Queries.

1. French Revolution.Violence, run forth!2. Swedish Nightingale.Sing high! sweet Linda. (q. d.di Chamouni.)3. Spanish Marriages.Rash games in Paris; or, Ah! in a miser's grasp.4. Paradise Lost.Reap sad toils.5. Paradise Regained.Dead respire again.

1. French Revolution.Violence, run forth!

1. French Revolution.

Violence, run forth!

2. Swedish Nightingale.Sing high! sweet Linda. (q. d.di Chamouni.)

2. Swedish Nightingale.

Sing high! sweet Linda. (q. d.di Chamouni.)

3. Spanish Marriages.Rash games in Paris; or, Ah! in a miser's grasp.

3. Spanish Marriages.

Rash games in Paris; or, Ah! in a miser's grasp.

4. Paradise Lost.Reap sad toils.

4. Paradise Lost.

Reap sad toils.

5. Paradise Regained.Dead respire again.

5. Paradise Regained.

Dead respire again.

C. Mansfield Ingleby.

Birmingham.

Family Caul—Child's Caul.—The will of Sir John Offley, Knight, of Madeley Manor, Staffordshire (grandson of Sir Thomas Offley, Lord Mayor of London temp. Eliz.), proved at Doctors' Commons 20th May, 1658, contains the following singular bequest:

"Item, I will and devise one Jewell done all in Gold enammelled, wherein there is a Caul that covered my face and shoulders when I first came into the world, the use thereof to my loving Daughter the LadyElizabeth Jenny, so long as she shall live; and after her decease the use likewise thereof to her Son, Offley Jenny, during his natural life; and after his decease to my own right heirs male for ever; and so from Heir to Heir, to be left so long as it shall please God of his Goodness to continue any Heir Male of my name, desiring the same Jewell be not concealed nor sold by any of them."

Cestriensis.

Numerous Progeny.—TheLondon Journalof Oct. 26, 1734, contains the following paragraph:

"Letters from Holderness, in Yorkshire, mention the following remarkable inscription on a tombstone newly erected in the churchyard of Heydon, viz. 'Here lieth the body of William Strutton, of Padrington, buried the 18th of May, 1734, aged 97, who had by his first wife 28 children, and by a second wife 17; own father to 45, grandfather to 86, great-grandfather to 97, and great-great-grandfather to 23; in all 251.'"

T. B. H.

Thomas Smith, in hisVitæ Illustrium, gives extracts from a so-called Ephemeris of Sir Peter Young, but which Sir Peter compiled during the latter years of his life. Thomas Hearne says, in a note to the Appendix to Leland'sCollectanea, that he had had the use of some of Smith's MSS. This Ephemeris of Sir Peter Young may be worth the publishing if it can be found: can any of your readers say whether it is among Smith's or Hearne's MSS., or if it be preserved elsewhere? Peter Young, and his brother Alexander, were pupils of Theodore Beza, having been educated chiefly at the expense of their maternal uncle Henry Scrymgeour, to whose valuable library Peter succeeded. It was brought to Scotland by Alexander about the year 1573 or 1574, and was landed at Dundee. It was especially rich in Greek MSS.; and Dr. Irvine, in his "Dissertation on the Literary History of Scotland," prefixed to hisLives of the Scottish Poets, says of these MSS. and library, "and the man who is so fortunate as to redeem them from obscurity, shall assuredly be thought to have merited well from the republic of letters." It is much to be feared, however, that as to the MSS. this good fortune awaits no man; for Sir Peter Young seems to have given them to his fifth son, Patrick Young, the eminent Greek scholar, who was librarian to Prince Henry, and, after his death, to the king, and to Charles I. Patrick Young's house was unfortunately burned, and in it perished many MSS. belonging to himself and to others. If Scrymgeour's MSS. escaped the fire, they are to be sought for in the remnant of Patrick Young's collection, wherever that went, or in the King's Library, of which a considerable part was preserved. Young's house was burned in 1636, and he is supposed to have carried off a large number of MSS. from the royal library, after the king's death in 1649. If therefore Scrymgeour's MSS. were among these, it is possible that they may yet be traced, for they would be sold with Young's own, after his death in 1652. This occurred on the 7th of September, rather suddenly, and he left no will, and probablygaveno directions about his MSS. and library, which were soldsub hastâ, probably within a few months after his death, and with them any of the MSS. which he may have taken from the King's Library, or may have had in his possession belonging to others. Smith says that he had seen a large catalogue of MSS. written in Young's own hand. Is this catalogue extant? Patrick Young left two daughters, co-heiresses: the elder married to John Atwood, Esq.; the younger, to Sir Samuel Bowes, Kt. A daughter of the former gave to a church in Essex a Bible which had belonged to Charles I.; but she knew so little of her grandfather's history that she described him as Patrick Young, Esq., library keeper to the king, quite unconscious that he had been rector of two livings, and a canon and treasurer of St. Paul's. Perhaps, after all, the designation was not so incorrect, for though he held so many preferments, he never was in priest's orders, and sometimes was not altogether free from suspicion of not being a member of the Church of England at all, except as a recipient of its dues, and of course, a deacon in its orders.

But it may be worthy of note, as affording another clue by which, perchance, to trace some of Scrymgeour's MSS., that Sir Thomas Bowes, Kt., who was Sir Symonds D'Ewes's literary executor, employed Patrick Young to value a collection of coins, &c., among which he recognised a number that had belonged to the king's cabinet, and which Sir Symonds had purchased from Hugh Peters, by whom they had been purloined. Young taxed Peters with having taken books, and MSS. also, which the other denied, with the exception of two or three, but was not believed. I do not know what relation Sir Thomas Bowes was to Sir Samuel, who married Young's second daughter, nor to Paul Bowes, who edited D'Ewes'sJournalsin 1682. It is quite possible that some of Scrymgeour's MSS. may have fallen into D'Ewes's hands, may have come down, and be recognisable by some mark.

As to Scrymgeour's books, it is probable that they were deposited in Peter Young's house of Easter Seatoun, near to Arbroath, of which he obtained possession about 1580, and which remained with his descendants for about ninety years, when his great-grandson sold it, and purchased the castle and part of the lands of Aldbar. That any very fine library was removed thither is not probable, especially any bearing HenryScrymgeour's name; and for this reason, that Thomas Ruddiman was tutor to David Young, and was resident at Aldbar, and would hardly have failed to notice, or to record, the existence of any so remarkable a library as Scrymgeour's, or even of Sir Peter Young's, who was himself an ardent collector of books, as appears from some of his letters to Sir Patrick Vans (recteVaux) which I have seen, and as might be inferred from his literary tastes and pursuits. There is perhaps reason to believe that Sir Peter's library did not descend in his family beyond his eldest son, Sir James Young, who made an attempt to deprive the sons of his first marriage (the elder of whom died in infancy) of their right of succession to their grandfather's estates, secured to them under their father's marriage contract, and which attempt was defeated by their uncle, Dr. John Young, Dean of Winchester (sixth son of Sir Peter), who acquired from Lord Ramsay, eldest son of the Earl of Dalhousie, part of the barony of Baledmouth in Fife. Dean Young founded a school at St. Andrew's, on the site of which is now built Dr. Bell's Madras College.

Sir Peter Young the elder, knighted in 1605, has been sometimes confounded with his third son, Peter, who received his knighthood at the hands of Gustavus Adolphus, on the occasion of that king being invested with the Order of the Garter.

Another fine library (Andrew Melville's) was brought into Scotland about the same time as Scrymgeour's; and it is creditable to the statesmen of James's reign that there was an order in the Scotch exchequer, that books imported into Scotland should be free from custom. A note of this order is preserved among the Harleian MSS. in the British Museum; but my reference to the number is not at hand.

De Camera.

Can any of your correspondents oblige me by supplying particulars of other editions of the following Mormon works? The particulars required are the size, place, date, and number of pages. The editions enumerated below are the only ones to which I have had access.

1.The Book of Mormon:

First American edition, 12mo.: Palmyra, 1830, pp. 588., printed by E. B. Grandin for the author.First European edition, small 8vo.: Liverpool, 1841, title, one leaf, pp. 643., including index at the end.Second European edition, 12mo.: Liverpool, 1849. Query number of pages?Third European edition, 12mo.: Liverpool, 1852, pp. xii. 563.

First American edition, 12mo.: Palmyra, 1830, pp. 588., printed by E. B. Grandin for the author.

First European edition, small 8vo.: Liverpool, 1841, title, one leaf, pp. 643., including index at the end.

Second European edition, 12mo.: Liverpool, 1849. Query number of pages?

Third European edition, 12mo.: Liverpool, 1852, pp. xii. 563.

2.Book of Doctrine and Covenants:

First (?) American edition, 18mo.: Kirkland, 1835, pp. 250.Third European edition, 12mo.: Liverpool, 1852, pp. xxiii, 336.

First (?) American edition, 18mo.: Kirkland, 1835, pp. 250.

Third European edition, 12mo.: Liverpool, 1852, pp. xxiii, 336.

3.Hymn Book for the "Saints" in Europe:

Ninth edition, 16mo.: Liverpool, 1851, pp. vii. 379., containing 296 hymns.

As I am passing through the press two Lectures on the subject of Mormonism, and am anxious that the literary history and bibliography of this curious sect should be as complete as possible, I will venture to ask the favour of an immediate reply to this Query: and since the subject is hardly of general interest, as well as because the necessary delay of printing any communication may hereby be avoided, may I request that any reply be sent to me at the address given below. I shall also be glad to learn where, and at what price, a copy of the firstAmericanedition of theBook of Mormoncan be procured.

W. Sparrow Simpson, B.A.

14. Grove Road,North Brixton, Surrey.

Dimidiation.—Is the practice ofdimidiationapproved of by modern heralds, and are examples of it common?

W. Fraser.

Tor-Mohun.

Early Christian Mothers.—Can any of your correspondents inform me whether the Christian mothers of the first four or five centuries were much in the habit of using the rod in correcting their children; and whether the influence acquired by the mother of St. Chrysostom, and others of the same stamp, was not greatly owing to their having seldom or never inflicted corporal punishment on them?

Pater.

The Lion at Northumberland House.—One often hears the anecdote of a wag who, as alleged, stared at the lion on Northumberland House until he had collected a crowd of imitators around him, when he cried out, "By Heaven! it wags, it wags," and the rest agreed with him that the lion did wag its tail. If this farce really took place, I should be glad to know the date and details.

J. P.

Birmingham.

The Cross in Mexico and Alexandria.—InThe Unseen World; Communications with it, real and imaginary, &c.,1850, a work which is attributed to an eminent divine and ecclesiastical historian of the English Church, it is stated that—

"It was a tradition in Mexico, before the arrival of the Spaniards, that when that form (the sign of the cross) should be victorious, the old religion should disappear. The same sign is also said to have beendiscovered on the destruction of the temple of Serapis at Alexandria, and the same tradition to have been attached to it."—P. 23.

The subject is very curious, and one in which I am much interested. I am anxious to refer to the original authorities for the tradition in both cases. It is known that the Mexicans worshipped the cross as the god ofrain. We have the following curious account thereof inThe Pleasant Historie of the Conquest of West India, now called Newe Spayne, translated out of the Spanish tongue by T. N., anno 1578:

"At the foote of this temple was a plotte like a churchyard, well walled and garnished with proper pinnacles; in the midst whereof stoode a crosse of ten foote long, the which they adored for god of the rayne; for at all times whethey wanted rayne, they would go thither on procession deuoutely, and offered to the crosse quayles sacrificed, for to appease the wrath that the god seemed to have agaynste them: and none was so acceptable a sacrifice, as the bloud of that little birde. They used to burne certaine sweete gume, to perfume that god withall, and to besprinkle it with water; and this done, they belieued assuredly to haue rayne."—P. 41.

Edward Peacock.

Bottesford Moors, Kirton Lindsey.

Passage in St. James.—I hope you will not consider the following Query unsuited to your publication, and in that case I may confidently anticipate the removal of my difficulty.

In reading yesterday Jeremy Taylor'sHoly Living and Dying, I came to this passage (p. 308. Bohn's edition):

"St. James, in his epistle, notes the folly of some men, his contemporaries, who were so impatient of the event of to-morrow, or the accidents of next year, or the good or evils of old age, that they would consult astrologers and witches, oracles and devils, what should befall them the next calends—what should be the event of such a voyage—what God had written in his book concerning the success of battles, the election of emperors, &c.... Against this he opposes his counsel, that we should not search after forbidden records, much less by uncertain significations," &c.

Now my Query is, To what epistle of St. James does the eloquent bishop refer? If to the canonical epistle, to what part? To the words (above quoted) "forbidden records" there is a foot-note, which contains only the well-known passage in Horace, lib. i. od. xi., and two others from Propertius and Catullus.

S. S. S.

"The Temple of Truth."—Who was the author of an admirable work entitledThe Temple of Truth, published in 1806 by Mawman?

T. B. H.

Santa Claus.—ReadingThe Wide Wide Worldrecalled to my mind this curious custom, which I had remarked when in America. I was then not a little surprised to find so strange a superstition lingering in puritanical New England, and which, it is needless to remark, was quite novel to me.Santa ClausI believe to be a corruption ofSaint Nicholas, the tutelary saint of sailors, and consequently a great favourite with the Dutch. Probably, therefore, the custom was introduced into the western world by the compatriots of the renowned Knickerbocker.

It is unnecessary to describe the nature of the festivity, as it is so graphically pourtrayed in Miss Wetherell's, or rather Warner's work, to which I would refer those desirous of further acquaintance with the subject; the object of this Query being to learn, through some of the American or other correspondents of "N. & Q.," the original legend, as well as the period and events connected with the immigration into "The States" of that beneficent friend of Young America,Santa Claus.

Robert Wright.

Donnybrook Fair.—This old-established fair, so well known in every quarter of the globe, and so very injurious to the morality of those who frequent it, is said to be held by patent: but is there any patent for it in existence? If there be, why is it not produced? I am anxious to obtain information upon the subject.

Abhba.

Saffron, when brought into England.—In a footnote to Beckmann'sHistory of Inventions, &c., vol. i. p. 179. (Bohn's), is the following, purporting to be from Hakluyt, vol. ii. p. 164.:

"It is reported at Saffron Walden that a pilgrim, proposing to do good to his country, stole a head of saffron, and hid the same in his palmer's staff, which he had made hollow before on purpose, and so he brought this root into this realm, with venture of his life; for if he had been taken, by the law of the country from whence it came, he had died for the fact."

Can any of your readers throw any light upon this tradition?

W. T.

Saffron Walden.

Isping Geil.—In a charter of Joanna Fossart, making a grant of lands and other possessions to the priory of Grosmont in Yorkshire, is the following passage as given in Dugdale'sMonasticon(I quote from Bohn's edition, 1846, vol. vi. p. 1025.):

"Dedi eis insuper domos meas in Eboraco; illas scilicet quæ sunt inter domos Laurentii clerici quæ fuerunt Benedicti Judæi etIsping Geil, cum tota curia et omnibus pertinentiis."

Can any of your readers, and in particular any of our York antiquaries, inform me whether the "Isping Geil" mentioned in this passage is the name of a person, or of some locality in that city now obsolete? In either case I should be glad of any information as to the etymology of so singulara designation, which may possibly have undergone some change in copying.

Θ.

Humbug.—When was this word introduced into the English language? The earliest instance in which I have met with it is in one of Churchill's Poems, published about the year 1750.

Uneda.

Philadelphia.

Franklyn Household Book.—Can any reader inform me in whose keeping, the Household Book of Sir John Franklynnowis?[2]Extracts were published from it in theArchæologia, vol. xv.

J. K.

Footnote 2:(return)[Sir John Franklyn'sHousehold Bookwas in the possession of Sir John Chardin Musgrave, of Eden Hall, co. Cumberland, who died in 1806. Some farther extracts, consisting of about thirty items, relating to archery (not given in theArchæologia) will be found in the British Museum, Add. MSS. 6316. f. 30. Among other items is the following: "Oct. 20, 1642. Item, for a pound of tobacco for the Lady Glover, 12s." Sir John Franklyn, of Wilsden, co. Middlesex, was M.P. for that county in the beginning of the reign of Charles I., and during the Civil Wars.—Ed.]

[Sir John Franklyn'sHousehold Bookwas in the possession of Sir John Chardin Musgrave, of Eden Hall, co. Cumberland, who died in 1806. Some farther extracts, consisting of about thirty items, relating to archery (not given in theArchæologia) will be found in the British Museum, Add. MSS. 6316. f. 30. Among other items is the following: "Oct. 20, 1642. Item, for a pound of tobacco for the Lady Glover, 12s." Sir John Franklyn, of Wilsden, co. Middlesex, was M.P. for that county in the beginning of the reign of Charles I., and during the Civil Wars.—Ed.]

James Thomson's Will.—Did the author of theSeasonsmake a will? If so, where is the original to be seen?

Leamington.

"Country Parson's Advice to his Parishioners."—Could you inquire through your columns who the author of a book entitledThe Country Parson's Advice to his Parishionersis? It was printed for Benjamin Tooke, at the Ship, in St. Paul's Church Yard, 1680.

I have a singular copy of this book, and know at present of no other copy. The booksellers all seem at a loss as to who the author was; some say Jeremy Taylor, others George Herbert; but my date does not allow the latter,—at least it makes it very improbable, unless it was published after his death. The book itself is like George Herbert's style, very solid and homely; it is evidently by some masterly hand. Should you be able to give me information, or get it for me, I should be obliged. I think of reprinting the book.

Geo. Nugée.

Senior Curate of St. Paul's, Wilton Place.

Shakspeare—Blackstone.—In Moore'sDiary, vol. iv. p. 130., he says,—

"Mr. Duncan mentioned, that Blackstone has preserved the name of the judge to whom Shakspeare alludes in the grave-digger's argument?—'If the water comes to the man,' &c."

"Mr. Duncan mentioned, that Blackstone has preserved the name of the judge to whom Shakspeare alludes in the grave-digger's argument?—

'If the water comes to the man,' &c."

Will one of your Shakspearian or legal correspondents have the kindness to name the judge so alluded to, and give a reference to the passage in Blackstone in which he conveys this information?

Ignoramus.

Turkey Cocks.—Why are Turkey cocks so called, seeing they were not imported from Turkey?

Cape.

[This Query did not escape the notice of Dr. Samuel Pegge. He says; "The cocks which Pancirollus (ii. tit. 1.) mentions as brought from America, were Turkey cocks, as Salmuth there (p. 28.) rightly observes. The French accordingly call this birdCoq d'Inde, and fromd'Indecomes the diminutiveDindon, the young Turkey; as if one should say, 'the young Indian fowl.' Fetching the Turkey from America accords well with the common notion:'Turkeys, carps, hops, pikarel, and beer,Came into England all in a year;'that is, in the reign of Henry VIII., after many voyages had been made to North America, where this bird abounds in an extraordinary manner. But Query how this bird came to be called Turkey? Johnson latinizes itGallina Turcica, and defines it, 'a large domestic fowl brought from Turkey;' which does not agree with the above account from Pancirollus. Brookes says (p. 144.), 'It was brought into Europe either from India or Africa.' And if from the latter, it might be calledTurkey, though but improperly."—Anonymiana, cent. x. 79.]

'Turkeys, carps, hops, pikarel, and beer,Came into England all in a year;'

'Turkeys, carps, hops, pikarel, and beer,

Came into England all in a year;'

that is, in the reign of Henry VIII., after many voyages had been made to North America, where this bird abounds in an extraordinary manner. But Query how this bird came to be called Turkey? Johnson latinizes itGallina Turcica, and defines it, 'a large domestic fowl brought from Turkey;' which does not agree with the above account from Pancirollus. Brookes says (p. 144.), 'It was brought into Europe either from India or Africa.' And if from the latter, it might be calledTurkey, though but improperly."—Anonymiana, cent. x. 79.]

Bishop St. John.—The following passage occurs at vol. iv. p. 84. of the Second Series of Ellis'sOriginal Letters, Illustrative of English History. It is taken from the letter numbered 326, dated London, Jan. 5, 1685-6, and addressed "for John Ellis, Esq., Secretary of his Majesty's Revenue in Ireland, Dublin:"

"The Bishop of London's fame runs high in the vogue of the people. The London pulpits ring strong peals against Popery; and I have lately heard there never were such eminently able men to serve in those cures. The Lord Almoner Ely is thought to stand upon too narrow a base now in his Majesty's favour, from a late violent sermon on the 5th of November. I saw him yesterday at the King's Levy; and very little notice taken of him, which the more confirms what I heard. Our old friend the new Bishop St. John, gave a smart answer to a (very well put) question of his M—— with respect to him, that shows he is not altogether formed of court-clay; but neither you nor I shall withdraw either of our friendship for him on such an account."

All who know this period of our history, know Compton and Turner; but who was Bishop St. John?

J. J. J.

[An error in the transcription. In the manuscript it reads thus: "BishpSrJonn," and clearly refers to Sir Jonathan Trelawney, Bart., consecrated bishop ofBristol, Nov. 8, 1685, translated to Exeter in 1689, and to Winchester in 1707.]

Ferdinand Mendez Pinto.—

"Ferdinand Mendez Pinto was but a type of thee, thou liar of the first magnitude!"

Where is the original of the above to be found? Was Ferdinand Mendez Pinto a real or imaginary character?

Inquirens.

[A famous Portuguese traveller, in no good odour for veracity. HisTravelshave been translated into most European languages, and twice published in English. A notice of Pinto will be found in Rose'sBiog. Dict., s. v.]

Satin.—What is the origin of the wordsatin?

Cape.

[See Ogilvie and Webster. "Fr.satin; W.sidan, satin or silk; Gr. and Lat.sindon; Ch. and Heb.sedin; Ar.sidanah."]

Carrier Pigeons.—When were carrier pigeons first used in Europe?

Cape.

[Our correspondent will find some interesting notices of the early use of the carrier pigeon in Europe in thePenny Cyclopædia, vol. vii. p. 372., art. "Columbidæ;" and in theEncyclopædia Britannica, vol. vi. p. 176., art. "Carrier Pigeon."]

(Vol. vii., pp. 206. 305. 435. 479.)

I had forwarded for insertion a short answer to the Query as toPylades and CorinnabeforeDr. Maitland'scommunication was printed; but as it now appears more distinctly what was the object of the Query, I can address myself more directly to the point he has raised. And, in the first place, I cannot suppose that Defoe had anything to do withPylades and Corinna, or theHistory of Formosa. In all Defoe's fictions there is at least some trace of the master workman, but in neither of these worksisthere any putting forth of his power, or any similitude to his manner or style. When theHistory of Formosaappeared (1704), he was ingrossed in politics, and was not, as far as any evidence has yet informed us, in the habit of translating or doing journeyman work for booksellers. Then the book itself is, in point of composition, far beneath Defoe, even in his most careless moods. As toPylades and Corinna, Defoe died so soon after Mrs. Thomas—she died on the 3rd February, 1731, and he on the 24th April following, most probably worn out by illness—that time seems scarcely afforded for getting together and working up the materials of the two volumes published. The editor, who signs himself "Philalethes," dates his Dedication to the first volume, in which are contained the particulars about Psalmanazar, "St. John Baptist, 1731," which day would be after Defoe's death. Nor is there any ground for supposing that Defoe and Curll had much connexion as author and publisher. Curll only printed two works of Defoe, as far as I have been able to discover, theMemoirs of Dr. Williams(1718, 8vo.), and theLife of Duncan Campbell(1720, 8vo.), and for his doing so, in each case, a good reason may be given. As regards the genuineness of the correspondence inPylades and Corinna, I do not see any reason to question it. Sir Edward Northey's certificate, and various little particulars in the letters themselves, entirely satisfy me that the correspondence is not a fictitious one. The anecdotes of Psalmanazar are quite in accordance with his own statements in his Life—(see particularly p. 183.,Memoirs, 1765, 8vo.); and if they were pure fiction, is it not likely that, living in London at the time when they appeared, he would have contradicted them? In referring (Vol. vii., p. 436., "N. & Q.") to theGentleman's Magazinefor these anecdotes, I had not overlooked their having appeared inPylades and Corinna, but had not then the latter book at hand to include it in the reference.Dr. MaitlandconsidersPylades and Corinna"a farrago of low rubbish, utterly beneath criticism." Is not this rather too severe and sweeping a character? Unquestionably the poetry is but so-so, and of the poem the greater part might have been dispensed with; but, like all Curll's collections, it contains some matter of interest and value to those who do not despise the minutiæ of literary investigation. The Autobiography of the unfortunate authoress (Mrs. Thomas), who was only exalted by Dryden's praise to be ignominiously degraded by Pope, and "whose whole life was but one continued scene of the utmost variety of human misery," has always appeared to me an interesting and rather affecting narrative; and, besides a great many occasional notices in the correspondence, which are not without their use, there are interspersed letters from Lady Chudleigh, Norris of Bemerton, and others, which are not to be elsewhere met with, and which are worth preserving.

For Psalmanazar's character, notwithstanding his early peccadilloes, I can assureDr. Maitlandthat I have quite as high a respect as himself, even without the corroborative evidence of our great moralist, which on such a subject may be considered as perfectly conclusive.

James Crossley.

(Vol. vii., p. 66.)

This prelate seems to have been a cadet of the family of Wauchope, of Niddry, or Niddry Marischall, in the county of Midlothian, to which family once belonged the lands of Wauchopedale in Roxburghshire. The exact date of his birth I have never been able to discover, nor which "laird of Niddrie" he was the son of. Robert was a favourite name in the family long before his time, as is evidenced by an inscription at the entry to a burial chapel belonging to the family to this effect: "This tome was Biggit Be Robert Vauchop of Niddrie Marchal, and interit heir 1387." I am at present out of reach of all books of reference, and have only a few manuscript memoranda to direct further research; and these memoranda, I am sorry to say, are not so precise in their reference to chapter and verse as they ought to be.

According to these notes, mention is made of Robert Wauchope, doctor of Sorbonne, by Leslie, bishop of Ross, in the 10th book of hisHistory; by Labens, a Jesuit, in the 14th tome of hisChronicles; by Cardinal Pallavicino, in the 6th book of hisHist. Conc. Trid.; by Fra Paolo Sarpi, in hisHist. Conc. Trid.Archbishop Spottiswood says that he died in Paris in the year 1551, "much lamented of all the university," on his return home from one of his missions to Rome.

One of my notes, taken from theMemoirs of Sir James Melville, I shall transcribe, as it is suggestive of other Queries more generally interesting. The date is 1545:

"Now the ambassador met in a secret part with Oneel(?) and his associates, and heard their offers and overtures. And the patriarch of Ireland did meet him there, who was a Scotsman born, called Wauchope, and was blind of both his eyes, and yet had been divers times at Rome by post. He did great honour to the ambassadour, and conveyed him to see St. Patrick's Purgatory, which is like an old coal pit which had taken fire, by reason of the smoke that came out of the hole."

Query 1. What was the secret object of the ambassador?

Query 2. Has St. Patrick's Purgatory any existence at the present time?

D. W. S. P.

(Vol. vii., p. 452.)

The curious article of your correspondentSenexrelative to this seal, as described and figured in Barrett'sHistory of Attleburgh, has a peculiar interest as connected with the device of a man combating a lion.

The first time I saw this device was in a most curious MS. on "Memorial Trophies and Funeral Monuments, both in the old Churches of London before the Fire, and the Churches and Mansions in many of the Counties of England." The MS. is written by Henry St. George, and will be found in Lansd. MSS. 874. The arms and tombs are all elaborately and carefully drawn, with their various localities, and the epitaphs which belong to them; and the whole is accompanied with an Index of Persons, and another of Places.

At p. 28. this device of a man combating a lion is represented associated with a shield of arms of many quarterings, showing the arms and alliances of the royal family of Stuart, and is described as having formed the subject of a window in the stewards house adjoining the church of St. Andrew's, Holborn. In theCatalogue of the Lansdowne MSS.is a long and interesting note on this device, with references to the various works where it may be found, to which I have had access at the Museum, and find them correct, and opening a subject for investigation of a most curious kind.

The figure of the knight, in this drawing, differs considerably from that on Dr. Barrett's seal. He is here represented on foot, dressed in the chain mail and tunic of the eleventh and twelfth centuries, with a close-barred helmet, with a broad flat crown, such as was worn in France in the time of Louis IX., called St. Louis. The lion is in the act of springing upon him, and he is aiming a deadly blow at him with a ragged staff, as his sword lies broken at his feet. The figure is represented as fighting on the green sward. From a cloud over the lion proceeds an arm clothed in chain mail, and holding in the hand, suspended by a baldrick, a shield bearing the arms of France (modern[3])—Azure, three fleurs-de-lis or. On a scutcheon of pretence in the centre, Argent, a lion ramp. gules, debruised with ragged staff, proper. This device forms the 1st quarter of the quarterings of the Stuart family.

In this device there is no figure of a lizard, dragon, or chimera, whichever it is, under the horse's feet, as represented in the seal of D'Albini.

I could much extend this reply, by showing the antiquity of this device, which by a long process of investigation I have traced as connected with the legendary songs of the troubadours; but I think I have said sufficient for the present, in reply toSenex.

In addition to the above, I may mention a seal of a somewhat similar character to that of D'Albini, representing a knight on horseback, with his sword in his hand, and his shield of arms, which are also on the housings of the horse, under whose feet is the dragon: on the reverse is thecombat of the knight with the lion. The knight is holding his shield in front, and holding his sword in his left hand. This seal is that of Roger de Quincy, earl of Winchester, and appended to a deed "m.cc.Quadrigresimo Quinto." It occurs in Harl. MSS. 6079. p. 127.

E. G. Ballard.

Footnote 3:(return)I saymodern, for the ancient arms of France were Azure, semée of fleurs-de-lis, as they are represented in old glass, when quartered with those of England by our Henries and Edwards.

I saymodern, for the ancient arms of France were Azure, semée of fleurs-de-lis, as they are represented in old glass, when quartered with those of England by our Henries and Edwards.

Pray requestSenexto withdraw every word he has said about me. I do not recollect that I ever said or wrote a word about the Seal of William D'Albini; and I cannot find that my name occurs in Dr. Barrett's volume.

Edw. Hawkins.

(Vol. vii., p. 356.)

The difficulty as to the proper use of the auxiliariesshallandwill, will be found to arise from the fact, that while these particles respectively convey a different idea in thefirstperson singular and plural, from that which they imply in thesecondandthirdpersons singular and plural, the distinction has been lost sight of in the amalgamation ofboth; as if they were interchangeable, inonetense, according to the old grammatical formulaI shallorwill. With a view of giving my own views on the subject, and attempting to supply what appears to me a grammatical deficiency, I shall proceed to make a few remarks; from which I trust your Hong Kong correspondent W. T. M. may be able to form "a clear and definite rule," and students of English assisted in their attempts to overcome this formidable conversational "shibboleth."

The fact is simply thus:—Willisvolitivein thefirstpersons singular and plural; and simplydeclarativeorpromissoryin thesecondandthirdpersons singular and plural.Shall, on the other hand, isdeclaratoryorpromissoryin thefirstperson singular and plural;volitivein thesecondandthirdsingular and plural. Thus, the so-called future is properly divisible intotwotenses: thefirstimplyinginfluenceorvolition; thesecond(or future proper)intentionorpromise. Thus:

Iwillgo.

Ishallgo.

Thoushaltgo.

Thouwiltgo.

Heshallgo.

Hewillgo.

Wewillgo.

Weshallgo.

Youshallgo.

Youwillgo.

Theyshallgo.

Theywillgo.

When the above is thoroughly comprehended by the pupil, it will be only necessary to impress upon his mind (as a concise rule) the necessity of making use of a different auxiliary in speaking of the future actions ofothers, when he wishes to convey the same idea respectingsuch actionswhich he has done, or should do, in speaking of hisown, andvice versâ. Thus:

Iwillgo, and youshallaccompany me.

(i. e.it is mywishto go, and also that you shall accompany me.)

Ishallgo, and youwillaccompany me.

(i. e.itis myintentionto go; and believe, or know, that it is yourintentionto accompany me.)

The philosophical reason for this distinction will be evident, when we reflect upon the various ideas produced in the mind by the expression of eithervolitionor mereintention(in so far as the latter is distinguishable from activewill) with regard toour ownfuture actions, and the same terms with reference to the future actions ofothers. It will be seen that a mereintentionin thefirstperson, becomesinfluencewhen it extends to thesecondandthird; we know nothing,à priori(as it were) of theintentionsof others, except in so far as we may have the power ofdeterminingthem. When I say "Ishall go" (j'irai), I merely express anintentionorpromiseto go; but if I continue "Youandtheyshall go," I convey the idea thatmyintention or promise is operative onyouandthem; and the terms which I thus use become unintentionally influential or expressive of an extension ofmyvolition to the actions ofothers. Again, the terms which I use to signifyvolition, with reference tomy ownactions, are butdeclaratoryorpromissorywhen I speak ofyouractions, or those ofothers. I am conscious ofmy ownwish to go; butmywish not influencingyou, I do, by continuing the use of the same auxiliary, but express my belief or knowledge thatyourwish is, or will be, coincident withmy own. When I say "I will go" (je veux aller), I express a desire to go; but if I add, "Youandtheywill go," I simply promise on behalf ofyouandthem, or expressmybelief or knowledge thatyouandtheywill also desire to go.

It is not unworthy of note, that the nice balance betweenshallandwillis much impaired by the constant use of the ellipse, "I'll, you'll," &c.; and thatvolitionandintentionare, to a great extent, co-existent and inseparable in thefirstperson: the metaphysical reasons for this do not here require explanation.

I am conscious that I have not elucidated this apparently simple, but really complex question, in so clear and concise a manner as I could have wished; but, feeling convinced that my principle at least is sound, I leave it, for better consideration, in the hands of your correspondent.

William Bates.

Birmingham.

Brightland's rule is,—

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