Chapter 20

178Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 562–565, 1853.↑179Blount, letter, October 2, 1792, in American State Papers: Indian Affairs,I, p. 294, 1832; Blount, letter, etc., in Ramsey, op. cit., pp. 566, 567, 599–601; see also Brown’s narrative, ibid., 511, 512; Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 170, 1888.↑180Ramsey, op. cit., 569–571.↑181Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 571–573, 1853.↑182Ibid., pp. 574–578, 1853.↑183Ramsey, Tennessee, p. 579.↑184Ibid., pp. 580–583, 1853; Smith, letter, September 27, 1793, American State Papers: Indian Affairs,I, p. 468, 1832. Ramsey gives the Indian force 1,000 warriors; Smith says that in many places they marched in files of 28 abreast, each file being supposed to number 40 men.↑185Ramsey, op. cit., pp. 584–588.↑186Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 590, 602–605, 1853.↑187Haywood, Civil and Political History of Tennessee, pp. 300–302; Knoxville, 1823.↑188Ibid., pp. 303–308, 1823; Ramsey, op. cit., pp. 591–594. Haywood’s history of this period is little more than a continuous record of killings and petty encounters.↑189Haywood, Civil and Political History of Tennessee, p. 308, 1823; Ramsey, Tennessee, p. 594, 1853; see also memorial in Putnam, Middle Tennessee, p. 502, 1859. Haywood calls the leader Unacala, which should be Une′ga-dihĭ′, “White-man-killer.” Compare Haywood’s statement with that of Washburn, on page 100.↑190Indian Treaties, pp. 39, 40, 1837; Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 171, 172, 1888; Documents of 1797–98, American State Papers: Indian Affairs,I, pp. 628–631, 1832. The treaty is not mentioned by the Tennessee historians.↑191Haywood, Civil and Political History of Tennessee, pp. 309–311, 1823; Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 594, 595, 1853.↑192Haywood, op. cit., pp. 314–316; Ramsey, op. cit., p. 596.↑193Haywood, Political and Civil History of Tennessee, pp. 392–396, 1823; Ramsey, Tennessee (with Major Ore’s report), pp. 608–618, 1853; Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau Ethnology, p. 171, 1888; Ore, Robertson, and Blount, reports, American State Papers: Indian Affairs, I, pp. 632–634, 1832.↑194Ramsey, op. cit., p. 618.↑195Tellico conference, November 7–8, 1794, American State Papers: Indian Affairs, I, pp. 536–538, 1832, Royce, op. cit., p. 173; Ramsey, op. cit., p. 596.↑196Beaver’s talk, 1784, Virginia State Papers, III, p. 571, 1883; McDowell, report, 1786, ibid., IV, p. 118, 1884; McDowell, report, 1787, ibid., p. 286; Todd, letter, 1787, ibid., p. 277; Tellico conference, November 7, 1794, American State Papers: Indian Affairs, I, p. 538, 1832; Greenville treaty conference, August, 1795, ibid., pp. 582–583.↑197Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 173, 1888.↑198Ibid., pp. 174, 175; Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 679–685, 1853.↑199Indian Treaties, pp. 78–82, 1837; Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 692–697, 1853; Royce, Cherokee Nation (with map and full discussion), Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 174–183, 1888.↑200See table in Royce, op. cit., p. 378.↑201Adair, American Indians, pp. 230, 231, 1775.↑202See Hawkins, MS journal from South Carolina to the Creeks, 1796, in library of Georgia Historical Society.↑203Hawkins, Treaty Commission, 1801, manuscript No. 5, in library of Georgia Historical Society.↑204Foote (?), in North Carolina Colonial Records, v, p. 1226, 1887.↑205North Carolina Colonial Records, v, p. x, 1887.↑206Reichel, E. H., Historical Sketch of the Church and Missions of the United Brethren, pp. 65–81; Bethlehem, Pa., 1848; Holmes, John, Sketches of the Missions of the United Brethren, pp. 124, 125, 209–212; Dublin, 1818; Thompson, A. C., Moravian Missions, p. 341; New York, 1890; De Schweinitz, Edmund, Life of Zeisberger, pp. 394, 663, 696; Phila., 1870.↑207Morse, American Geography, I, p. 577, 1819.↑208Indian treaties, pp. 108, 121, 125, 1837; Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 183, 193, 1888 (map and full discussion).↑209McKenney and Hall, Indian Tribes,II, p. 92, 1858.↑210Indian Treaties, pp. 132–136, 1837; Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 193–197, 1888.↑211Meigs, letter, September 28, 1807, American State Papers: Indian Affairs, I, p. 754, 1832; Royce, op. cit., p. 197.↑212See treaty, December 2, 1807, and Jefferson’s message, with inclosures, March 10, 1808, American State Papers: Indian Affairs, I, pp. 752–754, 1832; Royce, op. cit., pp. 199–201.↑213Ibid., pp. 201, 202.↑214In American State Papers: Indian Affairs,II, p. 283, 1834.↑215See contract appended to Washington treaty, 1819, Indian Treaties, pp. 269–271, 1837; Royce map, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, 1888.↑216Author’s personal information.↑217Mooney, Ghost-dance Religion, Fourteenth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 670 et passim, 1896; contemporary documents in American State Papers: Indian Affairs, I, pp. 798–801, 845–850, 1832.↑218See Mooney, Ghost dance Religion, Fourteenth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 670–677, 1896; McKenney and Hall, Indian Tribes,II, pp. 93–95, 1858; see also contemporary letters (1813, etc.) by Hawkins, Cornells, and others in American State Papers: Indian Affairs, I, 1832.↑219Letters of Hawkins, Pinckney, and Cussetah King, July, 1813, American State Papers: Indian Affairs,II, pp. 847–849, 1832.↑220Meigs, letter, May 8, 1812, and Hawkins, letter, May 11, 1812, ibid., p. 809.↑221Author’s information from James D. Wafford.↑222McKenney and Hall, Indian Tribes,II, pp. 96–97, 1858.↑223Drake, Indians, pp. 395–396, 1880; Pickett, Alabama, p. 556, reprint of 1896.↑224Coffee, report, etc., in Drake, Indians, p. 396, 1880; Lossing, Field Book of the War of 1812, pp. 762, 763 [n. d. (1869)]; Pickett, Alabama, p. 553, reprint of 1896.↑225Ibid., p. 556.↑226Drake, Indians, p. 396, 1880; Pickett, op. cit., pp. 554, 555.↑227White’s report, etc., in Fay and Davison, Sketches of the War, pp. 240, 241; Rutland, Vt., 1815; Low, John, Impartial History of the War, p. 199; New York, 1815; Drake, op. cit., p. 397; Pickett, op. cit., p. 557; Lossing, op. cit., p. 767. Low says White had about 1,100 mounted men, “including upward of 300 Cherokee Indians.” Pickett gives White 400 Cherokee.↑228Drake, Indians, pp. 391, 398, 1880; Pickett, Alabama, pp. 557–559, 572–576, reprint of 1896.↑229Ibid., p. 579; Lossing, Field Book of the War of 1812, p. 773.↑230Pay and Davison, Sketches of the War, pp. 247–250, 1815; Pickett, Alabama, pp. 579–584, reprint of 1896; Drake, Indians, pp. 398–400, 1880. Pickett says Jackson had “767 men, with 200 friendly Indians”; Drake says he started with 930 men and was joined at Talladega by 200 friendly Indians; Jackson himself, as quoted in Fay and Davison, says that he started with 930 men,excluding Indians, and was joined at Talladega “by between 200 and 300 friendly Indians,” 65 being Cherokee, the rest Creeks. The inference is that he already had a number of Indians with him at the start—probably the Cherokee who had been doing garrison duty.↑231Pickett, op. cit., pp. 584–586.↑232Jackson’s report to Governor Blount, March 31, 1814, in Fay and Davison, Sketches of the War, pp. 253, 254, 1815.↑233General Coffee’s report to General Jackson, April 1, 1814, ibid., p. 257.↑234Colonel Morgan’s report to Governor Blount, in Fay and Davison, Sketches of the War, pp. 258, 259, 1815.↑235Coffee’s report to Jackson, ibid., pp. 257, 258.↑236Jackson’s report to Governor Blount, ibid., pp. 255, 256.↑237Jackson’s report and Colonel Morgan’s report, in Fay and Davison, Sketches of the War, pp. 255, 256, 259, 1815. Pickett makes the loss of the white troops 32 killed and 99 wounded. The Houston reference is from Lossing. The battle is described also by Pickett, Alabama, pp. 588–591, reprint of 1896; Drake, Indians, pp. 391, 400, 1880; McKenney and Hall, Indian Tribes, II, pp. 98, 99, 1858.↑238McKenney and Hall, op. cit., p. 98.↑239Drake, Indians, p. 401, 1880.↑240Indian Treaties, p. 187, 1837; Meigs’ letter to Secretary of War, August 19, 1816, in American State Papers: Indian Affairs,II, pp. 113, 114, 1834.↑241Indian Treaties, pp. 185–187, 1837; Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 197–209, 1888.↑242Indian Treaties, pp. 199, 200, 1837; Royce, op. cit., pp. 209–211.↑243Claiborne, letter to Jefferson, November 5, 1808, American State Papers, I, p. 755, 1832; Gatschet, Creek Migration Legend,I, p. 88, 1884.↑244Hawkins, 1799, quoted in Gatschet, op. cit., p. 89.↑245See Treaty of St Louis, 1825, and of Castor hill, 1852, in Indian Treaties, pp. 388, 539, 1837.↑246Seenumber 107, “The Lost Cherokee.”↑247See letter of Governor Estevan Miro to Robertson, April 20, 1783, in Roosevelt, Winning of the West,II, p. 407, 1889.↑248See pp. 76–77.↑249Washburn, Reminiscences, pp. 76–79, 1869; see also Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 204, 1888.↑250Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 202, 203, 1888.↑251Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 202–204,1888; see also Indian Treaties, pp. 209–215,1837. The preamble to the treaty of 1817 says that the delegation of 1808 had desired a division of the tribal territory in order that the people of the Upper (northern) towns might “begin the establishment of fixed laws and a regular government,” while those of the Lower (southern) towns desired to remove to the West. Nothing is said of severalty allotments or citizenship.↑252Indian Treaties, pp. 209–215, 1837; Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 212–217, 1888; see also maps in Royce.↑253Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, 217–218, 1888.↑254Ibid., pp. 218–219.↑255Ibid., p. 219.↑256Morse, Geography,I, p. 577, 1819; and p. 185, 1822.↑257Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 221–222, 1888.↑258Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 222–228, 1888.↑259Indian Treaties, pp. 265–269, 1837; Royce, op. cit., pp. 219–221 and table, p. 378.↑260Laws of the Cherokee Nation (several documents), 1820, American State Papers;Indian Affairs,II, pp. 279–283, 1834; letter quoted by McKenney, 1825, ibid., pp. 651, 652; Drake, Indians, pp. 437, 438, ed. 1880.↑261List or missions and reports of missionaries, etc., American State Papers: Indian Affairs,II, pp. 277–279, 459, 1834; personal information from James D. Wafford concerning Valley-towns mission. For notices of Worcester, Jones, and Wafford, see Pilling, Bibliography of the Iroquoian Languages 1888.↑262G. C., in Cherokee Phœnix; reprinted in Christian Advocate and Journal, New York, September 26, 1828.↑263McKenney and Hall, Indian Tribes,I, p. 35, et passim, 1858.↑264Phillips, Sequoyah, in Harper’s Magazine, pp. 542–548, September, 1870.↑265Manuscript letters by John Mason Brown, January 17, 18, 22, and February 4, 1889, in archives of the Bureau of American Ethnology.↑266McKenney and Hall, Indian Tribes,I, p. 45, 1858.↑267See page43.↑268Seenumber 89, “The Iroquois wars.”↑269McKenney and Hall, Indian Tribes,I, p. 46, 1858; Phillips, in Harper’s Magazine, p. 547, September, 1870.↑270Indian Treaties, p. 425, 1837.↑271For details concerning the life and invention of Sequoya, see McKenney and Hall, Indian Tribes, i, 1858; Phillips, Sequoyah, in Harper’s Magazine, September 1870;Foster, Sequoyah, 1885, and Story of the Cherokee Bible, 1899, based largely on Phillips’ article; G. C., Invention of the Cherokee Alphabet, in Cherokee Phœnix, republished In Christian Advocate and Journal, New York, September 26, 1828: Pilling, Bibliography of the Iroquoian Languages, 1888.↑272G. C., Invention of the Cherokee Alphabet, op. cit.↑273(Unsigned) letter of David Brown, September 2, 1825, quoted in American State Papers: Indian Affairs,II, p. 652, 1834.↑274Foster, Sequoyah, pp. 120, 121, 1885.↑275Pilling, Iroquoian Bibliography, p. 21, 1888.↑276Brown letter (unsigned), in American State Papers: Indian Affairs,II, p. 652, 1834.↑277For extended notice of Cherokee literature and authors see numerous references in Pilling, Bibliography of the Iroquoian Languages, 1888; also Foster, Sequoyah, 1885, and Story of the Cherokee Bible, 1899. The largest body of original Cherokee manuscript material in existence, including hundreds of ancient ritual formulas, was obtained by the writer among the East Cherokee, and is now in possession of the Bureau of American Ethnology, to be translated at some future time.↑278Brown letter (unsigned), September 2, 1825, American State Papers: Indian Affairs,II, pp. 651, 652, 1834.↑279See Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 241, 1888; Meredith, in The Five Civilized Tribes, Extra Census Bulletin, p. 41, 1894; Morse, American Geography,I, p. 577, 1819 (for Hicks).↑280Fort Pitt treaty, September 17, 1778, Indian Treaties, p. 3, 1837.↑281Cherokee Agency treaty, July 8, 1817, ibid., p. 209; Drake, Indians, p. 450, ed. 1880; Johnson in Senate Report on Territories; Cherokee Memorial, January 18, 1831; see laws of 1808, 1810, and later, in American State Papers: Indian Affairs,II, pp. 279–283, 1834. The volume of Cherokee laws, compiled in the Cherokee language by the Nation, in 1850, begins with the year 1808.↑282Personal information from James D. Wafford. So far as is known this rebellion of the conservatives has never hitherto been noted in print.↑283See Resolutions of Honor, in Laws of the Cherokee Nation, pp. 187–140, 1868; Meredith, in The Five Civilized Tribes, Extra Census Bulletin, p. 41, 1894; Appleton, Cyclopedia of American Biography.↑284See fourth article of “Articles of agreement and cession,” April 24, 1802, in American State Papers: classVIII, Public Lands,I, quoted also by Greeley, American Conflict,I, p. 103, 1864.↑285Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 231–233, 1888.↑286Cherokee correspondence, 1823 and 1824, American State Papers: Indian Affairs,II, pp. 468–473, 1834; Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 236–237, 1888.↑287Cherokee memorial, February 11, 1824, in American State Papers: Indian Affairs,II, pp. 473, 494, 1834; Royce, op. cit., p. 237.↑288Letters of Governor Troup of Georgia, February 28, 1824, and of Georgia delegates, March 10, 1824, American State Papers: Indian Affairs,II, pp. 475, 477, 1834; Royce, op. cit., pp. 237, 238.↑289Monroe, message to the Senate, with Calhoun’s report, March 30, 1824, American State Papers: Indian Affairs,II, pp. 460, 462, 1834.↑290Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 241, 242, 1888.↑291Personal information from J. D. Wafford.↑292Nitze, H. B. C., in Twentieth Annual Report United States Geological Survey, part 6 (Mineral Resources), p. 112, 1899.↑293See Butler letter, quoted in Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 297, 1888; see also Everett, speech in the House of Representatives on May 31, 1838, pp. 16–17, 32–33, 1839.↑294For extracts and synopses of these acts see Royce, op. cit., pp. 259–264; Drake, Indians, pp. 438–456, 1880; Greeley, American Conflict, I, pp. 105, 106, 1864; Edward Everett, speech in the House of Representatives, February 14, 1831 (lottery law). The gold lottery is also noted incidentally by Lanman, Charles, Letters from the Alleghany Mountains, p. 10; New York, 1849, and by Nitze, in his report on the Georgia gold fields, in the Twentieth Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey, part 6 (Mineral Resources), p. 112, 1899. The author has himself seen in a mountain village in Georgia an old book titled “The Cherokee Land and Gold Lottery,” containing maps and plats covering the whole Cherokee country of Georgia, with each lot numbered, and descriptions of the water courses, soil, and supposed mineral veins.↑295Speech of May 19, 1830, Washington; printed by Gales & Seaton, 1830.↑296Speech in the Senate of the United States, April 16, 1830; Washington, Peter Force, printer, 1830.↑297See Cherokee Memorial to Congress, January 18, 1831.↑298Personal information from Prof. Clinton Duncan, of Tahlequah, Cherokee Nation, whose father’s house was the one thus burned.↑299Cherokee Memorial to Congress January 18, 1831.↑300Ibid.; see also speech of Edward Everett in House of Representatives February 14, 1831; report of the select committee of the senate of Massachusetts upon the Georgia resolutions, Boston, 1831; Greeley, American Conflict, I, p. 106, 1864; Abbott, Cherokee Indians in Georgia; Atlanta Constitution, October 27, 1889.↑301Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 261, 262, 1888.↑302Ibid., p. 262.↑303Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 264–266, 1888; Drake, Indians, pp. 454–457,1880; Greeley, American Conflict, I, 106, 1864.↑304Drake, Indians, p. 458, 1880.↑305Royce, op. cit., pp. 262–264, 272, 273.↑306Ibid., pp.274, 275.↑307Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Report Bureau of Ethnology, p. 276, 1888.↑308Commissioner Elbert Herring, November 25, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 240, 1834; author’s personal information from Major R. C. Jackson and J. D. Wafford.↑309Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 278–280, 1888; Everett speech in House of Representatives, May 31, 1838, pp. 28, 29, 1839, in which the Secretary’s reply is given in full.↑310Royce, op. cit., pp. 280–281.↑311Ibid., p. 281.↑312Royce, Cherokee Nation, op. cit. (Ross arrest), p. 281; Drake, Indians (Ross, Payne, Phœnix), p. 459, 1880; see also Everett speech of May 31, 1838, op. cit.↑313Royce, op. cit., pp. 281, 282; see also Everett speech, 1838.↑314See Fort Gibson treaty, 1833, p. 142.↑315See New Echota treaty, 1835, and Fort Gibson treaty, 1833, Indian Treaties, pp. 633–648 and 561–565, 1837; also, for full discussion of both treaties, Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 249–298. For a summary of all the measures of pressure brought to bear upon the Cherokee up to the final removal see also Everett, speech in the House of Representatives, May 31, 1838; the chapters on “Expatriation of the Cherokees,” Drake, Indians, 1880; and the chapter on “State Rights—Nullification,” in Greeley, American Conflict,I, 1864. The Georgia side of the controversy is presented in E. J. Harden’s Life of (Governor) George M. Troup, 1849.↑316Royce, op. cit., p. 289. The Indian total is also given in the Report of the Indian Commissioner, p. 369, 1836.↑317Royce, Cherokee Nation, op. cit., pp. 283, 284; Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. 285, 286, 1836.↑318Quoted by Royce, Cherokee Nation, op. cit., pp. 284–285; quoted also, with some verbal differences, by Everett, speech in House of Representatives on May 31, 1838.↑319Quoted in Royce, op. cit., p. 286.↑320Letter of General Wool, September 10, 1836, in Everett, speech in House of Representatives, May 31, 1838.↑321Letter of June 30, 1836, to President Jackson, in Everett, speech in the House of Representatives, May 31, 1838.↑322Quoted by Everett, ibid.; also by Royce, Cherokee Nation, op. cit., p. 286.↑323Letter of J. M. Mason, jr., to Secretary of War, September 25, 1837, in Everett, speech in House of Representatives, May 31, 1838; also quoted in extract by Royce, op. cit., pp. 286–287.↑324Royce, Cherokee Nation, op. cit. pp. 287, 289.↑325Ibid., pp. 289, 290.↑326Ibid., p. 291. The statement of the total number of troops employed is from the speech of Everett in the House of Representatives, May 31, 1838, covering the whole question of the treaty.↑327Royce, Cherokee Nation, op. cit., p. 291.↑328Ibid, p. 291.↑329The notes on the Cherokee round-up and Removal are almost entirely from author’s information as furnished by actors in the events, both Cherokee and white, among whom may be named the late Colonel W. H. Thomas; the late Colonel Z. A. Zile, of Atlanta, of the Georgia volunteers; the late James Bryson, of Dillsboro, North Carolina, also a volunteer; James D. Wafford, of the western Cherokee Nation, who commanded one of the emigrant detachments; and old Indians, both east and west, who remembered the Removal and had heard the story from their parents. Charley’s story is a matter of common note among the East Cherokee, and was heard in full detail from Colonel Thomas and from Wasitûna (“Washington”), Charley’s youngest son, who alone was spared by General Scott on account of his youth. The incident is also noted, with some slight inaccuracies, in Lanman, Letters from the Alleghany Mountains. See p.157.↑330Author’s personal information, as before cited.↑331As quoted in Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 292, 1888, the disbursing agent makes the number unaccounted for 1,428; the receiving agent, who took charge of them on their arrival, makes it 1,645.↑332Agent Stokes to Secretary of War, June 24, 1839, in Report Indian Commissioner, p. 355, 1839; Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 293, 1888; Drake, Indians, pp. 459–460, 1880; author’s personal information. The agent’s report incorrectly makes the killings occur on three different days.↑333Royce, Cherokee Nation, op. cit., pp. 294, 295.↑334Council resolutions, August 23, 1839, in Report Indian Commissioner, p. 387, 1839; Royce, op. cit., p. 294.↑335See “Act of Union” and “Constitution” in Constitution and Laws of the Cherokee Nation, 1875; General Arbuckle’s letter to the Secretary of War, June 28, 1840, in Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 46, 1840; also Royce, op. cit., pp. 294, 295.↑336See ante, pp. 105–106; Nuttall, who was on the ground, gives them only 1,500.↑337Washburn, Cephas, Reminiscences of the Indians, pp. 81, 103; Richmond, 1869.↑338Nuttall, Journal of Travels into the Arkansas Territory, etc., p. 129; Philadelphia, 1821.↑339Ibid., pp. 123–136. The battle mentioned seems to be the same noted somewhat differently by Washburn, Reminiscences, p. 120; 1869.↑340Royce, Cherokee Nation, op. cit., p. 222.↑341Washburn, op. cit., p. 160, and personal information from J. D. Wafford.↑

178Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 562–565, 1853.↑

179Blount, letter, October 2, 1792, in American State Papers: Indian Affairs,I, p. 294, 1832; Blount, letter, etc., in Ramsey, op. cit., pp. 566, 567, 599–601; see also Brown’s narrative, ibid., 511, 512; Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 170, 1888.↑

180Ramsey, op. cit., 569–571.↑

181Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 571–573, 1853.↑

182Ibid., pp. 574–578, 1853.↑

183Ramsey, Tennessee, p. 579.↑

184Ibid., pp. 580–583, 1853; Smith, letter, September 27, 1793, American State Papers: Indian Affairs,I, p. 468, 1832. Ramsey gives the Indian force 1,000 warriors; Smith says that in many places they marched in files of 28 abreast, each file being supposed to number 40 men.↑

185Ramsey, op. cit., pp. 584–588.↑

186Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 590, 602–605, 1853.↑

187Haywood, Civil and Political History of Tennessee, pp. 300–302; Knoxville, 1823.↑

188Ibid., pp. 303–308, 1823; Ramsey, op. cit., pp. 591–594. Haywood’s history of this period is little more than a continuous record of killings and petty encounters.↑

189Haywood, Civil and Political History of Tennessee, p. 308, 1823; Ramsey, Tennessee, p. 594, 1853; see also memorial in Putnam, Middle Tennessee, p. 502, 1859. Haywood calls the leader Unacala, which should be Une′ga-dihĭ′, “White-man-killer.” Compare Haywood’s statement with that of Washburn, on page 100.↑

190Indian Treaties, pp. 39, 40, 1837; Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 171, 172, 1888; Documents of 1797–98, American State Papers: Indian Affairs,I, pp. 628–631, 1832. The treaty is not mentioned by the Tennessee historians.↑

191Haywood, Civil and Political History of Tennessee, pp. 309–311, 1823; Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 594, 595, 1853.↑

192Haywood, op. cit., pp. 314–316; Ramsey, op. cit., p. 596.↑

193Haywood, Political and Civil History of Tennessee, pp. 392–396, 1823; Ramsey, Tennessee (with Major Ore’s report), pp. 608–618, 1853; Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau Ethnology, p. 171, 1888; Ore, Robertson, and Blount, reports, American State Papers: Indian Affairs, I, pp. 632–634, 1832.↑

194Ramsey, op. cit., p. 618.↑

195Tellico conference, November 7–8, 1794, American State Papers: Indian Affairs, I, pp. 536–538, 1832, Royce, op. cit., p. 173; Ramsey, op. cit., p. 596.↑

196Beaver’s talk, 1784, Virginia State Papers, III, p. 571, 1883; McDowell, report, 1786, ibid., IV, p. 118, 1884; McDowell, report, 1787, ibid., p. 286; Todd, letter, 1787, ibid., p. 277; Tellico conference, November 7, 1794, American State Papers: Indian Affairs, I, p. 538, 1832; Greenville treaty conference, August, 1795, ibid., pp. 582–583.↑

197Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 173, 1888.↑

198Ibid., pp. 174, 175; Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 679–685, 1853.↑

199Indian Treaties, pp. 78–82, 1837; Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 692–697, 1853; Royce, Cherokee Nation (with map and full discussion), Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 174–183, 1888.↑

200See table in Royce, op. cit., p. 378.↑

201Adair, American Indians, pp. 230, 231, 1775.↑

202See Hawkins, MS journal from South Carolina to the Creeks, 1796, in library of Georgia Historical Society.↑

203Hawkins, Treaty Commission, 1801, manuscript No. 5, in library of Georgia Historical Society.↑

204Foote (?), in North Carolina Colonial Records, v, p. 1226, 1887.↑

205North Carolina Colonial Records, v, p. x, 1887.↑

206Reichel, E. H., Historical Sketch of the Church and Missions of the United Brethren, pp. 65–81; Bethlehem, Pa., 1848; Holmes, John, Sketches of the Missions of the United Brethren, pp. 124, 125, 209–212; Dublin, 1818; Thompson, A. C., Moravian Missions, p. 341; New York, 1890; De Schweinitz, Edmund, Life of Zeisberger, pp. 394, 663, 696; Phila., 1870.↑

207Morse, American Geography, I, p. 577, 1819.↑

208Indian treaties, pp. 108, 121, 125, 1837; Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 183, 193, 1888 (map and full discussion).↑

209McKenney and Hall, Indian Tribes,II, p. 92, 1858.↑

210Indian Treaties, pp. 132–136, 1837; Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 193–197, 1888.↑

211Meigs, letter, September 28, 1807, American State Papers: Indian Affairs, I, p. 754, 1832; Royce, op. cit., p. 197.↑

212See treaty, December 2, 1807, and Jefferson’s message, with inclosures, March 10, 1808, American State Papers: Indian Affairs, I, pp. 752–754, 1832; Royce, op. cit., pp. 199–201.↑

213Ibid., pp. 201, 202.↑

214In American State Papers: Indian Affairs,II, p. 283, 1834.↑

215See contract appended to Washington treaty, 1819, Indian Treaties, pp. 269–271, 1837; Royce map, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, 1888.↑

216Author’s personal information.↑

217Mooney, Ghost-dance Religion, Fourteenth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 670 et passim, 1896; contemporary documents in American State Papers: Indian Affairs, I, pp. 798–801, 845–850, 1832.↑

218See Mooney, Ghost dance Religion, Fourteenth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 670–677, 1896; McKenney and Hall, Indian Tribes,II, pp. 93–95, 1858; see also contemporary letters (1813, etc.) by Hawkins, Cornells, and others in American State Papers: Indian Affairs, I, 1832.↑

219Letters of Hawkins, Pinckney, and Cussetah King, July, 1813, American State Papers: Indian Affairs,II, pp. 847–849, 1832.↑

220Meigs, letter, May 8, 1812, and Hawkins, letter, May 11, 1812, ibid., p. 809.↑

221Author’s information from James D. Wafford.↑

222McKenney and Hall, Indian Tribes,II, pp. 96–97, 1858.↑

223Drake, Indians, pp. 395–396, 1880; Pickett, Alabama, p. 556, reprint of 1896.↑

224Coffee, report, etc., in Drake, Indians, p. 396, 1880; Lossing, Field Book of the War of 1812, pp. 762, 763 [n. d. (1869)]; Pickett, Alabama, p. 553, reprint of 1896.↑

225Ibid., p. 556.↑

226Drake, Indians, p. 396, 1880; Pickett, op. cit., pp. 554, 555.↑

227White’s report, etc., in Fay and Davison, Sketches of the War, pp. 240, 241; Rutland, Vt., 1815; Low, John, Impartial History of the War, p. 199; New York, 1815; Drake, op. cit., p. 397; Pickett, op. cit., p. 557; Lossing, op. cit., p. 767. Low says White had about 1,100 mounted men, “including upward of 300 Cherokee Indians.” Pickett gives White 400 Cherokee.↑

228Drake, Indians, pp. 391, 398, 1880; Pickett, Alabama, pp. 557–559, 572–576, reprint of 1896.↑

229Ibid., p. 579; Lossing, Field Book of the War of 1812, p. 773.↑

230Pay and Davison, Sketches of the War, pp. 247–250, 1815; Pickett, Alabama, pp. 579–584, reprint of 1896; Drake, Indians, pp. 398–400, 1880. Pickett says Jackson had “767 men, with 200 friendly Indians”; Drake says he started with 930 men and was joined at Talladega by 200 friendly Indians; Jackson himself, as quoted in Fay and Davison, says that he started with 930 men,excluding Indians, and was joined at Talladega “by between 200 and 300 friendly Indians,” 65 being Cherokee, the rest Creeks. The inference is that he already had a number of Indians with him at the start—probably the Cherokee who had been doing garrison duty.↑

231Pickett, op. cit., pp. 584–586.↑

232Jackson’s report to Governor Blount, March 31, 1814, in Fay and Davison, Sketches of the War, pp. 253, 254, 1815.↑

233General Coffee’s report to General Jackson, April 1, 1814, ibid., p. 257.↑

234Colonel Morgan’s report to Governor Blount, in Fay and Davison, Sketches of the War, pp. 258, 259, 1815.↑

235Coffee’s report to Jackson, ibid., pp. 257, 258.↑

236Jackson’s report to Governor Blount, ibid., pp. 255, 256.↑

237Jackson’s report and Colonel Morgan’s report, in Fay and Davison, Sketches of the War, pp. 255, 256, 259, 1815. Pickett makes the loss of the white troops 32 killed and 99 wounded. The Houston reference is from Lossing. The battle is described also by Pickett, Alabama, pp. 588–591, reprint of 1896; Drake, Indians, pp. 391, 400, 1880; McKenney and Hall, Indian Tribes, II, pp. 98, 99, 1858.↑

238McKenney and Hall, op. cit., p. 98.↑

239Drake, Indians, p. 401, 1880.↑

240Indian Treaties, p. 187, 1837; Meigs’ letter to Secretary of War, August 19, 1816, in American State Papers: Indian Affairs,II, pp. 113, 114, 1834.↑

241Indian Treaties, pp. 185–187, 1837; Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 197–209, 1888.↑

242Indian Treaties, pp. 199, 200, 1837; Royce, op. cit., pp. 209–211.↑

243Claiborne, letter to Jefferson, November 5, 1808, American State Papers, I, p. 755, 1832; Gatschet, Creek Migration Legend,I, p. 88, 1884.↑

244Hawkins, 1799, quoted in Gatschet, op. cit., p. 89.↑

245See Treaty of St Louis, 1825, and of Castor hill, 1852, in Indian Treaties, pp. 388, 539, 1837.↑

246Seenumber 107, “The Lost Cherokee.”↑

247See letter of Governor Estevan Miro to Robertson, April 20, 1783, in Roosevelt, Winning of the West,II, p. 407, 1889.↑

248See pp. 76–77.↑

249Washburn, Reminiscences, pp. 76–79, 1869; see also Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 204, 1888.↑

250Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 202, 203, 1888.↑

251Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 202–204,1888; see also Indian Treaties, pp. 209–215,1837. The preamble to the treaty of 1817 says that the delegation of 1808 had desired a division of the tribal territory in order that the people of the Upper (northern) towns might “begin the establishment of fixed laws and a regular government,” while those of the Lower (southern) towns desired to remove to the West. Nothing is said of severalty allotments or citizenship.↑

252Indian Treaties, pp. 209–215, 1837; Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 212–217, 1888; see also maps in Royce.↑

253Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, 217–218, 1888.↑

254Ibid., pp. 218–219.↑

255Ibid., p. 219.↑

256Morse, Geography,I, p. 577, 1819; and p. 185, 1822.↑

257Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 221–222, 1888.↑

258Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 222–228, 1888.↑

259Indian Treaties, pp. 265–269, 1837; Royce, op. cit., pp. 219–221 and table, p. 378.↑

260Laws of the Cherokee Nation (several documents), 1820, American State Papers;Indian Affairs,II, pp. 279–283, 1834; letter quoted by McKenney, 1825, ibid., pp. 651, 652; Drake, Indians, pp. 437, 438, ed. 1880.↑

261List or missions and reports of missionaries, etc., American State Papers: Indian Affairs,II, pp. 277–279, 459, 1834; personal information from James D. Wafford concerning Valley-towns mission. For notices of Worcester, Jones, and Wafford, see Pilling, Bibliography of the Iroquoian Languages 1888.↑

262G. C., in Cherokee Phœnix; reprinted in Christian Advocate and Journal, New York, September 26, 1828.↑

263McKenney and Hall, Indian Tribes,I, p. 35, et passim, 1858.↑

264Phillips, Sequoyah, in Harper’s Magazine, pp. 542–548, September, 1870.↑

265Manuscript letters by John Mason Brown, January 17, 18, 22, and February 4, 1889, in archives of the Bureau of American Ethnology.↑

266McKenney and Hall, Indian Tribes,I, p. 45, 1858.↑

267See page43.↑

268Seenumber 89, “The Iroquois wars.”↑

269McKenney and Hall, Indian Tribes,I, p. 46, 1858; Phillips, in Harper’s Magazine, p. 547, September, 1870.↑

270Indian Treaties, p. 425, 1837.↑

271For details concerning the life and invention of Sequoya, see McKenney and Hall, Indian Tribes, i, 1858; Phillips, Sequoyah, in Harper’s Magazine, September 1870;Foster, Sequoyah, 1885, and Story of the Cherokee Bible, 1899, based largely on Phillips’ article; G. C., Invention of the Cherokee Alphabet, in Cherokee Phœnix, republished In Christian Advocate and Journal, New York, September 26, 1828: Pilling, Bibliography of the Iroquoian Languages, 1888.↑

272G. C., Invention of the Cherokee Alphabet, op. cit.↑

273(Unsigned) letter of David Brown, September 2, 1825, quoted in American State Papers: Indian Affairs,II, p. 652, 1834.↑

274Foster, Sequoyah, pp. 120, 121, 1885.↑

275Pilling, Iroquoian Bibliography, p. 21, 1888.↑

276Brown letter (unsigned), in American State Papers: Indian Affairs,II, p. 652, 1834.↑

277For extended notice of Cherokee literature and authors see numerous references in Pilling, Bibliography of the Iroquoian Languages, 1888; also Foster, Sequoyah, 1885, and Story of the Cherokee Bible, 1899. The largest body of original Cherokee manuscript material in existence, including hundreds of ancient ritual formulas, was obtained by the writer among the East Cherokee, and is now in possession of the Bureau of American Ethnology, to be translated at some future time.↑

278Brown letter (unsigned), September 2, 1825, American State Papers: Indian Affairs,II, pp. 651, 652, 1834.↑

279See Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 241, 1888; Meredith, in The Five Civilized Tribes, Extra Census Bulletin, p. 41, 1894; Morse, American Geography,I, p. 577, 1819 (for Hicks).↑

280Fort Pitt treaty, September 17, 1778, Indian Treaties, p. 3, 1837.↑

281Cherokee Agency treaty, July 8, 1817, ibid., p. 209; Drake, Indians, p. 450, ed. 1880; Johnson in Senate Report on Territories; Cherokee Memorial, January 18, 1831; see laws of 1808, 1810, and later, in American State Papers: Indian Affairs,II, pp. 279–283, 1834. The volume of Cherokee laws, compiled in the Cherokee language by the Nation, in 1850, begins with the year 1808.↑

282Personal information from James D. Wafford. So far as is known this rebellion of the conservatives has never hitherto been noted in print.↑

283See Resolutions of Honor, in Laws of the Cherokee Nation, pp. 187–140, 1868; Meredith, in The Five Civilized Tribes, Extra Census Bulletin, p. 41, 1894; Appleton, Cyclopedia of American Biography.↑

284See fourth article of “Articles of agreement and cession,” April 24, 1802, in American State Papers: classVIII, Public Lands,I, quoted also by Greeley, American Conflict,I, p. 103, 1864.↑

285Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 231–233, 1888.↑

286Cherokee correspondence, 1823 and 1824, American State Papers: Indian Affairs,II, pp. 468–473, 1834; Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 236–237, 1888.↑

287Cherokee memorial, February 11, 1824, in American State Papers: Indian Affairs,II, pp. 473, 494, 1834; Royce, op. cit., p. 237.↑

288Letters of Governor Troup of Georgia, February 28, 1824, and of Georgia delegates, March 10, 1824, American State Papers: Indian Affairs,II, pp. 475, 477, 1834; Royce, op. cit., pp. 237, 238.↑

289Monroe, message to the Senate, with Calhoun’s report, March 30, 1824, American State Papers: Indian Affairs,II, pp. 460, 462, 1834.↑

290Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 241, 242, 1888.↑

291Personal information from J. D. Wafford.↑

292Nitze, H. B. C., in Twentieth Annual Report United States Geological Survey, part 6 (Mineral Resources), p. 112, 1899.↑

293See Butler letter, quoted in Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 297, 1888; see also Everett, speech in the House of Representatives on May 31, 1838, pp. 16–17, 32–33, 1839.↑

294For extracts and synopses of these acts see Royce, op. cit., pp. 259–264; Drake, Indians, pp. 438–456, 1880; Greeley, American Conflict, I, pp. 105, 106, 1864; Edward Everett, speech in the House of Representatives, February 14, 1831 (lottery law). The gold lottery is also noted incidentally by Lanman, Charles, Letters from the Alleghany Mountains, p. 10; New York, 1849, and by Nitze, in his report on the Georgia gold fields, in the Twentieth Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey, part 6 (Mineral Resources), p. 112, 1899. The author has himself seen in a mountain village in Georgia an old book titled “The Cherokee Land and Gold Lottery,” containing maps and plats covering the whole Cherokee country of Georgia, with each lot numbered, and descriptions of the water courses, soil, and supposed mineral veins.↑

295Speech of May 19, 1830, Washington; printed by Gales & Seaton, 1830.↑

296Speech in the Senate of the United States, April 16, 1830; Washington, Peter Force, printer, 1830.↑

297See Cherokee Memorial to Congress, January 18, 1831.↑

298Personal information from Prof. Clinton Duncan, of Tahlequah, Cherokee Nation, whose father’s house was the one thus burned.↑

299Cherokee Memorial to Congress January 18, 1831.↑

300Ibid.; see also speech of Edward Everett in House of Representatives February 14, 1831; report of the select committee of the senate of Massachusetts upon the Georgia resolutions, Boston, 1831; Greeley, American Conflict, I, p. 106, 1864; Abbott, Cherokee Indians in Georgia; Atlanta Constitution, October 27, 1889.↑

301Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 261, 262, 1888.↑

302Ibid., p. 262.↑

303Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 264–266, 1888; Drake, Indians, pp. 454–457,1880; Greeley, American Conflict, I, 106, 1864.↑

304Drake, Indians, p. 458, 1880.↑

305Royce, op. cit., pp. 262–264, 272, 273.↑

306Ibid., pp.274, 275.↑

307Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Report Bureau of Ethnology, p. 276, 1888.↑

308Commissioner Elbert Herring, November 25, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 240, 1834; author’s personal information from Major R. C. Jackson and J. D. Wafford.↑

309Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 278–280, 1888; Everett speech in House of Representatives, May 31, 1838, pp. 28, 29, 1839, in which the Secretary’s reply is given in full.↑

310Royce, op. cit., pp. 280–281.↑

311Ibid., p. 281.↑

312Royce, Cherokee Nation, op. cit. (Ross arrest), p. 281; Drake, Indians (Ross, Payne, Phœnix), p. 459, 1880; see also Everett speech of May 31, 1838, op. cit.↑

313Royce, op. cit., pp. 281, 282; see also Everett speech, 1838.↑

314See Fort Gibson treaty, 1833, p. 142.↑

315See New Echota treaty, 1835, and Fort Gibson treaty, 1833, Indian Treaties, pp. 633–648 and 561–565, 1837; also, for full discussion of both treaties, Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 249–298. For a summary of all the measures of pressure brought to bear upon the Cherokee up to the final removal see also Everett, speech in the House of Representatives, May 31, 1838; the chapters on “Expatriation of the Cherokees,” Drake, Indians, 1880; and the chapter on “State Rights—Nullification,” in Greeley, American Conflict,I, 1864. The Georgia side of the controversy is presented in E. J. Harden’s Life of (Governor) George M. Troup, 1849.↑

316Royce, op. cit., p. 289. The Indian total is also given in the Report of the Indian Commissioner, p. 369, 1836.↑

317Royce, Cherokee Nation, op. cit., pp. 283, 284; Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. 285, 286, 1836.↑

318Quoted by Royce, Cherokee Nation, op. cit., pp. 284–285; quoted also, with some verbal differences, by Everett, speech in House of Representatives on May 31, 1838.↑

319Quoted in Royce, op. cit., p. 286.↑

320Letter of General Wool, September 10, 1836, in Everett, speech in House of Representatives, May 31, 1838.↑

321Letter of June 30, 1836, to President Jackson, in Everett, speech in the House of Representatives, May 31, 1838.↑

322Quoted by Everett, ibid.; also by Royce, Cherokee Nation, op. cit., p. 286.↑

323Letter of J. M. Mason, jr., to Secretary of War, September 25, 1837, in Everett, speech in House of Representatives, May 31, 1838; also quoted in extract by Royce, op. cit., pp. 286–287.↑

324Royce, Cherokee Nation, op. cit. pp. 287, 289.↑

325Ibid., pp. 289, 290.↑

326Ibid., p. 291. The statement of the total number of troops employed is from the speech of Everett in the House of Representatives, May 31, 1838, covering the whole question of the treaty.↑

327Royce, Cherokee Nation, op. cit., p. 291.↑

328Ibid, p. 291.↑

329The notes on the Cherokee round-up and Removal are almost entirely from author’s information as furnished by actors in the events, both Cherokee and white, among whom may be named the late Colonel W. H. Thomas; the late Colonel Z. A. Zile, of Atlanta, of the Georgia volunteers; the late James Bryson, of Dillsboro, North Carolina, also a volunteer; James D. Wafford, of the western Cherokee Nation, who commanded one of the emigrant detachments; and old Indians, both east and west, who remembered the Removal and had heard the story from their parents. Charley’s story is a matter of common note among the East Cherokee, and was heard in full detail from Colonel Thomas and from Wasitûna (“Washington”), Charley’s youngest son, who alone was spared by General Scott on account of his youth. The incident is also noted, with some slight inaccuracies, in Lanman, Letters from the Alleghany Mountains. See p.157.↑

330Author’s personal information, as before cited.↑

331As quoted in Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 292, 1888, the disbursing agent makes the number unaccounted for 1,428; the receiving agent, who took charge of them on their arrival, makes it 1,645.↑

332Agent Stokes to Secretary of War, June 24, 1839, in Report Indian Commissioner, p. 355, 1839; Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 293, 1888; Drake, Indians, pp. 459–460, 1880; author’s personal information. The agent’s report incorrectly makes the killings occur on three different days.↑

333Royce, Cherokee Nation, op. cit., pp. 294, 295.↑

334Council resolutions, August 23, 1839, in Report Indian Commissioner, p. 387, 1839; Royce, op. cit., p. 294.↑

335See “Act of Union” and “Constitution” in Constitution and Laws of the Cherokee Nation, 1875; General Arbuckle’s letter to the Secretary of War, June 28, 1840, in Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 46, 1840; also Royce, op. cit., pp. 294, 295.↑

336See ante, pp. 105–106; Nuttall, who was on the ground, gives them only 1,500.↑

337Washburn, Cephas, Reminiscences of the Indians, pp. 81, 103; Richmond, 1869.↑

338Nuttall, Journal of Travels into the Arkansas Territory, etc., p. 129; Philadelphia, 1821.↑

339Ibid., pp. 123–136. The battle mentioned seems to be the same noted somewhat differently by Washburn, Reminiscences, p. 120; 1869.↑

340Royce, Cherokee Nation, op. cit., p. 222.↑

341Washburn, op. cit., p. 160, and personal information from J. D. Wafford.↑

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