Queries.

"Audis,Jupiter, hæc, nec labra moves, quum mittere vocemDebueras, vel marmoreus, vel aëneus?"Juven.Sat.xiii. v. 113.

"Audis,Jupiter, hæc, nec labra moves, quum mittere vocemDebueras, vel marmoreus, vel aëneus?"

"Audis,

Jupiter, hæc, nec labra moves, quum mittere vocem

Debueras, vel marmoreus, vel aëneus?"

Juven.Sat.xiii. v. 113.

The satirist would seem to say (taking the sceptic's view), that even if Jupiter existed only in brass and marble, the very statues would "cry out" against the impious perjury.

I drop my initials, and beg to subscribe myself

Arch. Weir.

Sincere.—Trench,On the Study of Words, 4th ed., p. 197., says:

"They would be pleased to learn that 'sincere' may be, I will not say that it is, without wax (sine cerâ), as the best and finest honey should be."

Is not this derivation erroneous?Sinceredoes not mean "pure, like virgin-honey;" but it expresses the absence of deception. I doubt not that it is derived from—

"The practice of Roman potters to rub wax into the flaws of their unsound vessels when they sent them to market. A sincere [without wax] vessel was the same as a sound vessel, one that had no disguised flaw."

So says Bushnell (God in Christ, p. 17.). The derivation is no novelty. I reproduce it merely to correct an error which is obtaining currency under the name of Mr. French. I should be obliged to any of your correspondents who would refer me to, or still better cite, any passages in the Latin classics relating to the practice I have mentioned.

C. Mansfield Ingleby.

Birmingham.

Epitaph in Appleby Church-yard, Leicestershire.—

"I was a fine young man,As you would see in ten.And when I thought of this,I took in hand my pen,And wrote it down so plainThat every one might see;How I was cut down,Like blossoms from a tree."

"I was a fine young man,

As you would see in ten.

And when I thought of this,

I took in hand my pen,

And wrote it down so plain

That every one might see;

How I was cut down,

Like blossoms from a tree."

J. G. L.

I shall be obliged to any correspondent of "N. & Q." who will point out the period at which the crescent became the standard of Mahometanism. Poets and romancers freely bestow it upon any time or scene in which Mussulmans are introduced; Sir Walter Scott mentions it in theTalisman, but after the strange liberties he has taken with Saladin and Richard, he becomes, on such a question, no higher authority than writers of meaner name. I cannot find it in the history of Mahomet, or in that of his immediate successors. The first time Michaud, in his fineHistoire des Croisades, speaks of it is in the reign of Mahomet II., which is many centuries after periods at which modern poets, and even historians, have named it as the antagonistic standard to the cross. The crescent is common upon the reverses of coins of the Eastern empire long before the Turkish conquest, and was, I have reason to believe, in some degree peculiar to the Sclave nations. Was it the standard of the Turks, as contradistinguished from other Saracens? or, was it adopted by Mahomet II. after his conquests of Constantinople and the eastern countries of Europe? I am aware that if this last idea be substantiated, it will make it much more modern than it is generally supposed to be, but our ideas of everything, Turkish were for so long a time mixed with the wonderful and the romantic, that we must not expect much correctness on such points. The Turks came into fearful contiguity with the West in the fifteenth century; Europe had as much to dread from them then as from the Russians now. This event and the art of printing were almost cotemporary, and the crescent has been presented to us as the symbol of Mahometanism ever since; but I much doubt it can be proved to have been so at a far remoter period.

W. Robson.

Stockwell.

The Hebrew Testament.—Having lately completed the above work, so as to be "ready for the press" without much delay, I should be glad before I resign the MS. to the hands of the printer, to have the advantage of the suggestions of those of your erudite readers who have made sacred criticism their study.

Moses Margoliouth.

Dr. Franklin.—I possess the following lines in the handwriting of Dr. Franklin, written in the year 1780. Can any of your readers tell me who was the author of them, and when and where they were first printed?

"When Orpheus went down to the Regions below,Which men are forbidden to see;He tun'd up his Lyre, as historians show,To set his Euridice free.All Hell was astonish'd, a person so wiseShould so rashly endanger his life,And venture so far! But how vast their surpriseWhen they heard that he came for his wife."To find out a punishment due to the faultOld Pluto had puzzled his brain;But Hell had not torments sufficient he thought,So he gave him hiswifeback again.But pity succeeding, soon mov'd his hard heart,And, pleas'd with his playing so well,He took her again, in reward of his Art;Such power had Music in Hell!"

"When Orpheus went down to the Regions below,

Which men are forbidden to see;

He tun'd up his Lyre, as historians show,

To set his Euridice free.

All Hell was astonish'd, a person so wise

Should so rashly endanger his life,

And venture so far! But how vast their surprise

When they heard that he came for his wife.

"To find out a punishment due to the faultOld Pluto had puzzled his brain;But Hell had not torments sufficient he thought,So he gave him hiswifeback again.But pity succeeding, soon mov'd his hard heart,And, pleas'd with his playing so well,He took her again, in reward of his Art;Such power had Music in Hell!"

"To find out a punishment due to the fault

Old Pluto had puzzled his brain;

But Hell had not torments sufficient he thought,

So he gave him hiswifeback again.

But pity succeeding, soon mov'd his hard heart,

And, pleas'd with his playing so well,

He took her again, in reward of his Art;

Such power had Music in Hell!"

G. M. B.

Flemish Refugees.—In the troubled times of the Reformation, England was not seldom the refuge for Flemings who, for the sake of religion, abandoned their country. Among these was Mr. Joos Tuck, who, according to a consistorial decision of Dec. 14, 1582, was proposed by G. Van Den Haute, then pastor at Sluis, to the brethren of the Flemish Class, since "they had taken knowledge of the sound and good gifts of their brother." He left Sluis soon after, probably in July, 1583, and withdrew to England. I should be glad to learn what befell him there.

Peter Lambert was a student of the University of Ghent: though, as far as I am aware, he is notmentioned in Te Water'sHistory of the Reformed Church and University in Ghent. On July 21, 1583, a student made known his wish to propose himself as candidate for the ministry; and on August 4 appeared Peter Lambert, student of the University of Ghent, before the consistory, requesting the brethren to grant him the twenty-five guilders which had been promised; because, on account of the troubled state of the country, he wished to flee to England, on which request was decided: "Since a well-known and pious brother, who is compelled to flee, is in need of help, let the deacons andpensionaryof the town be addressed thereon." Very probably, therefore, he also took refuge in England. Can any one give me farther information?—From theNavorscher.

J. H. Van Dale.

"Sad are the rose leaves," &c.—Can you or any of your correspondents tell me whence come the following lines?—

"Sad are the rose leaves which betokenThat there the dead lie buried low;But sadder, when the heart is broken,Are smiles upon the lips of woe."

"Sad are the rose leaves which betoken

That there the dead lie buried low;

But sadder, when the heart is broken,

Are smiles upon the lips of woe."

They are quoted from memory from the album of a lady friend.

Iseldunensis.

Wanted, the originalhabitatof the following Sentences:

1. "Ministeriun circa, non magisterium supra, Scriptures."

2. "Virtus rectorem ducemque desiderat, vitia sine magistro discuntur."

3. "In necessariis unitas, in non-necessariis libertas, in omnibus charitas."

4. "Exiguum est ad legem bonum esse." Wetstein assigns this last to Seneca,Epist.17.; but there is some error. It very likely is in Seneca.

5. "Verbum audimus, motum sentimus, præsentiam credimus, modum nescimus." Durandus is the author.

6. "En rem indignam! nos qui jam tot annos sumus doctores S. Theologiæ, denuo cogimur adire ludos literarios." Spoken by the adversaries of Erasmus.

What is the earliest authority for the story of St. John and his partridge?

WillMr. Bolton Corneybe kind enough to explain the occasion of Porson's notable speech recorded on the last page of hisCuriosities Illustrated?

His sagacity was not at fault in suspecting a French origin for D'Israeli's story, p. 89. See Bassompière, inRetrospective Review, xiii. 346.

S. Z. Z. S.

Tea-marks.—Accident threw in my way lately a catalogue of a large sale of teas in Mincing Lane; and my attention was drawn to certain marks against the several lots, which appeared to indicate particular qualities, but to me, as uninitiated, perfectly incomprehensible. In this dilemma I asked one of our principal brokers the meaning of all this, and I was informed that teas are sampled and tasted by the brokers, and divided in the main into seven classes, distinguished as follows:

Table of the seven classes of tea

Can any of your correspondents tell us when this classification was first introduced, or the origin of the first two characters? Can they be Chinese, and the names given from some fancied resemblance to the gallows, or the letterTturned sideways? My friend the broker, though a very intelligent man, could give me no information whatever on these points.

W. T.

42. Lowndes Square.

William the Conqueror's Surname.—Had William a surname? If so, what was it? By surname I mean such as is transmitted from father to son, not the epithets he used to bestow on himself in documents, as "I, William the Bastard," "I, William the Conqueror," &c.

Tee Bee.

Old Saying.—

"Merry be the firstAnd merry be the last,And merry be the first of August."

"Merry be the first

And merry be the last,

And merry be the first of August."

Having frequently heard this old saying, I take the liberty of asking, through your much valued paper, it any of your readers are able to tell me its origin?

Edm. L. Bagshawe.

Bath Literary Institution.

To pluck a Crow with One.—It is a common expression in all ranks, I believe, of this country, to speak of "plucking a crow" with such a one; meaning to call him to account for some delinquency. Can any of your correspondents inform me of the origin of the phrase?

W. W.

"Well's a fret."—When, after a short pause in conversation, any one utters the interjection, "Well!" it is a very common practice in Nottingham to say:

"... andwell's a fret,He that dies for love will not be hang'd for debt."

"... andwell's a fret,

He that dies for love will not be hang'd for debt."

I have asked a great number of persons for an explanation, but they all use the phrase without any meaning. Can you, or any of your readers, tell me if it have any; or if it be only nonsensical doggrel?

Devoniensis.

Pay the Piper.—This expression surely has a firm foundation. Can any of your correspondents trace it?

W. T. M.

Hong Kong.

Greek Inscription upon a Font, mentioned by Jeremy Taylor.—

"This was ingeniously signified by that Greek inscription upon a font, which is so prettily contrived, that the words may be read after the Greek or after the Hebrew manner, and be exactly the same:'Νίψον ἀνόμημα, μὴ μόναν ὄψιν,''Lord, wash my sin, and not my face only.'"—Life of Christ, part i. sect. 9. disc. 6., "On Baptism," vol. ii. p. 235., Eden's edition.

"This was ingeniously signified by that Greek inscription upon a font, which is so prettily contrived, that the words may be read after the Greek or after the Hebrew manner, and be exactly the same:

'Νίψον ἀνόμημα, μὴ μόναν ὄψιν,'

'Lord, wash my sin, and not my face only.'"—Life of Christ, part i. sect. 9. disc. 6., "On Baptism," vol. ii. p. 235., Eden's edition.

Can any reader of "N. & Q." state the bishop's authority for this ingenious device?

A. Taylor.

Acharis.—The following is extracted from Dugdale'sMonasticon:

"Radulphus Wicliff armiger tenet in Wicliff duas partes decimarum de dominicis quondamAcharis, quondam ad 5. s. modò nihil quia ut dicit sunt inclusæ in parco suo, ideo ad consilium."

What is the meaning of the termAcharis, and of the passage? It is an extract from theRentale spiritualium Possessionum atque temporalium Prioratus Sancti Martini juxta Richmund in agro Eboracensi.

A. W. H.

Attainment of Majority.—ProfessorDe Morganwill, I am sure, permit me to put this question to him:

In a short treatise "On Ancient and Modern Usage in Reckoning," written by him for theCompanion to the Almanacof 1850, he explains, at page 9., the usage of attainment of majority in these words:

"Nevertheless in the law, which here preservesthe old reckoning, he is of full age on the 9th: though he were born on the 10th, he is of age to execute a settlementa minute after midnighton the morning of the 9th."

I want to have this statement reconciled with the opening scene of Ben Jonson'sStaple of News, where Pennyboy jun. counts, as his watch strikes—"one, two, three, four, five, six!"—

"Enough, enough, dear watch,Thy pulse hath beat enough—The hour is come so long expected," &c.

"Enough, enough, dear watch,

Thy pulse hath beat enough

—The hour is come so long expected," &c.

Then "the fashioner" comes in to fit on the heir's new clothes; he had "waited below 'till the clock struck," and gives, as an excuse, "your worship might have pleadednonage, if you had got 'em on ere I could make just affidavit of the time."

All these particulars are tooverbatimto admit of doubt as to the peculiar usage of that time; and from other sources I know that Ben Jonson was right: but it is not alluded to in the treatise first mentioned, nor is it stated when the usage was altered to "a minute after midnight."

A. E. B.

Leeds.

Hartman's Account of Waterloo.—In the note to the 3rd Canto ofChilde Harold, Stanza 29, Lord Byron says:

"The place where Major Howard fell was not far from two tall and solitary trees, which stand a few yards from each other at a pathway's side. Beneath these he died and was buried. The body has since been removed to England."

I have a copy on which one has written—

"Hartman's account is full and interesting. He was in conversation with Major Howard when he was killed; and afterwards gave directions for his burial. Though no poet, he could describe graphically what he saw and did."

The position of Hartman, and his apparent familiarity with Major Howard, seem to take him out of the herd of writers on Waterloo; but I cannot learn who he was, or what he wrote. Can any of your readers tell me? The note may have been made in mere wantonness, but it looks genuine.

G. D.

Henry Chicheley, Archbishop of Canterbury.—When was Henry Chicheley, Archbishop of Canterbury, born; who, Camden tells us, was the "greatest ornament" of Higham Ferrers? I have seen his birth somewhere stated to have taken place in the year 1360; but no day or month was given. I should also be glad to know to what extent he was a contributor towards the restoration of Croydon Church, the tower and porch of which bear his arms?

R. W. Elliot.

Translation of Athenæus.—I find, in theClassical Journal, xxxviii. 11., published in 1828, that an English translation of Athenæus had been completed before his death by R. Fenton, Esq., F.R.S., author of theHistory of Pembrokeshire. The writer farther says: "We have reason to believe that the MS. is now in possession of his son, the Rev. S. Fenton, Vicar of Fishguard in Pembrokeshire." Has this version, or any part of it, ever been published?

P. J. F. Gantillon, B.A.

Passages from Euripides.—Rogers translates two fine passages from Euripides:

"There is a streamlet issuing from a rock," &c.

and

"Dear is that valley to the murmuring bees," &c.

Where is the original Greek to be found?

Anderson's Royal Genealogies.—Is there any memoir or biographical account extant of James Anderson, D.D., the learned compiler of that most excellent and valuable work bearing the above title, and published in London, 1732, fol.?

Louis le Hutin.—When or for what reason was thesobriquet"Hutin" attached to Louis X. of France? And what is the meaning of "Hutin?"

F. S. A.

[Hutinis defined by Roquefort,brusque,emporté,querelleur, from the Low LatinHutinus; and in illustrating the word he furnishes the following reply to our correspondent's Query: "Mezerai rapporte que Louis X. fut surnomméHutin, parceque, dès son enfance, il aimait à quereller et à se battre, et que ce surnom fut lui donné par allusion à un petit maillet dont se servent les tonneliers, appeléhutinet, parce-qu'il fait beaucoup de bruit."]

(Vol. v., pp. 322. 498.)

Enjoying as we do the advantages of the extension of scientific knowledge, and its application to our routine of daily wants, we are apt to forget that our forefathers were without many things we deem essentials. Your correspondents C. W. G. and B. B. have touched upon a curious feature of antiquity, which science and commerce have rendered obsolete. Yet, before the introduction of sugar, bees were important ministers to the luxuries of the great, as mentioned at the above-cited pages. I was struck with the following passage in the first forest charter of King Henry III.:

"Every freeman ... shall likewise have the honey which shall be found in his woods."

This, in a charter second only in importance, perhaps, to Magna Charta itself, sounds strange to our ideas; moderns would not think it a very royal boon. But the note with which Mr. R. Thomson (Historical Essay on the Magna Charta of King John, p. 352.) illustrates this passage is interesting, and, though rather long, may be worth insertion in your columns:

"The second part of this chapter secures to the woodland proprietor all the honey found in his woods; which was certainly a much more important gift than it would at first appear, since the Hon. Daines Barrington remarks, that perhaps there has been no lawsuit or question concerning it for the last three hundred years. In the middle ages, however, the use of honey was very extensive in England, as sugar was not brought hither until the fifteenth century; and it was not only a general substitute for it in preserving, but many of the more luxurious beverages were principally composed of it, as mead, metheglin, pigment, and morat, and these were famous from the Saxon days, down even to the time of the present charter (1217). In the old Danish and Swedish laws bees form a principal subject; and honey was a considerable article of rent in Poland, in which it was a custom to bind any one who stole it to the tree whence it was taken. The Baron de Mayerberg also relates, that when he travelled in Muscovy in 1661, he saw trees there expressly adapted to receive bees, which even those who felled their own wood were enjoined to take down in such a manner that they who prepared them should have the benefit of the honey. Nor was the wax of less importance to the woodland proprietors of England, since candles of tallow are said to have been first used only in 1290, and those of wax were so great a luxury, that in some places they were unknown: but a statute concerning wax-chandlers, passed in 1433 (the 11th of Henry VI. chap. 12.), states that wax was then used in great quantities for the images of saints. Only referring, however, to the well-known use of large wax tapers by King Alfred in the close of the ninth century, it may be observed that in the laws of Hoel Dha, king of South Wales, which are acknowledged as authentic historical documents, made aboutA.D.940, of much older materials, is mentioned the right of the king's chamberlain to as much wax as he could bite from the end of a taper."—Coke;Manwood;Barrington;Statutes of the Realm.

Perhaps you will allow a few words more in illustration of B. B.'s Query (Vol. v., p. 498.). A recent correspondent, writing of some modern experiments on the venom of toads, suggests the propriety of contributing to a list of "vulgar errors" which have proved to be "vulgar truths." It would not much surprise me to learn that, after all, the popular belief in the efficacy of the rough music of the key and warming-pan might be added to his list. At all events the reason stated by B. B. to prove its uselessness, viz. that bees have no sense of hearing, must, I think, be abandoned, as a Query ofMr. Sydney Smirke(Vol. vii., p. 499.), and an answer (Vol. vii., p. 633.), will show. That all insects are possessed of hearing, naturalists seem now as well convinced of as that they have eyes; though some naturalists formerly considered they were not, as Linnæus and Bonnet; while Huber (his interesting observations on bees notwithstanding) seems to have been quite undecided on the point. Bees, as well as all other insects, hear through the medium of their antennæ, which in a subordinate degree are used as feelers; observing which, perhaps, Huber and others were indisposed to ascribe to them the sense in question.

In reference toMr. Sydney Smirke'sQuery, so far from other naturalists confirming Huber's observations as to the effect produced by the sound emitted by theSphynx atroposon the bees, besides Dr. Bevan (quoted Vol. vii., p. 633.), the intelligent entomologist, Mr. Duncan, author of the entomological portion ofThe Naturalist's Library(vol. xxxiv. pp. 53-55.), completely disproves them. He tells us that he has closely watched bees, and has seen the queen attack the larva cells; but the sentinels, notwithstanding the reiteration of the queenly sound, so far from remaining motionless,held their sovereign in check, and stubbornly persisted in the defence of their charge against the attacks of their queen and mother. Besides this disproval of the incapacitation of bees by the emission of a sound, another from the experiments of Huber himself may be mentioned. He introduced aSphynx atroposinto a hive in the daytime, and it was immediately attacked and killed by the workers. Query, Might not the explanation of the robbery of hives by this moth be, that the darkness of night incapacitates the bees, while it is the time nature has provided for the wanderings of theSphynx?

Tee Bee.

(Vol. vii., p. 596.; Vol. viii., pp. 12. 134.)

A contribution of mine to the miscellaneous vol. of the Chetham Society's publications having been introduced to your readers by the handsome notice ofMr. Hughes, I feel bound to notice the objection raised by your correspondentGarlichithe(Vol. viii., p. 134.), who has confounded Randle thegrandfatherand Randle thesonof the writer of these letters quoted by Mr. Hunter. Richard Minshull, who was the writer of these letters in 1656, and died in the following year, had several sons, of whom the eldest, Randle, correctly described byMr. Hughesas the great-great-grandson of the Minshull who first settled at Wistaston, had seven children, of whom Elizabeth, the widow of Milton, was one. She was baptized at Wistaston on the 30th Dec. 1638. In 1680 (about six years after her husband's death), by means of a family arrangement with Richard Minshull of Wistaston, frame-work knitter, who, there can be little doubt, was her brother, evidenced by a bond in my possession, she acquired a leasehold interest in a farm at Brindley, near Nantwich. On the 20th July, 1720, by her name and description of Elizabeth Milton, of Nantwich, widow, she administered to the effects of her brother, John Minshull, in the Consistory Court of Chester; and her will, the probate of which is also in my possession, is dated 22nd August, and proved 10th October, 1727.Mr. Hugheshaving given a reference to the volume where this information will be found in detail, a reference to it might have savedGarlichithethe trouble of starting an objection, and shown him that, so far from the facts stated being irreconcilable with Mr. Hunter's tract, that gentleman's reference to Randle Holme'sCorrespondencewas suggested by a communication of my own toThe Athenæum, and in its turn furnished me with the clue from which I eventually ascertained the particulars of Mrs. Milton's birth and parentage. I am sorry to say that I have wholly failed in finding the register of her marriage: it is not in the register-book of her native place. It might be worth while to search the register of the parishes in which Milton's residence in Jewin Street, and Dr. Paget's in Coleman Street, are situate. There is no uncertainty as to the date, which Aubrey tells us was in "the yeare before the sicknesse."

ThoughCranmore(Vol. v., p. 327.) is said to be a deserter from the ranks of "N. & Q.," I hope he is known to some of your readers, and that they will convey to him a hint that he is under something like a promise to furnish information, which, as regards Dr. Paget's connexion with the poet's widow, will still be welcome.

J. F. Marsh.

Despite his acknowledged infidelity, I must tender my thanks toGarlichithefor his obliging reference to Mr. Hunter's tract; albeit there is, I may be permitted to suggest, no position assumed in any note upon Milton's widow which that tract in any way contravenes or sets aside. The fact is,Garlichithe, in the outset, entirely misapprehends the nature of my argument; and so leads himself, by a sort of literary "Will-o-the-wisp," unconsciously astray.

It was not Randle thegrandfatherof Richard Minshull, writer of the two letters transcribed by Mr. Hunter, but Randle the eldestsonof this Richard Minshull to whom I referred as the father of Elizabeth Milton. Nor is itpossiblethat this Elizabeth could have "died in infancy," seeing that I possess a copy of a bond (the original is also extant) from her brother Richard, then of Wistaston, where he was baptized April 7, 1641, secured to her as ElizabethMilton, dated June 4, 1680.

As to the marriage itself, it may have taken place in London, where the poet resided; or, which is more probable, at or near the residence of their mutual friend, Dr. Paget. Milton was certainly not over-careful about ritual observances, and it is not therefore unlikely that the rigid Puritan preferred a private, or what is termed a civil marriage, to one religiously and properly conducted in the church of his forefathers.

T. Hughes.

(Vol. viii., p. 55.)

It is probable that these circles with eight radiations are the original dedication-crosses of the church. Such crosses are still to be seen painted on the piers of the nave in Roman Catholic churches. Durandus, describing the consecration of a church, says:

"In the meanwhile within the building twelve lamps be burning before twelve crosses, which be depicted on the walls of the church.... Lastly, he [the bishop] anointeth with chrism the twelve crossesdepicted on the wall."—DurandusOn Symbolism, ed. Neale and Webb, p. 115.

In the Pontifical,De Ecclesiæ Dedicatione, the rubric directs,—

"Item, depingantur in parietibus Ecclesiæ intrinsecùs per circuitum duodecim cruces, circa decem palmos super terram, videlicet tres pro quolibet, ex quatuor parietibus. Et ad caput cujuslibet crucis figatur unus clavus, cui affigatur una candela unius unciæ."

Dedication-crosses occur at Salisbury Cathedral, and at Uffington Church, Berks, and in both cases on the exterior of the buildings.

The crosses at Salisbury are seven in number, viz. one over each side-door at the west end, two on the buttresses of the north and south transepts, two on the buttresses of the east end, and one in the centre of the east wall. The number at Uffington is twelve, disposed as follows: Three under the east window, three under the west window, one under the south window of the south transept, one under the north window of the north transept, one on the south wall of the nave, one on the north wall of the nave, one on the south wall of the chancel, and one in the east wall of the south transept. In each case the crosses have been of brass inlaid in the wall, with the exception of one, which is of stone, and of more elaborate design. Therationaleof dedication-crosses, according to Durandus, is,—

"First, as a terror to evil spirits, that they, having been driven forth thence, may be terrified when they see the sign of the cross, and may not presume to enter therein again. Secondly, as a mark of triumph; for crosses be the banners ofChrist, and the signs of his triumph.... Thirdly, that such as look on them may call to mind the passion ofChrist, by which he hath consecrated his Church, and their belief in his passion," &c.—Page 125.

Under these aspects the exterior would seem the more fitting, and may have been the original position of them. PerhapsMr. Elliotwill inform us what is the number of crosses at Crosthwaite?

Cheverells.

(Vol. vi., p. 321.)

I have found, inD'Israeli's Curiosities of Literature, two or three instances in which he mistranslates from the French. The first occurs in the following passage in the article headed "Inquisition:"

"Once all were Turks when they were not Romanists. Raymond, Count of Toulouse, was constrained to submit.The inhabitants were passed on the edge of the sword, without distinction of age or sex."

From the words which I have marked for Italics, it is clear that D'Israeli translated the passage from some French author; but not being aware of the idiomatic expression "passer au fil de l'épée," and that it means "to put to the sword," he translated the words in their literal sense, which in English is no sense at all.

The second example will be found in the article headed "Mysteries, Moralities," &c. D'Israeli quotes some extracts from theMystery of St. Dennis, and concludes with the following on the subject of baptism:

"Sire, oyez que fait ce fol prestre:Il prend de l'yaueenune escuelle,Et gete aux gens sur le cervele,Et dit quepartantssont sauvés."

"Sire, oyez que fait ce fol prestre:

Il prend de l'yaueenune escuelle,

Et gete aux gens sur le cervele,

Et dit quepartantssont sauvés."

which he translates thus:

"Sir, hear what this mad priest does:He takes waterout ofa ladle,And, throwing it at people's heads,He says thatwhen they departthey are saved!"

"Sir, hear what this mad priest does:

He takes waterout ofa ladle,

And, throwing it at people's heads,

He says thatwhen they departthey are saved!"

The error of "out of" for "into" is unimportant; but not so where he renders "partants" by "when they depart." The word "partant," in the original, is an adverb, and means "thereupon," "forthwith." This D'Israeli has mistaken for "partant," the participle of "partir:" and hence the erroneous construction given to the passage.

A third sample occurs in the same article, where the author quotes from one of the dramas calledSotties, a passage in which are these lines:

"Tuer les gens pour leurs plaisirs,Jouer le leur, l'autrui saisir."

"Tuer les gens pour leurs plaisirs,

Jouer le leur, l'autrui saisir."

These he translates as follows:

"Killing people for their pleasures,Minding their own interests, and seizing on what belongs to another."

"Killing people for their pleasures,

Minding their own interests, and seizing on what belongs to another."

Here we have "jouer le leur," to gamble, rendered by "to mind their own interests;" a rather equivocal method, it must be confessed, of accomplishing that object.

These are among the very few instances in which D'Israeli, by quoting from the original authorities, enables us to form an opinion as to the correctness of his anecdotes; and when we consider that by far the greater proportion of these are drawn from French sources, there is reason to apprehend that they may not have always been given with sufficient fidelity. I am confirmed in this view by another quotation which D'Israeli seems to have misunderstood. He is speaking of the feudal custom of the French barons, according to which they were allowed to cohabit with the new bride during the first three nights after marriage. Upon this he remarks:

"Montesquieu is infinitely French when he could turn this shameful species of tyranny into a bon mot; for he boldly observes on this: 'C'était bien ces trois nuits là qu'il fallait choisir; car pour les autres onn'aurait pas donné beaucoup d'argent.' The legislator, in the wit, forgot the feelings of his heart."

I have never been able to conceive what meaning D'Israeli could have attached to this quotation from Montesquieu, so as to torture it into abon mot. Not only is there nothing of the kind in the words he quotes, but there is not even an attempt at it. The writer merely suggests a reason for the preference given to the first three nights; and in doing so he expresses the sentiments of the barons, and not his own. And yet, it is upon this strange misapprehension of Montesquieu's meaning, that D'Israeli lays at the door of that illustrious man the imputation of being "infinitely French," and of forgetting, for the sake of abon mot, the feelings of his heart!

Henry H. Breen.

St. Lucia.

(Vol. iii., p. 188.)

The Query on the meaning of the phrase "to speak in lutestring," used by Philo-Junius, has remained so long without an answer, that to attempt to give one now seems almost to require an apology. I will however do so. In Letter XLVII., dated May 28, 1771, Philo-Junius says:

"I was led to trouble you with these observations by a passage, which,to speak in lutestring, 'I met with this morning in the course of my reading,' and upon which I mean to put a question to the advocates for privilege."

Now we know, that if two lutes, or other stringed instruments, be placed near each other, when a chord of one of them is struck, the corresponding chord of the other will vibrate in unison, and give a similar note; one lutestring will echo the other. The story of the maiden who believed that the spirit of her dead lover was near her, because his harp sounded responsive notes to hers, and who died heart-broken when she was undeceived, is sufficiently well known. "To speak in lutestring" is then to speak as another man's echo; and Philo-Junius here was the echo of the Duke of Grafton, and used this affected phrase derisively, as being a favourite, or at least well-known expression of his. In a letter which is appended as a note to Letter XX., and which is dated six days previous to the one just quoted, viz. May 22, 1771, he says:

"But Junius has a great authority to support him, which,to speak with the Duke of Grafton, 'I accidentally met with this morning in the course of my reading.' It contains an admonition which cannot be repeated too often," &c.

I have not found the phrase "to speak in lutestring" anywhere else; but I think, from a comparison of these two quotations, that it must mean what I have supposed it to mean—to speak as the echo or exact repeater of another man's words. Where can instances be found of the Duke of Grafton's using this expression, which Philo-Junius ridicules?

W. Fraser.

Tor-Mohun.

(Vol. vi.passim.)

So many interesting notices have been made by your correspondents on the subject of peculiar interments,—skipping about from one part of the country to another, and dropping down from the south into Lincolnshire, as if in search of farther instances,—that I am induced to add to the number of records, by stating the fact as to the late Mr. Dent, of Winterton, whose body, at his particular request, was deposited after his death in his own garden, on the south of the house in Winterton, where he not only lived but died.

Friend Jonathan, as he was familiarly called, was a man of shrewd understanding, and possessing strong common sense; yet, like others, he had his failings, and amongst them theamor nummiwas not the least obtrusive. As a very wealthy man he was looked up to by a little aspiring community of Quakers in the neighbourhood; and his own dress, when in a better suit, exhibited an appearance of his connexion with that fraternity.

The Quakers had a small burial-ground at Thealby, in the parish of Burton-upon-Stother, which I some years ago had the curiosity to inspect, but such a forlorn lost place for such a sober and serious purpose I never in my life before looked upon; it is posited at a little distance from the public road entering Thealby from Winterton, where no doubt at one time stood a lot of cottages and crofts, surrounded by common stone walls, made from the flat stone of the neighbourhood. But so small and so neglected was this burial place, that I could compare it to nothing better than an old parish pinfold; it had been so little attended to when I visited it, that the whole area was under a most luxuriant crop of flourishing nettles, six or seven feet high. And as to graves, or the purport of its occupation, we could see nothing; and yet its position was such that with ordinary attention it might have been even a picturesque spot, having three or four large trees overlooking it.

Upon an after inquiry I was told that a funeral had lately taken place here, at which Friend Jonathan was the presiding attendant. But in preparation for this ceremony they had found so much difficulty in stubbing up the strong nettles, and digging the roots to form a decent grave; and it was after all so difficult to find comfortable standing-room about the grave, that I have eversince concluded that Mr. Dent must have been disgusted with it, as, upon depositing their lost friend in the earth, he, as spokesman, thought it unnecessary to make any observations, and he recommended that they should at once cover the body up; and so it was done.

That Mr. Dent had any antipathy to the church I do not know, but that he had a great dislike to paying unnecessary fees I have a good recollection of. Before his death he requested that his body should be deposited in his own garden; and his request was attended to by his nephew.

After the old gentleman's death, the present Mr. Dent, with a praiseworthy attention, repaired and restored in the Elizabethan style the old dilapidated dwelling-house and homestead where his uncle lived. And I one day paid a visit to the grave, which is an unpretending ridge on a well-mown grass-plat, and which, with the house and ground, appeared to be properly attended to; and so, I presume, it continues to be.

Wm. T. Hesleden.

J. H. M., in bringing forward Baskerville as an example of this unusual occurrence, says, that "he directed he should be buried under awindmillnear his garden." In a volume of Epitaphs, printed at Ipswich in 1806, once the property of Archdeacon Nares, and containing several MS. notes by him, Baskerville's is given, with a note by the editor, in which he is stated to have been "inurned according to his own desire in aconical buildingnear his late widow's house." The epitaph, written by Baskerville himself, commences with these lines—

"Stranger,Beneath thiscone, inunconsecratedground,A friend to the liberties of mankind directedHis body to be inurned."

The expression in each case, respecting the place of his interment, seems scarcely strong enough for us to conclude it was awindmill. Perhaps J. H. M. will kindly favour me with the authority for his statement. Nares has made the following note on the epitaph at the bottom of the page:

"I heard John Wilkes, after praising Baskerville, add, 'But he was a terrible infidel; he used to shock me!'"

R. W. Elliot.

Clifton.

[At the suggestion of several correspondents we have reprinted fromThe Athenæumof the 22nd Nov. 1851, the article detailing the new process by Mr. Muller referred to by the Rev.Mr. Sissonin our last Number.]

Mr. Muller's Process.—"The following photographic process has been communicated to us by Mr. C. J. Muller, from Patna in the East Indies. We have submitted it to an experienced photographer; and he informs us that it offers many advantages over the Talbotype or the Catalissotype of Dr. Woods, which it somewhat resembles; that it is easy in all its manipulatory details, and certain in its results. We give Mr. Muller's own words—

"'A solution of hydriodate of iron is made in the proportion of eight or ten grains of iodide of iron to one ounce of water. This solution I prepare in the ordinary way with iodine, iron-turnings, and water.—The ordinary paper employed in photography is dressed on one side with a solution of nitrate of lead (fifteen grains of the salt to an ounce of water). When dry, this paper is iodized either by immersing it completely in the solution of the hydriodate of iron, or by floating the leaded surface on the solution. It is removed after the lapse of a minute or two, and lightly dried with blotting-paper. This paper now contains iodide of lead and protonitrate of iron. While still moist, it is rendered sensitive by a solution of nitrate of silver (one hundred grains to the ounce) and placed in the camera. After an exposure of the duration generally required for Talbot's paper, it may be removed to a dark room. If the image is not already out, it will be found speedily to appear in great strength and with beautiful sharpnesswithout any farther application. The yellow tinge of the lights may be removed by a little hyposulphite of soda, though simple washing in water seems to be sufficient to fix the picture. The nitrate of lead nay be omitted; and plain paper only, treated with the solution of the hydriodate of iron, and acetic acid may be used with the nitrate of silver, which renders it more sensitive. The lead, however, imparts a peculiar colorific effect. The red tinge brought about by the lead may be changed to a black one by the use of a dilute solution of sulphate of iron:—by which, indeed, the latent image may be very quickly developed. The papers however will not keep after being iodized.'

"Mr. Muller suggests, that as iodide of lead is completely soluble in nitrate of silver, it might furnish a valuable photographic fluid, which could be applied at any moment when required.

"No small degree of interest attaches to this process, originating in experiments carried on in Central India. It appears perfectly applicable to the albumenized glass and collodion processes."

Detail on Negative Paper.—I have not observed before this, that any photographic operator has "noted" the burnishing of the iodised paper previous to adding the exciting solution, though I know it is usual to burnish before taking a proof. This is a very useful adjunct to obtaining minuteness, and it is a plan I have sometimes adopted. I at first thought it would injure or knock off the iodized surface, but no injury whatever arises from the rubbing. I use a small piece of glass rod, polished flat at one end, so that it may presenta facet about half an inch square; but I should imagine a better instrument might be manufactured with a proper handle, and some mode of obtaining pressure; not obtaining sufficient is the cause of a little after-disarrangement if the nitrate of silver is laid on with a brush, but if floated the polish remains.

It cannot be doubted but paper is adequate to any detail; and when a paper shall be manufactured of a perfect kind, there is no reason to suppose but paper generally will rival collodion for most purposes.

Nothing prevents it at present but the uneven surface of paper. It is very nearly perfect in the French negative paper; but that has so many other drawbacks to its use that it cannot be safely depended upon. Our manufacturers have still some improvements to make; for if Canson Frères had left out the blackening chemical in the paper, it would have been better than any of ours in my estimation.

Weld Taylor.

Ammonio-nitrate of Silver.—Will any of your scientific correspondents explain the chemical cause of my inability to form the ammonio-nitrate of silver from a solution of nitrate of silver upon which albumenized paper has been previously floated? Having excited some albumenized paper on a forty-grain solution of nitrate of silver, I kept the solution which had not been consumed for the purpose of converting it into the ammonio-nitrate. But on dropping in the ammonia, not only did no precipitate take place, but the ammoniacal smell which usually gives place to the tarry odour remained. No albumen appeared to be dissolved from the paper, and the solution had lost none of its silver, which I subsequently collected by means of having formed a chloride. This has occurred to me more than once, and I call attention to it, as the investigation of it may lead to some new results.

Philo-Pho.

"Up, Guards, and at them!" (Vol. v., p. 426.; Vol. viii., pp. 111. 184.).—It will, I hope, close all debate on this anecdote, to state that the account I gave of it in Vol. v., p. 426., was from the Duke himself. I thought it very unlike him to have given his order in such a phrase, and I asked him how the fact was, and he answered me to the effect I have already stated.

German Heraldry(Vol. viii., p. 150.).—Your Querist will probably find what he inquires for in Fursten'sGerman Arms, published at Nurenberg in folio, 1696. The plates are sometimes divided and bound in three or four oblong volumes. The work known as Fursten'sGerman Armswas commenced by Siebmacker, continued by Furst and Helman, and, in 1714, by Weigel. It is often quoted under these respective names; but of later years, more frequently under that of Weigel'sBook of German Arms(Weigel Wapenbuch). It consists of six Parts, and professes to give the arms of the principal nobility of the Roman kingdom: dukes, princes, princely counts; lords and persons of position, foregone and existing, in all the provinces and states of the German empire. The Preface is by John David Köhler.

In the year 1698 a book was published by J. A. Rudolphi, at Nurenberg, entitledHeraldica Curiosa. It is in German, a thin folio, with an innumerable quantity of engravings of the arms of German families.

J. B.

The Eye(Vol. viii., p. 25.).—I hope that interesting question raised by your correspondent H. C. K., respecting the term "apple of the eye," will meet with attention from some philologist. It might help to solve it, if it could be discovered when the phrase first came into use in our language. Is it possible that the word "apple" is a corruption of the Latin "pupilla?" or is it, according to H. C. K.'s suggestion, that the iris, and not the pupil, is taken to represent an apple? Doubtless your learned correspondent is aware that in Zech. ii. 12. the Hebrew phrase is varied, the word‎ ‏בָּבָה‎‏ being used, and occurring only in this passage. If Gesenius's derivation of this word be correct, which makes it to signify "the gate of the eye," we have this idea put into a fresh shape. Have not the Arabs a phrase, "He is dearer to me than thepupilof mine eye," as well as the other one, "The man of the eye?" Curiously enough, the Greeks express this idea by another word than κόρη, viz. γλήνη (i. e.κόρης αὐγή, the splendour of the pupil (kin. αἴγλη), or the pupil itself, οφθαλμου κόρη), in which the change of signification is exactly the converse of what it is in κόρη; viz., 1st, pupil; 2nd, a little girl; whence, as a term of reproach, ἔῤῥε κακὴ γλήνη.

Quæstor.

Canute's Point, Southampton(Vol. vii., p. 380.).—A correspondent having noticed the inscription on the Canute Castle Inn, Southampton, inquires for proof to authenticate the locality of the tradition referred to. I submit the following extract from a local history:

"Canute's Point was a projection of the shore near the mouth of the Itchen, where it is supposed the celebrated but much-embellished reproof to his courtiers was administered; and it was preserved by a line of piles driven into the beach, until the construction of the docks, which effaced the old beach line. Of Canute's Palace there are still a few remains, and the position fully justifies the presumption of its identity."

These piles were, I believe, in existence in the year 1836, when the act for the construction of the docks was obtained.

William Spoor.

Symon Patrick, Bishop of Ely—Durham—Weston(Vol. viii., p. 103.).—

"Edward Weston, A. B. 1723, A. M. 1727, born at Eton, son of Steven Weston of 1682, Bishop of Exeter. He was secretary to Lord Townsend at Hanover, during the king's residence there in 1729. He continued several years in the office of Lord Harrington as secretary. He was alsotransmitter(query,translator?) of the State Papers, and one of the clerks to the Signet. In 1741 he was appointed gazetteer, a place of considerable emolument. In 1746 he was secretary to Lord Harrington, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, and became a privy councillor of that kingdom. He published, though a layman, a volume of sermons. His son is now [viz. 1797] a prebendary of Durham and St. Paul's, and rector of Therfield near Royston."—Harwood'sAlumni Etonenses, p. 300., under 1719.

Corkenhatch must be Cockenhatch, near Barkway.

J. H. L.

Battle of Villers en Couché(Vol. viii., pp. 8. 127.).—An authoritative record of this action may be found in—

"An Historical Journal of the British Campaign on the Continent, in the year 1794; with the Retreat through Holland, in the year 1795. By Captain L. T. Jones, of the 14th regiment. Dedicated, by permission, to his Royal Highness Field Marshal the Duke of York. Printed for the Author. Birmingham, 1797."

The list of subscribers contains about a hundred names. There is a copy of it in the British Museum. The one now before me is rendered more valuable by copious marginal notes, evidently written by the author, which are at the service of your correspondents. They furnish the following extraordinary instance of personal bravery:

"The same officer of this corps (3rd dragoon guards), who bore off the corpse of General Mansell, relates some particulars in the action of the 24th, under Gen. Otto:—that a man of the name of Barnes, who had been unfortunately reduced from a serjeant to the ranks, had bravely advanced, doing execution on the enemy, till his retreat was foreclosed, and he was seen engaged with five French dragoons at once; all of these he fairly cut down, when nine more came upon him, whom he faced and fairly kept at bay, till one of them got behind him, and shot the brave fellow in the head."

In reference to the action of the 26th, Captain Jones observes:

"It is not possible to describe the bravery of the army on that day, nearly the whole of the British cavalry were engaged, and gained immortal honour."

The Duke of York's address to the army, published on the 28th of April, thus concludes:

"His Royal Highness has, at all times, had the highest confidence in the courage of the British troops in general, and he trusts that the cavalry will now be convinced that whenever they attack with the firmness, velocity, and order which they showed on this occasion, no number of the enemy (we have to deal with) can resist them."

Bibliothecar. Chetham.

Curious Posthumous Occurrence(Vol. viii., p. 5.).—Though the worthy grave-digger's account, reported by A. B. C., may be chargeable with some exaggeration as to thegeneralityof body-turning, and though the decomposing reason assigned may not be true, yet, that many dead human bodies are found with their faces downwards, is nevertheless quite correct.

Works are now in progress, at the east end of this metropolis, under my own immediate observation, where this fact has been incontestably verified. How long since, or on what occasion, these remains of mortality were placed there, I know not; but, in the course of excavation required for the foundations, they are frequently met with, and, in many instances, in this strange position.

I had come to the conclusion, that, during some raging pestilence (and which may indeed again occur, unless an acceleration takes place in our wounded-snake-like motion in the way of sanitary improvement), I say, it had been my impression, that during some such awful calamity, the anxiety of the uncontaminated to avoid infection had induced them to remove their less fortunate fellow-creatures out of the way with so much haste as actually to bury them alive! and in some convulsive struggle between life and death, they had turned themselves over!

R. M.

In reply to this Note, I would remark that I have consulted a grave-digger "grown old in the service" here, and he tells me he never remembers a case where, after interment, in process of time the occiput takes the place of the facial bones; but, he says, very frequently the head drops either on one side or the other—a circumstance which any one conversant with the human skeleton and the connexion of the cranium with the vertebræ would deem most natural.

Bristoliensis.

Passage in Job(Vol. vii., p. 14.).—This question is answered, as far as it seems possible, by Barnes, in hisNotes on Job, whichMr. Edwin Jonesmay easily consult. The fact appears to be that we have no information respecting the passage in question beyond what is furnished by itself.

B. H. C.

St. Paul and Seneca(Vol. viii., p. 88.).—There is an account of the work referred to in the July number of theJournal of Sacred Literature, edited by Dr. Kitto. It will be found among the "Foreign Intelligence."

B. H. C.

Haulf-naked(Vol. vii., pp. 432. 558.).—As my Query in reference to this place has drawn forth aNote or two from some correspondents of yours, allow me to thank them, and at the same time to inform them that "A general Collection of all the Offices of England, with the Fees, in the Queene's guifte," a manuscript temp. Elizabeth, contains the following reference. Under the head "Castles," &c. occurs,—

"Com. Sussex.

Charles Reed.

Books chained to Desks in Churches(Vol. viii. p. 94.).—An engraving of a very fine perpendicular lettern, having a book fastened to it by a chain, is given in theProceedings of the Arch. Inst.for 1846, as existing at that time in the church of St. Crux, York. In 1851 I noticed the upper part of one in Chesterton Church near Cambridge, placed on the sill of the east window of the south aisle with a book lying upon it, very much torn and wanting the title-page. I ascertained the subject of it at the time; but omitted to make a note of it, and I am sorry to say it has now slipped my memory.

Rutter, in hisSomersetshire, speaks of some old reading desks, which were still remaining in 1829 in Wrington Church, fastened to the walls of the chancel, on which were several books, "especially Fox'sMartyrs, and theClavis Bibliorumof F. Roberts, who was rector of the parish in 1675." There was one also about the same time at Chew Magna Church, Somersetshire; with a copy of Bishop Jewel'sDefence of the Churchchained to it. In Redcliff Church, Bristol, there is a small mahogany one supported by a bracket, with a brass chain attached, near the vestry on the north side of the choir. Until within a very few years, a desk, with Fox'sMartyrslying upon it, was in the Holy Trinity Church, Hull, affixed to one of the pillars in the nave.

A fine old Bible and chain is shown amongst the relics at Trinity Church, Stratford-upon-Avon.

It would appear that theological works were not the only ones secured in this manner; for I find (Rutter'sSomersetshire, p. 258.) that one Captain S. Sturmy of Easton in Gordano published a folio, entitledThe Mariner's or Artisan's Magazine, a copy of which he gave to the parish to be chained and locked in the desk, until any ingenious person should borrow it, leaving 3l.as a security in the hands of the trustees against damage, &c.

R. W. Elliott.

It is somewhat strange that I should have omitted the following passage whilst writing on this subject in a recent Number, as the work to which it refers, Bishop Jewel'sDefence of his Apology for the Church of England, is so well known:

"At the desire of Archbishop Parker, a copy of theDefencewas set up soon after Jewel's death, in almost every parish church in England; and fragments of it are still to be seen in some churches, together with the chain by which it was attached to the reading-desk provided for it."

This extract is taken from theLife of Bishop Jewel, prefixed to the English translation of theApology, edited by Dr. Jelf for the Society for promoting Christian Knowledge (8vo. Lond. 1849), p. xx.

An order for the setting up of "theParaphrasesof Erasmus in English upon the gospels" in some convenient place within all churches and chapels in the province of York, will be found in Archbishop Grindal'sInjunctions for the Laity, § 4. (Remains, &c., Parker Society, p. 134.) See also theArticles to be enquired of within the Province of Canterburie, § 2. (Ibid. p. 158.)

W. Sparrow Simpson.

In Malvern Abbey Church is a stand to which two books are chained. The one is a commentary on the Book of Common Prayer; the other is a treatise on Church Unity. In Kinver Church (Worcestershire) are three books placed in a desk (notchained) in the south aisle: beingThe Whole Duty of Man(1703);A Sermon made in Latine in the Reigne of Edward the Sixte, by John Jevvel, Bishop of Sarisburie; andThe Actes and Monumentes of Christian Martyrs(1583).

Cuthbert Bede, B.A.

At Bowness Church, on Windermere Lake, there is (or at least was, in 1842) a copy of Erasmus'sParaphrasechained. If I am not mistaken, some of Jewel's works will also be found there.

E. H. A.

Scheltrum(Vol. vi., p. 364.).—Karlwill findscheltrum, variously written "scheltrun, sheltrun, shiltroun, schetrome," of very common occurrence in the translation of the Old Testament by Wicliff and his followers; it is there rendered from the Lat.aeies. The instances quoted by Jamieson, from the Latintestudo, come nearer to the origin,shield.

Bloomsbury.

Quarrel(Vol. vi., p. 172.).—Balliolensiswill be pleased with Mr. Trench's ingenious account of our conversion of acomplaintinto aquarrel.

"The Latin word (querela) means properly 'complaint,' and we have in 'querulous' this its proper meaning coming distinctly out. Not so, however, in 'quarrel,' for Englishmen, being wont not merely to 'complain,' but to set vigorously about righting and redressing themselves, their griefs being also grievances, out of this word, which might have given them only'querulous' and 'querulousness,' have gotten 'quarrel' as well."—On the Study of Words, p. 57."We might safely conclude," Mr. Trench premises, "that a nation would not be likely tamely to submit to tyranny and wrong, which made 'quarrel' out of 'querela.'"

"We might safely conclude," Mr. Trench premises, "that a nation would not be likely tamely to submit to tyranny and wrong, which made 'quarrel' out of 'querela.'"

This, I say, is very ingenious, but didthisnation makequarrelout ofquerela? Did they not take it ready made from their neighbours, the French, Italian, Spanish, who have all performed, and, I presume, led the way in performing, the same exploit; showing that they must all have had the same disposition inhering in them to set about righting and redressing themselves, though not always, perhaps, with so prompt and active a vigour as that ascribed to the English by Mr. Trench.

Bloomsbury.

Wild Plants, and their Names(Vol. vii., p. 233.).—A preparation from St. John's Wort, called red oil, is used in the United States for the cure of bruises and cuts. It may have been formerly used in England. St. John's Wort is one of the commonest weeds in the Middle States.

Uneda.

Philadelphia.

Jeremy Taylor and Christopher Lord Hatton(Vol. vii., p. 305.).—Bishop Taylor uses the wordrelativein the sense of a dependent or humble friend in several places in his works; a fact which his editor, Bishop Heber, missed observing, as appears from a passage in the Preface to Taylor'sWorks.

M. E.

Philadelphia.

Burial on the North Side of Churches(Vol. vi., p. 112. &c.).—The opinion of your correspondentSeleucus, that the avoidance of burial on the north side of a churchyard is to be attributed to its being generally the unfrequented side of the church, is borne out by the fact, that in the rare cases where the entrance to the church isonlyon the north side, the graves are also to be found there in preference to being on the south, which in such a case would of course be "the back of the church."Seleucusmentions one instance of a church entered only from the north. To this example may be added the little village church of Martin Hussingtree, between Worcester and Droitwich, where the sole entrance is on the north, and whereallthe burials are on the same side of the church.

Cuthbert Bede, B. A.

Rubrical Query(Vol. vii., p. 247.).—The contradiction of the two rubrics is purely imaginary. Both are to be closely construed. Thefirstenjoins notice to be given of Communion as of any other festival; thesecondprovides that in the same service (notice having been so given) the Exhortation shall be the last impression on the thoughts of the congregation.

S. Z. Z. S.

Stone Pillar Worship(Vol. vii., p. 383.).—The Rowley Hills near Dudley, twelve in number, and each bearing a distinctive name, make up what may be called a mountain of basaltic rock, which extends for several miles in the direction of Hales Owen. From the face of a precipitous termination of the southern extremity of these hills rises a pillar of rock, known as the "The Hail Stone." I conjecture that the wordhailmay be a corruption of the archaic wordhaly, holy; and that this pillar of rock may have been the object of religious worship in ancient times. The name may have been derived directly front the Anglo-SaxonHaleg stan, holy stone. It is about three quarters of a mile distant from an ancient highway called "The Portway," which is supposed to be of British origin, and to have led to the salt springs at Droitwich. I have no knowledge of any other place bearing the name of Hail Stone, except a farm in the parish of West Fetton in Shropshire, which is called "The Hail Stones." No stone pillars are now to be found upon it: there is a quarry in it which shows that the sand rock lies there very near the surface. Dr. Plot, in hisHistory of Staffordshire(p. 170.), describes the rock on the Rowley Hills as being "as big and as high on one side as many church steeples are." He relates that he visited the spot in the year 1680, accompanied by a land-surveyor, who, ten years before that time, had noticed that at this place the needle of the compass was turned six degrees from its due position. The influence which the iron in basaltic rocks has on the needle was not known at that period, and the Doctor makes two conjectures in explanation of the phenomenon observed. First, he says, "there must be in these lands that miracle of Nature we call a loadstone;" and he adds, "unless it come to pass by some old armour buried hereabout in the late civil war." The sonorous property of the rock led him to conjecture "that there might be here a vault in which some great person of ancient times might be buried under this natural monument; but digging down by it as near as I could where the sound directed, I could find no such matter."

Plot does not mention the name by which this rock was known. It is not mentioned at all by either Erdeswick, Shaw, or Pitt, in their Histories of Staffordshire.

N. W. S.

Bad(Vol. vi. p. 509.).—Horne Tooke's etymology may, perhaps, satisfyB. H. Cowper'sinquiry, or at least gratify his curiosity. He assumes thebayor bark of a dog to be excited by what itabhors,hates,defies; and farther, that our epithet ofbadis applied by us to that, which, for reasons which we may call moral (æsthetic, I believeI ought to say) reasons or feelings, wehate, orabhor. And he forms it thus,bay-ed, bay'd, ba'd,bad.

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