Pl. I. SOLAR CONE.Pl. I. SOLAR CONE.
The apparent brightness of the sun is owing to the aggregation of the 93,000,000 of miles of this fluid which is present between the sun and earth, or to our presence in the great current of activity of the vito-magnetic force. It is therefore not due to a condition of incandescenceatornearthat body. It is cool and habitable, and emits no light. The brightness of the intervening fluid intercepts the view, and thus no one may behold its body. Dark spots upon its face disclose its true character.[5]
If, therefore, the sun be truly dark, the brightness of its satellites cannot be caused by light projected from its surface or surroundings. How, then, may we account for the light of the moon and planets, which do not possess a lightsui generis? A new hypothesis is requisite. To frame this hypothesis is not difficult.
Analogy teaches us that the earth is seen from the moon and planets, even as they are seen from the earth. Yet there is nothing upon the face of the whole earth which is capable of reflecting the slightest amount of the sun's rays to those spheres. The fields, forests, rocks, and seas, only absorb light, they do not reflect it. In this phenomenon, therefore, there is no element of specular reflection. It consists rather of the lighting up of the static vito-magnetic fluid of our atmosphere, by the great solar current. The atmosphere, thus vivified, discloses our presence to those orbs, and in like manner, their presence to the inhabitants of the earth.
The light of the planets is therefore in no sense a borrowed light, since the action which generates and transmits it, is purely co-operative. Otherwise there could be no light at the earth, or planets.
And, indeed, the sun possesses within himself alone no element of supply of his own needed light and heat; and in his immensity and power is evendependentupon the circling orbs, for the quantity of each which is indispensable to a condition of habitation.
The bodies of the planets are in like manner invisible; we behold but the illumined atmosphere of each sphere. Thus the moon and planets, to be visible, must possess atmospheres.
That the thunderbolt is a substance may not be questioned. That the aurora borealis, or polaris, another form of vito-magneticfluid, is a substance is not questioned. The so-called heat-lightning, though apparently intangible, must therefore be regarded as a substance. Yet further in the remove we find the zodiacal light. Sunlight is but the same, in form of extreme tenuity. The thunderbolt passes from earth to cloud, and instantaneously changes itssubstantialform to one as tenuous as light; yet, in the transformation, this fluid has not lost its identity. Though unseen, it continues to exist as matter.
While ever present, light is being incessantly replenished; its action being instantaneous. The calculations ofRoëmer, founded upon observations made through spaces of 382 and 568 millions of miles of distance, should not be too confidently accepted, especially as the results of such conclusions are so vitally important. When we consider that with our best telescopes directed towards the moon, less than a quarter of a million of miles distant, nothing really satisfactory may be discerned, what value, therefore, may be attached to statements founded upon such thoroughly unreliable data?
Bradley'sestimate of the velocity of light, founded upon his study of "the aberration of light," is even less worthy of consideration.
Any effort to measure such an inconceivable velocity as that claimed for light, by any means or appliances which may be devised by human ingenuity, must be regarded as futile.Descartessays: "Light reaches usinstantaneouslyfrom the sun, and would do so, even if the intervening distance were greater than that between the earth and heaven."
[5]Appendix, p. 99.
[B]This term is employed as being most exact and comprehensive, as this fluid is now known to be the source of all life and all attractions.
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Sun-heat is another product of the same retro-action between the sun and earth; consequently it has the same range and the same boundaries as when it is viewed as light.
The scientists of to-day may well look after the soundness of their favorite theories of the great physical forces; for the uncertain tenure of old theories, by reason of recent discoveries, is becoming but too manifest. New phenomena are now observed which require solutions not met by present hypotheses. The nebular hypothesis which has so long possessed the scientific mind has, by the discovery of the moons of Mars, become a thing of the past. According toM. Maiche, water is found to be no longer the old-fashioned conventional oxygen andhydrogen, but essentially a new element must be considered in estimating its composition.[6]Light is ascertained to be as veritable a substance as water. The sun is recognized to be dark, cool, and habitable. Messages go through the air from kite to kite ten miles apart without visible agency. Telephonic sounds leap from wire to wire through quite ten feet of space.
The present theories of the production and dissemination of sun-heat, are simply accepted for want of better, and not because they account satisfactorily for the phenomena.
The first and most prominent is the combustion theory, which, though bearing the seal of ages, is obnoxious both to common and philosophic reasoning. This theory presupposes a consumption of material beyond all conception, and the supply of which has been no small tax upon the scientific imagination. The source of this supply has been claimed to be the subsidence of useless worlds, and of asteroids, and meteors, showereddown upon its surface. Estimates have been carefully made, and we are gravely informed of the probable amount of combustive material required to supply the sun's demands for given periods. It is said that the coal-fields of Pennsylvania, which would supply the world's consumption for centuries, would keep the sun's rate of emission for considerably less than 1/1,000 part of a second.Pouilletestimated the quantity of heat emitted by the sun per hour to be equal to the supply of a layer of anthracite coal ten feet thick, spread over the whole surface of the sun.
The theory advocated byHelmholtz, and by many other scientists, of "the gradual contraction of the solar orb," and that ofSecchi, "the dissociation of compound bodies in the sun's substance," are attempts after a more consistent philosophy.
The foregoing theories pre-suppose the sun to be a glowing fiery mass, from which, in all directions, issue radiations of heat and light into space. Of this enormous quantity of radiated heat, the earth is supposed to receive but 1/2,000,000,000 part.
Meyerobserves: "A general law of nature which knows no exceptionis thefollowing:In order to obtain heat, something must be expended."
This combustion theory therefore calls for an enormous expenditure of material for generating heat and light, together with a still further expenditure of force for projecting these into all space, at all distances. All these theories are therefore inconsistent with the immutable law of the Conservation of Force.
In seeking the source of supply of heat and light, we are compelled to look for a philosophy more consistent than any hitherto advanced. Controlled too much by the literal evidence of the senses and the superficial appearance of things, we have ever regarded the sun asall alonein developing and exercising these great forces.
The law of conservation compels us to look to theearth, a heretofore neglected factor in this problem. This factor being introduced we shall find the problem to be wonderfully simplified.
All space may rationally be regarded as complete vacuum, thus presenting no resistance nor obstacles to the free progress ofthe retro-acting elements. Distance is then virtually annihilated, and Mercury, 37,000,000 of miles from the sun, and Neptune, 2,800,000,000 of miles, stand alike in their relations with the great central orb.
The earth may no longer be regarded as having a merely passive part to play. The forces in operation as between the earth and sun, are purely co-operative, and the one precisely counterbalances the other. The earth, therefore, must have avis vivawithin itself, capable of reciprocating in the organic functions of the great vito-magnetic circuit. We certainly know that it possesses a marvellous wealth of resources. The following are the most important of its sources ofvis viva.
1st. The great reservoir of vito-magnetic fluid, the vast incandescent earth-core. The presence and activity therein of mighty force,—of heat, and motion, in the highest degree, are abundantly shown by various terrestrial phenomena. These phenomena, while perfectly familiar to observers, seem never to have received any fitting interpretation.
2d. Motions and frictions of every kind;[C]the motions of the waters of the earth, the great oceans, with their rolling tides sweeping the whole circumference of the earth twice in twenty-four hours, at a speed of one thousand miles per hour; with its frictions upon itself, the bottom, and the shores; its great storms lashing it into fury, and its gentler motions from lesser winds; also the motions of all seas, rivers, and rain-falls.
3d. So all motions of the air, in form of hurricanes, lesser winds, or zephyrs; tearing their way through forests, and hills, and through space; or causing gentlest flutter of leaflet. We have witnessed their goings forth, but have neglected to calculate their mission.
4th. All chemical actions.
5th. All combustions.
6th. All evaporations.
Theearthis thus elaborating in all her gigantic processes, the materials and forces, whichshefurnishes in the great interchange. How strangely have these great sources ofvis vivaremained practically unheeded until the present time.
The part performed by the sun may but feebly be conceived.[7]Within its vast proportions (being 1,000 times as large as all the planets combined) may be found every element suited to all requirements.
The construction of a true philosophy of the physical forces must depend now upon our rightly understanding themodus operandiof the conveyance, and utilization, of these sun-elements, and the workings of this sun-power.
The presence of a veritable flood of light, heat, and magnetic force, as in motion from the sun to the earth, has ever been recognized.The line of greatest intensity of this solar, or vito-magnetic current, is found along the line of greatest diameters of those bodies.The centre of this current reaches the earth at, or near the equator.
It is a well-established fact that from the equator to the poles a continuous magnetic flood is ever in motion.[8]
In thus tracing the course of the magnetic current from the sun to the equator, and thence to the poles, a physical necessity, made imperative by the inexorable law of conservation, indicates that aretro-current from the earth back to the sun, must now have part in the process. Should such be the case, as all reason and philosophy affirm, we have a completed"Grand Magnetic Circuit," in and through which all physical phenomena have their origin. But aside from the logical necessity, we hold that there are terrestrial phenomena, which, rightly interpreted, point to just such a retro-acting inter-communication.
The phenomenon, the aurora borealis, or polaris, has never been satisfactorily explained. It is acknowledged as purely magnetic in character, and to be due to the passage of currents upward from the earth. Ithas received the regard due to a mere negative though brilliant exhibition, whereas the character, extent, and significance of its manifestations should have caused it to be greeted, and studied, as the index of the operation of very positive cosmical functions.
Humboldtregarded this process as "the restoration of a disturbed equilibrium;" and so indeed it is, but it is an equilibrium, not simply as between the earth, and atmosphere. Various observers have estimated the altitude to which the aurora sometimes reaches, at from 80 to 265 miles. The fact that thebulkof the atmosphere reaches butthree milesabove the earth's surface, forbids it to be regarded as purely a terrestro-atmospheric phenomenon.
While viewing the more striking and brilliant exhibitions of the aurora, the more undemonstrative and by far the most important and vital operations have been disregarded. The former may not be observed, except occasionally, and fitfully,canonly be present when favoring meteorological conditions admit of its disclosure. The latter, more unobtrusive and even invisible to the naked eye, are incessantly, and at all seasons,in action, by day as well as by night.[9]May not this auroral display then be regarded in a measure as confirmatory of what the law of conservation had already suggested to us; the existence of aretro-current?
The suggestion of a simple, adequate, and perfect theory is given us by an ordinary electro-magnetic battery. Let the conducting wire from such a battery extend half around the circumference of this globe. It is apparently as quiet and dormant as is our earth; yet in those cold plates, solutions, and wire, there lie the hidden elements of heat, light, and power. At the distant extremity of the wire, when not connected with the earth, we may have none of the manifestations of heat, light, or attraction—even though the plates are put into the solution. But let us now make the connection between the extremity of the wire and the earth,thenthe circuit is complete, and heat, light, and attraction are disclosed in highest degree.
Now from theGreat Sun Battery,[10]in which we locate the oneGreat UniversalForce: Newton's "Higher and Still Unknown Force,"every one recognizes a current constantly present, setting towards the earth. That current is recognized as bringing us our light and heat. But without aretro-current, should we have a circuit complete? Should we have any of these phenomena?
Neitherinthe battery nornearthe battery do the phenomena manifest themselves. Though the developer of light, heat, and power, the battery itself is neither luminous, hot, nor magnetic. "To explain the effects of the sun, therefore, there is not the least reason to infer that it is itself luminous, or even warm. Potential action generated in a dark, cold body, may produce great heat and light, at a distance from the seat of activity; andwhat is thus wrought artificially in a small way may surely be done naturally in a tremendous fashion by the grand forces of the sun."
It is now well known that a number of currents may pass in each direction, at thesame time, over one and the same telegraph wire; and in like manner, great solar currents may pass to and fro without interference.
Sun-heat, therefore, like sunlight and gravity, is a veritable production, yet it is not due to the process of combustion. It is not dependent for its creation upon the destruction of fabulous quantities of substantial materials.The rather does it originate in, and is it disseminated through the vast energies of spheres retro-acting upon spheres throughout the whole universe of matter.
[6]Appendix, p. 99.
[7]Appendix, p. 100.
[8]Appendix, p. 100.
[9]Appendix, p. 101.
[10]Appendix, p. 102.
[C]In the motions of the spheres through space, unlike all other forms of motion, there is no element of resistance. This form of motion is therefore incapable of developingvis viva.
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The usual explanation of these phenomena,i. e., the influence of direct and oblique sun-rays, has ever seemed insufficient and unsatisfactory; especially in view of thefactthat the heat comes not from the sun by continuity after the manner of progression as from a heated body.
A philosophy more exact and consistent may be found in the development of the theory already advanced, and which is illustrated in the following plates.
The maximum of heat at the surface of the earth bears a very constant and intimate relation to the line of greatest diameters of the sun and earth.—Pl. II. a.
Through this line the heat-producing functions of these great spheres are in operation in the highest degree.
Pl. II. SEASONS.—Summer.Pl. II. SEASONS.—Summer.
This line of magnetic, or heat activity, consequently varies with the earth's movements. On the 20th of June the flood of summer heat overspreads the northern portions of the earth; the sun thence apparently turns southward, and with its departure the relations of the line of heat activity change. The city of New York, which on the 20th of June is found nearest the centre of the solar current (Plate II. b), is, on the 21st of December, located at its greatest distance from the line of magnetic or heat intensity(Plate III. b), where the heat-producing forces are in operation in but low degree.
Pl. III. SEASONS.—Winter.Pl. III. SEASONS.—Winter.
Gravity is not a separable entity, not a powerper se. It is but a production, and an operation, of the same retro-action between sun-core, and earth-core. This retro-action gives rise to a stupendous magnetic circuit, as described, in which both sun and earth become the embodiments of magnetic force, or, in other words, great magnets.[11]
The power thus developed is exercised in preserving the relative positions of the two bodies, and, on the part of the earth, as we know, in drawing unto itself all objects within its influence.
The same current, therefore, which lights up our earth, and which gives to it its requisite supply of heat, at the same time indues it with the power of attraction.
Thus is engendered that power known as gravity, which has ever been acknowledged a profound mystery beyond the comprehension of man.
[11]Appendix, p. 102.
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The great aërial ocean which we call the atmosphere (at the bottom of which we live, and move, and have our being), is even more vitally important than has ever been dreamed of in human philosophy.
Its tangible constituents, such as clouds, vapors, gases, are well understood; as well as the modifying influence of those atmospheric elements upon what we call sunlight, and sun-heat. But the intangible and vital principle, or basis of the atmosphere, has in a measure escaped recognition. This principle is vito-magnetic in its character, and may be designated asstatic,[12]from its habit whenin equilibrium, and also in contradistinction from that vast flood ofactivefluid which fills the solar cone-space.
The whole globe and its surrounding atmosphere are vast reservoirs of this static fluid. These, interacting freely through continuity, virtually become one in their operations. As a constituent of the atmosphere this fluid is nearly uniform in its proportions. Its varying conditions, as positive, negative, and neutral, form a marked peculiarity. Changes from one to another of these conditions, over larger or smaller areas, are affected with marvellous rapidity, and with varying and sometimes with striking results.
In the extremes of atmospheric temperature, this fluid is found to exist in the extremes of its positive and negative conditions. The contrast is by some supposed to exist in the seasons of winter and summer, in proportions as 13 to 1, (heretofore regarded as quantitive).
This fluid is indeedthe vital principle, upon whichall life, animate and inanimate, depends. The necessity for frequent respirations is occasioned by the imperative demands of the system for this agent. As before intimated, the mild and steady light which illumines the earth in its day-season is owing to the action of theactivefluid of the cone-space upon thestaticfluid of the atmosphere. The untempered force of the former might not be endured. The pale and steady light of the moon and planets is due to a like reaction through the same agencies.
The relations which the present known constituents of the atmosphere sustain to this fluid may not at the present time be estimated.
"Air," saidSir Lyon Playfair, "is the most familiar of substances; the first with which an infant becomes acquainted on entrance into the world, and in death, the last to be given up; yet, strange to say, its nature and constitution have only become partially understood within the past century, and evennow scientific knowledge can only be regarded as on the threshold of the subject."
The novelty and the assurance of the concluding lines of the above quotation would, at a comparatively recent date, have excited in the reader a great astonishment. We had supposed that the constituents, and the functions of our atmosphere were very well understood, that little, if anything, could be learned by further investigation. Yet the revelations which are now being made show the assertion ofSir Lyon Playfairto be almost prophetic.
The vito-magnetic, the most important ingredient, has scarcely been referred to in any formula of its constitution. This constituent as previously stated, forms the bulk of the atmosphere, and uponitdepends the principal performance of its varied functions. More vital than oxygen, without it life could not be sustained for an hour.
The experiments of M.Pasteurhave demonstrated that oxygen and light are not essentials of life, as he developed life in the dark, in an atmosphere of carbonic acid.
More recent discoveries verify the presence of this comparatively unappreciated constituent.
The process of induction has ever been a great mystery in electrical science. Magnetic currents are known to act upon bodies in close proximity without the intervention of a spark, and to indue such bodies with magnetic force. This action, called induction, has been supposed to be limited to short distances. This we believe to be erroneous. In order that the inductive process take place, it is only necessary to suppose some impulse to be superinduced upon some pervading medium. This medium we recognize in the static vito-magnetic constituent of the atmosphere. Magnetic or electrical induction is therefore nature's effort towards an equilibrium. Newly-discovered phenomena show that this process is carried on even at considerable distances. To Prof.Loomisof New Haven, Conn., we are indebted for experiments which illustrate this fact. These experiments show that magnetic communications may be made through ten miles of space without the intervention of visiblemeans of conduction. The employment of wires is rendered unnecessary by reason of the presence of the vito-magnetic fluid which operates in restoring the disturbed equilibrium. Magneticcurrentsare therefore not essential to this phenomenon.
A wonderful exhibition of this power was recently observed at Rochester, N. Y. In a telephonic exhibition in this city, the musicians were located in Buffalo, sixty-eight miles distant. WhileProf. Johnsonwas engaged in preparatory practice during the afternoon, the notes from Buffalo were distinctly heard at the same time, in a city business office, at some distance from the hall of exhibition. Yet the wire used by the Professor, and that employed in the private telephone, were at no point less than ten feet apart. The same phenomenon was observed during the progress of the exhibition in another locality, the two lines still being no nearer than ten feet to each other.
It is this vito-magnetic element, and not some other ingredient, that renders the atmosphere so sympathetic, and responsive, tothe governing Force resident in the sun, and in the earth-core. The atmosphere thus not only furnishes the field of operation for the manifold Force, co-operating between the sun and earth, but is itself the medium and instrument of the operations.
The vito-magnetic power under its Protean forms, styled "Vital Forces," and "The Physical Forces," works in the atmosphere and is the source of nearly all its phenomena. It causes and directs movements in every province of nature. Nothing else has so intimate relations with animal and vegetable life and growth. It may be considered as constituting the inherentvirtueof the atmosphere.
Among the varying manifestations in which this agent is disclosed to us, within and beyond the atmosphere, may be enumerated the following, viz.: 1, Linear lightning; 2, Ball lightning; 3, The flash with reverberations; 4, Heat lightning; 5, Aurora; 6, Frictional or mechanical; 7, Magnetic; 8, Vital; 9, St. Elmo's Fires; 10, The exaggerated wave which bears destruction in its pathway; 11, That disclosed by rain, hail, snow, and fog; 12, Sunlight, and sun-heat; 13, Static, or atmospheric; 14, Zodiacal light; 15, Corona, etc., etc.
[12]Appendix, p. 104.
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The mere mechanical theory which regards the atmosphere as a loose mixture of gaseous materials, and the winds as mere mechanical disturbances within it, misses its real intimate nature and is insufficient. But once conceive the atmosphere as arranged like a perfectly adjusted instrument for the meeting-place and co-operation of sun-force, and earth-force, where are elaborated all the benefits designed for our mundane creation, and we begin to look for better explanations.
What we call the wind is mediately the air moving but causatively, and immediately, and more profoundly, it is the action of the vito-magnetic fluid.It is therefore a purelymagnetic phenomenon. In the interplay of that subtle, all-pervasive fluid, is found the key to the theory of the winds.Hurricanes, cyclones, tornadoes, zephyrs, etc., are manifestations of its operations. These phenomena imply the existence of a force at times stupendous, and at times so gentle as simply to move a leaflet.
This power in full magnitude may spring instantaneously into action; and it may, too, as instantaneously cease. It may suddenly drive a body of air at the rate of one hundred miles per hour, and as suddenly arrest its progress. The air having no inherent propulsive powers, that originate and control its directions, velocities, and varied forms of movement, is yet subject to definite laws. What these laws are has never been divulged.—"The wind bloweth where it listeth." Yet in viewing earth and atmosphere as vast reservoirs of vito-magnetic fluid, shifting back and forth to maintain an equilibrium, we believe we see the workings of the very force which moves and sways the atmosphere; which causes its currents, both general and special; and which gives rise to all its more extraordinary and unaccountable phenomena.
The changes in the magnetism of the earth and atmosphere give rise to these currents. They are developed in various forms. The following may be mentioned as the most important.
1st. The general and widespread perturbations, occurring within the body of the earth, and implicating immense areas, even whole continents.
2d. The interruptions of continuity of thesolar currentsas in the phenomena called sun-spots. These changes, to whatever cause due, are capable of disturbing the terrestrial magnetic equilibrium over varying areas, and of working instantaneously.
3d. The effects of the interruptions of the sun's rays through the medium of clouds.
4th. Purely local vito-magnetic, or electrical, actions occupying smaller or larger areas.[13]
That the origination, suspension, and continuation of these movements, in all their forms are due to purely vito-magnetic force, we think demonstrable. Thus, no other canact so instantaneously, none with such varied exhibitions of power, and none so widespread in their development.
In the movement of a body of air, the space previously occupied by that body must be resupplied by another of equal volume. This resupply may not necessarily be derived from the circumambient atmosphere as heretofore supposed. In some instances the resupply is derivedin but slight degreefrom that source, but rather from that great reservoir, the earth; as in the instances of whirlwinds and tornadoes.
Flammariansays:—"We know that a whirlwind is a column of air which turns upon its own axis, and which advances comparatively slowly, for, as a rule, a person can keep up with it at a walking pace. This whirling column of air is both caused and set in motion by electricity."
If whirlwinds are caused and set in motion by electricity, why may not all other forms of wind be productions of the same force?Peltierhas established both by numerous factsand by a series of ingenious experiments, that the waterspouts of the land and sea are electrical phenomena.
This had been suspected byBeccariaa hundred years before.
The hurricane which occurred in the Barbadoes in 1831, was the most remarkable on record. In the actions of the hurricane and the electrical displays, there was abundant evidence of cause and effect.
The lightning for hours played in flashes and forked darts, and moved frightfully between the clouds and the earth, with a most surprising action, and the earth was felt to tremble. The moment this singular alternation of the lightning passing to and fro ceased, the hurricane burst forth with a violence which exceeded all that had yet been experienced. The winds blowing with appalling velocity, changed their course frequently and almost instantaneously, occasionally abating but only to return in gusts from S. W.-W. and N. W. with accumulated fury.
These alternations of wind and violent electrical phenomena, were something more than coincident, more than a casual connection. Here we observe a manifest inter-dependence.
In another hurricane, "the wind blew about twelve hours with the utmost fury from the N. E. and then, in an instant, perfect calm ensued for an hour, then, quick as thought, the hurricane sprang up with tremendous force from the S. W." No other power known can suspend and put in motion, in opposite directions, such marvellous velocities and so instantaneously.
A remarkable phenomenon was exhibited by a hurricane in 1837, and described byCapt. Seymourof Cork. "For nearly an hour we could not see each other nor anything else, but merely the light, and most astonishing, every one of our finger-nails turned quite black and remained so nearly five weeks afterwards. This fact may be classed among other proofs of the agency of electricity in the production of hurricanes."
The following facts are entirely inconsistent with usual methods of explanation of the cause of winds: "The entire atmosphere, to the altitude of many thousand feet, is constantly traversed by numerous horizontal currents of air, flowing in different directions and at different heights."
The course of a balloonist was altered noless than five times in the space of fourteen hours. "The aëronautGreen, at the height of 14,000 feet, encountered a current that bore him along at the rate of five miles per hour, but upon descending to the altitude of 12,000 feet he met a contrary wind blowing with a velocity of eighty miles an hour."
The vito-magnetic fluid is capable of becoming amassed, condensed and rarefied. In the tornado that happened at Natchez, in 1840, the housesexplodedwhenever the doors and windows were shut, the roofs shooting up into the air, and the walls even of the strongest buildings bursting outward with great force.
On the 18th of June, 1839, a whirlwind fell upon the village of Chatenay, near Paris. In the room of a house over which it passed, several articles of needle-work were lying upon a table. The next day some of them were found in a field at a distance from the house, together with a pillow-case taken from another room. They must have been carried up the chimney by the rush of air outwards, as every other means of exit was closed.
It is a fact well-known to miners that during and before violent tempests, strong ascending currents are observed.