Chapter 2

Two Modern Hamlets

Lord Rosebery resigned the leadership of the Liberal Party in June. While still in office he had estranged the Radical stalwarts by his Imperialist foreign policy and his heretical view of the necessity of converting the "predominant partner," England, before attempting to revive Home Rule. His Government, as one of his colleagues put it, were condemned to the task of "ploughing the sands." In the intervening year the gulf that severed him from the stalwarts and the Nonconformist conscience had been widened by his refusal to join in Mr. Gladstone's Armenian crusade, and henceforth he decided to "plough a lonely furrow." In later years he made occasionaldramatic interventions, but his official career, like that of his contemporary at Eton, Lord Randolph Churchill, closed before he was fifty.

Cartoon, Lord Rosebury as Hamlet.THE CHESTERFIELD HAMLETLord R-s-b-ry(in leading rôle):"The 'Party's' out of joint;—O, cursèd spite,That ever I was 'asked' to set it right!"Act i, scene 5,Mr. Punch's edition.

THE CHESTERFIELD HAMLET

Lord R-s-b-ry(in leading rôle):"The 'Party's' out of joint;—O, cursèd spite,That ever I was 'asked' to set it right!"Act i, scene 5,Mr. Punch's edition.

Lord R-s-b-ry(in leading rôle):

"The 'Party's' out of joint;—O, cursèd spite,

That ever I was 'asked' to set it right!"

Act i, scene 5,Mr. Punch's edition.

Our relations with the United States were bettered at the opening of 1897 by the signing of the Arbitration Treaty adjusting the Venezuelan question. In Europe events did not conduce to diminish our unpopularity. It was the year of the brief Greco-Turkish war, which revived old divisions of opinion at home.Punchwas no lover of the Turk; he realized the difficulties of King George, whom he depicted as Hamlet atAthens, recognizing (like Lord Rosebery) that the "time was out of joint" and deploring "the cursed spite that he was ever born to set it right"; but he supported Lord Salisbury in severely rebuking the hundred M.P.'s who had sent the King a message of encouragement. The verses, modelled on Tennyson's "Charge of the Light Brigade," disparaged the message as mere gaseous talk, which did not mean business, and was bound to end in smoke. Criticism of the Kaiser becomes more animated than moderate; the frequent prosecutions forlèse-majesté, and the famous pamphlet, in which Professor Quidde of Munich ingeniously satirized the Kaiser's megalomania in an historical essay on the aberrations of Caligula, inspire a caustic open letter to Wilhelm II, the gist of which is that, though old enough to know better, he was still the victim of the capricious extravagance of youth:—

Formerly I imagined that throughout Germany, and from time to time in Russia, Austria, or in Italy, an imperial but soaringly human boy was lifting his glass and crying, "Hoch! Hoch! Hoch!" amid the clatter of swords and the admiring shouts of a profusely-decorated soldiery. Now I know that a stout gentleman is doing these things, and reducing his hearers to an abyss of melancholy at his dismal failure in dignity. A boy who played fantastic tricks with the telegraph-wires incurred but a mild censure. What shall be said of a middle-aged and pompous party whose pleasure it is to play practical jokes that set two nations by the ears?The "Raid" and its AftermathYours is a great inheritance, greatly won by heroic deeds. Your people are by nature the mildest and most loyal, and by tradition and education the most thoughtful, in Europe. But mild and loyal as they are their minds must rise in revolt against a sovereign who reproduces in the crudest form the stale theories of divine right and arbitrary government, whose one notion of administration is to increase his stupendous military forces by taxation while diminishing the number of his reasonable critics by imprisonment. You have travelled, cocked hat in hand, to capital after capital, you have dismissed Bismarck, you have made yourself into the tin god of a great monarchy, you have shouted, reviewed, toasted, speechified, you have donned a thousand different uniforms, you have dabbled in the drama, you have been assisted in the design of allegorical cartoons, you have composed hymns to Ægir, and Heaven knows how many others—and to-day the result of all your restless and misdirected energies is that you have added not only to your army but also to the foreign ill-wishers of your country and to her internaldistractions. And at this moment, in spite of the millions of men and money that go to form her army, Germany is weaker than she has been at any moment since the Empire was proclaimed at Versailles. This feat, Sir, you have accomplished, and such credit as attaches to it is yours alone. Where and how do you propose to end?

The "Raid" and its Aftermath

Yours is a great inheritance, greatly won by heroic deeds. Your people are by nature the mildest and most loyal, and by tradition and education the most thoughtful, in Europe. But mild and loyal as they are their minds must rise in revolt against a sovereign who reproduces in the crudest form the stale theories of divine right and arbitrary government, whose one notion of administration is to increase his stupendous military forces by taxation while diminishing the number of his reasonable critics by imprisonment. You have travelled, cocked hat in hand, to capital after capital, you have dismissed Bismarck, you have made yourself into the tin god of a great monarchy, you have shouted, reviewed, toasted, speechified, you have donned a thousand different uniforms, you have dabbled in the drama, you have been assisted in the design of allegorical cartoons, you have composed hymns to Ægir, and Heaven knows how many others—and to-day the result of all your restless and misdirected energies is that you have added not only to your army but also to the foreign ill-wishers of your country and to her internaldistractions. And at this moment, in spite of the millions of men and money that go to form her army, Germany is weaker than she has been at any moment since the Empire was proclaimed at Versailles. This feat, Sir, you have accomplished, and such credit as attaches to it is yours alone. Where and how do you propose to end?

In lighter vein but with equal disrespectPunchsatirizes the instructions to Prince Henry on starting with the naval expedition to Kiao-Chow. In particularPunchdwells, not unfairly, on the Kaiser's insistence on the sanctity of his mission. It was to be a Holy war:—

To preach abroad in each distinct localityThe gospel of my hallowed personality.

To preach abroad in each distinct locality

The gospel of my hallowed personality.

Another was added to the long list of Indian Frontier wars in the Tirah campaign.Punchdid well to recognize the loyalty of native officers, N.C.O.s and men, while saluting the achievements of the Gordon Highlanders in his verses to their Commander, Colonel Mathias. The men were "doing splendidly," but as ColonelPunchsays in one cartoon, "Yes, they always do; but is this 'forward policy' worth all this?" And a similar misgiving is revealed in an article implying that so-called "peaceful missions" to barbarian kings were too often closely followed up by punitive expeditions. The "repercussions" of the Jameson Raid were not overlooked.Punchmade merry over President Krüger's famous claim for "moral and intellectual damages"; but his criticisms are not confined to the Boers. The proceedings of the South African Committee of Inquiry prompted a parallel between Warren Hastings and Cecil Rhodes, in which the Indian proconsul remarks to the new Empire-builder: "Isucceeded and was impeached; you fail—and are called as a witness."

Of the second or Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria, the last great State pageant of her reign, one may say that it was more than a great act of veneration and loyalty; it was a celebration of Imperial expansion and solidarity which formed a reassuring interlude on the eve of events that were destined to test that solidarity to the utmost. For 1898 was the year ofFashoda, of the conflict over the "open door" in China, and of the Spanish-American war. I put Fashoda first, because the incident came perilously near embroiling us in war with France. It was not an isolated expression of French resentment, since the general attitude of British public opinion over the Dreyfus affair had greatly inflamed Anglophobia in France.Punch, like the majority of Englishmen, was strongly Dreyfusard. Early in the year he published his cartoon, based on Holman Hunt's picture, in which Zola figures as the "Dreyfus Scapegoat"—a reference to the famous "J'accuse" article—and a similar spirit is shown in the "Dreyfus Dictionary," in which strong hostility is shown to all the leading actors on the anti-Dreyfus side. On a large and sincerely patriotic section of the French public, exasperated by what they considered to be a gratuitous interference in a domestic affair,Punch'scomments on the occupation of Fashoda in the Sudan by Colonel Marchand operated like vitriol on a raw wound. They certainly were not flattering to one, who if not a very discreet was a very gallant soldier. Beginning with a farcical burlesque of the stealthy invasion of the French, they go on from ridicule to contempt. "Marchez, Marchand," says John Bull to the Colonel, ironically congratulating him on having had a "nice little scientific trip." The last straw was the cartoon in which John Bull says: "Go away, go away," to a French organ-grinder with a little monkey in uniform perched on his instrument, which is labelled Fashoda. The organ-grinder says, "Eh? What you give me if I go?" and John Bull retorts: "I'll give you something if youdon't." A "furious Gaul" brokeMr. Punch'swindows, and now we can understand and forgive the retaliation. It may have been an added sting to say, asPunchdid on the best authority, that Colonel Marchand had been really saved from the Dervishes by Kitchener's success at Omdurman. Anyhow, it was fortunate that Lord Kitchener, who had served with the French in 1870 in Chanzy's army, was in charge of the negotiations with Colonel Marchand on the spot. The French Government did not give way until six weeks had passed, during which Irish members had avowed their sympathy with France, andPunchaddressed her withserious warnings and even bellicose threats. For the peaceful adjustment of what looked like acasus belli, we certainly owe more to Lord Kitchener than toPunch. The battle of Omdurman, fought on September 2, 1898, was the culminating point of a carefully planned campaign which had lasted more than two years, and was duly celebrated inPunch'scartoon of the re-occupation of Khartum, with the statue of Gordon, avenged after thirteen years, in the background. Lord Kitchener lost no time in issuing his appeal for funds to erect the Gordon Memorial College in Khartum, to whichPunchdedicated his cartoon of "Dreaming True." The agreement delimiting the respective spheres of England and France in North Africa was not signed till January 19, 1899, but Punch had foreshadowed the issue in his cartoon of John Bull as a "Fixture" in Egypt, his features replacing the battered countenance of the Sphinx.

Mr. Punch kneeling before the Queen."FOR QUEEN AND EMPIRE!!"

"FOR QUEEN AND EMPIRE!!"

It cannot be said thatPunchwas any more conciliatory to the United States over the Spanish-American war than he had been to France over Fashoda. He is sympathetic to the young King of Spain, shown as a small boy on the throne threatened by Bellona and Revolution. Both in prose and verse he is distinctly hostile to the U.S.A., ironically crediting them with no desire to annex Cuba, but talking almost in the same breath of "filibustering" and "spread-eagling." And when Cuba was acquiredPunchprofesses to regard it as anything but an unmixed blessing. Spain is shown saying to Uncle Sam: "Well, you wanted him! You've got him! And I wish you joy of him!"—Cuba being represented as an ill-conditioned little coloured boy.Punch'sreading of the Treaty of Peace was that Uncle Sam would agree to anything if Spain would take Cuba back; while in another cartoon European resentment of American intrusion into European politics is typified by a very "sniffy" Europa asking Uncle Sam if he is "any relation of the late Colonel Monroe." All this did not make for good blood, or the promotion of that friendly understanding applauded inPunch'sletter to Mr. Howells, but it may be pleaded in extenuation that some of the sanest and wisest and noblest Americans were not at all happy about the Spanish war, andthat Charles Eliot Norton openly denounced the mixture of hypocrisy and thoughtlessness with which his countrymen had plunged into it.

Cartoon, King of Spain being threatened."GOD SAVE THE KING!"

"GOD SAVE THE KING!"

The "Open Door" in China

The conflicting commercial interests of various Powers in China are also the subject of a good deal of frank comment at the expense of Russia and Germany. In one cartoon the British Lion is shown with a barrow-load of goods denied entrance by the Bear at the "free port" of Talienwan. In another, the "Open Door" is reduced to a farce, being occupied by the Bear armed to the teeth and a German entrenched in tariffs. A third, entitled "The Sentinels," is based on the view that the occupation of Port Arthur left us no alternativebut to occupy Wei-hai-wei in order to restore the equilibrium upset by Russia. The powerlessness of the young Emperor, who had proposed a scheme of reforms, is clearly indicated in the dialogue in which the "Son of Heaven" discusses his Aunt—the formidable Dowager-Empress.Punchhad a friendly greeting for the young Queen of Holland on the attainment of her majority, referring to the House of Orange as a link with our Royal family; but for the most part wherever he saw a crowned head he hit it. Thelèse-majestécampaign in Germany had led to the prosecution of Herr Trojan, the editor of theKladderadatsch, to whomPunchoffered his "Prosit," regretting that there was not also the companion offence ofHumanitätsbeleidigungfor which punishment could be awarded to "the Imperial buffoon." This was the year in which the young Tsar Nicholas put forward his proposal for general disarmament, butPunch'scomments are very much on the lines of his satirical report of an imaginary meeting of the Nations summoned by the Arbitration League in 1894. Everybody was anxious to disarm so long as somebody else set the example. This scepticism now finds vent in the cartoon in which Peace suggests disarmament to Vulcan, understanding that the Tsar's proposal had already seriously interfered with his trade. Vulcan promptly undeceives her. He never was busier—and on orders for Russia.

The assassination of the Empress of Austria in September passed without mention inPunch, an omission probably accidental rather than deliberate, since she was popular in England as a great sportswoman. She was also a generous and enlightened patron of the arts, unconventional in her ways, blameless in her life, yet doomed by malign fate to the supreme infelicity of grandeur.

Gladstone and "C.-B."

Punchcertainly missed a great opportunity for a chivalrous tribute to a lady whose unhappiness was greater than her rank, to say nothing of a text for a sermon on the notorious ineptitude of assassins in the choice of victims. Still, it was a harder theme than that which inspiredPunch'smost notable memorial verses in 1898—the death of Mr. Gladstone. The writer contrasts his end with that of those who have died intheir early prime or the ripeness of their manhood, and continues:—

But you, O veteran of a thousand fights,Whose toil had long attained its perfect end—Death calls you not as one that claims his rights,But gently as a friend.For though that matchless energy of mindWas firm to front the menace of decay,Your bodily strength on such a loss declinedAs only Death could stay.So then with you 'tis well, who after pain,After long pain, have reached your rest at last;But we—ah, when shall England mould againThis type of splendour past?Noble in triumph, noble in defeat,Leader of hopes that others held forlorn,Strong in the faith that looks afar to meetThe flush of Freedom's morn.

But you, O veteran of a thousand fights,Whose toil had long attained its perfect end—Death calls you not as one that claims his rights,But gently as a friend.

But you, O veteran of a thousand fights,

Whose toil had long attained its perfect end—

Death calls you not as one that claims his rights,

But gently as a friend.

For though that matchless energy of mindWas firm to front the menace of decay,Your bodily strength on such a loss declinedAs only Death could stay.

For though that matchless energy of mind

Was firm to front the menace of decay,

Your bodily strength on such a loss declined

As only Death could stay.

So then with you 'tis well, who after pain,After long pain, have reached your rest at last;But we—ah, when shall England mould againThis type of splendour past?

So then with you 'tis well, who after pain,

After long pain, have reached your rest at last;

But we—ah, when shall England mould again

This type of splendour past?

Noble in triumph, noble in defeat,Leader of hopes that others held forlorn,Strong in the faith that looks afar to meetThe flush of Freedom's morn.

Noble in triumph, noble in defeat,

Leader of hopes that others held forlorn,

Strong in the faith that looks afar to meet

The flush of Freedom's morn.

And now, with all your armour laid aside,Swift eloquence your sword, and, for your shield,The indomitable courage that defiedThe fortune of the field—As in the noontide of your high command,So in the final hour when darkness fell,Submissive still to that untiring HandThat orders all things well—We bear you to your resting-place apartBetween the ranks where ancient foe and friend,Kin by a common sorrow at the heartSilent together bend.

And now, with all your armour laid aside,Swift eloquence your sword, and, for your shield,The indomitable courage that defiedThe fortune of the field—

And now, with all your armour laid aside,

Swift eloquence your sword, and, for your shield,

The indomitable courage that defied

The fortune of the field—

As in the noontide of your high command,So in the final hour when darkness fell,Submissive still to that untiring HandThat orders all things well—

As in the noontide of your high command,

So in the final hour when darkness fell,

Submissive still to that untiring Hand

That orders all things well—

We bear you to your resting-place apartBetween the ranks where ancient foe and friend,Kin by a common sorrow at the heartSilent together bend.

We bear you to your resting-place apart

Between the ranks where ancient foe and friend,

Kin by a common sorrow at the heart

Silent together bend.

A new leader of the Liberal Party emerged in 1899 in Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman. Sir William Harcourt is shown wishing his successor joy—rather ironically—and Mr. Balfour, in the cartoon of "The Wrestlers," acknowledges the strength of his opponent after their first round. "C.-B.'s"promotion to leadership coincided with the discussion of the Tsar's disarmament proposals, which the Liberal leader was destined to revive later on, and in May, representatives of Great Britain attended the Hague Conference convened on the Tsar's initiative. The enthusiasm whichPunchhad displayed a generation earlier over the Paris Conference had now evaporated, and his contributions to the subject are marked by farcical scepticism. The Tsar and the Kaiser are shown in one picture holding, at some uncertain date in the future, an imaginary review of what remains of the Russian Army, the soldiers resembling Stigginses armed with umbrellas.Punch'stwelve suggestions are areductio ad absurdumof the Tsar's idea, the first being a proposal to postpone the coming into operation of the new rules for 1,000 years. The list of "Some Probable Agenda" for the Hague Conference, published when it was already sitting, is pure burlesque. For example: "Declarations of war shall in future be abolished as being calculated to wound the feelings of opponents." In the same number there is a large picture of Imperial Bruin drinking to Peace, coupling the toast with the name of Victoria, Empress of India (the Queen had just celebrated her eightieth birthday), with a batch of papers, labelled "Further demands in China," behind his back. The political atmosphere was not conducive to the calm discussion of international peace.Punch'sespousal of the cause of Dreyfus became increasingly vehement and provocative. In May, under the heading "A bas la Vérité," Truth is shown saying "I must get out" (of her well), while the French generals reply: "Not if we know it." A month later, in "At Last," Tenniel depicts indignant Justice triumphing with the Sword of Revision, and trampling Lies and Forgery under foot. The universal preoccupation with the topic is illustrated in Phil May's picture of the little street boy crying because his father "has got Drifus fever." In September, Napoleon's shade is shown scornfully surveying a group of degenerate generals eagerly discussing a "secret dossier", and saying, "Vive l'armée!Yes! But it was not with generals like you that I won my campaigns!" In the face of deathPunchhasalways shown restraint, and, whether from ignorance or of set purpose, wrote of President Faure:—

He sought to serve his country's needsAnd dying died with harness on.

He sought to serve his country's needs

And dying died with harness on.

But the address to France "in memory of the verdict of Rennes" amounts to an indictment of the whole nation:—

Who speaks of pardon? Nay, for France there's none,Nor can be never till the damnèd blotBe wiped away and expiation done.Then, not till then,May be renewed the bonds that once have been,Since we, whatever else, are honest men.Meanwhile, we know you not!Go, hide your face until your heart is clean.

Who speaks of pardon? Nay, for France there's none,

Nor can be never till the damnèd blot

Be wiped away and expiation done.

Then, not till then,

May be renewed the bonds that once have been,

Since we, whatever else, are honest men.

Meanwhile, we know you not!

Go, hide your face until your heart is clean.

The Verdict of Rennes

Punch, it is true, spoke with a different voice on the same page, but it is doubtful whether his levity was calculated to heal the effect of his self-righteous indignation:—

SOME FURTHER SELF-DENYING ORDINANCES

To be observed by those who wish to testify their righteous indignation at the Rennes verdict by boycotting next year's Paris Exposition, and in the most material and convincing manner to bring about the complete rehabilitation of the unfortunate prisoner.It is proposed—That no more French leave shall be taken by individuals desirous of absenting themselves from their duties or annexing other persons' property. Undergraduates will faithfully attend every lecture, city clerks will bury no more aunts, cooks will cease to entertain policemen, and there will be a close time for burglary, kleptomania and kissing under the mistletoe.That the use of French chalk shall be abandoned in ballrooms, and dancing given up altogether, except on village greens.That "Frenchmen," alias red-legged partridges, shall be shot on sight, and given to the retriever to eat.That elbow-grease shall be substituted for French polish.That French beans shall be cut and given the cold shoulder at table.That the French language (which at the present moment chiefly consists of the verbconspuer) shall be tabooed, except in the caseof solecisms likenom de plume,double entendre,à l'outrance, and so forth.Café,coupéand similar words shall be pronounced "caif," "coop," etc., as in Canada.Dépôtshall be "depott";sang froid,au revoir,tableaux vivantsand the like shall be similarly anglicized. Boulogne to be called "Boolong," if mentioned at all, which is inadvisable. No more bull-fights to be attended.That French grey shall in future mean, as circumstances demand, either black or white.

It is proposed—

That no more French leave shall be taken by individuals desirous of absenting themselves from their duties or annexing other persons' property. Undergraduates will faithfully attend every lecture, city clerks will bury no more aunts, cooks will cease to entertain policemen, and there will be a close time for burglary, kleptomania and kissing under the mistletoe.

That the use of French chalk shall be abandoned in ballrooms, and dancing given up altogether, except on village greens.

That "Frenchmen," alias red-legged partridges, shall be shot on sight, and given to the retriever to eat.

That elbow-grease shall be substituted for French polish.

That French beans shall be cut and given the cold shoulder at table.

That the French language (which at the present moment chiefly consists of the verbconspuer) shall be tabooed, except in the caseof solecisms likenom de plume,double entendre,à l'outrance, and so forth.Café,coupéand similar words shall be pronounced "caif," "coop," etc., as in Canada.Dépôtshall be "depott";sang froid,au revoir,tableaux vivantsand the like shall be similarly anglicized. Boulogne to be called "Boolong," if mentioned at all, which is inadvisable. No more bull-fights to be attended.

That French grey shall in future mean, as circumstances demand, either black or white.

Towards AmericaPunchshows a tempered benevolence in his open letter to President McKinley, whom he warns against the new-fangled policy of Imperial expansion. His welcome to Mr. Choate, on his appointment as American Ambassador, is entirely cordial: "There are only two things necessary to make your visit a success. Don't believe all you hear, and read yourPunchregularly." I do not know whether Mr. Choate took the second piece of advice or not; the first was quite unnecessary. He was a huge success as an Ambassador, though his chief claim on the abiding affection of England rests on his noble and self-sacrificing exertions, in extreme old age and up to the day of his death, in furthering the cause of the Allies and strengthening the brotherhood in arms of America and Great Britain.

Lord Milner Censured

Meanwhile events in South Africa were rapidly approaching a critical stage. At Mr. Chamberlain's request, a conference between Sir Alfred Milner and President Krüger was held at Bloemfontein early in June to adjust the conflicting claims of the Transvaal Boers and the Uitlanders, whose position Sir Alfred Milner had compared to that of "helots."Punchsummed up the conference in two cartoons. In the first, headed "Moral Suasion," Milner is seen endeavouring to pacify Krüger as a cow: "I will sit on the stile and continue to smile." In the second, "The Smile that Failed," the High Commissioner remarks:—

Ihavesat on this StileAnd continued to Smile,But it's had no effect on the Cow.

Ihavesat on this Stile

And continued to Smile,

But it's had no effect on the Cow.

Cartoon, Man on stile looking at caricature cow.THE SMILE THAT FAILEDSir Alfr-d M-ln-ragain sings:—"There was a 'High Com.' who said, 'NowI've conferred with this wily old cow!Ihavesat on this stile,And continued to smile,But it's had no effect on the Cow!'" (Exit.)

THE SMILE THAT FAILED

Sir Alfr-d M-ln-ragain sings:—

"There was a 'High Com.' who said, 'NowI've conferred with this wily old cow!Ihavesat on this stile,And continued to smile,But it's had no effect on the Cow!'" (Exit.)

"There was a 'High Com.' who said, 'Now

I've conferred with this wily old cow!

Ihavesat on this stile,

And continued to smile,

But it's had no effect on the Cow!'" (Exit.)

Two women talking."Yer know, them Boers 'as been storin' guns and hambition for years!"

"Yer know, them Boers 'as been storin' guns and hambition for years!"

The Boer War

A very different reading of the situation is given in the letter to Sir Alfred Milner published a week later. Here the High Commissioner is heavily censured not for the failure of the conference, but for the "ridiculous" and "frothy" tone of his dispatch about "helots," and for his rash, impetuous and overbearing temper. In JulyPunchwas still inclined to make light of the whole business, apparently expecting an amicable settlement, and in a burlesque "Story of a Crisis" in "Nabothsland" reflected adversely if obliquely on the pretensions of the Uitlanders. Yet early in September sympathy with the Uitlanders underlies the verses condemning the inconsistency of Little Englanders, who in theory espouse thecause of all oppressed nationalities but their own. The damning blot on the Uitlanders' cause was that they were English. If they had been Finns, for instance, the Little Englander would have shed his last drop of ink in their defence. This was at the lowest a good debating point, and at all points preferable to the unfortunate picture ridiculing the unmilitary appearance of the Boers, President Krüger being shown in the act of reviewing his veterans, a number of fat, unwieldy farmers. The declaration of war came early in October, andPunchunhesitatingly declared his support of the decision in the cartoon "Plain English," where John Bull says to the Boers: "As you will fight, you shall have it. This time it is a fight to a finish." So it was; but few, except Lord Wolseley, expected that the finish would only be reached after a long, obstinate and costly struggle. Lord Wolseley's warning in September, 1899, foreshadows the more famous anticipation of the duration of the Great War made by Lord Kitchener fifteen years later. Many other parallels and contrasts are suggested inPunch'spages as he reflects the varying moods of England during the chequered progress of the campaign. The divisions of opinion at home were more acute than in 1914. Moreover, we entered on the Boer war in a spirit of confidence and complacencywhich rendered the initial reverses more surprising and depressing. Otherwise the alternations of despondency and elation; the criticisms of mismanagement, laxity and indifference, want of intelligence and imagination; and the charges against the enemy of disregarding the rules of the game have a curiously familiar ring.Punchreflected popular opinion in resenting the "detachment" of Mr. Balfour in describing our reverses as "inevitable," and in rebuking the optimism of other Ministers; in his demand for the "facts"; in attributing to President Krüger gratitude to the Opposition for their assistance; in his cheering message to Baden-Powell for "keeping his end up" in Mafeking. Yet he commented severely on the diamond speculators for their "operations" during the war; he had a good word for Lord Morley when he was attacked as a Little Englander; and a strong rebuke for the agencies which announced tours to the South African battlefields as early as April, 1900. Punch had shown John Bull as Mark Tapley—when Kimberley had been relieved and Lord Roberts was advancing—but his comments on the publication of the Spion Kop dispatches reveal grave dissatisfaction with the conduct of the Natal campaign:—

SOME ONE HAD BLUNDERED

Sir Redvers devised an impossible planWhich he trusted to Warren, an obstinate man;Lord Roberts sent home some dispatches, and thereHe freely expressed what he thought of the pair.The War Office published these documents plain,To the joy of their foes, and the grief of the sane;And while they were reading them, all the world wondered,And promptly concluded that everyone blundered.

Sir Redvers devised an impossible plan

Which he trusted to Warren, an obstinate man;

Lord Roberts sent home some dispatches, and there

He freely expressed what he thought of the pair.

The War Office published these documents plain,

To the joy of their foes, and the grief of the sane;

And while they were reading them, all the world wondered,

And promptly concluded that everyone blundered.

Humorous relief was provided by the report that Krüger had encouraged his burghers by circulating the news that London had been captured by the Russians, a method foreshadowing the imaginative exploits of the Germans in the late war. It was based, however, on an incontestable fact—our unpopularity in both hemispheres. The Boer delegates hadbeen welcomed in America, thoughPunchsought to discount the effect of their propaganda by a cartoon in which Columbia reassures John Bull: "Don't mind those noisy boys of mine. You know, my dear, it'sElection Time."

The Anglophobe feeling was much more vocal in France, andPunchgives a curious account of the Transvaal section of the Paris Exhibition in October, where signatures were invited and freely appended to addresses to the two Presidents, the bust of Krüger was crowned with palm branches, poetic eulogies were circulated, and the walls covered with "Mort aux Anglais," "Chamberlainest un vache," etc. Meanwhile, Mafeking had been relieved, andPunchhad defended the "loud extremes of passionate joy" which added the now well-nigh forgotten verb "to Maffick" to our current vocabulary. Lord Roberts's uninterrupted advance to Pretoria had movedPunch, with many others, to declare very prematurely on June 6th that the war was practically over, though it lasted nearly two years longer, and the slow progress of "rounding up" the Boers actually prompted the suggestion from a leading paper that Lord Kitchener should be recalled and Lord Roberts sent out again. President Krüger's flitting is illustrated in a cartoon in which "Oom Paul" is seen in a small boat, with two millions of treasure, quitting the sinking shipTransvaal; while in a set of verses, written after reading of his triumphal progress through France,Punchprophesies for him a green old age in Grosvenor Square. The C.I.V.'s returned in the autumn and were welcomed by the City of London; and shortly afterwards "a Mr. Williams offered respectful apologies to Satan for mentioning him in the same breath with Lord Kitchener."Punch, even in his most Chauvinistic mood, never indulged in such abuse of the Boer generals, and at the end of 1900 paid a well-deserved compliment to the elusive De Wet in his cartoon of "De Wet o' de Wisp."

China and Australia

Before dealing with the subsequent progress of the "guerrilla war," we may turn aside for a moment to other developments overseas. In an epigram on "The Millennium" in August, 1900,Punchwrites:—

In some problematic dayStrife and wrath shall fade away,Crews no longer blessing pouringOn the coxes who have cox'd,When the Boers shall cease from boringAnd the Boxers shall be boxed.

In some problematic day

Strife and wrath shall fade away,

Crews no longer blessing pouring

On the coxes who have cox'd,

When the Boers shall cease from boring

And the Boxers shall be boxed.

The revolt of the Boxers in China and the joint expedition of the European Powers assisted by Japan to relieve the Legations in Peking are treated in two cartoons. In the first, in which the Chinese Dragon is seen in the background, Japan expresses her readiness to help the European Powers. She is glad to join them, "but permit me to remark that if some of you hadn't interfered when I had him down, it would have saved all this trouble"—a legitimate comment on the intervention of Germany and Russia after the Chino-Japanese war. In the second, "The Closed Door," Europa is seen armed with an axe, preparing to break her way in to the relief of the Legations. Apocryphal reports of what was happening in China reached a high-water mark of mendacity this summer, and the English Press did not escape the charge of credulity, to put it mildly. Reports of the death of the Dowager Empress were so common as to inspirePunchwith a poetic homage to the "lady of the charmed life," and when she shifted her capital, he showed Krüger looking over a wall at her exodus with the remark: "My idea!"

It was in 1900 also that the Australian Commonwealth Bill was introduced by Mr. Chamberlain.Punchin his first reference to the measure, animated by a recognition of Australia's loyalty in the Boer war, assumed that Clause 74, abolishing the appeal to the Privy Council, would be passed. Australia is seen showing the new latchkey she has had made, as she wanted a little more freedom, and Britannia declares her readiness to trust her. This proved premature, and a little later onPunch, in a letter to the Australian delegates, waxes sarcastic over the "niggling, pedantic and pettifogging inquisition which it was proposed to institute into the demand for Federation"—à proposof the Privy Council Appeals. As a matter of fact, the clause was amended, because the Stateswere not at one on the point, and all seven Chief Justices favoured the maintenance of the right of Appeal.

Lord Roberts returned to England at the close of the year, andPunchsaluted his arrival in "The Home-coming of the Chief." His great services are acknowledged, not least his self-sacrifice in the hour of bitter personal loss:—

Ah! but while a nation's criesStorm against our sullen skies'Midst the madness and the mirthFlung about your victor's way,If behind the brave arrayAll the hidden heart were known,Save for love of England's nameGladly would you yield the prize,Glory, triumph, wealth and fame,Could you win one grace alone,Could you have your boy againHome from where he takes his restLying under alien earthBy Colenso's dreadful plain,With the Cross above his breast.

Ah! but while a nation's cries

Storm against our sullen skies

'Midst the madness and the mirth

Flung about your victor's way,

If behind the brave array

All the hidden heart were known,

Save for love of England's name

Gladly would you yield the prize,

Glory, triumph, wealth and fame,

Could you win one grace alone,

Could you have your boy again

Home from where he takes his rest

Lying under alien earth

By Colenso's dreadful plain,

With the Cross above his breast.

Passing of Queen Victoria."REQUIESCAT!"

"REQUIESCAT!"

That is truly and finely said, and yet how strangely the epithet "dreadful" sounds to those who have found all the vocabulary of horror beggared by the experiences of the Great War! The opening of the New Year was clouded by the passing of Queen Victoria. In all the sixty years ofPunch'sexistence, even in the moods when his comments on Court and Crown had been frank to the verge of audacity, loyalty to the person of the Sovereign had never failed. His adverse criticism was seldom malicious, and was almost always animated by a desire that the Sovereign should never fall below the standard ofnoblesse oblige. The days of resentment against the Queen's prolonged seclusion had long passed. She had ceased to be "the Royal Recluse," and was unsparing of herself in the discharge of her duties up to within a few weeks of her death. When she spoke in one of her messages of "her beloved people," there could be no question of her sincerity, or of the devotion with which her love was returned.

As Mr. Balfour said significantly of her: "Even those who loved not England loved her," and in later years those who came to scoff at her memory remained to praise:—

THE QUEEN

Born May 24, 1819. Died January 22, 1901.

The tears we disallow to lesser illHere is no shame for English eyes to shed,Because the noblest heart of all is still—Because the Queen lies dead.Grief asks for words, yet silent grief were well;Vain is desire, as passionate prayer was vain;Not all our love can bring, by any spell,Breath to those lips again.Ah! had but Death forgone his royal claim,Demanding ransom, life for life the price,How loyalty had leaped to kiss the flameOf such a sacrifice!God knows, in many a need this thing has been—Light hearts for her have dared the desolate grave;From other hurt their blood has saved the Queen,From Death it could not save.And of the dregs to drink from sorrow's cupThis is most bitter, that with life's releaseShe might not leave her children folded upBetween the wings of Peace.Yet, for a solace in that darkest hour,When even Kings have found themselves alone,Over a people's love she kept her powerFirm as her fathers' throne.

The tears we disallow to lesser illHere is no shame for English eyes to shed,Because the noblest heart of all is still—Because the Queen lies dead.

The tears we disallow to lesser ill

Here is no shame for English eyes to shed,

Because the noblest heart of all is still—

Because the Queen lies dead.

Grief asks for words, yet silent grief were well;Vain is desire, as passionate prayer was vain;Not all our love can bring, by any spell,Breath to those lips again.

Grief asks for words, yet silent grief were well;

Vain is desire, as passionate prayer was vain;

Not all our love can bring, by any spell,

Breath to those lips again.

Ah! had but Death forgone his royal claim,Demanding ransom, life for life the price,How loyalty had leaped to kiss the flameOf such a sacrifice!

Ah! had but Death forgone his royal claim,

Demanding ransom, life for life the price,

How loyalty had leaped to kiss the flame

Of such a sacrifice!

God knows, in many a need this thing has been—Light hearts for her have dared the desolate grave;From other hurt their blood has saved the Queen,From Death it could not save.

God knows, in many a need this thing has been—

Light hearts for her have dared the desolate grave;

From other hurt their blood has saved the Queen,

From Death it could not save.

And of the dregs to drink from sorrow's cupThis is most bitter, that with life's releaseShe might not leave her children folded upBetween the wings of Peace.

And of the dregs to drink from sorrow's cup

This is most bitter, that with life's release

She might not leave her children folded up

Between the wings of Peace.

Yet, for a solace in that darkest hour,When even Kings have found themselves alone,Over a people's love she kept her powerFirm as her fathers' throne.

Yet, for a solace in that darkest hour,

When even Kings have found themselves alone,

Over a people's love she kept her power

Firm as her fathers' throne.

Candid Friends and Hostile Critics

The "Khaki" election of the previous autumn, at which the Government had appealed to the country to decide the issue of fighting the war to a finish, had resulted in the return of the Unionists by a majority of 134, but did not abate the activities of the "Stop the War" party. They were stimulated to further and more vehement protests by the policy of theConcentration Camps, and the loss of life through epidemics caused by the compulsory herding together of those who were interned. Between the denunciations of British "brutalities" by the German Press and the talk of "hecatombs of slaughtered babes" by British Liberals—between "candid friends" and hostile critics—there was not much to choose.Punchinvoked the shade of Bismarck to rebuke the excesses of the German journalists; he ridiculed Miss Emily Hobhouse's descriptions of Concentration Camp horrors by giving a list of the luxuries which were not provided there—hairpins, curling-tongs, etc.—and in a cartoon at the close of the year represented the "Stop the War" group as making such a noise that Peace's voice could not be heard. Cleavage was shown in the ranks of the Opposition, andPunchdid not fail to emphasize the divergences between Mr. Asquith and the Imperialist Liberals on the one side, and "C.-B." and Sir William Harcourt on the other. General Baden-Powell arrived in England in July, andPunch'sgreeting aptly describes his mood and that of the man in the street:—

Time has flown; but not forgotten is the tale of Mafeking!Who that lived that Day in London could forget its echoing ring?How the Town broke into bunting, Piccadilly to Mile End!How each man for joy saluted every other man as friend!How we crowded to the city in an orgy of delight,Tumbled out of bed for gladness, waving Union Jacks all night!Even if we overdid it after deadening suspense,Better this than anti-British Queen's Hall windbags' insolence!Though we later coined a playful word, our soberer sense to show,I would rather "maffick" daily than abet a treacherous foe!

Time has flown; but not forgotten is the tale of Mafeking!Who that lived that Day in London could forget its echoing ring?

Time has flown; but not forgotten is the tale of Mafeking!

Who that lived that Day in London could forget its echoing ring?

How the Town broke into bunting, Piccadilly to Mile End!How each man for joy saluted every other man as friend!

How the Town broke into bunting, Piccadilly to Mile End!

How each man for joy saluted every other man as friend!

How we crowded to the city in an orgy of delight,Tumbled out of bed for gladness, waving Union Jacks all night!

How we crowded to the city in an orgy of delight,

Tumbled out of bed for gladness, waving Union Jacks all night!

Even if we overdid it after deadening suspense,Better this than anti-British Queen's Hall windbags' insolence!

Even if we overdid it after deadening suspense,

Better this than anti-British Queen's Hall windbags' insolence!

Though we later coined a playful word, our soberer sense to show,I would rather "maffick" daily than abet a treacherous foe!

Though we later coined a playful word, our soberer sense to show,

I would rather "maffick" daily than abet a treacherous foe!

In the controversies that arose over the treatment of various British generals, I may note thatPunchsupported the motion for an inquiry into the circumstances under which General Colvile was deprived of his command, which was negatived in the House by 262 votes to 248. Over the still more thorny questionof General Buller's conduct of the Natal campaign he preserved an impartial attitude, while implying that the general would not exploit his grievance for political purposes. Early in the warPunchpaid a rather left-handed compliment to the war correspondents; they are represented as welcoming war because it brought them remunerative employment. In the autumn of 1901 we find him pressing their claims for war medals, and observing that the Press had been shut out but not shut up.

The war, he also notes on the authority of a daily paper, had produced more poets than any similar crisis in English history. A more striking parallel with recent war-products is to be found inPunch'sreview of the depression, discontent and decline of trade which it had begun to cause before hostilities ceased. This is clearly shown in July, 1901, in the Preface to Vol. cxxi, wherePunchrebukes John Bull, no longer in his Mark Tapley vein, for listening to pessimists, and encouraging a seditious and pernicious Press. In the opening stages of the warPunchhad been none too friendly to Lord Methuen, but he was righteously indignant at the "Ghoul-like ecstasy" of the Irish Members who cheered the news of the defeat and capture of that gallant soldier in the spring of 1902. The end of the war came in June, and is chronicled inPunch's"Cease Fire" cartoon. The happiest incident of the surrender was the speech made by Lord Kitchener to the Boer delegates at Vereeniging when he said that "if he had been one of them, he would have been proud to have done so well in the field as they had done."Punchdid well to record it, for it reflected the national respect felt for a stubborn foe. For confirmation we need only turn to the laconic entry in theNational Registerfor August 16, 1902: "The Boer generals, Botha, De Wet and Delarey ... proceeded to London, and had an enthusiastic popular reception." Subsequent events have justified the somewhat complacent remark attributed to John Bull in the cartoon two months later,à proposof the grant of £3,000,000 to the Transvaal, and the Boers' "Appeal to the Civilized World": "Look here, my friend, stick that up, if you like; but I think you'll find thatItalk less than the others and give more."

Lord Kitchener's Return

Lord Kitchener had returned in July, andPunch'swelcome ends on a prophetic note:—

You're a worker from of old,K. of K.Pomps and pæans leave you cold,K. of K.You would like to land in mufti,You would hurry down the dockNot in trappings, plumed and tufty,But in checks and billycock!And you haven't, now It's over,Come to stay;Nor to lie at length in clover,But to change your train for Dover,K. of K.For, although the work's appallingWhich should have you here at hand,Yet you've heard the East a-callingOut of India's coral strand;And, as soon as time and placeLet our feelings find release,And we've called you, to your face,First in War and first in Peace;—Thither where the Empire needs you,K. of K.,And your own "Ubique" leads you,Lies your way!

You're a worker from of old,

K. of K.

Pomps and pæans leave you cold,

K. of K.

You would like to land in mufti,

You would hurry down the dock

Not in trappings, plumed and tufty,

But in checks and billycock!

And you haven't, now It's over,

Come to stay;

Nor to lie at length in clover,

But to change your train for Dover,

K. of K.

For, although the work's appalling

Which should have you here at hand,

Yet you've heard the East a-calling

Out of India's coral strand;

And, as soon as time and place

Let our feelings find release,

And we've called you, to your face,

First in War and first in Peace;—

Thither where the Empire needs you,

K. of K.,

And your own "Ubique" leads you,

Lies your way!

Mr. Roosevelt had succeeded to the Presidency of the United States on the assassination of Mr. McKinley, andPunch, after condoling with Columbia, saluted the "Rough-Rider."

Our closer relations with Japan and their effect on Russia are symbolized in the cartoon in which she remarks as atertiaanything butgaudens: "H'm—I don't like these confidences." In Europe the subject that provokedPunch'sclosest attention was the treatment of the Poles by Germany. There is an amusing story in "Charivaria," probably apocryphal, but not beyond the possibilities of Prussian pedantry:—

Fifty Prussian schoolgirls have been arrested at Gnesen on a charge of high treason, and the police are said to have their eyeson several Kindergartens, where it is reported that the children have been playing "I'm the king of the Castle" and other games suggestive of Majestätsbeleidigung.

But the whole essence of "Prussification" is summed up in the last quatrain of a brilliant adaptation of the "Pied Piper of Hamelin" to the situation in Posen:—

Back to Index Next