12. In all the Plates, the wings on one side of each figure are detached from the body, and represent theunder surfaceof the same insect. In one case only (Tab. VII. f. 1.) the upper surfaces of two varieties of the same species are given.
12. In all the Plates, the wings on one side of each figure are detached from the body, and represent theunder surfaceof the same insect. In one case only (Tab. VII. f. 1.) the upper surfaces of two varieties of the same species are given.
P. Noctis, Hewits. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 423, pl. 66. f. 5 (♀).
Male: differs from the same sex ofP. Noxby the broader apex of the fore wings, and by the hind wings being more elongate, more glossy, and especially by the entire nondentated hinder margin.
Hab.Borneo (Sarawak) (Wall.), (♂, ♀ Mus. nost.)
19.Papilio Erebus, Wallace.
P. Nox, var., De Haan, Verh. Nat. Gesch. t. 5. f. 3 (♀).
Hab.Malacca (Wall.), Banjermassing, Borneo (De Haan).
Remarks.—I am somewhat doubtful of the species, the female only being known; but it differs so strikingly from the same sex ofP. NoxandP. Noctis(the former of which seems very constant), that I think it better to separate it in order to draw attention to other specimens that may exist in collections. It differs fromP. Nox(♀) by its narrower and more elongate hind wings, which are black, glossed with steel-blue; the fore wings are black, with the veins beyond the cell clearly white-margined. The lower margin is also much less strongly dentated.
20.Papilio Varuna, White.
♀.P. Varuna, Wh., Entomologist, 1842, p. 280; Westw. Ann. Nat. Hist. ix. p. 37.P. Chara, Westw. Arc. Ent. pl. 66. f. 2.
♂.P. Astorion, Westw. Ann. Nat. Hist. ix. p. 37; Arc. Ent. pl. 66. f. 1.
Hab.Pulo Penang, Sylhet.
21.Papilio Semperi, Felder.
P. Semperi, Feld. Lep. Nov. Philipp, pp. 1, 11.
Hab.Luzon, Philippines (♂, ♀).
N.B. ThePhiloxenusgroup peculiar to India follows on after these.
22.Papilio Neptunus, Guérin.
P. Neptunus, Guér. Deless. Voy. dans l’Inde, p. 69, t. 19 (P. Saturnus).
Hab.Malacca, Borneo (♂, ♀) (Wall.).
23.Papilio Coon, Fabricius.
P. Coon, Fab. Ent. Syst. iii. 1. pp. 10, 27; Don. Ins. China, pl. 24. f. 1; Lucas, Lep. Ex. t. 6. f. 2; Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 201.
Hab.Java, Sumatra (Wall.), Borneo (De Haan).
Remarks.—The specimens from Sumatra are constantly larger than those from Java. The Indian form, in which the markings are red instead of yellow, with other differences, I consider a distinct species, for which I propose the name ofP. Doubledayi, after the late Mr. Edward Doubleday of the British Museum[13].
13.Papilio Doubledayi, Wallace. (P. Coon, var., B. M. Cat.)Above: upper wings as inP. Coon, but the base darker. Lower wings broader than inP. Coon; the white spot in the cell toothed below, and divided by one or two faint blackish lines, cut off at the middle of the cell by the black triangular basal patch. The marginal spot next within the tail wanting; the two anal spots, end of abdomen, and its rings (which are yellow inP. Coon) red; collar behind the eyes and palpi (which are black inP. Coon) also red.Beneath: base of lower wings broadly black; white spots all much broader and rounder than inP. Coon; sides of the thorax, end of the abdomen, and the marginal spots in the caudal and anal region red.The female differs in a corresponding manner fromP. Coon♀. Size about the same.Hab.Moulmein, Assam.
13.Papilio Doubledayi, Wallace. (P. Coon, var., B. M. Cat.)
Above: upper wings as inP. Coon, but the base darker. Lower wings broader than inP. Coon; the white spot in the cell toothed below, and divided by one or two faint blackish lines, cut off at the middle of the cell by the black triangular basal patch. The marginal spot next within the tail wanting; the two anal spots, end of abdomen, and its rings (which are yellow inP. Coon) red; collar behind the eyes and palpi (which are black inP. Coon) also red.
Beneath: base of lower wings broadly black; white spots all much broader and rounder than inP. Coon; sides of the thorax, end of the abdomen, and the marginal spots in the caudal and anal region red.
The female differs in a corresponding manner fromP. Coon♀. Size about the same.
Hab.Moulmein, Assam.
24.Papilio Polydorus, Linnæus.
P. Polydorus, L.; Clerck, Icon. t. 33. f. 3.P. Leobates, Reinw. Verh. Nat. Gesch. Zool. t. 6. f. 3 (♀).
Hab.Ceram, Matabello Island, Bouru, Batchian (♂, ♀) (Wall.).
Local form or varietya.—The white markings on the fore wings forming a patch below the cell; red spots on the hind wings nearer to the posterior margin and that next the anal angle larger.
Hab.Ké Island, Aru Island (♂, ♀) (Wall.).
25.Papilio Leodamas, n. s. Tab. V. fig. 2 (♂).
P. Polydorus, in Brit. Mus. List of Papilionidæ, p. 10.
Male.Above, glossy black, upper wings immaculate (the veins pale-margined in the female). Lower wings with a rounded white spot divided into six parts by fine nervures, of which the outermost and that in the cell are sometimes reduced to points; marginal row of red spots obscured with black, and but faintly indicated.
Beneath, the white patch has a small red spot attached to the part next the anal angle; and the marginal row of six red spots are clearly marked, that at the anal angle being twice the size of the rest. Wings short, much rounded, scarcely or not at all produced in the caudal region.
Expanse of wings 3¾ in. to 4 in.
Hab.New Guinea, Mysol (♂, ♀) (Wall.), Rockingham Bay (Australia), (Brit. Mus., ♀).
26.Papilio Diphilus, Esper.
P. Diphilus, Esp. Ausl. Schmett. t. 40. f. 1. P.Polydorus, Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 267; and most authors.
Hab.Java, Malacca (Wall.), Philippine Islands, India.
Remarks.—The specimens from Manilla are larger, and the females paler-coloured, than those from other localities, all of which have slight characteristic peculiarities; but they also vary in the individuals from each locality, so that no perfect segregation of local forms has yet taken place.
27.Papilio Antiphus, Fabricius.
P. Antiphus, Fab. Syst. Ent. iii. 1. pp. 10–28; Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 266.
Hab.Sumatra, Borneo, Lombock, Java (Wall.), Philippine Islands.
Remarks.—The Philippine form (P. Kotzebuea, Eschsch.) is rather larger and of a more uniform glossy black than those from other localities.P. Theseus, Cram., has been erroneously supposed to be the female of this species, whereas it is the female of one of thePammongroup, belonging to a different section of the genus. De Haan figuresP. TheseusasP. Antiphus♀, in Verh. Nat. Gesch. t. 8. f. 2. As has been already pointed out,P. Theseusmimics this species.
28.Papilio Polyphontes, Boisduval.
P. Polyphontes, Bd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 268.P. Hegemon, G. R. G., List of Papilionidæ in B. Mus.
Hab.Celebes, Batchian, Morty Isl. (♂, ♀) (Wall.).
Remarks.—The markings vary from pure white to a smoky tint; but otherwise all the specimens from the above localities agree. De Haan gives (Verh. Nat. Gesch. t. 8. f. 4) a female of one of thePammongroup asP. Polyphontes♀.
29.Papilio Annæ, Felder.
P. Annæ, Feld. Lep. Nov. Philipp, p. 1.
Hab.Mindoro (Philippines).
30.Papilio Liris, Godart.
P. Liris, God. Enc. Méth. iv. p. 72; Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 268; De Haan, Verh. Nat. Gesch. p. 38, t. 4. f. 3 (♀).
Hab.Timor (Wall.), N.W. Australia (Brit. Mus.).
Remarks.—The Australian specimens are smaller. The female ofP. Œnomausmimics this species, as has been already mentioned (p. 22). Both species were taken by myself on the same spot, and, though such large and conspicuous insects, they could never be distinguished without a close examination after capture. The female of this species differs very little from the male, being rather larger, with broader wings and less vivid coloration.
31.Papilio Ulysses, Linnæus.
P. Ulysses, L., Cramer, Pap. Ex. t. 121. f. A, B (♀), t. 122 A (♀).P. Diomedes, Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 202.
Hab.Amboyna, Ceram (♂, ♀) (Wall.).
Remark.—The largest specimens of this glorious insect are found in the island of Amboyna, where it is rather common, hovering about the forest pathways. It sometimes visits the gardens in the town of Amboyna.
32.Papilio Penelope, n. s.
Male: rather smaller thanP. Ulysses. Upper wings with six black cottony patches, and all separate from each other; whereas inP. Ulyssesthere are seven, and the four lower ones are always united at their margins. The blue colour fills the discoidal cell, and generally extends beyond it at the extremity; the upper disco-cellular nervure not black-bordered as inP. Ulysses. Lower wings with the blue colour extending further along the abdominal margin, and not quite so far towards the outer angle.
Female: has the blue colour of the same form and extent as inP. Ulysses♀, but of the same bright tint as in the male; the marginal lunules more deeply curved.
Expanse of wings 5 inches.
Hab.New Guinea, Waigiou, Aru Is. (♂, ♀) (Wall.).
Remark.—As all the other forms closely allied toP. Ulysseshave received names (Telemachus, Montr.,Chaudoiri, Feld.,Telegonus, Feld., andUlyssinus, Westw.), I have also given one to this form peculiar to New Guinea and the Papuan Islands, the distinctive characters of which, though very slight, seem sufficiently constant.
33.Papilio Telegonus, Felder.
P. Telegonus, Feld. Lep. Fragm. p. 50.
Hab.Batchian, Gilolo (♂, ♀) (Wall.).
Remark.—A very distinct species, separated fromP. Ulyssesby the extent of the cottony patch on the upper wings, and by the different form and colour of the blue markings.
34.Papilio Telemachus, Montrouzier.
P. Telemachus, Mont. Ann. de la Soc. d’Agriculture de Lyon, 1856, p. 395.
Hab.Woodlark Isl. (S. E. of New Guinea).
Remark.—This is a small species (exp. 4 in.), with less blue on the lower wings.
35.Papilio Peranthus, Fabricius.
P. Peranthus, Fab. Syst. Ent. iii. 1. p. 15; Don. Ins. China, pl. 26; Lucas, Lep. Ex. t. 12. f. 2; Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 203.
Hab.Java, Lombock (Wall.).
36.Papilio Pericles, n. sp. Tab. VI. fig. 1 (♂).
Wings more elongate, and upper wings more pointed, than inP. Peranthus.
Above: black, the basal half of a silvery blue, greenish towards the base of the costa, and purplish on the outer margin, where on the lower wings it shades off into separate scales. On the submedian and two lower branches of the median nervure are elongate black cottony patches as inP. Ulysses, the lower ones joined at the base, the upper one separate; above these the outer margin is of a brown-black, with a few atoms of yellow and blue scales towards the apex; the blue colour extends beyond the discoidal cell of the upper wings in a line parallel with the outer margin, on the lower wings it rounds away to the anal angle, and below it are five submarginal lunules of blue atoms, the outer one almost obsolete, and that next the tail largest and most deeply coloured. Thorax and body green.
Beneath: as inP. Peranthus, but the posterior range of lunules margined with brilliant blue and orange brown.
Expanse of wings 3½ inches.
Hab.Timor (♂) (Wall.).
37.Papilio Philippus, Wallace. Tab. VI. fig. 3.
P. Peranthus, var. A, Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 204.
Above: basal half of the wings of a rich green-blue, the rest black, with a triangular patch at the apex of the uppers, formed of green atoms situated between the nervures; on the lower wings six large submarginal lunules, the lowest of which sends out some green atoms along the tail. The black cottony spot is of a different form from that ofP. Peranthus, the separate patches being only joined in the middle, and two of them extending along the nervures in a point nearly to the discoidal cell.
Beneath: brilliantly marked with lunules of buff, black, and blue.
Expanse of wings 4½–5 inches.
Hab.Moluccas (Wall.).
Remarks.—My specimen from Ceram is of a greener tinge, and the colour extends a little beyond the end of the discoidal cell; that from Batchian is smaller, of a bluer tinge, and the colour of less extent. The species seems to be very rare.
38.Papilio Macedon, Wallace. Tab. VI. fig. 2 (♂).
P. Peranthus, var. B., Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 204.
Boisduval’s description sufficiently shows the remarkable differences of form, size, and colouring which this species presents, compared with that of which he considers it a variety. The female agrees with the male, except that the colours are a little less brilliant, and the cottony patches of the fore wings are absent.
Expanse of wings, ♂, 5 inches; ♀, 5–6 inches.
Hab.Macassar, Menado (Celebes) (Wall.).
39.Papilio Brama, Guérin.
P. Brama, Guér. Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 43, t. 1. f. 3, 4.P. Palinurus, De Haan, Verh. Nat. Gesch. pp. 5, 29.
Hab.Malacca, Sumatra (Wall.).
40.Papilio Dædalus, Felder.
P. Dædalus, Feld. Lep. Nov. Philipp. p. 2.
Hab.Luzon (Philippine Islands).
41.Papilio Blumei, Boisduval. Tab. VI. fig. 4 (♂).
P. Blumei, Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 206.
Hab.Menado (Celebes) (Wall.). “Amboyna,”Bd., error of locality.
Remark.—This very fine species comes nearest to the last, but is of much larger size, and is conspicuous by its brilliantly coloured tails.
42.Papilio Arjuna, Horsfield.
P. Arjuna, Horsf. Cat. Lep. E. I. Comp. pl. 1. f. 14; Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 209.P. Arjuna, var.a., Brit. Mus. Cat. of Papilionidæ, p. 17.
Hab.Java, Borneo, Sumatra (Wall.).
The Bornean form differs from that of Java by its larger size, and on the under surface by the three middle lunules being formed of a violet line only, with scarcely a trace of red beneath it, and by the orange-red lunules both at the anal and outer angles being divided (not margined) by a violet line. The scales sprinkled at the base of the lower wings are white and blue, and are neither so dense nor do they extend so far as the yellowish scales of the Java specimens. In all these particulars the Sumatra specimens are somewhat intermediate, but approach most to those of Borneo. This is one of the examples which show the isolation of Java, notwithstanding its proximity to Sumatra.
(N.B. TheProtenorgroup of India is intermediate between this and the last group.)
43.Papilio Memnon, Linnæus. Tab. I. figs. 1 (♂), 2, 3, 4 (♀s).
♂,P. Memnon, L., Cram. Pap. Ex. t. 91. f. C (♂); Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 192.
♀, 1st dimorphic form,P. Anceus, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 222. f. A, B.
?P. Laomedon, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 50. f. A, B; De Haan, Verh. Nat. Gesch. p. 24, t. 3. f. 2.
♀, 2nd dimorphic form,P. Achates, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 243. A.
Hab.Java, Sumatra (Wall.).
Local forma.—Male: border of posterior wings beneath narrow and of an ashy-blue colour.
Female: nearP. Anceus, Cr., andP. Laomedon, Cr., but of an olive-ashy colour.
Hab.Borneo (Wall.).
Local formb.—Male: band on under side of posterior wings ashy; the spots large, with reddish-orange lunules between the two series, and below the four outer ones.
Hab.Lombock (Wall.).
Remarks.—The difference between the male and the 2nd form of female is so great, both in form and colouring, that they could not have been imagined to be the same, had they not been bred from the same larvæ. They have also been taken “in copulâ” by myself. Each form varies considerably, both individually and locally; yet there are none intermediate between the two. I consider them, therefore, as presenting a fine instance of dimorphism; and I also believe that the second form mimicsP. Coon, for reasons which I have explained at p. 21.
44.Papilio Androgeus, Cramer.
♂,P. Androgeus, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 91. f. A, B.
♀, 1st dimorphic form,P. Agenor, L., Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 32. f. A, B.
♀, 2nd dimorphic form,P. Achates, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 182. f. A, B;P. Alcanor, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 166, f. A.
Hab.Malacca (Wall.), India.
Remarks.—Ever since it was discovered that the insects figured by the old authors asP. Anceus,P. Agenor,P. Achates, &c. were varying females ofP. MemnonandP. Androgeus, the whole of these were very naturally concluded to belong to one varying species. An examination of many extensive collections, however, has convinced me that the continental forms, on the one hand, and the insular ones, on the other, can be readily distinguished, and really form two very well-marked species. The red lunules at the anal region beneath characterize all specimens from India (Androgeus, Cr.), while these are entirely absent in all the insular specimens (Memnon, Cr.); and the same characteristic difference can be traced in a greater or less degree throughout all the infinitely varying female specimens. My specimen from Malacca has a faint trace only on the upper surface of the characteristic red mark at the base of the anterior wings; in other respects it resembles the continental individuals. This form mimics the Indian form ofP. Coon(P. Doubledayi, Wall.).
45.Papilio Lampsacus, Boisduval.
P. Lampsacus, Bd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 190; De Haan, Verh. Nat. Gesch. p. 23, t. 2. f. 2.
Hab.Java (♂) (Wall.).
46.Papilio Priapus, Boisduval.
P. Priapus, Bd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 190; De Haan, Verh. Nat. Gesch. p. 23, t. 2. f. 1.
Hab.Java (Boisd.), Sumatra (Raffles), Borneo (De Haan).
47.Papilio Emalthion, Hübner.
♂,Iliades Emalthion, Hübn. Samml. Exot. ii. t. 117;P. Emalthion, Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 196;P. Floridor, Godt. Enc. Méthod. ix. p. 809;P. Kruscusterinain Eschsch. Voy. Kotzebue, t. 3. f. 5.
♀, 1st form,P. Emalthion, Cat. of Lep. Brit. Mus. pl. 5. f. 4.
♀, 2nd form,P. Rumanzovia, Eschsch. Voy. Kotz. t. 2. f. 4;P. Descombesi, Boisd. Sp. Gén. p. 197;P. Floridor, ♀. Godt. Enc. Méth. ii. p. 809.
Hab.Philippine Islands.
Remarks.—I have no doubt whatever that we have here another case of dimorphism, and I therefore unhesitatingly place these supposed species under one name. The male ofP. Emalthionvery closely resembles the next species (P. Deiphontes), and the 2nd form of female (P. Rumanzovia, Eschsch.) as closely resembles the female of the same species; so that there can be no doubt that Godardt was right in describing them as the sexes of hisP. Floridor. The female figured in the British Museum Catalogue is intermediate between these, but has more of the characters of the male; and it is to be remarked that both these forms of female have arrived in Europe accompanied by the same male. I am therefore obliged to reduce by one the hitherto received species of Philippine Papilios.
48.Papilio Deiphontes, n. s.
P. Deiphobus, var. A., Bd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 201.
♂.Above: exactly as inP. Deiphobus, but having a small tooth only in place of the tail, and the posterior band of a clear ashy blue.
Beneath: with the markings as inP. Emalthion, except that the red patch at the base of the upper wings is smaller.
♀. Also tailless, but resembling in markings the same sex ofP. Deiphobus, the pale patch on the upper wings not extending into the discoidal cell.
Expanse of wings, ♂, 5½ inches; ♀, 5¾ inches.
Hab.Batchian, Gilolo, Ternate, Morty Isl. (Wall.).
49.Papilio Deiphobus, Linnæus.
P. Deiphobus, L., Cramer, Pap. Ex. t. 181. f. A, B; Donovan, Ins. Ind. pl. 17. f. 2; Lucas, Lep. Ex. t. 11; Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 200.
♀,P. Alcandor, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 40. f. A, B.
Hab.Ceram, Amboyna, Bouru (Wall.).
Remark.—A simple variety of both this and the last species frequently occurs, in which all the markings on the under side are ochre-yellow instead of red.
50.Papilio Ascalaphus, Boisduval.
P. Ascalaphus, Bd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 200 (♂); De Haan, Verh. Nat. Gesch. p. 26, t. 1. f. 2 (♀).
Hab.Menado, Macassar (Celebes), Sulla Isl. (Wall.).
51.Papilio Œnomaus, Godardt.
P. Œnomaus, Godt. Encyc. Méth. ix. p. 72; Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 190; De Haan, Verh. Nat. Gesch. p. 24, t. 4. f. 1 (♂), 2 (♀).
Hab.Timor (♂, ♀) (Wall.).
Remark.—As has been already noticed (p. 22), the female of this species closely resemblesP. Liris♀, in company with which it was captured.
52.Papilio Severus, Cramer.
P. Severus, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 227. f. A, B (♂), t. 278. f. A, B (♀); Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 212.
Hab.Bouru, Ceram, Amboyna, Gilolo, Batchian, Aru Isl. (Wall.).
Remarks.—This species exhibits a large amount of simple variation, in the presence or absence of a pale patch on the uppers, in the brown submarginal marks on the lower wings, in the form and extent of the yellow band, and in the size of the specimens. The most extreme forms, as well as the intermediate ones, are often found in one locality and in company with each other, indicating that over the above range continual intermixture probably takes place, and thus prevents any one form from becoming specialized in a restricted area. The two following modifications of it, however, have acquired perfect stability, each in a large island situated on the extreme limits of the species. I therefore consider them to be distinct, though the actual differences are but small.
53.Papilio Pertinax, n. s. Tab. V. fig. 4 (♂).
Upper side: anterior wings rather more elongate and pointed than inP. Severus, dusky brown, with faint longitudinal rows of yellow scales in the cell, and with rather denser scales between the nervures beyond it; these are condensed into a narrow yellowish band parallel to the outer margin, and rather nearer to the cell than to it. Hind wings black, with three yellowish white subquadrate spots (the upper one smallest) situate between the outer angle and the discoidal nervule; beyond these and continued to the anal angle are a few very faint and minute groups of scales.
Under sideas above, but the transverse band on the upper wings is whiter, and on the lower wings are seven submarginal brownish-yellow lunules, the middle ones least marked, and those at the outer and anal angles having above them a very small group of minute blue scales.
The female is paler-coloured, with the markings rather more diffused, and has on the under side an imperfect ocellus at the anal angle, a row of faint brown lunules extending to the three white spots, and two irregular lunules of blue atoms below those next the abdominal margin.
Expanse of wings, ♂, 4¼ inches; ♀, 5 inches.
Hab.Macassar (Celebes) (Wall.).
Remark.—This species was rather abundant near Macassar, in woody places, and was very constant in its markings and general aspect.
54.Papilio Albinus, n. s. Tab. V. fig. 5 (♂).
Wings broader than inP. Severus, costa less arched, tail smaller, and the caudal margin less produced.
Upper side: brown-black; anterior wings with very faint horizontal lines of yellowishscales in the cell; apical portion of the wing more thickly powdered between the nervures, the powdering fading away towards the outer angle. Posterior wings with a large yellowish-white patch, commencing close to the anterior margin, widening in the middle so as to cross the end of the cell, and ending in a triangle with prolonged apex at the abdominal margin; the outer edge of this spot is regularly angulated and scalloped; two very faint brown lunules occur next the anal angle; and the outer margin is rather broadly white-edged between the dentations.
Under side: the anterior wings have distinct greyish lines of scales between the nervures in the apical region; posterior wings not dotted with scales as inP. Severus, but with two or three single rows of scales in the cell only; the yellowish band consisting of a lunule next the upper margin, followed by three rhomboidal spots notched below, of which the middle one is the largest, then a roundish spot and a small horizontal mark; a row of seven submarginal lunules, of which the three middle ones are smallest and nearly obsolete, and that at the anal angle much the largest and, with the whitish marginal spot below it, forming an incomplete ocellus.
Expanse of wings 3½–3¾ inches.
Hab.New Guinea (♂) (Wall.).
55.Papilio Phestus, Guérin.
P. Phestus, Guér. Voyage de la Coquille, t. 14. f. 2; Bd. Voy. de l’Astrolabe, i. p. 41; Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 212.
Hab.New Guinea (Paris Museum).
56.Papilio Helenus, Linnæus.
P. Helenus, L.; Cramer, Pap. Ex. t. 153. f. A, B; Lucas, Lep. Ex. t. 15. f. 2; Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 211.
Hab.China (“type,”Cramer’s figure).
Local forma. Has more falcate wings and longer tail; the red marks at the anal angle beneath are divided by a violet-white mark.
Hab.North India.
Local formb. Same form of wings as the last, but smaller; the third and fourth lunules from the anal angle beneath very small or quite absent.
Hab.Java, Sumatra (Wall.).
57.Papilio Hecuba, n. s. Tab. V. fig. 3 (♂).
Upper wings falcate, and their outer margin much hollowed out, as in many of the Celebes butterflies.
♂.Upper side: the outer half of the anterior wings of a fine cottony texture, as inP. Helenus, but more marked; the red lunule at the anal angle wanting; the rest as inP. Helenus.
Under side: the lunules and ocelli are ochre-yellow instead of deep red, the two outer ones very small, the third almost obsolete, and the next two absent; the anal ocellus is bordered with blue above, and adjoining it is a blue lunule in the place of the red one inP. Helenus.
♀.Upper side: of a browner colour; two orange-brown ocelli at the anal angle.
Under side: the lunules and ocelli all larger; the two intermediate ones entirely absent, as in the male.
Expanse of wings 5½–5¾ inches.
Hab.Macassar, Menado (Celebes) (Wall.).
58.Papilio Iswara, White.
P. Iswara, White, Entom. 1842, p. 280; Doub. and Hew. Gen. of Diurn. Lep. pl. 2. f. 1 (♀).
Hab.Penang, Malacca, Singapore, Borneo (♂, ♀) (Wall.).
59.Papilio Hystaspes, Felder.
P. Hystaspes, Feld. Lep. Nov. Philipp. p. 12.
Hab.Luzon (Philippines).
This is the Philippine form ofP. Helenus.
60.Papilio Araspes, Felder.
P. Araspes, Feld. Ent. Fragm. p. 17.
Hab.Philippine Islands.
This comes near toP. Iswara.
61.Papilio Nephelus, Boisduval.
P. Nephelus, Bd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 210; De Haan, Verh. Nat. Gesch. p. 29, t. 4. f. 4, ♂.
Hab.Malacca, Sumatra, Borneo (♂, ♀) (Wall.), Assam (Brit. Mus.).
62.Papilio Pammon, Linnæus. Tab. II. figs. 1 (♂), 3, 5, 6 (♀ ♀).
♂,P. Pammon, L.; Cram. Pap. Ex. t. 141. f. B; Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 272.
♀,P. Polytes, L.; Cram. Pap. Ex. t. 265. f. A, B, C.
Hab.Malacca, Singapore (Wall.), China, India, Ceylon.
The continental specimens ofP. Pammonhave all considerably developed tails in both sexes; the insular specimens on the other hand, (which I treat as a separate species), have only a prominent tooth or very short tail in the males. The females also differ considerably, presenting an analogous but distinct series of forms. In the trueP. Pammonthe males are very constant; but the females exist under three distinct forms, each of them presenting more or less numerous varieties, viz.:—
1st formof female. Tab. II. fig. 3.
This exactly resembles the male, except in the possession of a distinct ocellus at the anal angle on the upper surface. Rarely a variety occurs having in addition a submarginal row of red lunules, indicating a slight approximation towards some varieties of the second form.
2nd formof female (P. Polytes). Tab. II. fig. 5.
This is by far the most common form of female. A variety of this rarely occurs, whichwants the red patch at the anal angle, and has the white patch formed of a row of spots all situated a little below the discoidal cell. This is the nearest approach to the first form.
3rd formof female (P. Romulus, Cram. Pap. Ex. t. 43. f. A;P. Mutius, Fab., Boisd. Sp. Gén. p. 270;P. Hector♀, De Haan). Tab. II. fig. 6.
This not uncommon Indian butterfly I consider to be a third form of the female ofP. Pammon. I was first led to suspect this by finding that no males of it are known (the male and female from Ceylon, noted in the British Museum List, I have ascertained to be both females), nor have I been able to find any after an examination of the chief collections in England. It is also to be observed that it has been received from no locality which is not also inhabited byP. Pammon; there is no other known Indian butterfly that can possibly be the other sex of it; and lastly, it agrees very closely with the second form of female (P. Polytes) in all its details of form, texture, and neuration; and though at first sight having a very different aspect, specimens are to be found which by a very slight modification could be changed so as to resemble that form. I am therefore quite satisfied in my own mind that I am right in sinking this species into a form ofP. Pammon. I have already stated my opinion that it mimicsP. Hector, with which, however, it has no affinity. The resemblance was such as to induce De Haan to place it as the female of that species.
63.Papilio Theseus, Cramer. Tab. II. figs. 2, 4, 7 (♀ ♀).
P. Theseus, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 180. f. B (♀); Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 276.
P. Antiphus♀, De Haan, Verh. Nat. Gesch. p. 49, t. 8. f. 2; Brit. Mus. List. Pap. p. 12.
P. Polyphontes♀, De Haan, Verh. Nat. Gesch. t. 8. f. 4.
P. Melanides, De Haan, Verh. Nat. Gesch. t. 8. f. 3 (♀).
Male likeP. Pammon♂, but smaller, and the tail always reduced to a projecting tooth.
Hab.Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Lombock, Timor (Wall.).
Local forma. Much larger; more falcate wings; a broad short tail.
Hab.Macassar (Wall.)
1st formof female. Tab. II. fig. 2.
Like the male, but with a very slightly marked blue and red ocellus at the anal angle. This is very rare in the islands. I found one specimen only in Timor, which I took “in copulâ” with a male almost exactly resembling it.
2nd formof female (P. Polyphontes♀, De Haan). Tab. II. fig. 4.
Like the 2nd form ofP. Pammon♀; but has the pale portion of the anterior wing of a much lighter colour, and not extending so far towards the base of the wing; the white spot on the hind wings is more rounded, and has always a rather large portion within the cell. This form is to some extent local, not existing, I believe, in Sumatra, where it is replaced by the next.
Hab.Borneo, Java, Timor (Wall.).
3rd formof female (P. Theseus, Cr.;P. Antiphus♀, De Haan). Tab. II. fig. 7.
This is well characterized by the entire absence of the white spot from the hind wings.The red spots and lunules remain; but in some specimens only those in the anal region are visible, and these have a very close resemblance toP. Antiphus. This is also a local form, not occurring, I believe, in company with the last.
Hab.Sumatra, Lombock (Wall.).
4th formof female (P. Melanides, De Haan, Verh. Nat. Gesch. t. 8. f. 3).
I consider this to be an isolated modification ofP. Theseus, Cr., peculiar to Borneo. It possesses all the characteristics of a female of this species.
Hab.Banjarmassing (Borneo) (Leyden Museum).
N.B. The 2nd, 3rd, and 4th forms of ♀ are all tailed, as in the females ofP. Pammon.
64.Papilio Alphenor, Cramer.
P. Alphenor, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 90. f. B (♀); Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 274 (♂, ♀);P. Ledebouria, Eschsch. Voy. Kotz. t. 3. f. 7.
This is very closely allied toP. Theseus. The male is larger, has the caudal tooth scarcely perceptible, and on the under side has white instead of red marginal lunules. The female is tailed, much larger thanP. Theseus♀ form 2nd, from which it further differs by the white patch on the hind wings having the red markings blended with it, and more prominent.
Hab.Celebes, Bouru, Amboyna, Ceram (Wall.), Philippine Islands.
1st formof female (P. Ledebouria, Eschsch.).
Like the male, but with a brown tinge and an obscure anal lunule. This has been noticed only in the Philippine Islands.
2nd formof female (P. Alphenor, Cr.).
Distribution the same as the male.
3rd formof female (P. Elyros, G. R. Gray, B. M. List Pap. p. 26).
The white patch on the lower wings reduced to a small spot, or quite absent. There are many varieties of this, showing very instructively how such isolated forms of female as occur in the two preceding species may have been produced by simple variation followed by a “natural selection” of the forms best adapted to special conditions.
Hab.Philippine Islands (B. M.)
65.Papilio Nicanor, Felder, ‘Voyage of the Novara,’ pl. ... f.c,d.
Male.Upper side:—likeP. Alphenor♂; but the band of white spots is broader and more regular, and there is a row of four white submarginal lunules.
Under side as inP. Alphenor; but the marginal spots of the upper wings, and the submarginal lunules of the lower wings, are larger and more distinct.
Femalequite tailless, like the male. Upper side:—likeP. Alphenor♀; but the rufous anal spots are much smaller, not forming an ocellus at the anal angle, and they do not join the white central patch.
Under side, differs fromP. Alphenorin nearly the same manner as on the upper side.
Hab.Batchian, Gilolo, Morty Island (Wall.).
Remarks.—The absence of tails in the female, and the white submarginal lunules in themale, distinguish this at a glance from all its allies. It has a comparatively restricted range, and is very constant in both sexes. The plate sent me by Dr. Felder is not numbered.
66.Papilio Hipponous, Felder[14].