ad c. acc.: ad Fam. v. 12, 1 equidem ad nostram laudem non multum video interesse, sed ad properationem meam quiddam interest non te exspectare dum ad locum venias.
quo, sc. verbo.
ensisis the poetic word forgladius, though in Quint.’s time the difference between prose usage and poetical in regard to such words had begun to disappear. Mayor (following Gesner) notes that ‘ensis’ occurs over sixty times in Vergil, ‘gladius’ only five times.
τροπικῶς, by a ‘turn’ or change of application. On metaphor see viii. 2, 6 sq.: Cic. de Orat. iii. §155: Or. §§81, 82 sq. The meaning is that while some words are naturally synonymous, othersbecomesynonyms (ad eundem intellectum feruntur) when used figuratively, though in their literal sense they have each a distinct application (propria rerum aliquarum sint nomina). In the one case there are several words with the same meaning: in the other the original meaning is different (e.g. ferrum, mucro), but the words come to be used synonymously.—For the position ofquasi, afterτροπικῶς, cp. Sall. Iug. 48 §3: and seeCrit. Notes.
ad eundem intellectum, viii. 3, 39: feruntur3 §6: lit. ‘pass into the same meaning.’
ferrum,mucro, viii. 6, 20 (of synecdoche) nam prosa ut ‘mucronem’ pro gladio et ‘tectum’ pro domo recipiet, ita non ‘puppem’ pro navi nee ‘abietem’ pro tabellis, et rursus ut pro gladio ‘ferrum’ ita non pro equo ‘quadripedem.’—Mayor compares the use of ‘iron’ and ‘steel’ for ‘sword’ in Shakespeare.
I:12Nam per abusionemsicarios etiam omnes vocamus qui caedem telo quocumque commiserunt. Alia circuitu verborum plurium ostendimus, quale est ‘et pressi copia lactis.’ Plurima vero mutatione figuramus: scio ‘non ignoro’ et ‘non me fugit’ et ‘non me praeterit’ et ‘quis nescit?’ et ‘nemini dubium est’.
§ 12.Namis again elliptical, as in§9. It introduces here a proof of what has just been said in the shape of a reference to something still more striking: ‘and we may go even further, for,’ &c. It may be translated ‘and indeed,’ or ‘nay more,’ or ‘likewise.’ Cp.§§23,83: and withquidem§50. The ellipse may be supplied by the words ‘neque id mirum’: ‘and no wonder, for.’per abusionem: by the figure called ‘catachresis,’—the use of a word of kindred signification for the proper word: Corn. ad Herenn. 10 §45 abusio est quae verbo simili et propinquo pro certo et proprio abutitur. Cp. viii. 2, 5 abusio, quaeκατάχρησιςdicitur, necessaria: ib. 6 §34κατάχρησις, quam recte dicimus abusionem, quae non habentibus nomen suum accommodat, quod in proximo est, sic: equum divina Palladis arte Aedificant: iii. 3, 9: ix. 2, 35. Cic. de Orat. iii. §169: Or. §94. Quint. states the difference betweenabusioandtranslatioviii. 6 §35: discernendumque estabhoc totum translationis genus, quod abusio est ubi nomen deficit, translatio ubi aliud fuit: i.e.abusiois used when a thing has not a name, and the name of something similar is given to it,translatiowhen one name is used instead of another. Mayor cites Serv. Georg. iii.533 donaria proprie loca sunt in quibus dona reponuntur deorum, abusive templa. Cp. Quint. viii. 6, 35 poetae solent abusive etiam in his rebus quibus nomina sua sunt vicinis potius uti.sicarios. Thesicaamong the Romans specially denoted the assassin’s poniard: Cic. de Off. iii. §36: de Nat. Deor. iii. §74: pro Rosc. Amer. §103. Hor. Sat. i. 4, 4.quocumque. Even before Quint.’s timequicumquehad acquired the force of an indefinite pronoun (quivis or quilibet): Cic. Cat. 2, 5 quae sanare poterunt, quacumque ratione (potero) sanabo. Cp.§105,7 §2: i. 10, 35: ii. 21, 1: and frequently in Tacitus, Suetonius, and Juvenal (e.g. x. 359). Mayor cites among other passages from Martial viii. 48, 5 non quicumque capit saturatas murice vestes.circuitu verborum plurium, i.e. periphrasis. viii. 6, 59 pluribus autem verbis cum id quod uno aut paucioribus certe dici potest explicaturπερίφρασινvocant, circuitum quendam eloquendi: ib. §61 cum in vitium inciditπερισσολογίαdicitur. Cp. xii. 10, 16: 41: viii. pr. §24:2 §17.ostendimus= declaramus, significamus, as§14.et pressi copia lactis: Verg. Ecl. 1, 81.plurima, ‘very many,’ not ‘most’: a common usage in Quint. Cp.§§22,27,40,49,58,60,65,81,95,107,109,117,128:2 §§6,14,24:6 §1:7 §17.mutatione figuramus. For this use offigurare(σχηματίζειν) cp. ix. 1, 9 tam enim translatis verbis quam propriis figuratur oratio: here howeverplurimais a cognate accus.,—lit. ‘we very often use a figure in substituting one form of expression for another.’ The verb is found in this sense also in Seneca and Pliny. SeeCrit. Notes.—Figuraeis Quint.’s favourite word for renderingσχήματα. He uses it in more than a hundred places (i. 8, 16 schemata utraque, id est figuras, quaequeλέξεωςquaequeδιανοίαςvocantur): and it is to this use of the word by him and by the later rhetoricians that we owe the modern term ‘figure.’ Cicero has no fixed equivalent forσχήματα: he usesformae,conformationes,lumina,gestus,figurae,—often with the Greek word added; e.g. Brut. §69 sententiarum orationisque formis quae vocantσχήματα: cp. Or. §83, and de Opt. Gen. §14 (wherefigurisis accompanied bytanquam). Quint. definesfiguraix. 1, 4 as ‘conformatio quaedam orationis remota a communi et primum se offerente ratione’:ib.§14 arte aliqua novata forma dicendi. The idea of a divergence from what is usual and ordinary is always prominent in his treatment offigurae: ii. 13, 11 mutant enim aliquid a recto atque hanc prae se virtutem ferunt quod a consuetudine vulgari recesserut: ix. 1, 11 in sensu vel sermone aliqua a vulgari et simplici specie cum ratione mutatio.—That this idea is not involved in the original meaning ofσχήματα, but was extended to them from theτρόποι(a name which indicates changes or ‘turns of expression’), is shown by Causeret pp. 170-180.
§ 12.Namis again elliptical, as in§9. It introduces here a proof of what has just been said in the shape of a reference to something still more striking: ‘and we may go even further, for,’ &c. It may be translated ‘and indeed,’ or ‘nay more,’ or ‘likewise.’ Cp.§§23,83: and withquidem§50. The ellipse may be supplied by the words ‘neque id mirum’: ‘and no wonder, for.’
per abusionem: by the figure called ‘catachresis,’—the use of a word of kindred signification for the proper word: Corn. ad Herenn. 10 §45 abusio est quae verbo simili et propinquo pro certo et proprio abutitur. Cp. viii. 2, 5 abusio, quaeκατάχρησιςdicitur, necessaria: ib. 6 §34κατάχρησις, quam recte dicimus abusionem, quae non habentibus nomen suum accommodat, quod in proximo est, sic: equum divina Palladis arte Aedificant: iii. 3, 9: ix. 2, 35. Cic. de Orat. iii. §169: Or. §94. Quint. states the difference betweenabusioandtranslatioviii. 6 §35: discernendumque estabhoc totum translationis genus, quod abusio est ubi nomen deficit, translatio ubi aliud fuit: i.e.abusiois used when a thing has not a name, and the name of something similar is given to it,translatiowhen one name is used instead of another. Mayor cites Serv. Georg. iii.533 donaria proprie loca sunt in quibus dona reponuntur deorum, abusive templa. Cp. Quint. viii. 6, 35 poetae solent abusive etiam in his rebus quibus nomina sua sunt vicinis potius uti.
sicarios. Thesicaamong the Romans specially denoted the assassin’s poniard: Cic. de Off. iii. §36: de Nat. Deor. iii. §74: pro Rosc. Amer. §103. Hor. Sat. i. 4, 4.
quocumque. Even before Quint.’s timequicumquehad acquired the force of an indefinite pronoun (quivis or quilibet): Cic. Cat. 2, 5 quae sanare poterunt, quacumque ratione (potero) sanabo. Cp.§105,7 §2: i. 10, 35: ii. 21, 1: and frequently in Tacitus, Suetonius, and Juvenal (e.g. x. 359). Mayor cites among other passages from Martial viii. 48, 5 non quicumque capit saturatas murice vestes.
circuitu verborum plurium, i.e. periphrasis. viii. 6, 59 pluribus autem verbis cum id quod uno aut paucioribus certe dici potest explicaturπερίφρασινvocant, circuitum quendam eloquendi: ib. §61 cum in vitium inciditπερισσολογίαdicitur. Cp. xii. 10, 16: 41: viii. pr. §24:2 §17.
ostendimus= declaramus, significamus, as§14.
et pressi copia lactis: Verg. Ecl. 1, 81.
plurima, ‘very many,’ not ‘most’: a common usage in Quint. Cp.§§22,27,40,49,58,60,65,81,95,107,109,117,128:2 §§6,14,24:6 §1:7 §17.
mutatione figuramus. For this use offigurare(σχηματίζειν) cp. ix. 1, 9 tam enim translatis verbis quam propriis figuratur oratio: here howeverplurimais a cognate accus.,—lit. ‘we very often use a figure in substituting one form of expression for another.’ The verb is found in this sense also in Seneca and Pliny. SeeCrit. Notes.—Figuraeis Quint.’s favourite word for renderingσχήματα. He uses it in more than a hundred places (i. 8, 16 schemata utraque, id est figuras, quaequeλέξεωςquaequeδιανοίαςvocantur): and it is to this use of the word by him and by the later rhetoricians that we owe the modern term ‘figure.’ Cicero has no fixed equivalent forσχήματα: he usesformae,conformationes,lumina,gestus,figurae,—often with the Greek word added; e.g. Brut. §69 sententiarum orationisque formis quae vocantσχήματα: cp. Or. §83, and de Opt. Gen. §14 (wherefigurisis accompanied bytanquam). Quint. definesfiguraix. 1, 4 as ‘conformatio quaedam orationis remota a communi et primum se offerente ratione’:ib.§14 arte aliqua novata forma dicendi. The idea of a divergence from what is usual and ordinary is always prominent in his treatment offigurae: ii. 13, 11 mutant enim aliquid a recto atque hanc prae se virtutem ferunt quod a consuetudine vulgari recesserut: ix. 1, 11 in sensu vel sermone aliqua a vulgari et simplici specie cum ratione mutatio.—That this idea is not involved in the original meaning ofσχήματα, but was extended to them from theτρόποι(a name which indicates changes or ‘turns of expression’), is shown by Causeret pp. 170-180.
I:13Sed etiam ex proximo mutuari licet. Nam et ‘intellego’ et ‘sentio’ et ‘video’ saepe idem valent quod ‘scio’. Quorum nobis ubertatemac divitias dabit lectio, ut non solum quo modo occurrent, sed etiam quo modo oportet utamur.
§ 13.ex proximo mutuari: i.e. borrow a word that is cognate in meaning, instead of using such negative inversions as the preceding.—Intellego, sentio, video, scio, are cognate words,—‘next door’ (in proximo) to each other.—For the substantival use (in Cicero and Livy) of neuter adjectives in acc. and abl., with prepositions, in expressions denoting place and the like, see Nägelsbach §21 pp. 102-109. Exx. are ex integro (§20), in aperto, ex propinquo, in immensum, de alieno, ad extremum, in praecipiti, in praesenti, in melius, e contrario (§19).idem valent=ταὐτόorἴσον δύναται, as often in Cicero and elsewhere in Quintilian.ubertatem ac divitias: hendiadys, ‘a rich store.’ For the use of two synonymous nouns in Latin instead of a noun and an adjective, see Nägelsbach, §73 pp. 280-281. Exx. are Cic. de Or. i. §300 absolutionem perfectionemque ( = summaperfectio, which never occurs): de Off. ii. 5, 16 conspiratione hominum atque consensu. For this metaphorical use ofdivitiaecp. de Orat. i. §161 in oratione Crassi divitias atque ornamenta eius ingenii per quaedam involucra atque integumenta perspexi.occurrent:§7and frequently elsewhere in this sense.
§ 13.ex proximo mutuari: i.e. borrow a word that is cognate in meaning, instead of using such negative inversions as the preceding.—Intellego, sentio, video, scio, are cognate words,—‘next door’ (in proximo) to each other.—For the substantival use (in Cicero and Livy) of neuter adjectives in acc. and abl., with prepositions, in expressions denoting place and the like, see Nägelsbach §21 pp. 102-109. Exx. are ex integro (§20), in aperto, ex propinquo, in immensum, de alieno, ad extremum, in praecipiti, in praesenti, in melius, e contrario (§19).
idem valent=ταὐτόorἴσον δύναται, as often in Cicero and elsewhere in Quintilian.
ubertatem ac divitias: hendiadys, ‘a rich store.’ For the use of two synonymous nouns in Latin instead of a noun and an adjective, see Nägelsbach, §73 pp. 280-281. Exx. are Cic. de Or. i. §300 absolutionem perfectionemque ( = summaperfectio, which never occurs): de Off. ii. 5, 16 conspiratione hominum atque consensu. For this metaphorical use ofdivitiaecp. de Orat. i. §161 in oratione Crassi divitias atque ornamenta eius ingenii per quaedam involucra atque integumenta perspexi.
occurrent:§7and frequently elsewhere in this sense.
I:14Non semper enim haec inter se idem faciunt, nec sicut de intellectu animi recte dixerim ‘video’, ita de visu oculorum ‘intellego’, nec ut ‘mucro’ gladium, sic mucronem ‘gladius’ ostendit.
§ 14.non semper enim, etc., ‘they do not always coincide in meaning,’ are not always identical and interchangeable. Cf. ix. 3, 47 nec verba modo sed sensus quoque idem facientes acervantur: wherefacere=efficere, the words being spoken of as if they were agents in producing the meaning.Inter se(ἀλλήλοις) = ‘reciprocally,’ ‘mutually’: cp. ix. 3, 31:ib.§49.intellego: repeatrecte dixerim. For the ellipse Herbst compares v. 11, 26: viii. 6, 20: xii. 11, 27.mucro: for instance in5 §16gladiuscould not be substituted formucrowithout the point being lost. Cp. viii. 6, 20: vi. 4, 4: ix. 4, 30.ostendit= indicat, significat. Cp.§12.
§ 14.non semper enim, etc., ‘they do not always coincide in meaning,’ are not always identical and interchangeable. Cf. ix. 3, 47 nec verba modo sed sensus quoque idem facientes acervantur: wherefacere=efficere, the words being spoken of as if they were agents in producing the meaning.Inter se(ἀλλήλοις) = ‘reciprocally,’ ‘mutually’: cp. ix. 3, 31:ib.§49.
intellego: repeatrecte dixerim. For the ellipse Herbst compares v. 11, 26: viii. 6, 20: xii. 11, 27.
mucro: for instance in5 §16gladiuscould not be substituted formucrowithout the point being lost. Cp. viii. 6, 20: vi. 4, 4: ix. 4, 30.
ostendit= indicat, significat. Cp.§12.
I:15Sed ut copia verborum sic paratur, ita non verborum tantum gratia legendum vel audiendum est. Nam omnium, quaecumque docemus, hoc sunt exempla potentiora etiam ipsis quae traduntur artibus (cum eo qui discit perductus est, ut intellegere ea sine demonstrante et sequi iam suis viribus possit), quia quae doctor praecepit orator ostendit.
§ 15.ut ... ita: v. onsicut ... ita§1.sic, multa lectione atque auditione§10. In reading and hearing we are not to aim merely at increasing our stock of words: many other things may be learned by the same practical method. Cp.2 §1.hoc= idcirco, ideo, corresponding toquiabelow. Cp.§34hoc potentiora quod:§129eo perniciosissima quod: v. 11, 37. SeeCrit. Notes.etiam ipsis:§24. Herbst cites also Hor. Sat. i. 3, 39 Turpia decipiunt caecum vitia aut etiam ipsa haec delectant. Cicero usesetiam ipse(with rather more emphasis thanipse quoque) de Nat. Deor. ii. §46: Rab. Post. §33: pro Planc. §73: pro Mil. §21—Nägelsbach p. 367.quae traduntur artibus.Artesis here used, as often in the plural, for the rules or collections of rules taught in schools. So ii. 5, 14 hoc diligentiae genus ausim dicere plus collaturum discentibus quam omnes omnium artes. Pr.§26nihil praecepta atque artes valere nisi adiuvante natura: cp.§47below litium et consiliorum artes:§49qui de artibus scripserunt. This use is derived from that in whicharsstands generally for ‘system’ or ‘theory’: ii. 14, 5 ars erit quae disciplina percipi debet (cp. Cic. de Or. ii. §30 ars earum rerum est quae sciuntur): and below7 §12hic usus ita proderit si ea de qua locuti sumus ars antecesserit. Elsewhere in Quint. it is frequently used for a technical treatise: ii. 13, 1 a plerisque scriptoribus artium: 15 §4 si re vera ars quae circumfertur eius (Isocratis) est: cp. Iuv. 7, 177 artem scindes Theodori. This last use is found also in Cicero: Brutus §46 ait Aristoteles ... artem et praecepta Siculos Coracem et Tisiam conscripsisse: de Fin. iii. §4 ipsae rhetorum artes: iv. §5 non solum praecepta in artibus sed etiam exempla in orationibus bene dicendi reliquerunt:ib.§7 quamquam scripsit artem rhetoricam Cleanthes: de Invent. i. §8: ii. §7.—Traduntur= docentur, just as accipere = discere: cf. i. 3, 3 quae tradentur non difficulter accipiet: ii. 9, 3: iii. 6, 59.sine demonstrante: ‘without a guide’ or teacher. For this use of the participle, cp. i. 2, 12 lectio quoque non omnis nec semper praeeuntevel interpretante eget.iamheightens the contrast between the two stages—pupilage and independent study. There is therefore no need for Hild’s conjectureviam.ostendit‘gives a practical demonstration of.’ We are not merely to learn the rules (artes) from thedoctor, but to observehow they are applied by the best writers and speakers.
§ 15.ut ... ita: v. onsicut ... ita§1.
sic, multa lectione atque auditione§10. In reading and hearing we are not to aim merely at increasing our stock of words: many other things may be learned by the same practical method. Cp.2 §1.
hoc= idcirco, ideo, corresponding toquiabelow. Cp.§34hoc potentiora quod:§129eo perniciosissima quod: v. 11, 37. SeeCrit. Notes.
etiam ipsis:§24. Herbst cites also Hor. Sat. i. 3, 39 Turpia decipiunt caecum vitia aut etiam ipsa haec delectant. Cicero usesetiam ipse(with rather more emphasis thanipse quoque) de Nat. Deor. ii. §46: Rab. Post. §33: pro Planc. §73: pro Mil. §21—Nägelsbach p. 367.
quae traduntur artibus.Artesis here used, as often in the plural, for the rules or collections of rules taught in schools. So ii. 5, 14 hoc diligentiae genus ausim dicere plus collaturum discentibus quam omnes omnium artes. Pr.§26nihil praecepta atque artes valere nisi adiuvante natura: cp.§47below litium et consiliorum artes:§49qui de artibus scripserunt. This use is derived from that in whicharsstands generally for ‘system’ or ‘theory’: ii. 14, 5 ars erit quae disciplina percipi debet (cp. Cic. de Or. ii. §30 ars earum rerum est quae sciuntur): and below7 §12hic usus ita proderit si ea de qua locuti sumus ars antecesserit. Elsewhere in Quint. it is frequently used for a technical treatise: ii. 13, 1 a plerisque scriptoribus artium: 15 §4 si re vera ars quae circumfertur eius (Isocratis) est: cp. Iuv. 7, 177 artem scindes Theodori. This last use is found also in Cicero: Brutus §46 ait Aristoteles ... artem et praecepta Siculos Coracem et Tisiam conscripsisse: de Fin. iii. §4 ipsae rhetorum artes: iv. §5 non solum praecepta in artibus sed etiam exempla in orationibus bene dicendi reliquerunt:ib.§7 quamquam scripsit artem rhetoricam Cleanthes: de Invent. i. §8: ii. §7.—Traduntur= docentur, just as accipere = discere: cf. i. 3, 3 quae tradentur non difficulter accipiet: ii. 9, 3: iii. 6, 59.
sine demonstrante: ‘without a guide’ or teacher. For this use of the participle, cp. i. 2, 12 lectio quoque non omnis nec semper praeeuntevel interpretante eget.
iamheightens the contrast between the two stages—pupilage and independent study. There is therefore no need for Hild’s conjectureviam.
ostendit‘gives a practical demonstration of.’ We are not merely to learn the rules (artes) from thedoctor, but to observehow they are applied by the best writers and speakers.
I:16Alia vero audientes, alia legentes magis adiuvant. Excitat qui dicit spiritu ipso, nec imagine et ambitu rerum, sed rebus incendit. Vivunt omnia enim et moventur, excipimusque nova illa velut nascentia cum favore ac sollicitudine. Nec fortuna modo iudicii, sed etiam ipsorum qui orant periculo adficimur.
§ 16.aliadoes not refer to some particular kinds of speeches, as Watson translates. Literally, it is ‘some things do more good when one hears them, others when one reads them’: butaliaandadiuvantrun into each other, as it were, and the meaning is ‘some benefits are derived from hearing, others from reading,’ i.e. they have each their special points. In the passive it would stand ‘aliter audientes adiuvantur aliter legentes.’spiritu ipso: the ‘living breath’ (vivunt omnia et moventur), as opposed to the dead letter: the sound of the voice (viva vox) instead of the ‘cold medium of written symbols’ (Frieze), ii. 2, 8 viva illa, ut dicitur, vox alit plenius (sc. quam exempla). Plin. Ep. ii. 3, 9 multo magis, ut vulgo dicitur, viva vox adficit. nam liceat acriora sint quae legas, altius tamen in animo sedent quae pronuntiatio vultus habitus gestus etiam dicentis adfigit. Cic. Orat. §130 carent libri spiritu illo propter quem maiora eadem illa cum aguntur quam cum leguntur videri solent, where Sandys quotes Isocr. Phil. §26. So Dion. Hal. de Dem. 54 (p. 112 R) of the speeches of Demosthenes when ill delivered,τὸ κάλλιστον αὐτῆς(sc.τῆς λέξεως)ἀπολεῖται, τὸ πνεῦμα, καὶ οὐδὲν διοίσει σώματος καλοῦ μὲν ἀκινήτου δὲ καὶ νεκροῦ.ambitu rerum. This phrase has been variously explained. Wolff thought that it was equivalentto‘rerum circumscriptio quam prima lineamenta ducentes faciunt pictores’; and following him many render by ‘bare outline,’ ‘rough draft or sketch,’ ‘outline drawing,’ without however citing any apposite parallel. Others say it = ‘ambitiosa rerum expositione’: cp. iv. 1, 18 hic ambitus ... pronuntiandi faciendique iniuste: xii. 10, 3 proprio quodam intellegendi ambitu (‘affectation of superior judgment’): Declam. IV, sub fin., novo mihi inauditoque opus est ambitu rerum: ib. I pr. si iuvenis innocentissimus iudices uti vellet ambitu tristissimae calamitatis. Schöll sees no difficulty if the phrase is taken in the same sense as ‘ambitus parietis,’ ‘ambitus aedificiorum.’ Ifambitusis not a gloss, may the meaning not be that the speaker goes straight to the heart of his subject instead of ‘beating about the bush,’ like the more leisurely writer? SeeCrit. Notes.vivunt omnia enim: ‘all is life and movement.’ For the position ofenimcp. non semper enim§14. In Lucr.enimoften comes third in the sentence, and even later. Mayor cites Cic. ad Att. xiv. 6 §1 odiosa illa enim fuerant: Hor. Sat. ii. 7, 105.nova illa velut nascentia: the ‘new births’ of his imagination—of thespokenword which has more of the impromptu element about it than the written.3 §7omnia enim nostra dum nascuntur placent. For this use ofillecp.§17ille laudantium clamor:§47:3 §6calor quoque ille cogitationis:3 §§18,22,31:5 §§4,12: ii 10, 7 tremor ille inanis.fortuna iudicii: Cic. Or. §98 ancipites dicendi incertosque casus: de Orat. i. §120 dicendi difficultatem variosque eventus orationis: pro Marcello §15 incertus exitus et anceps fortuna belli. This is of the issue of the trial in itself:ipsorum qui orant periculois used of the issue as it affects the advocate, who will have all the credit or discredit of success or failure. For the strain which this involved cp. Plin. Ep. iv. 19 §3.—For the absolute use oforarecp.§76:5 §6. Plin. Ep. vii. 9, 7 studium orandi: cp. Tac. Hist. i. 90. Tac. Dial. §6 illa secretiora et tantum ipsis orantibus nota maiora sunt.
§ 16.aliadoes not refer to some particular kinds of speeches, as Watson translates. Literally, it is ‘some things do more good when one hears them, others when one reads them’: butaliaandadiuvantrun into each other, as it were, and the meaning is ‘some benefits are derived from hearing, others from reading,’ i.e. they have each their special points. In the passive it would stand ‘aliter audientes adiuvantur aliter legentes.’
spiritu ipso: the ‘living breath’ (vivunt omnia et moventur), as opposed to the dead letter: the sound of the voice (viva vox) instead of the ‘cold medium of written symbols’ (Frieze), ii. 2, 8 viva illa, ut dicitur, vox alit plenius (sc. quam exempla). Plin. Ep. ii. 3, 9 multo magis, ut vulgo dicitur, viva vox adficit. nam liceat acriora sint quae legas, altius tamen in animo sedent quae pronuntiatio vultus habitus gestus etiam dicentis adfigit. Cic. Orat. §130 carent libri spiritu illo propter quem maiora eadem illa cum aguntur quam cum leguntur videri solent, where Sandys quotes Isocr. Phil. §26. So Dion. Hal. de Dem. 54 (p. 112 R) of the speeches of Demosthenes when ill delivered,τὸ κάλλιστον αὐτῆς(sc.τῆς λέξεως)ἀπολεῖται, τὸ πνεῦμα, καὶ οὐδὲν διοίσει σώματος καλοῦ μὲν ἀκινήτου δὲ καὶ νεκροῦ.
ambitu rerum. This phrase has been variously explained. Wolff thought that it was equivalentto‘rerum circumscriptio quam prima lineamenta ducentes faciunt pictores’; and following him many render by ‘bare outline,’ ‘rough draft or sketch,’ ‘outline drawing,’ without however citing any apposite parallel. Others say it = ‘ambitiosa rerum expositione’: cp. iv. 1, 18 hic ambitus ... pronuntiandi faciendique iniuste: xii. 10, 3 proprio quodam intellegendi ambitu (‘affectation of superior judgment’): Declam. IV, sub fin., novo mihi inauditoque opus est ambitu rerum: ib. I pr. si iuvenis innocentissimus iudices uti vellet ambitu tristissimae calamitatis. Schöll sees no difficulty if the phrase is taken in the same sense as ‘ambitus parietis,’ ‘ambitus aedificiorum.’ Ifambitusis not a gloss, may the meaning not be that the speaker goes straight to the heart of his subject instead of ‘beating about the bush,’ like the more leisurely writer? SeeCrit. Notes.
vivunt omnia enim: ‘all is life and movement.’ For the position ofenimcp. non semper enim§14. In Lucr.enimoften comes third in the sentence, and even later. Mayor cites Cic. ad Att. xiv. 6 §1 odiosa illa enim fuerant: Hor. Sat. ii. 7, 105.
nova illa velut nascentia: the ‘new births’ of his imagination—of thespokenword which has more of the impromptu element about it than the written.3 §7omnia enim nostra dum nascuntur placent. For this use ofillecp.§17ille laudantium clamor:§47:3 §6calor quoque ille cogitationis:3 §§18,22,31:5 §§4,12: ii 10, 7 tremor ille inanis.
fortuna iudicii: Cic. Or. §98 ancipites dicendi incertosque casus: de Orat. i. §120 dicendi difficultatem variosque eventus orationis: pro Marcello §15 incertus exitus et anceps fortuna belli. This is of the issue of the trial in itself:ipsorum qui orant periculois used of the issue as it affects the advocate, who will have all the credit or discredit of success or failure. For the strain which this involved cp. Plin. Ep. iv. 19 §3.—For the absolute use oforarecp.§76:5 §6. Plin. Ep. vii. 9, 7 studium orandi: cp. Tac. Hist. i. 90. Tac. Dial. §6 illa secretiora et tantum ipsis orantibus nota maiora sunt.
I:17Praeter haec vox, actio decora, accommodata, ut quisque locuspostulabit, pronuntiandi (vel potentissima in dicendo) ratio et, ut semel dicam, pariter omnia docent. In lectione certius iudicium, quod audienti frequenter aut suus cuique favor aut ille laudantium clamor extorquet.