FOOTNOTES:

[1]The relations between the Empire, the Christians, and the Jews have been discussed by really numberless writers, beginning with the Fathers of the Church. I have consulted, among the moderns: Mangold:De ecclesia primæva pro cæsaribus et magistratibus romanis preces fundente.Bonn, 1881.—Bittner:De Græcorum et Romanorum deque Judæorum et christianorum sacris jejuniis.Posen, 1846.—Weiss:Die römischen Kaiser in ihrem Verhältnisse zu Juden und Christen.Wien, 1882.—Mourant Brock:Rome, Pagan and Papal.London, Hodder & Co. 1883.—Backhouse and Taylor:History of the primitive Church.(Italian edition.) Rome, Loescher, 1890.—Greppo:Trois mémoires relatifs à l'histoire ecclésiastique.—Döllinger:Christenthum und Kirche.—Champagny (Comte de):Les Antonins, vol. i.—Gaston Boissier:La fin du paganisme, etc., 2 vols. Paris, Hachette, 1891.—Giovanni Marangoni:Delle cose gentilesche trasportate ad uso delle chiese.Roma, Pagliarini, 1744.—Mosheim:De rebus Christianis ante Constantinum.—Carlo Fea:Dissertazione sulle rovine di Roma, in Winckelmann'sStoria delle arti.Roma, Pagliarini, 1783, vol. iii.—Louis Duchesne:Le liber pontificalis.Paris, Thorin, 1886-1892.—G.B. de Rossi:Bullettino di archeologia cristiana.Roma, Salviucci, 1863-1891.

[2]See de Rossi:Bullettino di archeologia cristiana, 1888-1889, p. 15; 1890, p. 97.—Edmond Le Blant:Comptes rendus de l'Acad. des Inscript., 1888, p. 113.—Arthur Frothingham:American Journal of Archæology, June, 1888, p. 214.—R. Lanciani:Gli horti Aciliorum sul Pincio, in theBullettino della commissione archeologica, 1891, p. 132;Underground Christian Rome, in theAtlantic Monthly, July, 1891.

[3]See Ersilia Lovatelli:Il Monte Pincio, in theMiscellanea archeologica, p. 211.—Rodolfo Lanciani:Su gli orti degli Acili sul Pincio, in theBullettino di corrispondenza archeologica, 1868, p. 132.

[4]A description of the beautiful villa of Herodes, adjoining the Catacombs of Prætextatus, will be found in chapter vi. pp. 287 sqq.

[5]Aconsul suffectuswas one elected as a substitute in case of the death or retirement of one of the regular consuls.

[6]Lampridius, inSev. Alex., c. 43.

[7]In chapter v., p. 122, ofAncient Rome, I have attributed thesegraffitito the second half of the first century; but after a careful examination of the structure of the wall, on the plaster of which they are scratched, I am convinced that they must have been written towards the end of the second century.

[8]Orelli, 4024,Digest L., iv. 18, 7.

[9]See Ulpian:De officio Procons., i. 3.

[10]Lampridius,Heliog., 3.

[11]See Greppo:Mémoire sur les laraires de l'empereur Alexandre Sevère.

[12]The name of the villa wasCassiacum; its memory has lasted to the present age. See the memoir of Luigi Biraghi,S. Agostino a Cassago di Brianza.Milano, 1854.

[13]SeeBullettino di archeologia cristiana, 1865, p. 50.

[14]It contains the words PETRO LILLVTI PAVLO. They are surely genuine and ancient. I examined them in company with Mommsen, Jordan, and de Rossi, and they attributed them to the beginning of the third century of our era. The best suggestion regarding their origin is that they belong to a person, probably Christian, who used the name Petrus asgentilitium, and Paulus ascognomen, and who was the son of Lillutus, however barbaric this last name may sound.

[15]See de Rossi:Bullettino di archeologia cristiana, 1863, p. 49.—Rohault de Fleury:L'arc de triomphe de Constantin, in theRévue archéologique, Sept. 1863, p. 250.—W. Henzen:Bullettino dell' Instituto, 1863, p. 183.

[16]See Bibliography, p. 1. The title of the book may be translated thus:On the pagan and profane objects transferred to churches for their use and adornment.

[17]The two busts of S. Peter and S. Paul, described in Cancellieri's book,Memorie storiche delle sacre teste dei santi apostoli Pietro e Paolo, Roma, Ferretti, 1852 (second edition), were stolen by the French revolutionists in 1799.

[18]SeeCorpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, part VI., No. 351.

[19]In the Byzantine period this church and the adjoining monastery were calledcasa Barbara patricia. They are now comprised within the cloisters of S. Antonio all' Esquilino, on the left side of S. Maria Maggiore.

[20]These incrustations, and the basilica to which they belong, have been illustrated by Ciampini:Vetera monumenta, vol. i. plates xxii.-xxiv.—D'Agincourt:Histoire de l'art, Peinture, pl. xiii. 3.—Minutoli:Ueber die Anfertigung und die Nutzanwendung der färbigen Gläser bei den Alten, pl. iv.—De Rossi:La basilica di Giunio Basso, in theBullettino di archeologia cristiana, 1871, p. 46.

[21]See Andrea Amoroso:Le basiliche cristiane di Parenzo.Parenzo, Coana, 1891.—Mommsen:Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, vol. v. part i. nos. 365-367.

[22]See Lovatelli:I labirinti e il loro simbolismo nell' età di mezzo, in theNuova Antologia, 16 Agosto, 1890.—Arné:Carrelages émaillés du moyen âge.—Eugène Müntz:Etudes iconographiques et archéologiques sur le moyen âge.

[23]See Pietro Pericoli:Lo spedale di S. Maria della Consolazione. Imola Galeati, p. 64.

[24]Published in two volumes with the title:Indicazione delle immagini di Maria, collocate sulle mura esterne di Roma.Ferretti, 1853.

[25]The inscription, after all, was very mild in comparison with the violent formula imposed upon Alexander VII. It read: "In memory of the absolution given by Clement VIII. to Henry IV. of France and Navarre, September 17, 1595."

[26]The amphora corresponds to 26.26 litres; the metreta to 39.39 litres; the modius to 8.75 litres. The pound, divided into twelve ounces, corresponds to 327.45 grammes, a little more than 11-1/2 English ounces.

[27]SeeAntichi pesi inscritti del museo capitolino, in theBullettino della commissione archeologica comunale di Roma, 1884, p. 61, pls. vi., vii.

[28]See de Rossi:Bullettino di archeologia cristiana, 1864, p. 57.

[29]SeeActa purgationis Cæciliani,post Optati opp. ed Dupin, p. 168.

[30]Confess.vi. 2.

[31]See Gaetano Marini:Iscrizioni doliari, p. 114, n. 279.—Giuseppe Gatti:La lex horreorum, in theBullettino della commissione archeologica comunale di Roma, 1885, p. 110.

[32]The place was calledin tribus fatis, from the three statues of sibyls described by Pliny,H.N.xxxiv. SeeGoth.i. 25.

[33]"Sank into the great flower, that is adornedWith leaves so many, and thence reascendedTo where its love abideth evermore."Longfellow's Translation.

[34]On the almanacs (Notitia, Curiosum), containing catalogues and statistics of Roman buildings in the fourth century, see Mommsen:Chronograph von 354, etc., in theAbhandlungen der Sächsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, vols. ii. 549; iii. 269; viii. 694.—Preller:Die Regionen der Stadt Rom. Jena: Hochhausen, 1846.—Jordan:Topographie der Stadt Rom. Berlin: Weidmann, ii., pp. 1 & 178.—Richter:Topographie der Stadt Rom, 1889, p. 5; id.:Hermes, xx., p. 91.—De Rossi:Piante iconografiche e prospettiche di Roma anteriori al sec. XVI. Roma: Salviucci, 1879.—Guido:Il testo siriaco della descrizione di Roma, etc., in theBullettino Comunale, 1884, p. 218; and 1891, p. 61.—Lanciani:Ricerche sulle XIV regioni urbane; in theBullettino comunale, 1890, p. 115.

[35]Inscript. 139, i.

[36]The fac-simile here presented is from theCorpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, vi. 820.

[37]The sale of skins of victims sacrificed at Athens in the year 334b. c., in state sacrifices only, brought a revenue of 5,500 drachmas.

[38]See Henzen,Bullettinodell' Instituto, 1863, p. 58.—Mommsen:Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, vol. i. no. 1503.

[39]See Cicero:De Divinatione, ii. 59, 123.—Preller:Die Regionen, p. 133.—Nibby:Roma Ant., ii. p. 334.—Beckner:Topogr., p. 539.—Cavedoni:Bull. dell' Inst.1856, p. 102.—Visconti:Bullettino Comunale, 1887, p. 154, 156.—Middleton:The Remains of Ancient Rome, ed. 1892, vol. ii. p. 233.

[40]Concerning this celebrated monument, see Tambroni and Poletti:Giornale arcadico, vol. xviii., 1823, p. 371-400.—Gell:Rome and its Vicinity, i. p. 219.—Klausen:Æneas, ii. p. 1083.—Canina:Via Appia, i. p. 209-232.—Mommsen:Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, vol. i. p. 207, no. 807.

[41]Pliny,N. H., x. 29, 41.

[42]A copy of this celebrated picture, dating from the second centuryb. c., has been found in a tomb on the Esquiline. It was published in facsimile and illustrated by Visconti in theBullettino Comunale, 1889, p. 340, tav. xi.-xii.

[43]See theAnnali dell' Instituto, 1854, p. 28.

[44]The convent and its garden occupy the sites of the house of Augustus, the temples of Vesta and Apollo, the Greek and Latin libraries, and the Portico of the Danaids, described inAncient Rome, ch. v., p. 109. The estate has been owned successively by the Mattei, Spada, and Ronconi families, and by Charles Mills. Its finest ornament is a portico built by the Matteis in the sindexteenth century from the designs of Raffaellino del Colle. This pupil of Raphael was also the painter of the exquisite frescoes representing Venus and Cupid, Jupiter and Antiope, Hermaphrodite and Salmace, and other subjects engraved by Marcantonio and Agostino Veneziano. These frescoes, greatly injured by age and neglect, were restored in 1824, by Camuccini, at the expense of Mr. Charles Mills.

[45]See Lanciani:L' itinerario di Einsiedlen,in theMonumenti antichi pubblicati dalla Accademia dei Lincei.1891.

[46]This inscription is of such exceptional interest that it is given, as edited by Mommsen, at the close of this volume.

[47]Codex Vatic.7,721, f. 67.

[48]See Rycquius:De Capitolio romano. Leyden, 1669.—Bunsen:Beschreibung der Stadt Rom, iii. A, p. 14.—Hirt:Der capitolinische Jupitertempel, in theAbhandlungen der Berliner Akademie, 1813.—Dureau de la Malle:Mémoire sur la position de la roche tarpeienne, in theMémoires de l'Academie des Inscriptions, 1819.—Niebuhr:Römische Geschichte, i. 5,588.—Mommsen:Bullettino dell' Instituto, 1845, p. 119.—Lanciani:Il tempio di Giove Ottimo Massimo, in theBullettino comunale, 1875, p. 165, tav. xvi.—Jordan:Osservazioni sultempio di Giove Capitolino. Lettera al sig. cav. R. Lanciani, Roma, 1876.—Hülsen:Osservazioni sull' architettura del tempio di Giove Capitolino, in theMittheilungen des deutschen archäologischen Instituts, römische Abtheilung, 1888, p. 150.—Audollent:Dessin inédit d'un fronton du temple de Jupiter Capitolin, in theMélanges de l'Ecole française, 1889, Juin.

[49]SeeBullettino Comunale, 1886, p. 403; 1887, p. 14, 124, 251; 1888, p. 138.—Mommsen:Zeitschrift für Numismatik, xv. p. 207-219.

[50]The same illustration has been selected by Middleton:The Remains of Ancient Rome, vol. i. p. 363.—The reliefs of the pediment are also well shown in a sketch by Pierre Jacques, dated 1576, and published by Audollent in theMélanges, 1889, planche ii.

[51]See Clemente Cardinati:Diplomi imperiali di privilegi. Velletri, 1835.—Joseph Arneth:Zwölf römische Militärdiplome, Wien, 1843.—Mommsen:Bullettino dell' Instituto, 1845, p. 119;Annali dell' Instituto, 1858, p. 198;Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, vol. iii. part ii. p. 843.—Léon Rénier:Récueildes diplomes militaires, première livraison, Paris, 1876.

[52]Die Flotte einer ägyptischen Königin aus dem siebzehnten Jahrhundert.

[53]See Flavius Josephus,Ant. Ind., xviii. 4.

[54]See Morel:Révue Archéologique, 1868.—De Rossi:Bullettino di archeologia cristiana, 1868.

[55]See Parker'sForum Romanum, London, 1876, plates xxiii. and xxiv.

[56]It has since been published by Middleton himself in hisRemains of Ancient Rome, vol. i. p. 275, fig. 35, from a heliogravure of the original.

[57]In theCod. Vat., 3,439, f. 46.

[58]See Dressel:Bullettino dell' Instituto, 1881, p. 38.—Lanciani:Bullettino Comunale, 1881, p. 4.—Visconti:Un simulacro di Semo Sancus, Roma, 1881.—Preller:Römische Mythologie, p. 637.

[59]Apolog.26.

[60]In volume index. of theSpicilegium romanum, pp. 384-468.

[61]Baldwin Brown:From Schola to Cathedral, p. 1. Edinburgh, Douglas, 1886.

[62]See de Rossi:Bullettino di archeologia cristiana, 1867, p. 46;Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, vi. no. 1454.—Spalletti:Tavola ospitale trovata in Roma sull' Aventino.Roma, Salomoni, 1777 (p. 34).—Lanciani:The Atlantic Monthly, July, 1891.—Armellini:Chiese, first edition, p. 500.

[63]2 Timothy, iv. 21.

[64]Gaspare Celio:Memoria dei nomi degli artefici, p. 81. Napoli, Bonino, 1638.

[65]See Duchesne:Liber pontificalis, vol. i. pp. 132, 133.—De Era:Storia di S. Pudenziana, two MSS. volumes in the library of S. Bernardo alle Terme.—Bartolini:Sopra l'antichissimo altare di legno della basilica lateranense.Roma, 1852.—De Rossi:Bullettino di archeologia cristiana, 1867, p. 49;Musaici delle chiese di Roma.—Pellegrini:Scavi nelle terme di Novato, in theBullettino dell' Instituto, 1870, p. 161.

[66]See Lorenzo Fortunati:Relazione degli scavi e scoperte fatte lungo la via Latina.Roma, 1859.

[67]Baldwin Brown:ubi supra, p. 17.

[68]Dionysii:Vaticanæ basilicæ cryptarum monumenta, pl. xxvii.—De Rossi:Inscriptiones Christianæ urbis Romæ, ii. p. 56, 350, 411.—Duchesne:Liber pontificalis, i. cxxii.

[69]See Eugene Müntz:Ricerche intorno ai lavori archeologici di Giacomo Grimaldi. Firenze, 1881.—The best autograph work of Grimaldi, dedicated to Paul V. in 1618, belongs to the Barberini library, and is marked xxxiv. 50.

[70]The author ofLe Latran, dans le moyen âge.

[71]S. Pietro Montorio, rebuilt towards 1472, by Ferdinand IV. and Isabella of Spain, from the designs of Baccio Pontelli, stands on the site of an older church.

[72]Chiese di Roma, 1st edition, p. 520.

[73]"Collocate e poste una appresso all' altra con diligenza e cura esatta."

[74]Francesco Maria Torrigio:Le sacre grotte vaticane, p. 64. Roma, 1639.

[75]Le liber pontificalis: Texte, introduction et commentaire par l'abbé L. Duchesne.Paris, Thorin, 1886-1892.

[76]The letters LINVS might be the termination of a longer name, like [ANUL]LINVS or [MARCEL]LINVS.

[77]See Lampridius:Heliog, 23.

[78]See p. 345 sq.

[79]Liber Pontificalis, Silvester, xvi. p. 176.

[80]Pietro Mallio says that they came from the Temple of Apollo in Troy. This statement, however absurd, confirms the opinion that the tradition about Solomon's Temple is of modern origin. It seems that Constantine's canopy was borne by only sindex columns, and that the other sindex were added at the time of Gregory III.

[81]Venuti:Ragionamento sopra la pina di bronzo, etc., in theCodex Vaticanus9024.—Gayet Lacour:La pigna du Vatican, in theMélanges de l'Ecole française, 1881, p. 312.—Lanciani:Il Pantheon e le terme di Agrippa, in theNotizie degli scavi, 1882.—De Rossi:Inscriptiones christianæ urbis Romæ, vol. ii., 428-430.—Gori:Archivio storico artistico, 1881, p. 230.

[82]Numismata summorum pontificum templi vaticani fabricam indicantia, by Philippus Bonanni. Rome, 1696.

[83]SeeBullettino di archeologia cristiana, 1867, p. 33, sq.—Idem, 1883, p. 90.

[84]De Rossi:Inscriptiones christianæ, ii. p. 428-430.—Febeo:De identitate cathedræ S. Petri, Rome, 1666.—Cancellieri:De secretariis, p. 1245.

[85]But Sindextus V. (+ 1590) did not complete the lantern surmounting the dome, upon which the gilded cross was placed November 18, 1593.

[86]Vincenzo Briccolani:Descrizione della basilica vaticana, third ed. Roma, 1816.—Pietro Ercole Visconti:Metrologia vaticana. Roma, 1828.

[87]The baldacchino raised with questionable taste above the ciborium of Arnolfo di Cambio, a pupil of Nicolò Pisano (a. d.1285), rests on four columns of Oriental alabaster, from the quarries of Sannhur, in the district of the Beni Souef, offered to Gregory XVI. by Mohammed Ali, viceroy of Egypt. The pedestals are inlaid with malachite, a present from the emperor Nicholas of Russia.

[88]Sulla grandezza e disposizione della primitiva basilica ostiense. Roma, 1835.

[89]Acta apost. apocrif.p. 1-39. Lipsiæ, 1851.

[90]See:Die Grabplatte des h. Paulus: neue Studien über die römischen Apostelgräber, von H. Grisar, S. I. In theRömische Quartalschrift, 1892. Heft. I., II.

[91]See chapter ii., p. 99.

[92]My map of ancient Rome (scale 1:1000), which has cost me twenty-five years of labor, will be published in forty-sindex sheets measuring 0.90 m. × 0.60 m. each. The first, comprising sheets nos. iii., x., xvii., xxiii., xxx., and xxxvi. (from the gardens of Sallust to the Macellum Magnum on the Cælian), will be ready in May, 1893. The plan is drawn in five colors, referring respectively to the royal, republican, imperial, mediæval and modern epochs.

[93]The basilica of S. Valentine, discovered in 1886, by our archæological commission, is mentioned on p. 120 of the present volume.

[94]See Otto Hirschfeld:Die kaiserlichen Grabstätten in Rom, in theSitzungsberichte der kgl. Akademie der Wissenschaften. Berlin, 1866.

[95]Visitors to Rome may form an idea of a [Greek: sebasteion] from that found at Ostia, in 1889, in the barracks of the firemen. I have given an illustrated description of this remarkable discovery in theMélanges de l'Ecole française de Rome, tome index., 1889, and in theNotizie degli scavi, January-April, 1889.

[96]The birthplace of Mithridates the Great, and of the geographer Strabo; it still retains its ancient name.

[97]See Mommsen:Res gestæ divi Augusti, 2d edition. Berlin, Weidmann, 1883.

[98]Augustus enrolled his first army in October of the year 41b. c.He died in August,a. d.14.

[99]This house is described inAncient Rome, chapter i., p. 17.

[100]Don Juan, canto III. eindex.

[101]The other instance was in the excavations of the palace of the Valerii Aradii, near S. Erasmo, on the Cælian, the most successful ever made in Rome.

[102]La bolla di Maria, moglie di Onorio.Milan, 1819.

[103]Dissertazione su d' una antica argenteria, letta nell' accademia archeologica il dì 7 gennaio, 1811.

[104]Garrucci has reproduced them in theStoria dell' arte cristiana, vol. ii. pl. 108-111.

[105]Garrucci:Vetri adornati di figure in oro.—Swoboda, quoted by De Waal in theRömische Quartalschrift, 1888, p. 135.—Armellini:ibidem, 1888, p. 130.—De Rossi:Bullettino di archeologia cristiana, 1864, p. ——; 1887, p. 130.

[106]Les tombeaux des papes romains.Traduction Sabatier. Paris, 1859.

[107]Roma sotterranea, i., p. 283.

[108]The hypogæum, discovered in 1617, excavated and pillaged in 1780-81, has, through my exertions, become national property, together with the Columbaria of Hylas.

[109]It contained the graves of Marcellus † 308, Sylvester † 385, Siricius † 396, and Celestinus † 422.

[110]Dyer:History of Rome, p. 344.

[111]See theAnglo-Saxon Chronicle, edited by J.A. Giles, in Bohn's Antiquarian Library; and the excellent memoir of Domenico Tesoroni,King Ceadwalla's Tomb in the Ancient Basilica of S. Peter(Rome, Bertero, 1891), from which I quote almost verbatim.

[112]De Rossi:Inscriptiones christianæ, ii. p. 288.

[113]Duchesne:Lib. pontif. ii. 258.—Marucchi:Iscrizioni relative alla storia di Roma dal secolo V al XV. (p. 74). Roma, 1881.

[114]Barbier de Montault:Revue archéologique, xiv. 244.—Frothingham:American Journal of Archæology, 1891, p. 44.—De Rossi;Bullettino di archeologia cristiana, 1875, p. 29; 1891, p. 91.—Stevenson:Mostra di Roma, all' esposizione di Torino, 1884, p. 174.—Rohault de Fleury:Le latran au moyen âge(planches 45, 46). Paris, 1877.

[115]Storia delle arti, edizione Fea, vol. ii. p. 144.

[116]Zizim died by poisoning, February 24, 1495, during the pontificate of Alexander VI., Borgia.

[117]Published by Müntz, in theArchivio storico dell' arte, vol. iv., 1891, p. 366.

[118]The question as to the birthplace of Christopher Columbus seems to have been finally settled in favor of Savona. Unquestionable evidence has been discovered on June 17 of the present year, by the Historical Society at Madrid.

[119]Theodor Sprenger:Roma Nova, p. 232. Frankfort, 1660.—Caylus: in vol. xxv. of theMémoires de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles lettres.—Cancellieri:Il mercato, p. 42.

[120]Vita di Benvenuto Cellinilib. 1, xxxvi.

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