Englishman.Cherokeeaskaya.Caddoshoeh.Englishwoman.Cherokeeanigeyung.Senecawenneau.Englishskin.Cherokeekanega.Mohawkkernayhoo.Englishox.Cherokeewakakanali.Caddowakusyeasa.Englishcow.Cherokeewakaagisi.Caddowakus.Englishthief.Cherokeekanawskiski.Caddokana.Englishday.Cherokeekata.Caddokaadeh.Englishgreat.Cherokeeequa.Caddohiki.Englisheagle.Cherokeeawawhali.Caddoeeweh.Englishthick.Cherokeeuhaketiyu.Caddohiakase.
(2).Cherokee and Iroquois.
Englishenemy.Cherokeeagiskaji.Senekaungkishwauish.Englishmouth.Cherokeesinungtaw.Senekaswanetaut.Englishsomething.Cherokeekawhusti.Senekagwustah.Englishnothing.Cherokeetlakawhusti.Senekatataqwhista.Englishfar.Cherokeeinung.Mohawkeenore.Englishconjurer.Cherokeeatawniski.Mohawkahtoonitz.Englishaunt.Cherokeeetsi.Senekaahhi.Englishmy right hand.Cherokeetsikatesixquoyeni.Mohawkgowweeintlataquoh.Englisha corn.Cherokeekuli.Senekauhkuah.Englishwalnut.Cherokeesawhi.Mohawkoosoquah.Englishhorn.Cherokeeuyawnung.Senekakonnongguh.
IV.The Athabaskan group.—I find that the affinity between the Loucheux and the Kenay languages is given by Prichard, who, at the same time, separates both from the Athabaskan. "Mr. Gallatin says that the similarity of languages amongst all these" (i. e.the Athabaskan) "tribes is well-established. The Loucheux are excepted. This language does not appear to have any distinctly marked affinities except with that of the Kenay."—Vol. V.p.377.
I believe that Dr. Prichard's informant on this point was the same as my owni. e.Mr. Isbister.
Scouler also suggests the same relationship.
That Buschmann has arrived at the results of hisAthabaskische Sprachstammthrough a series of independent researches I readily believe. Whether, after taking so little trouble to know what had been done by his predecessors, he is right is saying so much about hisdiscoveriesis another question.
That the Pinaleno is in the same category with the Navaho is shewn by Turner, who gives a vocabulary of the dialect.
English.Navaho.Pinaleno.manhusttkinpayyahnah.womanestsannietsunni.headbetsihairtchlitsetzezil.eartsharsitzchar.eyeninnartshindar.nosenitchichinchi.handshilattaetechicon.feett'kisitzkay.sundacosyaheye.moon'tsadiílsonsayed.starolcheecailsonsatyou.fire'tchouwater'thuto.earthklishtlia.stonetseektshaier.
V.The Kitunaha language.—The Kitunaha, Kútani, or Cootanie vocabulary of Mr. Hall was obtained from a Cree Indian, and is not to be depended on. This being the case it is fortunate that it is not the only specimen of the language. There is an earlier one of Mr. Howse's, published in the Transactions of the Philological Society. It is as follows.
English.Kútani.onehook cain.twoass.threecalle sah.fourhad sah.fiveyea co.sixin ne me sah.sevenwhist taw lah.eightwaw ah sah.nineky yie kit to.tenaye to vow.an Indianah quels mah kin nic.a mante te calt.a womanballe key.a shoecath lend.a guntah vow.Icah min.thoulin coo.henin co is.we(thou and I)cah min nah lah.this Indianin nai ah quels mah kin nic.that Indianco ah quels mah kin nic.these Indianswai nai ah quels mah kin nic nin tie.which man?cath lah te te calt?which Indians?cah lah ah quels mah kin nic nin tie.which gun?cah lah tah vow?whocath lah.my soncah mah hat lay.his sonhot lay is.he is goodsook say.it is goodsook kin nai.he is arrivedswan hah.I love himhones sclah kilt.he loves mesclah kilt nai.I see himhones ze caught.I see his sonhones ze caught ah calttis.he sees meze caught tene.he stealsi in ney.I love himhones sclah kilt ney.I do not love himcah sclah kilt nai.my husbandcan no claw kin nah.he is asleepcome ney ney.I am a mante te calt ne ne.I am a womanballe key ne ne.where?cass kin?where is my gun?cass kin cah tah vow?where is his gun?cass kin tah vow is?a lakeah co co nook.how much?cack sah?it is cold weatherkis caw tit late.a tentah caw slah co hoke.my tentcah ah kit lah.thy tentah kit lah nis.his tentah kit lah is.our (thy and my) tentcah ah kit lah nam.yesah ah.nowaw.mente te calt nin tie.womenballe key nin tie.girl(in her teens)nah oh tit.girls(in their teens)nah oh tit nin tie.boystalt.boysstalt nin tie.little boystalt nah nah.childcah mo.childrencah mo nin tie.father(by the sons)cah de doo.father(by the daughters)cah sous.mothercah mah.brother, eldestcah tat.brother, youngest(by brothers)cats zah.brother, youngest(by sisters)cah ze ah.sister, eldestcats sous.sister, youngestcah nah nah.unclecath ah.auntcah tilt tilt.grandfathercah papa.grandmothercah de de.thy husbandin claw kin nah nis.my wifecah tilt nah mo.thy wifetilt nah mo nis.soncan nah hot layorah calt.daughtercass win.come hereclan nah.go awaycloon no.take careill kilt we ín.get out of the wayyou vaw.come intie cath ah min.go outsclah nah ah min.stopmae kaek.runsin nack kin.slowlyah nis cah zin.miserlyo per tin.beggarlycoke co mae kah kan.I givehone silt ah mah tie sis ney.thou givestkin nah mah tie zey.he givesselah mah tie zey.he gavecah mah tie cates.I beathone cah slah tea.thou beatestkin cah slah leat.he beatskis kilt cone slah leat.give meah mah tie kit sous.he gave menah mah tie kit sap pe ney.I love youhone selah kilt ney.he lovesselah kilt.do you love me?kin selah slap?I hate youhone cah selah kilt ney.thou hatestkin cah selah kilt.he hatescah selah kilt.I speakhones ah ney.thou speakestkins ah.he speakskates ah.we speakhones ah nah slah.you speaktalk e tea leat.they speakseals ah.I stealhone i he ne.I sleephone come ney ney.we sleephone come ney nah lah ney.I diehones alt hip pe ney.thou diestkins alt hip.we diehone ah o co noak nah slah ney.give me to eathe shoe.eathe ken.my guncah tah vow.thy guntah vow nis.his guntah vow is.mountainac co vocle it.rocky mountainac co vocle itnook key.snowy mountainac co vocle itac clo.road or trackac que mah nam.large rivercath le man me took.small riverhah cack.creeknis cah took.large lakewill caw ac co co nook.small lakeac co co nook nah nah.rapidah cah hopcle it.fallwheat taw hopcle it.shoalsah coke you coo nook.channelhah cath slaw o weak.wood or treesah kits slah in.red pinehe mos.cedarheats ze natt.poplarac cle mack.aspinac co co zle mack.fireah kin ne co co.iceah co wheat.charcoalah kits cah kilt.ashesah co que me co.kettleyeats skime.mat tenttah lalt ah kit lah nam.headac clam.eyesac cack leat.noseac conn.mouthac cait le mah.chinac cah me zin ne cack.cheeksac que ma malt.hairac cokeque slam.bodyac co no cack.armsac sglat.legsac sack.bellyac co womb.backac cove cah slack.sideac kin no cack.earsac coke co what.animalsyah mo.horsekilt calt law ah shin.stallioncass co.marestougalt.bullneel seek.cowslouke copo.calfah kin co malt.tigers'vie.bears of all kindscap pe tie.black or brown bearsnip pe co.grizzle bearkit slaw o slaw.rein deerneats snap pie co.red deerkilt caw sley.moose deersnap pe co.woolvereenats po.wolfcack kin.beaversin nah.otterah cow oh alt.minkin new yah.martinnac suck.musquashan co.small grey plain wolfskin koots.birdsto coots cah min nah.blue jayco quis kay.crowcoke kin.ravennah nah key.snakes(rattlesnake)wilt le malt.garter snakeah co new slam.roots(camass)hap pey.bitter rootnah cam me shou.tobacco rootmass mass.sweet potatoesah whis sea.moose berryac co mo.strawberryac co co.pipecouse.pipe stemac coot lah.axeah coot talt.tobaccoyac ket.fleshah coot lack.
VI.The Atna group.—The numerous vocabularies that represent the dialects and sub-dialects of this large class are the following—Atna Proper or Shushwap, Kullelspelm (Pend d'oreilles), Spokan, Kettlefall dialects of the Selish; Okanagan; Skitsuish (Cœur d'alène); Piskwaus; Nusdalum; Squallyamish; Kawichen; Cathlascou; Cheeheeli; Tsihaili; Kwaintl; Kwenaiwitl; Kowelitz; Nsietshawus or Killamuk. To this, the present writer adds the Billechúla.
XI. The query as the likelihood of the Straits of Fuca vocabulary having been Mozino's finds place here. The two are different: though both may have been collected by Mozino. Each is to be found in Buschmann, who, exaggerating the isolation of Wakash, Nútka, and Tlaoquatch forms of speech, separates them too decidedly. Out of nineteen words compared nine are not only alike but admitted by him to be so.
The Billechula.—This lies intermediate to the Hailtsa and Atna groups; being (apparently) more akin to the latter than the former. Of the Atna dialects, it seems most to approach the Piskwaus.
The Chinuk.—The Chinuk of which the Watlala of Hale is variety is more like the Nsietashawus or Killamuk than aught else.
The Kalapuya.—The harshness of the Kalapuya is an inference from its orthography. It is said, however, to be soft and flowingi. e.more like the Sahaptin and Shoshoni in sound than the Chinuk, and Atna.
The Jakon.—This has affinities with the Chinuk on one side, and the Lutuami on the other;i. e.it is more like these two languages than any other. The likeness, however, is of the slightest.
Miscellaneous affinities.
Englishman.Jakonkalt.Selishskalt-amekho.Skitsuishskailt-emukh.Piscousskaltamikho.Englishwoman.Jakontklaks.Wallawallatilaki.Watlalatklkakilak.Chinooktklakel.Cayoosepin-tkhlaiu.Molelelongi-tklai.Killamuksui-tklats.Shushwapsomo-tklitçk.Cootaniepe-tklki.Englishboy.Jakontklom-kato.Kizhkwiti.Cowelitzkwaiitkl.Englishgirl.Jakontklaaksawa.Kizhtakhai.Satsikaakokwa.Watlalatklaleq.Chinookwaleq.Chickailikhaaq.Skwalestkllatkl-adai.Muskogheokulosoha.Englishchild.Jakonmohaite.Shahaptinmiaots.Englishmother.Jakontkhla.Chinooktkhlianaa.Englishhusband.Jakonsonsit.Chikailiçineis.Cowelitzskhon.Killamuckntsuon.Umpquaskhon.— do.çhanga.Englishwife.Jakonsintkhlaks.Cayuseintkhlkaio.Molelelongitkhlai.
The Sahaptin.—The Sahaptin, Shoshoni and Lutuami groups are more closely connected than the text makes them.
The Shoshoni (Paduca) group.—The best general name for this class is, in the mind of the present writer, Paduca; a name which was proposed by him soon after his notification of the affinity between the Shoshoni and the Comanch, inA.D.1845. Until then, the two languages stood alone;i. e.there was no class at all. The Wihinast was shewn to be akin to the Shoshoni by Mr. Hale; the Wihinast vocabulary having been collected by that indefatigable philologue during the United States Exploring Expedition. In Gallatin's Report this affinity is put forward with due prominence; the Wihinast being spoken of as the Western Shoshoni.
In '50 the Report of the Secretary at War on the route from San Antonio to El Paso supplied an Utah vocabulary; which the paper of May '53 shews to be Paduca.
In the Report upon the Indian Tribes &c. of '55, we find the Chemehuevi, or the language of one of thePah-utahbands "for the first time made public. It agrees" (writes Professor Turner) "with Simpson's Utah and Hale's East Shoshoni."
Carvalho (I quote from Buschmann) gives the numerals of the Piede (Pa-uta) of the Muddy River. They are nearly those of the Chemehuevi.
English.Piede.onesoos.twoweïoone.threepioone.fourwolsooing.fiveshoomin.sixnavi.sevennavikavah.eightnanneëtsooïn.nineshookootspenkermi.tentomshooïn.
For the Cahuillo see below.
Is the Kioway Paduca? The only known Kioway vocabulary is one published by Professor Turner in the Report just alluded to. It is followed by the remark that "a comparison of this vocabulary with those of the Shoshoni stock does, it is true, show a greater degree of resemblance than is to be found in any other direction.The resemblance, however, is not sufficient to establish a radical affinity, but rather appears to be the consequence of long intercommunication."
For my own part I look upon the Kioway as Paduca—the value of the class being raised.
English.Kioway.mankiani.womanmayi.headkiaku.hairooto.facecaupa.foreheadtaupa.eartaati.eyetaati.nosemaucon.mouthsurol.tongueden.toothzun.handmortay.footonsut.bloodum.bonetonsip.skykiacoh.sunpaimoonpa.startah.firepia.watertu.Ino.thouam.hekin.wekime.yetusa.theycuta.onepahco.twogia.threepao.fouriaki.fiveonto.sixmosso.sevenpantsa.eightiatsa.ninecohtsu.tencokhi.
XIII.The Capistrano group.—Buschmann in his paper on the Netela and Kizh states, after Mofras, that the Juyubit, the Caguilla, and the Sibapot tribes belong to the Mission of St. Gabriel. Turner gives a Cahuillo, or Cawio, vocabulary. The district from which it was taken belonged to the St. Gabriel district. The Indian, however, who supplied it had lived with the priests of San Luis Rey, until the break-up of the Mission.Whether the form of speech he has given us be that of the Mission in which he lived or that of the true Cahuillo district is uncertain. Turner treats it as Cahuillo; at the same time he remarks, and shews, that it is more akin to the San Luis Rey dialect than to any other.
But it is also akin to the Chemeuevi, which with it is tabulated; a fact which favours the views of Hale respecting its San Capistrano affinities rather than those of Buschmann—Hale making them Paduca.
A vocabulary, however, of the unreclaimed Cahuillo tribes—the tribes of the mountains as opposed to the missions—is still wanted.
English.Chemuhuevi.Cahuillo.mantawatznahanes.womanmaruquanikil.headmutacowaniyuluka.hairtorpippiiki.facecobanimnepush.earnancabananocka.eyepuouinapush.nosemuvinemu.mouthtimpouonetama.tongueagonenun.toothtowwanetama.handmasiwanimnemohemosh.footnampanneik.bonemaiiganneta.bloodpaipineo.skytuuptuquashanica.suntabaputztamit.moonmeagoropitzmenyil.starputsihchehiam.firecuncut.waterpahpal.oneshuishsupli.twowaiimewi.threepaiimepai.fourwatchumewitchu.fivemanunomequadnun.sixnabaiquadnunsupli.sevenmoquistquanmunwi.eightnatchquanmunpa.nineuwipquanmunwichu.tenmashunomachumi.
P.353. Now comes the correction of a statement in p.353—"the language of San Luis El Rey which is Yuma, is succeeded by that of San Luis Obispo, which is Capistrano."—This is an inaccuracy; apparently from inadversion. A reference to the Paternosters ofpp.304-305shews that the San Luis Rey, and the San Juan Capistrano forms of speech are closely allied.Meanwhile, the San Fernando approaches the San Gabriel,i. e.the Kizh.
See also Turner,p.77—where the nameKechiseems, word for word, to beKizh. TheKizh, however is aSan Gabrielform of speech.
XIV.The Yuma group.—Turner gives a Mojave, or Mohavi vocabulary; the first ever published. It is stated and shewn to be Yuma. The Yabipai, in the same paper, is inferred to be Yuma; containing, as it does, the word
hanna=good=hanna,Dieguno.n'yatz=I=nyat,do.pook=beads=pook,Cuchan.
The Mohave vocabulary gives the following extracts,
English.Mohave.Cuchan.Dieguno.Cocomancopa.manipahipatshaykutshetipatshe.womansinyaxsinyaksínsinchayaixhutsh.headcawawaumwheltheestar——hairimiocono————faceihalimiedotshewa——foreheadyamapuliyucoloque————earesmailksmythlhamatl——eyeidotzedotshiiawucayedotsh.noseihuehotshihuyayyayooche.mouthiaiyuquaofeahizatsh.tongueipailyaepulche————toothidoaredoche————hand——isalchesithl——armisail——————footimilapilapimetshshpaslapyahhamilyah——bloodniawhutawhut————skyamaiigaammai————sunnyatznyatshnyatz——moonhullyahuthlyahullash——starhamuseklupwataiehummashish——hutsharfireawaaawo——ahúch.waterahaahaaha——Inyatznyatnyatinyatz.thoumantzmantz——mantz.hepepahabuiskpu——onesettosinhini——twohavikahavikhawuk——threehamokohamokhamuk——fourpinepapachapopchapop——fiveserapaserapserap——sixsintahumhúk————sevenvikapathkaie————eightmukachiphuk————ninepaihummamuk————tenarapasahhuk————
We leave California with the remark that in Ludwig's Literature of the American Aboriginal Languages Mr. Bartlett's vocabularies for California bear the following titles.