14. Having obtained a specimen of this insect while these sheets are passing through the press, I find that it should have been placed next toP. Severus.
14. Having obtained a specimen of this insect while these sheets are passing through the press, I find that it should have been placed next toP. Severus.
P. Hipponous, Feld. Lep. Nov. Philipp. p. 12;P. Dironus, B. M. List (no description).
Hab.Luzon, Mindanao (Philippines).
67.Papilio Ambrax, Boisduval.
P. Ambrax, Bd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 218; Voy. au Pôle Sud, Lép. t. 1. f. 3, 4 (♂); De Haan, Verh. Nat. Gesch. t. 7. f. 2 (♀).P. Orophanes, Boisd. Sp. Gén. p. 275 (♀).
Hab.Mysol, Salwatty, Dorey (Wall.).
Remark.—I believe that two, if not three, well-marked forms or species have been mixed up under the name ofP. Ambrax, as I have endeavoured to show by the references. My specimens of the two sexes of each show a uniformity of character in each locality.
68.Papilio Ambracia, Wallace.
P. Ambrax, Bd.; De Haan, Verh. Nat. Gesch. t. 7. f. 1 (♂).
Male.Differs fromP. Ambrax, Bd., by the ashy-white patch at the apex of the anterior wings.
Female.Has a large, roundish, white patch on the anterior wings, extending from the discoidal cell to the hinder angle. The red lunules on the hind wings are smaller. Same size asP. Ambrax.
Hab.Waigiou (♂, ♀) (Wall.).
69.Papilio Epirus, n. s.
Male.Above:—anterior wings as inP. Ambrax; posterior wings more elongate, the white band much narrower, notched behind at the nervures, with the portions between regularly rounded; the part which crosses the cell is cut by black nervures, and there is an oblique red mark at the anal angle.
Beneath:—with a submarginal of seven lunules on the hinder wings, the one above the anal angle very large; whereas the last two species have one small lunule only beneath, at the anal angle.
Female.Is probably that figured in ‘Voy. au Pôle Sud,’ Lép. t. 1, f. 5, which resembles most the female ofP. Ambracia, but differs in the form of the white and red patches. It is said to be from “the coasts of New Guinea”; but as the expedition touched at the Aru Islands, it is very probable that there is an error of locality, as I have ascertained to be very often the case in the indications furnished by these and other ‘Voyages.’
Hab.Aru Islands (Wall.).
70.Papilio Dunali, Montrouzier.
P. Dunali, Mont. Ann. Soc. d’Agricult. de Lyon, 1856, p. 394.
Hab.Woodlark Island (S.E. of New Guinea).
Remark.—This seems closely allied to the last species.
71.Papilio Ormenus, Guérin. Tab. III. figs. 2 (♂), 1, 3, 4 (♀ ♀).
P. Ormenus, Guér. Voy. de la Coquille, pl. 14. f. 3; Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 211.
P. Erectheus, var., Voy. au Pôle Sud, Lép. t. 1. f. 1, 2.
P. Amanga, Boisd. Sp. Gén. p. 216, ♀ (P. Onesimus, Hew. Ex. Butt. Pap. iii. f. 8).
Hab.Waigiou, Aru Isl., Ké Isl., Matabello and Goram Isl. (Wall.).
This belongs to a remarkable group of Papilios inhabiting the Austro-Malayan region, and which are especially interesting as exhibiting a good instance of polymorphism, the females being of two or three distinct forms.
The male in this species is characterized by the small amount of marking on the under surface.
1st formof female. Tab. III. fig. 1.
Almost exactly intermediate between the male and the normal female, which resemblesP. Erectheus♀.
Upper side brown-black; a band of four whitish-yellow spots across the anterior wings beyond the cell, the upper one of the same size and position as in the male, the 2nd and 3rd elongated towards the cell, the 4th rather shorter than the 3rd, and immediately beneath it. Posterior wings with a central patch of a pale sulphur-yellow just crossing the end of the cell, and separated below into five truncate lobes; below this, and next the anal margin, are two irregular blue lunules, with a red lunule at the anal angle and a smaller one lower down beneath the second blue lunule.
Under side as above; on the hind wings the upper half of the yellow patch is dusky, and there is a complete submarginal series of seven red lunules.
Hab.Waigiou (a single specimen) (Wall.).
2nd formof female. Tab. III. fig. 3.
Resembles very closelyP. Erectheus♀; but the white patch on the hind wings does not cover so much of the cell, and the two middle lobes are much elongated posteriorly, and separated by wedge-shaped spaces; the blue lunules are but slightly marked, and do not exceed two in number.
Under side:—differs fromP. Erectheusin the white patch never reaching the anterior margin of the hind wings. In a specimen from Waigiou, the four middle lunules are nearly white. This may be considered the typical form of female, as it occurs everywhere in company with the male.
3rd formof female (Amanga, Bd.). Tab. III. fig. 4.
I have three specimens of this form from three of the localities in which the male occurs. They differ slightly from each other, but agree generally with the figure and description above quoted. An allied form of female (of the next species) was observedclosely followed by two males of the ordinary form; they were watched for some time, the males hovering over the females in the manner usual before pairing; and the three were then captured at one stroke of the net. This occurred three years after the capture of the specimen figured by Mr. Hewitson, and at once convinced me that these puzzling specimens were an additional form of female to a well-known male. The fact that the only females known of an allied species (P. Tydeus) are intermediate between these forms confirms this determination.
Hab.Aru Island, Mysol, Goram Isl. (Wall.)
72.Papilio Pandion, n. s.
Male.Closely resemblesP. Ormenus, but presents the following differences:—
Upper side:—the band of spots across the fore wings is faintly marked, or more frequently quite absent; the grey lines bordering the nervures at the apex are more distinct; on the hind wings, the first three indentations of the whitish patch are followed by faint powdered lunules of the same colour.
Under side:—the apex of the fore wings is strongly marked with grey lines between the nervures, but has generally no spots; on the hind wings there is a curved submarginal band of lunules across the wing, viz., at the anal angle a large irregular red lunulate spot with a blue and a grey mark above it—2nd, a larger grey lunule with an angular blue mark below it, and a red lunule nearer the margin—3rd, a similar grey lunule and blue mark—4th, a larger grey lunule, and a smaller blue mark with a faint red lunule below—5th, a grey lunule and a faint blue dash below—6th, a blue lunule with a faint grey mark above—7th, a blue lunule with a very faint mark above it. These vary somewhat in different specimens, but the whole series can always be traced.
1st formof female.
Scarcely distinguishable from the typical female of the last species: the blue lunules on the under surface form a complete series, almost as inP. Erectheus♀.
Hab.New Guinea, Salwatty, Mysol Island (with the male) (Wall.).
2nd formof female.
Upper surface:—fore wings as inP. Onesimus, Hew.; hind wings yellowish-white, a broad black border along the anterior, and a narrow one along the posterior margin, two yellowish lunules near the outer angle, anal angle pale yellow, then an oblong black spot with a bluish mark in its upper part, followed by a second (half-obliterated) black spot.
Under surface with the same markings; but there are a series of six blue angulated marks upon a black ground, the two intermediate ones being smaller and less distinct. Abdomen yellow; under side black.
Hab.Dorey (New Guinea) (Wall.)
Remarks.—This specimen was taken in company with two males, as before mentioned. An insect, described by M. Montrouzier as the female of hisP. Godartii(from Woodlark Island), agrees very closely with this, and is no doubt the female of the same species, or a closely allied one which he puts in his list asP. Ormenus. The fact, therefore, that this peculiar pale form of femalePapiliohas been found in five islands, from no one of whichis a male insect known which can be mated with it, except those of theOrmenus-form (which always occur in the same places), may, in conjunction with the observation already given of the companionship of the two forms, be taken to prove that this is really a case of polymorphism. I believe also it will be found that these extreme departures from the typical form of a species are connected with mimetic resemblances and the safety of the individuals. We have already seen that the extreme forms ofP. Memnon♀ andP. Pammon♀ respectively resemble other species which from their habits and abundance seem to have some peculiar immunity from danger. In this case also there is a resemblance to quite a different family of butterflies, the Morphidæ. In form, coloration, and general appearance these pale-coloured Papilios resemble species of the genusDrusilla; and the same genus is also imitated by other butterflies—one of these,Melanitis Agondas♀, having been actually confounded withDrusilla bioculataas the same species, so great is the resemblance. This fact of species of several genera imitating the Drusillas would indicate that they have some special immunities which make it advantageous to other insects to be mistaken for them; and their habits confirm this opinion. They have all a very similar style of dress, and fly very slowly, low down in damp woods, often settling on the ground or on rotten wood; and they are exceedingly abundant in individuals. Now these are the general characteristics of all groups which are the subjects of imitation; and we may therefore presume, when we see forms departing widely from the general appearance of their close relations, and resembling closely other groups with which they have no affinity, that what we must callaccidentalvariations have been accumulated and rendered definite by natural selection for the protection and benefit of those forms.
73.Papilio Tydeus, Felder. Tab. IV. figs. 3 (♂), 2 (♀).
P. Tydeus, Feld. Lep. Fragm. p. 52 (♂).
Female.—Upper side dusky brown; fore wings with the central portion below the cell nearly white; hind wings with the basal two-thirds white, with an irregular and obtusely dentated margin, and edged with ochre-yellow; the rest black, with a submarginal row of seven broad yellowish lunules, and above those nearest the anal angle three irregular blue patches.
Under side nearly as above; the white space on the upper wings is more extensive and better defined; the marginal lunules are dilated so as to form a crenellated band, and the blue marks are increased to six or seven in number. Head and thorax dusky; abdomen yellowish.
Hab.Batchian, Morty Island (Wall.).
Remark.—The female, which seems to be of only one form in this species, is especially interesting as being allied to the pale-yellow form ofP. OrmenusandP. Pandion.
74.Papilio Adrastus, n. s. Tab. IV. fig. 1 (♀).
Male.—Upper side, likeP. Ormenus♂; but has the band of the hind wings narrower, not crossing the cell, and more pointed towards the anal angle.
Under side with a single red anal spot, and three blue lunules beyond it.
Female.—Upper side brown-black; anterior wings with the apical half browner, a whitish patch around the end of the cell, and an ovate spot within it; posterior wings with a small central whitish patch more or less tinged with ochreous; a submarginal row of very large deep-red lunules, that at the anal angle forming an irregular ocellus bordered above with pale blue, and a few blue atoms on the side of it. Indentations of all the wings broadly margined with ochreous.
Under side:—the white patch of the anterior wings larger and well defined, and continued by smaller and fainter patches to the outer angle; posterior wings with the small central patch and marginal lunules as above, with the addition of a faint row of angulated blue marks between them.
Wings elongated posteriorly, and somewhat angulated at the termination of the first median nervure.
Expanse of wings, ♂, 5¼ inches; ♀, 6 inches.
Hab.Banda Island (Wall.).
Remarks.—This species is nearP. Ormenusin the male, but approachesP. Gambrisiusin the female, which differs from all others in this group by its dark colouring and the short narrow band on the hind wings. A male and two females were obtained in the small island of Banda.
75.Papilio Gambrisius, Cramer.
P. Gambrisius, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 157. f. A, B (♂); Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 213.
P. Drusius, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 229. f. A, t. 230. f. A (♀); Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 218.
Hab.Amboyna, Ceram, Bouru (Wall.).
Remarks.—The males of this fine species are not uncommon in Ceram, and in hot weather come down to the beach and settle on the wet sand. The females, however, are very rare; I obtained one in the mountainous forests of Ceram, and this is, I believe, the only fine and perfect specimen now in Europe.
Expanse of male 5½–6½ inches, of female 7 inches.
76.Papilio Amphitrion, Cramer.
P. Amphitrion, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 7 f. A, B; Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 217.
Hab.Celebes?
Remarks.—The habitat of this rare species is doubtful. Cramer says, “America;” Godart, “Amboyna;” but I believe its true locality will be found to be Celebes. It forms a transition to the next species.
77.Papilio Euchenor, Guérin.
P. Euchenor, Guér. Voy. de la Coquille, t. 13. f. 3 (♂);P. Axion, Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 46 (♂).
Female.—Similar to the male; but the markings are all of a dull ochre-yellow, and the second and third spots, reckoning from the inner margin of the upper wings, are almost entirely wanting. This sex is much rarer than the male.
Hab.New Guinea, Aru Island, Ké Island (Wall.).
78.Papilio Godartii, Montrouzier.
P. Godartii, Montr. Ann. Soc. d’Agric. de Lyon, 1856, p. 394.
Hab.Woodlark Island.
Remark.—Closely allied to the last; perhaps a variation only.
79.Papilio Demolion, Cramer.
P. Demolion, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 89. f. A, B;P. Cresphontes, Fabr.; Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 220.
Hab.Java, Borneo, Sumatra, Singapore (Wall.), Moulmein (Brit. Mus.).
80.Papilio Gigon, n. s. Tab. VII. fig. 6 (♀).
“P. Gigon,” List of Papilionidæ in Brit. Mus. p. 27 (no description).
Much larger thanP. Demolion; costal margin of the fore wings very much arched from the base; tail proportionally shorter.
Upper side:—markings as inP. Demolion, with the following differences. In the cell of the fore wings are four longitudinal curved greyish-yellow lines; the yellow band begins higher on the abdominal margin, and curves outward toward the tip, where the spots are obliquely elongate, and the three last distinctly notched; on the hind wings the lunulate spots are much deeper and are rather further from the margin, and the two spots at the outer angle (often obsolete inP. Demolion) are large and well marked.
Under side:—the markings resemble those ofP. Demolion, but are stronger; the band of silvery spots is much more sinuate, and possesses an additional lunule above the outer angle; a patch of ochre-yellow covers the lower margin of the cell, extending a little along the nervures which radiate from it.
Abdomen blackish, with numerous stripes and spots of pale yellow.
Expanse of wings 4¾ to 5⅓ inches.
Hab.Celebes, Sulla Island (Wall.).
Remark.—This was regarded by Boisduval as a large variety ofP. Demolion(see Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 221); but it offers remarkable differences both in form and markings.
81.Papilio Erithonius, Cramer.
P. Erithonius, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 232. f. A, B.
P. Epius, Fabr.; Don. Ins. China, pl. 29. f. 2; Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 238.
Hab.India, China (type).
Local forma(Malayanus).—The two spots on the lower margin of the cell of the hind wings wanting; anal spots redder, and the ocellus at the outer angle darker: two spots in cell of fore wings, as in the type; but in Flores specimens these approach so as almost to unite.
Hab.Singapore, Flores (Wall.), Manilla.
Local formb(Sthenelus, Macleay).—A single large spot in the cell of the fore wings; one small detached spot on the margin of the cell of the hind wings.
Hab.Goram Island (Wall.), Australia.
82.Papilio Paradoxa, Zinken.
Zelima Paradoxa, Zink. Beitr. Ins. Java, t. 15. f. 9, 10.
P. Paradoxa, Westw. Cab. Or. Ent. pl. 9. f. 1, 1*.
Hab.Java (Wall.).
Local forma.—P. Paradoxa, var., Hew. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 422, pl. 67. f. 1 (♂), 2 (♀).
Hab.Borneo (Wall.).
Local formb.—Smaller; intermediate in the markings between the Java and Borneo forms; interior row of elongate marks on upper wings light blue, not descending to the outer angle.
Hab.Sumatra (Wall.).
Both sexes of this species closely resemble the corresponding sexes ofEuplœa Midamus, Cr., which is very common in all the above-mentioned localities.
83.Papilio Ænigma, n. s. Tab. VII. fig. 3 (♂).
Size, form, and markings nearly the same as inP. Paradoxa.
Above:—purplish black, without any gloss or silky reflexions; a submarginal row of white spots on all the wings, more or less blue-edged on the upper wings, sometimes partially obsolete on the lower ones; one or two spots at the end of the cell, and a row of six or seven elongate marks beyond it, bright blue.
Beneath, the submarginal row of white spots only.
Female.—P. Paradoxa, var. A, Hewitson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 423, pl. 67. f. 3.
I put this as the female of the above with some hesitation, as it was not captured in the same island. It agrees, however, in the entire absence of gloss, and in the peculiar elongation of the outer angle of the lower wings.
Hab.Malacca, Sumatra (♂); Borneo (♀) (Wall.).
Female variety?—P. Paradoxa, var. B, Hewitson (Proc. Zool. Soc. pl. 66. f. 4), may be an extreme variation of this, but will more probably, when the male is discovered, prove to be a distinct species.
84.Papilio Caunus, Westwood.
P. Caunus, Westw. Cab. Or. Ent. pl. 9. f. 2, 2*.
Hab.Sumatra, Borneo (♂, ♀) (Wall.), Java (Leyden Mus.).
Remarks.—My specimens have less white on the lower wings than is represented in Mr. Westwood’s figure. The female is of a brownish colour, with the same white markingsas the male, but without any blue tinge. This species is very likeEuplœa Rhadamanthus, one of the most common butterflies in all the above-mentioned localities. It is undistinguishable from that insect on the wing, though it flies very slowly, like the species it mimics.
85.Papilio Astina, Westwood.
P. Astina, Westw. Cab. Or. Ent. pl. 9. f. 3.
Hab.Java (Brit. Mus. ex Coll. Horsf.).
86.Papilio Hewitsonii, Westwood.
P. Hewitsonii, Westw. Proc. Ent. Soc. 1864, p. 10.
P. Slateri♀, Hew. Ex. Butt. Pap. pl. 4. f. 9;P. Cammu, B. M. List of Papilionidæ (no description).
Hab.Borneo (♂) (Wall.).
Remarks.—The last two species should probably form a distinct group, on account of the peculiar elongation of the cell of the lower wings. They both resemble dark species ofEuplœa.P. Slateriis a quite distinct species from North India, to which Mr. Hewitson referred the present species as the female. All the specimens known of both species are, however, males.
87.Papilio Echidna, De Haan.
P. Echidna, De Haan, Verh. Nat. Gesch. p. 42, t. 8. f. 6;Clytia dissimilis, Sw. Zool. Ill. 2nd ser. pl. 120;P. dissimilis, var., Brit. Mus. List of Papilionidæ.
Hab.Timor (♂, ♀) (Wall.).
Remarks.—This species has been confounded withP. dissimilis, from which it is very distinct, by the absence of the yellow marginal band beneath. It is also widely separated geographically from that species, which inhabits the continent of India only. The sexes are alike, as they are inP. dissimilis.P. Panope, L., which has been supposed to be its female, is a very distinct species, of which also both sexes exist in most collections.
88.Papilio Palephates, Westwood.
P. Palephates, Westw. Arc. Ent. pl. 79. f. 1;P. dissimilis, var.b, Brit. Mus. List of Papilionidæ.
Hab.Philippine Islands.
89.Papilio Veiovis, Hewitson.
P. Veiovis, Hew. Ex. Butt. Pap. pl. 7. f. 20 (♂).
Hab.Menado (Celebes) (“Coll. Hewitson.”).
Remark.—This fine new species has been recently received from Menado, and seems best placed in this group, nearP. Encelades.
90.Papilio Encelades, Boisduval.
P. Encelades, Bd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 376; Hewitson, Ex. Butt. Pap. pl. 4. f. 10 (♂).
Hab.Macassar (Celebes) (Wall.).
91.Papilio Deucalion, Boisduval.
P. Deucalion, Bd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 375; Hewitson, Ex. Butt. Pap. pl. 4. f. 11 (♀).
Hab.Macassar, Menado (Celebes) (Wall.).
Remarks.—At Macassar I took only males ofP. Encelades, and females ofP. Deucalionat the same spot (a half-dry river-bed), and therefore conjectured that they might be sexes of one species, although so unlike. Some years afterwards, however, I took at Menado a fine male ofP. Deucalion, which only differs in its rather smaller size and brighter colouring.
92.Papilio Idæoides, Hewitson.
P. Idæoides, Hew. Ex. Butt. Pap. pl. 1. f. 2.
Hab.Philippine Islands (♂) (Brit. Mus.).
Remark.—This singular species must closely resemble on the wingHestia Leuconoë, from the same islands.
93.Papilio Delessertii, Guérin.
P. Delessertii, Guér.; Deless. Souvenirs, t. 17.
Hab.Pulo Penang (Hope Museum, Oxford).
Remark.—This resembles the species ofHestiaandIdæopsis, from the same locality, and is intermediate in size. It has been confounded with the next.
94.Papilio Dehaanii, Wallace.
P. Laodocus, De Haan, Verh. Nat. Gesch. t. 8. f. 5 (nec Fab.);P. Melanides, Erichs. Archiv für Natur. 1843 (nec De Haan, 1839).
Hab.Malacca, Borneo (Wall.), Java (Leyden Mus.).
Remarks.—The Bornean specimens are rather larger, and have the yellow anal spot somewhat differently shaped. The two names which have been applied to this species having been preoccupied, I have named it after the first describer.
95.Papilio Leucothoë, Westwood.
P. Leucothoë, Westw. Arc. Ent. pl. 79. f. 3;P. Xenocles, var., Brit. Mus. List of Pap.
Hab.Singapore, Malacca (Wall.), N. India.
96.Papilio Macareus, Godart.
P. Macareus, Godt. Enc. Méth. ix. pl. 76; Horsf. Desc. Cat. Lep. E. 1. C. pl. 5. f. 1; Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 374.
P. striatus, Zink. Beitr. Ins. Java, t. 14. f. 5.
Hab.Malacca (Wall.), Java (Horsfield), Borneo (Leyden Mus.).
This species closely resemblesDanais Aglaë, Cr., found in the same islands.
97.Papilio Stratocles, Felder.
P. Stratocles, Feld. Lép. Nov. Philipp, p. 2.
Hab.Mindanao (Philippines).
98.Papilio Thule, n. s. Tab. VII. fig. 1 (♂).
Form ofP. Macareus, but smaller.
Above:—brown-black, spotted and marked with greenish white; a row of spots near the outer margin of all the wings, and on the upper wings a second row between the first and the end of the cell, three or four others close to the cell, and 5–7 irregularly placed in the cell; the spot next the outer angle is double, and the two lower spots of the second row are continued indistinctly to the cell. The lower wings have a mark at the end of the cell, and five elongated spots radiating from it between the nervures.
Beneath:—brown, with the spots all whiter and more distinct. Neck with four white points; abdomen dusky, with pale lines on the sides and beneath.
Expanse of wings 3¾ inches.
Hab.New Guinea (♂) (Wall.).
Variety or local forma.—Like the above, but with the discal spots of the lower wings united into a transverse band divided by fine nervures.
Hab.Waigiou Island (♂) (Wall.).
This species imitatesDanais sobrina, Bd., a New Guinea species. The figure represents the upper surface of both forms of this insect.
99.Papilio Antiphates, Cramer.
P. Antiphates, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 72, f. A, B; Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 248.
P. Pompilius, Fab.; Lucas, Lep. Ex. t. 22. f. 1; Godt. Enc. Méthod, ix. p. 49.
P. Alcibiades, Fab.; Godt. Enc. Méthod, ix. p. 49.
Hab.India, China (“type”).
Local forma.—Podalirius Pompilius, Sw. Zool. Ill. 2nd ser. pl. 105.
Hab.Malacca, Sumatra, Java, Borneo (Wall.).
These differ from the type in the black apical portion not quite reaching the outer angle, and in the first and second bands on the upper wings not extending below the cell. The fourth band varies in extent, as does the amount of grey colouring in the caudal region.
100.Papilio Euphrates, Felder.
P. Euphrates, Feld. Lep. Nov. Philipp. p. 12;P. Coretes, Brit. Mus. List of Papilionidæ (no description).
Hab.Philippine Islands.
101.Papilio Androcles, Boisduval. Tab. VII. fig. 5 (♂).
P. Androcles, Bd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 279.
Hab.Macassar (Celebes) (Wall.).
Remarks.—I only met with this magnificent species on one occasion, on the banks of a mountain-stream and on the sands close to a waterfall. When resting on the ground, the very long white tails are raised up at a considerable angle, and are very conspicuous.
102.Papilio Dorcus, De Haan.
P. Dorcus, De Haan, Verh. Nat. Gesch. Zool. t. 7. f. 4.
Hab.Gorontalo (N. Celebes) (“Leyden Museum”).
103.Papilio Rhesus, Boisduval.
P. Rhesus, Bd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 253.
Hab.Macassar (Celebes) (Wall.). “Bengal,” the locality given by Boisduval, is erroneous.
104.Papilio Aristæus, Cramer.
P. Aristæus, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 318, f. E, F; Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 252.
Hab.Ceram, Batchian (Wall.).
105.Papilio Parmatus, G. R. Gray.
P. Parmatus, G. R. Gray, Cat. Lep. Ins. Brit. Mus. pl. 3. f. 2.
Hab.Aru Islands, Waigiou (Wall.), Australia (Brit. Mus.).
Remarks.—The Aru specimen agrees almost exactly with the type specimen in the British Museum. The Waigiou insect is rather darker on the under surface, and has the black markings more sharply defined.
106.Papilio Codrus, Cramer.
P. Codrus, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 179. f. A, B; Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 228.
Hab.Amboyna and Ceram (type) (♂, ♀) (Wall.).
Local forma(Gilolensis).—Differs from the trueP. Codrusin having always an additional semiovate spot below the submedian nervure, and in having a small round spot on the anterior margin of the lower wings beneath: it is also rather smaller.
Hab.Batchian and Gilolo (Wall.)
Subspeciesb(Celebensis).—Fore wings in the male more attenuate, with the costal margin more curved than in trueP. Codrus; upper surface more green and glossy; an additional large quadrate spot on the inner margin of the fore wings. Under surface lighter brown, the whitish marks near the anal angle wanting; a dark subtriangular band across the cell of the fore wings. Rather smaller thanP. Codrus.
Hab.Celebes, Sulla Islands (Wall.).
Subspeciesc(Papuensis).—Hind wings less elongate than in the trueP. Codrus; macular band much broader, and reaching the inner margin of the upper wings, the lower portion divided by nervures only; the band continued on the lower wings by means of an obscure white fascia.
Beneath, the greenish white band continues on to the lower wings, but gradually fades away after reaching the cell. Expanse of wings 4¼ inches.
Hab.Waigiou, Aru Island (Wall.).
Remarks.—This approaches the next species. SubspeciesbandcI consider to be really as distinct as many universally received species, differing in form and in several points of coloration. As, however, it is probable that there are forms in other islands which may present intermediate characters, I prefer retaining the whole under the old specific name.
107.Papilio Melanthus, Felder.
P. Melanthus, Feld. Lep. Nov. Philipp. p. 12.
Hab.Mindanao (Philippines).
108.Papilio Empedocles, Fabricius.
P. Empedocles, Fab. Ent. Syst. iii. 1. p. 70; Don. Ins. Ind. pl. 17. f. 1; Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 229.
Hab.Borneo (Wall.).
109.Papilio Payeni, Boisduval.
P. Payeni, Bd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 235; Van der Hoeven, Tijd. von Nat. Gesch. v. t. 8, f. 1, 2, 6.
Hab.Borneo (Wall.), Java (Van der Hoeven).
Remarks.—This remarkable species has been placed by Boisduval in a group by itself. It, however, agrees very closely in habits and structure with this group, and can hardly, I think, be separated, though very abnormal in colouring.P. Evan, Db., is a closely allied species from India; andP. Gyas, Westw., from the same country, is also nearly related, though it has been hitherto placed in another section of the genus.
110.Papilio Sarpedon, Linnæus.
P. Sarpedon, L.; Cram. Pap. Ex. t. 122. f. D, E.; Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 235.
Chlorisses Sarpedon, Sw. Zool. Ill. 2nd ser. pl. 89.
Hab.Borneo, Sumatra (typical), New Guinea, Aru Is. (darker), Java (broader band) (Wall.).
Local forma(Moluccensis, Cram. Pap. Ex. t. 122. f. D, E).—Black, with the bands and spots rich blue.
Hab.Ceram, Batchian, Gilolo, Bouru (Wall.). (The Ceylon form closely resembles this.)
111.Papilio Miletus, n. s. Tab. VII. fig. 2 (♂).
Wings larger and more falcate than inP. Sarpedon, costal margin abruptly curved near the base of the wing.
Above, black; macular band rich blue, very narrow, the spots on the upper wings all more or less rounded and separated by thick black bands; the marginal lunules large and angularly bent.
Beneath, the upper wings have a row of four pearly-white lunules from the outer angle; and there is one of the same colour at the outer angle of the lower wings, whichhave also an additional red spot on the margin of the cell, below the first branch of the subcostal nervure. Expanse of wings 4¾ inches.
Hab.Macassar and Menado (Celebes) (Wall.).
Remarks.—I have separated this species from all the other forms ofP. Sarpedon, because, while they differ in markings and colour only, this differs greatly in form as well as very strikingly in size, colour, and markings. I cannot conceive, therefore, why such a combination of distinctive peculiarities should not entitle it to specific rank.
112.Papilio Wallacei, Hewitson.
P. Wallacei, Hew. Ex. Butt., “Papilio,” iii. f. 7.
Hab.Aru Islands, Batchian (Wall.).
Remark.—This isolated species is very rare: I obtained a single male specimen in each of the above localities in the virgin forest.
113.Papilio Bathycles, Zinken.
P. Bathycles, Zink. Beitr. Ins. Java, p. 157, tab. 14. f. 6, 7; Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 232.
Hab.Java, Borneo, Malacca (Wall.).
Remark.—The Indian form generally confounded with this I consider to be a very distinct species, for which I propose the name ofP. Chiron, and add a description below[15].
15.Papilio Chiron, n. s.P. Bathycles(partly), Brit. Mus. List of Papilionidæ.Very nearP. Bathycles, Zinken. Fore wings rather broader at the tip; hind wings considerably less elongate posteriorly.Above:—fore wings have the three larger green spots separated by broad black spaces, the first produced towards the base of the wing, the second notched above; the fourth spot in the cell much more linear. Hind wings have the green markings more elongate and narrower, and an additional narrow mark at the abdominal margin.Beneath, the spots all separated by broad black lines; the abdominal stripe, which is quite wanting inP. Bathycles, larger than above; an ochre-yellow spot on the hind wings, near the base of the inner margin (absent inP. Bathycles); the submarginal pale spots larger, and the row of reddish-ochre spots less developed. Expanse of wings 3⅓ inches.Hab.Assam, Sylhet.
15.Papilio Chiron, n. s.
P. Bathycles(partly), Brit. Mus. List of Papilionidæ.
Very nearP. Bathycles, Zinken. Fore wings rather broader at the tip; hind wings considerably less elongate posteriorly.
Above:—fore wings have the three larger green spots separated by broad black spaces, the first produced towards the base of the wing, the second notched above; the fourth spot in the cell much more linear. Hind wings have the green markings more elongate and narrower, and an additional narrow mark at the abdominal margin.
Beneath, the spots all separated by broad black lines; the abdominal stripe, which is quite wanting inP. Bathycles, larger than above; an ochre-yellow spot on the hind wings, near the base of the inner margin (absent inP. Bathycles); the submarginal pale spots larger, and the row of reddish-ochre spots less developed. Expanse of wings 3⅓ inches.
Hab.Assam, Sylhet.
114.Papilio Eurypylus, Linnæus.
P. Eurypylus, L.; Cram. Pap. Ex. t. 122. f. C, D; Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 233.
Hab.Amboyna (type), Ceram, Bouru, Batchian, New Guinea (Wall.).
Remark.—Themalehas the abdomen above and abdominal margin white; thefemaleblackish.
115.Papilio Jason, Esper.
P. Jason, Esp. Ausl. Schmett. t. 58. f. 5;P. Jason, L.?P. Eurypylus, var., Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 233.
Hab.Malacca, Sumatra, Borneo (♂, ♀) (Wall.).
Remarks.—This species is readily distinguished fromP. Eurypylusby the abdomen above, and the abdominal margin, being black in both sexes, by the smaller size, more pointed upper wings, and by the lower wings having a narrower band and larger spots.of a deeper green colour. On the under surface the marginal lunules, the cell-spots, and sub-basal stripe are all larger.
Variety or dimorphic forma.—Evemon, Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 234.
Hab.Malacca, Java, Sumatra, Borneo (♂, ♀). (Wall.)
This may be a distinct species, but is more probably a case of dimorphism. The two forms are absolutely identical, except that the red spot at the base of the lower wings beneath, inP. Jason, is constantly absent inP. Evemon.
116.Papilio Telephus, n. s. Tab. VII. fig. 4 (♂).
Larger thanP. Eurypylus; anterior wings more elongated, with their costal margin abruptly curved near the base.
Above, the four spots in the cell of the upper wings linear, of equal width, not increasing in thickness from the base outwards, as inP. Eurypylus; the macular band narrower, nearly white on the lower wings; abdomen and abdominal margin pure white.
Beneath, the red anal spot is not produced upwards along the abdominal margin, the pearly spots have a distinct dusky border, owing to their exceeding in size those on the upper surface. Expanse of wings 4¼ inches.
Hab.Celebes (Wall.).
Remarks.—This is a powerful species of very rapid flight, and difficult to capture. It comes about muddy places in the villages of South Celebes, and is also found abundantly at pools in the half-dry mountain-streams. I consider it quite distinct from all the allied forms.
117.Papilio Ægistus, Linnæus.
P. Ægistus, L.; Cram. Pap. Ex. t. 241. f. C, D; Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 231.
Hab.Ceram, Gilolo, Batchian, Aru Islands (Wall.)
118.Papilio Agamemnon, Linnæus.
P. Agamemnon, L.; Cram. Pap. Ex. t. 106. f. C, D; Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 230.
This species presents numerous slight modifications of form and marking, which seem hardly prominent enough to characterize as species, though tolerably constant in each locality. Type tailed.
Hab.India, Manilla.
Local forma. Tail shorter; wings rather pointed.
Hab.Timor, Flores (Wall.).
Local formb. Tail as in the last; two outer rows of spots on the lower wings absent.
Hab.Ké Island (Wall.).
Local formc. Size small; tail very short.
Hab.Malacca, Sumatra, Borneo, Java (Wall.).
Local formd. Wings much elongated, abruptly curved near the base; tail very short; size large.
Hab.Celebes (Wall.).
Local forme. Broader and less sinuated wings, body large, tail very short.
Hab.Ceram, Bouru, Batchian (Wall.).
Local formf. Form ofc; tail reduced to a tooth; markings and spots well defined, rounded.
Hab.New Guinea, Aru Islands, Waigiou (Wall.).
119.Papilio Rama, Felder.
P. Rama, Feld. Lep. Nov. Mal. p. 1.P. Arycles, Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 231?
Hab.Malacca, Sumatra (Wall.).
Remarks.—I have little doubt but this is theP. Aryclesof Boisduval. His description, however, does not mention the distinctive character of the four large spots only in the discoidal cell; I have therefore used Dr. Felder’s name.
This small but interesting genus differs somewhat fromPapilioin the neuration of the wings, but is best distinguished by the longitudinal fold and great elongation of the hind wings. The species frequent water, often settling on the edges of rills, or hovering over pools and rivulets in the sunshine. The few species known are all very closely allied, and might with equal propriety have been considered as local forms of one species. Three have been already described, and I have therefore thought it better to add one more, than to attempt to reduce those which have been generally accepted as species to a lower rank.
120.Leptocircus Meges, Zinken.
P. Meges, Zink. Beitr. Ins. Java, p. 161, tab. 15. f. 8.Leptocircus Curius, Sw. Zool. Ill. pl. 106; Boisd. Sp. Gén. pl. 7. f. 1, pl. 17. f. 3, p. 381.
Hab.Java, Malacca (Wall.).
121.Leptocircus Curtius, n. s.
Larger thanL. Meges; outer black margin broader, and apical nervures thicker; bluish band much narrower, of equal width on both wings, straight, abruptly narrow where it crosses the discoidal cell of the fore wings, and rounded at the inner margin so as to form a small notch at the junction of the fore and hind wings.
Under side with the band bluish silvery; the three small bands on the anal margin differing from those onL. CuriusandL. Meges, the first being transverse, and not produced obliquely to join the vertical band, the second small and nearly obsolete, the third at the anal angle transverse, very little curved, and sharply defined.
Body beneath and base of all the wings greenish ashy. Expanse of wings 1⁹⁄₁₀–2 inches. Length, head to tip of tail 2⁶⁄₁₀ inches.
Hab.Celebes (Wall.).
122.Leptocircus Decius, Felder.
L. Decius, Feld. Lep. Nov. Philipp. p. 13.L. Corion, G. R. Gray, List of Pap. in Brit. Mus.
Hab.Philippine Islands.
123.Leptocircus Curius, Fabricius.
L. Curius, Fab. Ent. Syst. iii. 1. p. 28; Doubleday, Zoologist, 1843, p. 111; Gen. of Diurnal Lep. pl. 4*. f. 1; Don. Ins. Ind. pl. 47. f. 1.
Hab.Java (Wall.), North India.
In referring to the species described by Dr. Felder, I have quoted from papers which he has sent me, with distinct titles and separate paging, but which were all first published in the ‘Wiener Entomologischen Monatschrift,’ viz. “Lepidopterologische Fragmente” (quoted as “Lep. Fragm.”), published at intervals from June 1859 to August 1860, “Lepidoptera Nova Malayica” (quoted as “Lep. Nov. Mal.”), published in 1860, and “Lepidoptera Nova a Dr. Carolo Semper in insulis Philippinis collecta” (quoted as “Lep. Nov. Philipp.”), published in 1861. It is to be regretted that the titles and paging of these separate papers were not made to correspond with the original publication, so as to have made a more exact reference possible.
I have also quoted Zinken’s ‘Beitrag zur Insecten-Fauna von Java’ separated from the ‘Nova Acta Acad. Nat. Curios.’; but in this case the pages and the numbering of the plates have been preserved as in the original work.