CHAPTER VI.

FOOTNOTES:[29]Mustersaal aller teutschen Mundarten, ... Bonn, 1822, vol. 2, p. 361. By a type error,mof getscheumpt was omitted. See also Dr. Mombert's History of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, 1869, p. 373.[30]See note 1 on next page.[31]Any place where liquor is retailed is called a saloon, and in a certain town a cabin with a single room is labeledDON JUAN WALLING'S SIGN EMPORIUM.[32]'You haveremoved' (your residence), but the third person plural is not thus used in PG.[33]G. ein gutes, but the Austrian extensiongūătis not PG.[34]Neuter for feminine, as in Bavarian and Austrian.[35]These four words are printed in Roman type.

[29]Mustersaal aller teutschen Mundarten, ... Bonn, 1822, vol. 2, p. 361. By a type error,mof getscheumpt was omitted. See also Dr. Mombert's History of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, 1869, p. 373.

[30]See note 1 on next page.

[31]Any place where liquor is retailed is called a saloon, and in a certain town a cabin with a single room is labeledDON JUAN WALLING'S SIGN EMPORIUM.

[32]'You haveremoved' (your residence), but the third person plural is not thus used in PG.

[33]G. ein gutes, but the Austrian extensiongūătis not PG.

[34]Neuter for feminine, as in Bavarian and Austrian.

[35]These four words are printed in Roman type.

The confusion of forms in the declension of German articles, pronouns, and adjectives, as given in print, is avoided in dialects, and on the upper Rhine all classes use the masculine nominativederfor the accusativeden, thus making a step towards rational grammar—the femininedieand the neuterdasbeing equally nominative and accusative. According to Radlof, from Swisserland to Holland, on both sides of the Rhine, there is scarcely a locality where the nominative is distinguished from the accusative and the dative, and he cites as examples—"ich trinke rother Wein" (forrothen); "ich habe der Esel gesehen" (forden Esel); "ich sitze auf der Baum" (fordem Baum).[37]In PG. thisrotherforrothenis sometimes cut down to "root" the common PG. neuter form, particularly with thedefinitearticle, as in—

Ich trink d'r root wei˛.I drink the red wine.Was f'r wei˛ wit [willst du] trinke?What kind of wine willst drink?Ich trink tschenǝrli rooter wei˛.[36]I 'generally' drink red wine.

G. Wir geben guten Lohn. PG. M'r gewwǝ guutǝr loo˛.We give good wages.ǝn guutǝr freind (n guuti fraa, n guut haus) is n guut ding.A good friend(masc.),wife(fem.),house(neut.)is a good thing(neut.).Sellǝr mann hǝt mei, huut allǝs ufgebrǝchǝ.That man has broken(meinen)my hat(alles auf)all up.Ich bin naus indǝrhoof un bin unsǝrǝr kats ufdǝrschwants getrettǝ, selli hǝt mich gekratst. (Nsp.)I went(hinaus)out, in(G. den Hof,m.)the yard, and trod on(G. den Schwanz)the tail of our cat, she scratched me.... weil ich mich geschämmt hab, bin ich ufdǝrschpeichǝr geschniikt oone ǝn wǝrt tsu saaghǝ. (Nsp.)While I shamed myself, I 'sneaked' up to(den)the loft without a word to say.G. Das Wetter ist den ganzen Tag schön gewesen. PG. s wettǝr iss d'r gants (or gans) daak schee˛ gwest.The weather has been fine the entire day.G. Ich gehe in den Keller. PG. Ich gee in dǝr kellǝr.I am going into the cellar.

G. Wir geben guten Lohn. PG. M'r gewwǝ guutǝr loo˛.We give good wages.

ǝn guutǝr freind (n guuti fraa, n guut haus) is n guut ding.A good friend(masc.),wife(fem.),house(neut.)is a good thing(neut.).

Sellǝr mann hǝt mei, huut allǝs ufgebrǝchǝ.That man has broken(meinen)my hat(alles auf)all up.

Ich bin naus indǝrhoof un bin unsǝrǝr kats ufdǝrschwants getrettǝ, selli hǝt mich gekratst. (Nsp.)I went(hinaus)out, in(G. den Hof,m.)the yard, and trod on(G. den Schwanz)the tail of our cat, she scratched me.

... weil ich mich geschämmt hab, bin ich ufdǝrschpeichǝr geschniikt oone ǝn wǝrt tsu saaghǝ. (Nsp.)While I shamed myself, I 'sneaked' up to(den)the loft without a word to say.

G. Das Wetter ist den ganzen Tag schön gewesen. PG. s wettǝr iss d'r gants (or gans) daak schee˛ gwest.The weather has been fine the entire day.

G. Ich gehe in den Keller. PG. Ich gee in dǝr kellǝr.I am going into the cellar.

In the next,Stuhlbeing masculine, the nominativederis used for the dativedem, but the accusativeihn('n) is preserved—

ær hǝt uf d'r schtuul k'hǝkt, un hǝt n f'rbrǝchǝ.He sat on the chair and has broken it.G. Liebe deinen Nächsten, als dich selbst.Love thy neighbor as thyself.PG. Liib dei˛ nochbǝr ass wii dich selwer.G. Lēgĕ das Buch auf dēn Tisch.Lay the book on the table.PG. Leeg s buch uf d'r tisch.

ær hǝt uf d'r schtuul k'hǝkt, un hǝt n f'rbrǝchǝ.He sat on the chair and has broken it.

G. Liebe deinen Nächsten, als dich selbst.Love thy neighbor as thyself.PG. Liib dei˛ nochbǝr ass wii dich selwer.

G. Lēgĕ das Buch auf dēn Tisch.Lay the book on the table.PG. Leeg s buch uf d'r tisch.

Here, if 'den tisch' were used in PG. it would rather mean 'thistable,' because there is a tendency to use articles as demonstratives, saying 'dær' for G.dieser, and 'sellǝr' (G. selbiger) for G.jener,—'sel' (G. selbiges) being its neuter, and 'selli' (G. selbige) its feminine and plural. This 'sel' is found in Swisserland, and other parts of the Rhine region. Its Alsatian formtsel, with initialt, shows that it is akin to G.dasselbe. Notwithstanding its resemblance in form and function to Provensalselorcel, Frenchcelui, celle, they are without etymologic relation. See Ch. VII., §2. p. 43, and §4, p. 45; andEllis, Early English Pronunciation, p. 662, note 15.

'Das' (the) and 'es' (it) have a tendency to confusion under the short form 's used for both. 'Dass' (that) remains, andthe neuter nominative article is changed from G.dasto PG. 'des' as in 'des buch' (the book)—but as 'des buch' may meanthis book, the function of the article is performed by reducing this 'des' to 's, as in—

's buch iss mei˛the book is mine—des buch iss mei˛THISbook is mine."Donn hab ich gedenkt [notgedacht],desis doch now ordlich plain deitsch," ... (Rauch.[38])Then I thought,Thisis at-any-rate 'now' tolerably 'plain' Dutch.Dær mann iss krankǝr (notkränker) wie d'r annǝr.Thisman is sicker than the other.(G. als der andere.)G. Ein Mann und eine Frau waren hier diesen Morgen.A man and a woman were here this morning.PG. Es war ǝn mann un ǝn fraa hiir den márighǝ.There was a man and a woman here this morning.G. Ich wünsche dass er komme.I wish that he come.PG. Ich wǝtt (or wott, forwollte) dass ær deet [G. thät] kummǝ.I would that he would come.Swiss—I wett, asz er chäm.Stalder, 1, 112.

's buch iss mei˛the book is mine—des buch iss mei˛THISbook is mine.

"Donn hab ich gedenkt [notgedacht],desis doch now ordlich plain deitsch," ... (Rauch.[38])Then I thought,Thisis at-any-rate 'now' tolerably 'plain' Dutch.

Dær mann iss krankǝr (notkränker) wie d'r annǝr.Thisman is sicker than the other.(G. als der andere.)

G. Ein Mann und eine Frau waren hier diesen Morgen.A man and a woman were here this morning.PG. Es war ǝn mann un ǝn fraa hiir den márighǝ.There was a man and a woman here this morning.

G. Ich wünsche dass er komme.I wish that he come.PG. Ich wǝtt (or wott, forwollte) dass ær deet [G. thät] kummǝ.I would that he would come.Swiss—I wett, asz er chäm.Stalder, 1, 112.

Swissaszfordassis often used in PG., as in—

Wann ich geglaabt hätt 'ass er mich net betsaalt (or betsaalǝ deet), so hätt ich 'm gar net gebárikt (or gebaricht).If I had believed that he would not pay me, I would(gar nicht)not at all have(geborgt)trusted him.Wann ich gedenkt [not G.gedacht] hätt 'ass es net woor wæær, dann hätt ich 's net geglaabt.If I had not supposed it to be true, I would not have(geglaubt)believed it.G. Wäre er reich, er würde nicht betteln.Were he rich he would not beg.G. Wenn er reich wäre, so würde er nicht betteln. PG. Wann ær reich wæær, deet ær net bettǝln.If he were rich, he would not beg.

Wann ich gedenkt [not G.gedacht] hätt 'ass es net woor wæær, dann hätt ich 's net geglaabt.If I had not supposed it to be true, I would not have(geglaubt)believed it.

G. Wäre er reich, er würde nicht betteln.Were he rich he would not beg.G. Wenn er reich wäre, so würde er nicht betteln. PG. Wann ær reich wæær, deet ær net bettǝln.If he were rich, he would not beg.

PG., like Swiss,[39]dislikes the imperfect tense, and prefers G.Ich habe gedacht(I have thought), to G.Ich dachte(I thought), which gives forms like—

Wii ich n gesee˛ hab, hab ich gedenkt ær wært k'sund.As I saw him(having seen him)I thought he would get well.Ich bin gangǝI have gone;not G. Ich giengI went, nor gegangenygone.Whan myn houſbond is fro the world i-gon,—Chaucer, (Wright's ed.) l. 5629.With menſtralcy and noyſe that was (y-)maked, l. 2526.Bet is to be (y-)weddid than to brynne. l. 5634.

Wii ich n gesee˛ hab, hab ich gedenkt ær wært k'sund.As I saw him(having seen him)I thought he would get well.

Ich bin gangǝI have gone;not G. Ich giengI went, nor gegangenygone.

Whan myn houſbond is fro the world i-gon,—Chaucer, (Wright's ed.) l. 5629.With menſtralcy and noyſe that was (y-)maked, l. 2526.

Bet is to be (y-)weddid than to brynne. l. 5634.

PG. has also 'kummǝ' (has come) for G. gekommen, showing a tendency to follow a law which caused ge-(y-, i-) to be dropped in English. The practice seems to have started withgekommenandgegangen, because they are much used, and their initial guttural absorbs the gutturalg-ork-of the prefix. In an Austrian dialect,[40]ge-disappears beforeb,p,d,t,z, as in "Ih bin kumma" (I have come), PG. Ich bin kummǝ.

PG. Ich hab s [G. gekauft] kaaft im schtoor.I bought it at the 'store.'Hǝscht mei˛ briif krikt?Hast(G. gekriegt)received my letter?Ich schreib n briif.I write a letter."Der Charle hat jung geheiert un hat e fleiszige Fra krickt,"Wollenweber, p. 78.D'r 'Tschærli' hǝt jung k'eiǝrt un hǝt ǝ fleissighǝ fraa krikt.'Charley' married young and got an industrious wife.G. Es regne.It may rain.PG. s maak (G. mag) reeghǝrǝ.G. Es regnete.It might rain.PG. s kennt (G. könnt) reeghǝrǝ.G. Es habe geregnet.It may have rained.PG. s kennt reeghǝ hawwǝ.

PG. Ich hab s [G. gekauft] kaaft im schtoor.I bought it at the 'store.'Hǝscht mei˛ briif krikt?Hast(G. gekriegt)received my letter?Ich schreib n briif.I write a letter.

'Charley' married young and got an industrious wife.

G. Es regne.It may rain.PG. s maak (G. mag) reeghǝrǝ.

G. Es regnete.It might rain.PG. s kennt (G. könnt) reeghǝrǝ.

G. Es habe geregnet.It may have rained.PG. s kennt reeghǝ hawwǝ.

PG. has the Swissals(hitherto, formerly, always), a form in which it is not shortened intoa's, as in—

ær hǝt als ksaat ær wær (or wæær) miir niks schuldich. (Ziegler).He has hitherto said he is to-me nothing indebted.

Mr. Rauch, in his partly English spelling, has—

"Er hut aw behawpt das mer set sich net rula lussa bi seiner fraw, un das de weiver nix wissa fun denna sacha, un das es kens fun eara bisness is we an monn vote odder we oft eralsdrinkt.".ær hǝt aa behaapt dass mǝr set sich net 'ruulǝ' lǝssǝ bei seinǝr fraa, un dass dii weiwǝr niks wissǝ fun dennǝ sachǝ, un dass es kens fun eerǝ 'bissnǝss' iss wii ǝn mann 'woot,' ǝdǝr wii ǝft ær als drinkt.He(has)maintained that one should not(lassen)let(sich)one's-self be 'ruled' by one's wife, and that the(weiber nichts wissen)women know nothing of such things, and that it is(keines von ihre)none of their 'business' how a man 'votes,' or how oft he(als)ALWAYSdrinks.

He(has)maintained that one should not(lassen)let(sich)one's-self be 'ruled' by one's wife, and that the(weiber nichts wissen)women know nothing of such things, and that it is(keines von ihre)none of their 'business' how a man 'votes,' or how oft he(als)ALWAYSdrinks.

In the following Suabian example (Radlof 2, 17)alsis a form of G. alles (all), andschmierenis used as in PG. forto pay off, to trick.

Kurz! i willolls eba machaDaſz oim 's Herz im Leib mu'ſz lacha;I will au de Tuifel ſchmiera,Daſz er Niemâkanverführa,Hack' ihm boyde Hörnero,Daſz er nimma ſtecha ka-.In short, I will make all so eventhat the heart in one's body must laugh;I will also trick [den] the devilthat he none can lead astray—chop for him both his horns offthat he cannot thrust again.

PG. 'dass' forals(with the sense ofas), and 'dass wan' G.als wenn(South German of Breisgauas wenn) foras if, seems peculiar. The German adverbial particles admit of awide range of meaning, and in Low Austrian certain inversions occur, asaussa(aus-her) for G.heraus;aussi(aus-hin), also in old Bavarian, for G.hinaus, which would allow PG. 'dass' to be referred toals daszor da(r)als.[41]But independently of this surmise, the cutting down of the pronounsdes(G. das) andesto'sandalstoass, makes it as easy to acceptdassforals, as 'd of English 'I'd rather,' forhadinstead ofwould. Farther, asdahasalsfor one of its meanings, thisdassmay bedawith the adverbial suffix-s.[42]

"des land is aw frei for mich so goot das for dich."—Rauch, p. 32... des land is aa frei f'r mich soo guut dass f'r dich.This(notthe)country is(auch)also free for me as wellasfor thee."net wennicher dos sivva hunnert for dich un mich"....—Rauch, 1869.... net wennichǝr dass siwǝ hunǝrt f'r dich un mich.Not lessthanseven hundred for thee and me."Er will hawa dos ich bei eam aw roof in Filldelfy, un dutdos wannstsu meiner advantage wær wann ich kumm."—Rauch, Aug. 16, '69.'ær will hawǝ dass ich bei iim aa˛ruuf in Fildelfi, un duut dass wann s tsu meinǝr 'atfæntitsch' wær wann ich kumm.He will have that I(bei)at-the-house-of him[G.anrufen, perverted to an English idiom]call-on in Phildelphi[the common pronunciation]and(he)doesas ifit(were)would be to my 'advantage' if I come.[43]"Selly froke hut mich awer sheer gorly schwitza macha, un ich hob g'feeld yusht grawddas wannich mich full heaser hulder tæ g'suffa het un g'mixd mit tansy, katzakraut un bebbermint."—Rauch, Aug. 9, 1869.Selli frook hǝt mich schĭr gaarli schwitsǝ machǝ, und ich hab kfiilt juscht graad dass wann ich mich fǝl heesǝr huldǝr tee ksǝffǝ het un 'gmikst' mit 'tænsi' [snot asz] katsǝkraut un 'bebbǝrmint.'[Dieselbe Frage]That question however almost[G. gar]quite made me sweat, and I felt just exactlyas ifI had(G. gesoffen)drunk myself full of hot(G. Holder)elder tea, and 'mixed' with 'tansy' catnip and 'peppermint'."'s scheint m'r wærklichas wanndu im sinn hätscht in deinǝ altǝ daaghǝ noch n Dichter tsu gewǝ (tsu wærrǝ). Awǝr ich færricht 's iss tsu schpot; du hätscht ǝ paar joor friiǝr aa˛fange sollǝ, dann wær viileicht ebbǝs draus [G. worden] warrǝ."[44]It appears to me reallyas ifyou intended in your old days yet to become a poet. But I fear it is too late; you should have commenced a few years earlier, then perhaps something might have come of it.

This(notthe)country is(auch)also free for me as wellasfor thee.

Not lessthanseven hundred for thee and me.

He will have that I(bei)at-the-house-of him[G.anrufen, perverted to an English idiom]call-on in Phildelphi[the common pronunciation]and(he)doesas ifit(were)would be to my 'advantage' if I come.[43]

[Dieselbe Frage]That question however almost[G. gar]quite made me sweat, and I felt just exactlyas ifI had(G. gesoffen)drunk myself full of hot(G. Holder)elder tea, and 'mixed' with 'tansy' catnip and 'peppermint'.

"'s scheint m'r wærklichas wanndu im sinn hätscht in deinǝ altǝ daaghǝ noch n Dichter tsu gewǝ (tsu wærrǝ). Awǝr ich færricht 's iss tsu schpot; du hätscht ǝ paar joor friiǝr aa˛fange sollǝ, dann wær viileicht ebbǝs draus [G. worden] warrǝ."[44]It appears to me reallyas ifyou intended in your old days yet to become a poet. But I fear it is too late; you should have commenced a few years earlier, then perhaps something might have come of it.

The next is from the description of a willow-tree with the 'nesht' (pl. of G.nast[45]) branches broken by ice.[46]

"Er guckt net gans so stattlich meh, Er guckt net gans so gross un' schoeDaswie er hut die anner woch Wu'r all sei nesht hut katte noch.".ær gukt net gans soo schtattlich mee ær gukt net gans soo gross un schee, dass wii ær hǝt dii anǝr woch wuu 'r all sei˛ nescht hǝt kattǝ noch.It(nicht mehr)no more looks quite so stately, it looks not(ganz)quite so large and fine,AS THATit did the(andere)other week,(wo erwhere he)when it(hat gehabt)has had all its boughs.

It(nicht mehr)no more looks quite so stately, it looks not(ganz)quite so large and fine,AS THATit did the(andere)other week,(wo erwhere he)when it(hat gehabt)has had all its boughs.

At present PG. is exhibiting a tendency to drop G.zu(to), the sign of the so-called infinitive, altho in the following examples perhaps most speakers would use it.

Wann fangscht aa˛ [tsu] schaffǝ?When do you begin[to]work?Ich hab aa˛fangǝ schaffǝ.I have begun(to)work.... fiil annǝri hen hart prowiirt sich farnǝ naus schaffǝ. (Rauch.)Many others(have)tried hard(to)work themselves(G. vorn)forward.

Wann fangscht aa˛ [tsu] schaffǝ?When do you begin[to]work?

Ich hab aa˛fangǝ schaffǝ.I have begun(to)work.

... fiil annǝri hen hart prowiirt sich farnǝ naus schaffǝ. (Rauch.)

Many others(have)tried hard(to)work themselves(G. vorn)forward.

"De mæd ... hen kea so kleany bonnets g'hat di nix sin for hitz odder kelt; es wara rechtshaffene bonnets, das mer aw sea hut kenne ohna de brill uf du."—Nsp.Dii meed hen kee˛ soo klee˛ni 'bannǝts' katt dii niks sin f'r hits ǝd'r kelt; ǝs waarǝ rechtschaffǝnǝ 'bannǝts,' dass m'r aa seeǝ hǝt kennǝ, oone dii brill uf [tsu] duu˛.The girls(haben gehabt)had no such small 'bonnets'(die)which are nothing for heat or(kälte)cold; there were honest 'bonnets' that(mir)one(auch)also could see without putting the spectacles on.

The girls(haben gehabt)had no such small 'bonnets'(die)which are nothing for heat or(kälte)cold; there were honest 'bonnets' that(mir)one(auch)also could see without putting the spectacles on.

PG. Sometimes distinguishes between the present tense and the aorist, as in Swiss—"er thuot choh" (he does come)—

Sellǝr hund knarrt.That dog growls(has a habit of growling).Sellǝr hund tuut (G. thut) knarrǝ.That dog is now growling.D'r mann tuut essa—ær iss am essǝ.The man is eating—he is at eating.

Sellǝr hund knarrt.That dog growls(has a habit of growling).

Sellǝr hund tuut (G. thut) knarrǝ.That dog is now growling.

D'r mann tuut essa—ær iss am essǝ.The man is eating—he is at eating.

PG. does not use equivalents toneitherandnor.

G. Er istwederreichnocharm.He is neither rich nor poor.PG. ær iss net reich un net aarm.E. He iseithersickorlazy. PG. ær iss krank ǝdǝr faul. (Or, adoptingeitherand its idiom) ǝr iss 'iitǝr' krank ǝdǝr faul.

G. Er istwederreichnocharm.He is neither rich nor poor.PG. ær iss net reich un net aarm.

E. He iseithersickorlazy. PG. ær iss krank ǝdǝr faul. (Or, adoptingeitherand its idiom) ǝr iss 'iitǝr' krank ǝdǝr faul.

In a case like the last, no matter how well the speaker knows English, he mustnotpronounce a word like 'either' in the English mode, because it would be an offense against the natural rhetoric of the dialect.

FOOTNOTES:[36]... "Von der Schweiz an zu beiden seiten des Rheines hinab bis an Hollands gränzen, giebt es kaum einige Gegenden, wo man den Koch vom Kellner, den Herrn vom Knechte, den Hammer vom Amboſze, d.i. den Werfall (Nominativ) vom Wenfalle (Accusativ) und dem Wemfalle (Dativ) richtig zu unterscheiden vermöchte. Bald hört man nehmlich: "ich trinke rother Wein" bald: "ich habe der Esel gesehen" bald: "ich sitze auf der Baum." s.f."—Dr. Joh. Gottl. Radlof, Mustersaal aller teutschen Mundarten, ... Bonn, 1822; 2, 90.Stalder (Schweiz. Idiotikon, 1812) gives the accusatives ofderandeinas agreeing with the nominative, and underein(1, 37) he has—Acc. wie der Nom., welches überhaupt zu bemerken ist.When I read extracts from this Treatise before the Philological Society on 3 June, 1870, Prof. Goldstücker and Dr. E. Mall, the latter an Alsatian, both considered that this presumed substitution of the nominative for the accusative or dative case must be a misapprehension. Dr. Mall declared himself totally unaware of it. Both considered that it must have resulted from the disappearance of the inflectional-m,-n(the latter of which is the rule certainly in the Rhine region), and the degradation of the precedingevowel into [e]. This would account for "ich trinke rother Wein," consideringrotherto mean 'rootǝ,' but would not account for "ich habe der Esel gesehen," in which thermust be taken as trilled, unless we consider that firstdenwas made into 'dǝ,' and then the 'r'evolvedas in the Cockney's 'idea-r of things.' Hence the original passages on which the assertions in the text are founded, have been added.—Alex. J. Ellis.[37]"Dii Jarik Kaunti leit, wann sii furn rootǝ wei, schwätzǝ, saaghǝ g'weenlich—"Ich trink rootǝr wei." Wann sii awǝr kee rootǝr hen, dann trinkǝ sii weisser wann sii n kriighǝ kennǝ."The Rev. D. Ziegler, letter of Jan. 15, 1870 (literatim).[38]In a spelling based upon English, and not fully phonetic. SeeEllis, Early English Pronunciation, pp. 654-661.[39]Stalder(1, 46) says that the imperfects war, hatte, sagte, kam, rufte, kaufte, would be scarcely understood in Swisserland.[40]Castelli, Wörterbuch, Wien, 1847, p. 30.[41]Suabian condensesda untentodunda. The Rev. D. Ziegler suggests that this 'dass' may have arisen from ad, as of 'grad' (G. gerade) before 'as' ofals, as in—ær schwätzt grad aswann [G. wenn] ær reich wær. (He speaks just as if he were rich.)[42]SeeHald. Affixes. p. 213.[43]The present tense ('wann ich kumm') is used here for the G. subjunctivewenn ich käme.[44]The Rev. D. Ziegler, transliterated by himself.[45]The usual German isast, pl.äste. Schmeller (Mundarten Bayerns, art. 610) notices the following examples of this initialnin Bavarian dialects; his phonetical spelling is given in italics, and interpreted into the present in brackets: derNà'n[Noon] 'Àthen:Nàst[nost] Ast; die Nàſ'n [noozn] 'Àsen;Naſſ·l[nassl] Assel;Nárb[narb] Arb;Neichté[neichte] Eichte;Nuǝrǝ’[Nuǝrǝ] Urhab;Nueſch[Nuesch] Uesch. In art. 545 he also gives the form ǝLueſsch, and in art. 636, the formẽRàuſ·n, for Uesch, a gutter, and 'A'sen, a beam or joist.Nárbis the staple on the door, which carries the padlock;Eichtis a little while. The following are examples of omitted initialn, (ib. art. 611);dǝr 'ApoleonNapoleon;'idǝ'nider,'ÁnkinetNanquinet;'ImpfǝburgNymphenburg; ganz'atürli'natürlich;'ében,'iǝbmneben;'achǝr,'achǝ’nachher;'E'st,'iǝſtNest. St. Antwein und St. Nantwein, Aventin Chron. Edit. v. 1566, fol. 470.—Compare the English added initialninnickname(nekename for ekename, see Pr. Parv.),niggot,nuggetfor ingot;newtfor eft, ewt;nawlfor awl;nunklefor uncle;Nan,Ned,Noll, for Anne, Edward, Oliver:—and the omitted initialninadder(old edres and neddres),apronfor napron,eyasfor nias.—A. J. Ellis.[46]Poems. By Rachel Bahn. York, Pa. 1869. Containing twenty pages of "Poems in Pennsylvania Dutch." Noticed by me in Trübner'sAmerican and Oriental Literary Record, Jan. 24, 1870, p. 634. The following may be consulted also:Gemälde aus dem Pennsylvanischen Volksleben ... von L. A. Wollenweber. Philadelphia und Leipzig. Schäfer und Konradi, 1869.Harbaugh's Harfe. Gedichte in Pennsylvanisch-Deutscher Mundart. Philadelphia, Reformed Church Publication Board, 1870.On the German Vernacular of Pennsylvania. By S. S. Haldeman. Trans. Am. Philological Association, 1869-70.Lancaster Pa.Weekly Enterprise(newspaper), with a weekly article by Mr. Rauch.Der Waffenlose Wächter (monthly newspaper). Gap P.O., Lancaster Co. Pa.Early English Pronunciation, ... by Alexander J. Ellis, F.R.S., F.S.A. London, 1871. Twelve pages (652-65) are devoted to Pennsylvania German.P'älzische G'schichte' ... von Franz von Kobell. München, 1863. In the main, this little volume of 'Palatinate Stories' comes nearer to Pennsylvania German than any other I have seen.

[36]... "Von der Schweiz an zu beiden seiten des Rheines hinab bis an Hollands gränzen, giebt es kaum einige Gegenden, wo man den Koch vom Kellner, den Herrn vom Knechte, den Hammer vom Amboſze, d.i. den Werfall (Nominativ) vom Wenfalle (Accusativ) und dem Wemfalle (Dativ) richtig zu unterscheiden vermöchte. Bald hört man nehmlich: "ich trinke rother Wein" bald: "ich habe der Esel gesehen" bald: "ich sitze auf der Baum." s.f."—Dr. Joh. Gottl. Radlof, Mustersaal aller teutschen Mundarten, ... Bonn, 1822; 2, 90.Stalder (Schweiz. Idiotikon, 1812) gives the accusatives ofderandeinas agreeing with the nominative, and underein(1, 37) he has—Acc. wie der Nom., welches überhaupt zu bemerken ist.When I read extracts from this Treatise before the Philological Society on 3 June, 1870, Prof. Goldstücker and Dr. E. Mall, the latter an Alsatian, both considered that this presumed substitution of the nominative for the accusative or dative case must be a misapprehension. Dr. Mall declared himself totally unaware of it. Both considered that it must have resulted from the disappearance of the inflectional-m,-n(the latter of which is the rule certainly in the Rhine region), and the degradation of the precedingevowel into [e]. This would account for "ich trinke rother Wein," consideringrotherto mean 'rootǝ,' but would not account for "ich habe der Esel gesehen," in which thermust be taken as trilled, unless we consider that firstdenwas made into 'dǝ,' and then the 'r'evolvedas in the Cockney's 'idea-r of things.' Hence the original passages on which the assertions in the text are founded, have been added.—Alex. J. Ellis.

Stalder (Schweiz. Idiotikon, 1812) gives the accusatives ofderandeinas agreeing with the nominative, and underein(1, 37) he has—Acc. wie der Nom., welches überhaupt zu bemerken ist.

When I read extracts from this Treatise before the Philological Society on 3 June, 1870, Prof. Goldstücker and Dr. E. Mall, the latter an Alsatian, both considered that this presumed substitution of the nominative for the accusative or dative case must be a misapprehension. Dr. Mall declared himself totally unaware of it. Both considered that it must have resulted from the disappearance of the inflectional-m,-n(the latter of which is the rule certainly in the Rhine region), and the degradation of the precedingevowel into [e]. This would account for "ich trinke rother Wein," consideringrotherto mean 'rootǝ,' but would not account for "ich habe der Esel gesehen," in which thermust be taken as trilled, unless we consider that firstdenwas made into 'dǝ,' and then the 'r'evolvedas in the Cockney's 'idea-r of things.' Hence the original passages on which the assertions in the text are founded, have been added.—Alex. J. Ellis.

[37]"Dii Jarik Kaunti leit, wann sii furn rootǝ wei, schwätzǝ, saaghǝ g'weenlich—"Ich trink rootǝr wei." Wann sii awǝr kee rootǝr hen, dann trinkǝ sii weisser wann sii n kriighǝ kennǝ."The Rev. D. Ziegler, letter of Jan. 15, 1870 (literatim).

[38]In a spelling based upon English, and not fully phonetic. SeeEllis, Early English Pronunciation, pp. 654-661.

[39]Stalder(1, 46) says that the imperfects war, hatte, sagte, kam, rufte, kaufte, would be scarcely understood in Swisserland.

[40]Castelli, Wörterbuch, Wien, 1847, p. 30.

[41]Suabian condensesda untentodunda. The Rev. D. Ziegler suggests that this 'dass' may have arisen from ad, as of 'grad' (G. gerade) before 'as' ofals, as in—ær schwätzt grad aswann [G. wenn] ær reich wær. (He speaks just as if he were rich.)

[42]SeeHald. Affixes. p. 213.

[43]The present tense ('wann ich kumm') is used here for the G. subjunctivewenn ich käme.

[44]The Rev. D. Ziegler, transliterated by himself.

[45]The usual German isast, pl.äste. Schmeller (Mundarten Bayerns, art. 610) notices the following examples of this initialnin Bavarian dialects; his phonetical spelling is given in italics, and interpreted into the present in brackets: derNà'n[Noon] 'Àthen:Nàst[nost] Ast; die Nàſ'n [noozn] 'Àsen;Naſſ·l[nassl] Assel;Nárb[narb] Arb;Neichté[neichte] Eichte;Nuǝrǝ’[Nuǝrǝ] Urhab;Nueſch[Nuesch] Uesch. In art. 545 he also gives the form ǝLueſsch, and in art. 636, the formẽRàuſ·n, for Uesch, a gutter, and 'A'sen, a beam or joist.Nárbis the staple on the door, which carries the padlock;Eichtis a little while. The following are examples of omitted initialn, (ib. art. 611);dǝr 'ApoleonNapoleon;'idǝ'nider,'ÁnkinetNanquinet;'ImpfǝburgNymphenburg; ganz'atürli'natürlich;'ében,'iǝbmneben;'achǝr,'achǝ’nachher;'E'st,'iǝſtNest. St. Antwein und St. Nantwein, Aventin Chron. Edit. v. 1566, fol. 470.—Compare the English added initialninnickname(nekename for ekename, see Pr. Parv.),niggot,nuggetfor ingot;newtfor eft, ewt;nawlfor awl;nunklefor uncle;Nan,Ned,Noll, for Anne, Edward, Oliver:—and the omitted initialninadder(old edres and neddres),apronfor napron,eyasfor nias.—A. J. Ellis.

[46]Poems. By Rachel Bahn. York, Pa. 1869. Containing twenty pages of "Poems in Pennsylvania Dutch." Noticed by me in Trübner'sAmerican and Oriental Literary Record, Jan. 24, 1870, p. 634. The following may be consulted also:Gemälde aus dem Pennsylvanischen Volksleben ... von L. A. Wollenweber. Philadelphia und Leipzig. Schäfer und Konradi, 1869.Harbaugh's Harfe. Gedichte in Pennsylvanisch-Deutscher Mundart. Philadelphia, Reformed Church Publication Board, 1870.On the German Vernacular of Pennsylvania. By S. S. Haldeman. Trans. Am. Philological Association, 1869-70.Lancaster Pa.Weekly Enterprise(newspaper), with a weekly article by Mr. Rauch.Der Waffenlose Wächter (monthly newspaper). Gap P.O., Lancaster Co. Pa.Early English Pronunciation, ... by Alexander J. Ellis, F.R.S., F.S.A. London, 1871. Twelve pages (652-65) are devoted to Pennsylvania German.P'älzische G'schichte' ... von Franz von Kobell. München, 1863. In the main, this little volume of 'Palatinate Stories' comes nearer to Pennsylvania German than any other I have seen.

Gemälde aus dem Pennsylvanischen Volksleben ... von L. A. Wollenweber. Philadelphia und Leipzig. Schäfer und Konradi, 1869.

Harbaugh's Harfe. Gedichte in Pennsylvanisch-Deutscher Mundart. Philadelphia, Reformed Church Publication Board, 1870.

On the German Vernacular of Pennsylvania. By S. S. Haldeman. Trans. Am. Philological Association, 1869-70.

Lancaster Pa.Weekly Enterprise(newspaper), with a weekly article by Mr. Rauch.

Der Waffenlose Wächter (monthly newspaper). Gap P.O., Lancaster Co. Pa.

Early English Pronunciation, ... by Alexander J. Ellis, F.R.S., F.S.A. London, 1871. Twelve pages (652-65) are devoted to Pennsylvania German.

P'älzische G'schichte' ... von Franz von Kobell. München, 1863. In the main, this little volume of 'Palatinate Stories' comes nearer to Pennsylvania German than any other I have seen.

PG. is not Swiss, altho it has a number of Swiss characteristics, and the line (Radlof, 2, 68)—

"Was isch säll für e sufere kärli?"

is very near its PG. form—

Was isch sel f'r ǝ saubǝr kærli?What sort of cleanly fellow is that?

PG. has both 'ær iss' and 'ær isch' (he is) according to the locality, of which the latter may be less common. The Rev. D. Ziegler (a native, like myself) refers the 'isch' variety to the Mennonite and Dunker population, and as there were many Dunkers (or Tunkers) where my early years were passed, I heard more of this than of the other.

The indicative mood present tense ofhabenandseinare, with some variations, as follows (Stalder, 1, 47-50)—

Swiss.PG.Swiss.PG.i hah;ich hab, hap,I have.i bi;ich bin,I am.de hest;du hǝscht,thou hast.de bisch, bist;du bischt,thou art.er hed, hett;ær hat,he has.er isch, ist;ær iss, isch,he is.mer hend;m'r hen,we have.mer sind;m'r sin,we are.der hend;d'r hent,you have.der sind;d'r sint,you are.sj hend;sii hen,they have.sj sind;sii sin,they are.

Here the dative singularmir(to me) is used in the nominative plural instead ofwir(we), and also in impersonal expressions; and the dative singulardir(to thee) is similarly used forIhr(you), as in 'd'r sint' for G.Ihr seid(you are). G.Ihr habet(you have) has forced itstupon the first and third persons plural of the Swiss forms; and in PG. the second person is sometimes forced upon the third, as in the following, from the Wollenweber's Gemälde (in the German character), 1869, p. 124,—

For äbout 32 Johr z'rick, dohentunsre ... Schaffleut ... im Stenbruch geschafft, un sten gebroche, for de grosze Damm zu fixe.'Fr ǝbaut' tswee-un-dreissich joor tsrik, do hent unsre ... schaffleit ... im schtee˛bruch geschafft, un schtee˛ gebrǝchǝ f'r di grosse 'damm' tsu fixǝ.'For about' thirty-two years back, here have our laborers worked in the quarry, and quarried stone to 'fix' the big 'dam.'(Here the Englishfixanddamare used, instead of G.fixîren, andder damm.)

'For about' thirty-two years back, here have our laborers worked in the quarry, and quarried stone to 'fix' the big 'dam.'(Here the Englishfixanddamare used, instead of G.fixîren, andder damm.)

Here the firstformay be regarded as English, but the second occurs in the Palatinate—"for den Herr Ring sehr ungünschtig" (Kobell),for Mr. Ring very unfavorable—"for sei Lügerei,"—for his truthlessness.

The next is extracted from a poem by Tobias Witmer, dated from the State of New York, June 1, 1869, printed in the 'Father Abraham' English newspaper, in roman type, and reprinted Feb. 18, 1870. The original spelling is that of Mr. Rauch, and is not reproduced. Dialectic words arespaced, and English words are here put initalics. The translation is rather free.

PG., Bavarian, Austrian and Suabian have the vowel offall, and nasal vowels. In Pangkofer'sGedichte in Altbayerischer Mundart, are the PG. words 'aa'also;'bissel'a little;'ebbas,' G. etwassomething;'do is'there is;'glei' (also Austrian)soon;'sunst,' G. sonstbesides;'frumm,' G. frommkind;'kloo'claw;'kumma,' G. gekommencome;Ohg. 'coman' and 'cuman'to come;'mir'we, for G. wir; 'sel' G. dasselbethat-same;but PG. has not 'mi'me;'di'thee;'hoarn'horn;'hout'has;'thuan'to do;'g'spoasz,'sport;'oamal'once;'zwoa'two,G. zwei, PG. 'tswee'; wei, PG. 'weip'wife;zon, PG. 'tsum'to the.

The following example of upper Bavarian is given by Klein,[52]beside which a PG. version is placed for comparison.

"Schau, nachbe', wàs mei' freud' is,—In suntàe', in der frûe,Gern lûs' i' in mei'n gâârt'l'n kircheläut'n zue."Dà is 's so still und hâemli',Kâe' lärm, kâe g'schrâe kimmt 'nei':In'n himmi kà's nit schönerW' as in mei'n gâârt'l sei'."Sii nochbǝr wass mei, freet iss!Am sundaak marrghǝ frii,Gærn hæær[53]ich in mei˛m gærtliDii kærchǝ-bellǝ hii˛.[54]Do 's iss so schtill un heemlich,Kee˛ jacht, kee˛ kschrei kummt nei˛;Im himml kann s net schee˛nǝrWii s in mei˛m gærtl sei.See neighbor, what my joy is, on Sunday in the morn; I listen in my garden, to the church-bell ring. Here it is so still and calm, no turmoil, no strife comes within; in heaven(kann es nicht)it cannot be fairer than(es)it is in my little garden.

See neighbor, what my joy is, on Sunday in the morn; I listen in my garden, to the church-bell ring. Here it is so still and calm, no turmoil, no strife comes within; in heaven(kann es nicht)it cannot be fairer than(es)it is in my little garden.

The Pennsylvania Germans have traditional stories against the Suabians, although their population is in part derived from the upper (Pfalz) Palatinate; and some Suabians settled in Northumberland County, Pa., the evidence of which remains in the name of a stream,Schwaben(orSwope) Creek.

PG. resembles Suabian in using 'e, eǝ' forö, and 'ii' for ü—in the loss of infinitive-n,—in turning final-ninto a nasal vowel (as in sei˛ forseyn), and in saying 'du bischt,' 'du kannscht,' etc. (for G.du bist), 'du witt' fordu willst; 'nimme' fornicht mehr; 'glei' forgleichin the sense ofsoon—but the adjective 'gleich' (similar) remains. PG. does not turnointoau, as in Suabian 'braut,' 'hauch,' forbrot,hoch; nor cut down G.ich habeto 'i ha'; it does not add elements, as in 'bois' for G.bös, PG. 'bees,' 'bluat' for G.blut, 'reacht' forrecht, 'kuine' forkeine, and 'stuinige fealder' forsteinige felder, a peculiarity of Suabian, Alsatian, Swiss, Bavarian and its kin Austrian. PG. has archaic 'hees' (hot) for G.heisz, but nothing like Bavarianhaǝs.

Difference of pronunciation causes confusion of speech between speakers of different dialects, as shown by Dr. Rapp in his Physiolōgie der Sprache, 4, 131. In the 'Fliegende Blätter' (13, 158) there is a dialogue called 'Ein Deutsch-Böhme' (a German Bohemian), between aBauerand aStädter—but a Swiss speaker is now added, with the rejoinder to his remark.

Bauer.Wie is de Suppe so hāsz!Städter.Man sagt ja nicht hāsz, sondern heisz. Has [G. hase, PG. haas hare] nennt man das Thier....Bauer.Dös hāszt bei uns Hōs!Städter.Das ist wieder falsch. Hōs bedeutet jenes Kleidungsstück, womit Eure langen Beine bedeckt sind.Bauer.Dös hāszt Hus!Schweitzer.Aber mer sind jets im Huus.Bauer.Dös iss 'nHaus!

Diminutives in PG. and Suabian are made with-li; both use 'des' fordas, 'uffm' forauf dem, 'biirǝ' forbirnen, 'g'hat' or 'kat' forgehabt, 'suu˛' forsohn, 'schoof' forschâf, 'Schwop' forSchwâbe, 'als' foralles, and 'as' forals.

In the very German county of Berks there is an Elsass township, which indicates an Alsatian influence. As a German province of France,[55]two languages are in use, and are taught in the schools, but the French is Germanised in pronunciation, as may be verified among the Alsatian and German servants of Paris. Being akin to Swiss and Suabian, PG. has some points in common with this dialect, without being influenced by French.

Alsatian differs from PG. in havingi haafor 'ich hab,'tselfor 'sei' (G.derselbe),bluǝtfor 'bluut,'ūssfor 'aus,'hūsfor 'haus,'tsiitfor 'tseit,'bischfor 'bischt,'biimfor 'bei'm,'morjefor 'marrghǝ.'

PG. and Alsatian turn someb-s tow, they have the vowels offall,what,up, and have 'prowiirǝ' forprobiren, 'ass' forals, 'do' forda, 'joo' forja, 'joor' forjahr, 'hoor' forhaar, 'fun' forvon, 'isch' forist, 'jets' forjetzt, 'uff' forauf, 'druff' fordorauf, 'uff'm' forauf dem, 'raus' fordaraus, 'draan' fordaran, 'iwwǝr' forüber, 'dno' fordarnach; PG. 'ǝffǝ,' Alsat. 'offǝ,' G.ofen; 'bal' forbald, 'm'r' forwir, 'm'r muss' forman musz, 'mee' formehr, 'welli' forwelche; 'was batt s' (what boots it).

The following lines (Radlof, 2, 110) are extracted from a piece of Alsatian which well illustrates the concurrent use of two languages. The French should be read in the German mode. Other French words occur in Radlof's examples, such as allongallons, turtour, schalujaloux, anterpooentrepôt, bangenetbaïonnette. The original of the following is in German (gothic) and French (roman) print according to the language, here imitated by roman and italic types. The speaker is telling a friend how she was addressed by a stranger:

So kummt ä Wälscher her, und macht mit Kumblemente,Und redt mich gradzu an.—Mach er kein Spargemente,[56]Hab i glich zu ihm g'sait. Losz Er, was ich 'ne bitt,Mich mine Waih fortgehn; ich kenn de Herre nit.»Sans avoir,frout er mich,l'honneur de vous connaître,Vous êtes seule ici, voulez-vous me permettreDe vous offrir mon bras pour vous accompagner?«Allez,Mousié, sa ich,allez-vous promener,Und spar Er sich die müh; Er musz sich nit trumpire,Ich bin von dene nit die mer am Arm kann führe.[57]»Vous êtes bien cruelle, arrêtez un moment,«Sait er, und kummt soglich mit sine Santimang....Zu diene, hab i g'sait; losz Er mich aber gehn,Min Ehr erlaubt mir nit noch länger do zu stehn.»Je n'insisterai pas, mais veuillez bien m'apprendre,Si demain en ces lieux vous daignerez vous rendre.«Behüt mich Gott davor! i gib keinrendez-vus.Adié, mousié, adié, je ne vus[sic]verrai plus.Translation.—Thus comes a Frenchman up and proceeds with compliments, and (an-redet) accosts me (gerade zu) directly. Make no formalities,[56]I said to him at once. Let me, what I beg ('ne, G. ihn) him, continue (meinen weg) my way—I know not the (herren) gentlemen. "Without having," he (frägt) asked me, "the honor of knowing you, you are alone here, will you permit me to offer you my arm to accompany you?"Go, sir, (sagte) said I,Proceed with your walk—and spare himself the trouble; he must not deceive himself, I am not of those who can be conducted on the arm.[57]"You are very cruel, stay a moment," says he—and comes at once with his sentiment.... At your service, I said, he should let me go, my honor would not allow me to stand there longer. "I do not insist, but will you kindly inform me, if to-morrow in these places you will deign to return." Preserve me heaven from it! I give norendez-vous;adieu, sir, adieu, I will not see you more.

Translation.—Thus comes a Frenchman up and proceeds with compliments, and (an-redet) accosts me (gerade zu) directly. Make no formalities,[56]I said to him at once. Let me, what I beg ('ne, G. ihn) him, continue (meinen weg) my way—I know not the (herren) gentlemen. "Without having," he (frägt) asked me, "the honor of knowing you, you are alone here, will you permit me to offer you my arm to accompany you?"Go, sir, (sagte) said I,Proceed with your walk—and spare himself the trouble; he must not deceive himself, I am not of those who can be conducted on the arm.[57]"You are very cruel, stay a moment," says he—and comes at once with his sentiment.... At your service, I said, he should let me go, my honor would not allow me to stand there longer. "I do not insist, but will you kindly inform me, if to-morrow in these places you will deign to return." Preserve me heaven from it! I give norendez-vous;adieu, sir, adieu, I will not see you more.

LikeSuabia, the name ofPfalzhas disappeared from the map of Europe, and what was once the Lower Palatinate, is now to be looked for chiefly in Baden, Bavaria, and Darmstadt.

It was partly bounded by Alsatia, Baden, and Würtemberg, and Manheim was the chief city. A few examples, condensed from Kobel, will show the nearness of its dialect to PG.

So nehmt er dann desz Album desz uff 'm Tisch gelege is.So takes he then the album that is laid on the table.So is 'm glei' ei'gfalle'.So it soon happened to him.Guck emol, do is er, mer kennt 'n.Look once, here he is, one knows him.Wei is er dann do drzu kumme?How then has he come?Desz will ich Ihne sage.That I will tell you.Mer hot nix mehr vun 'm g'hört.Nothing more has been heard of him.Mir habe [PG. mr hen] alls minanner 'gesse.We ate all together.Juscht am selle Tag is e' Gascht a'kumme.Precisely on that day a guest arrived.Mit eme finschtre' Gesicht.With a dark face.Sacha macha for die Leut.To make things for people.Bsunnersespecially; ghathad; drbeithereby; schunalready; sunscht nixbesides nothing; drvunthereof; eensone; zweetwo; keensnone; unnerunder; druffon; johryear; wohrtrue; kummt rei [PG. rei]come in; neno; jetz'now; gedenktsupposed; fraawoman; kopphead; weeszknows; meeschtermaster; e' gut' kinda good child.

The South German dialect of Breisgau has G.er hilft(he helps, PG. ær helft),g'seit(as in Alsatia) forgesagt, PG. 'ksaat,'usfor G. and PG. 'aus,'iforich,herrliforherrlich, (PG. hærrlich),wönforwollen,zît(as in Alsatia) forzeit,aueforaugen(eyes, PG. aughǝ, Alsat. auǝ),defordu,genforgegeben(given, PG. gewwǝ, sometimes suppressingge-, to which attention has been called). Besidesgen, the following Allemanic example (Radlof, 2, 99) containsworeforgeworden, anduskratztforausgekratzt—

"Se han kurzwilt un Narrethei triebe, un am End isch der Hirt keck wore, un het em Mümmele e Schmützle gen, un se het em seldrum d'Aue nit uskratzt."They trifled and fooled, and finally the shepherd(ist keck geworden)became bold, and(hat gegeben)gave(dem)to the water nymph a kiss, and she did not(dasselbe darum)on-that-account('em' forihm)scratch out his eyes.

"Se han kurzwilt un Narrethei triebe, un am End isch der Hirt keck wore, un het em Mümmele e Schmützle gen, un se het em seldrum d'Aue nit uskratzt."

They trifled and fooled, and finally the shepherd(ist keck geworden)became bold, and(hat gegeben)gave(dem)to the water nymph a kiss, and she did not(dasselbe darum)on-that-account('em' forihm)scratch out his eyes.

In the following examples, the Breisgauish and PG. are probably more nearly allied than might be supposed from a comparison of the spelling. The Alsatian and PG. are in the same alphabet.

German.Breisgau.Alsace.PG.English.regenbogen,regeboge,râjǝbâu-ǝ,reeghǝbooghǝ,rainbow.wo, von,wu, vun,wuu, fun,wuu, fun,where,of.da, mal,do, mol,doo, mool,doo, mool,here,times.schaf,schof,schoof,schoof,sheep.schlafen,schlofe,schloofǝ,schloofǝ,to sleep.und, gelt,un, gel,un, gel,un, gel,and,truly!wohnen,wuhne,woonǝ,wuunǝ,to reside.kommen,kumme,kummǝ,kummǝ,to come.gesehen,g'sehne,g'sên,kseenǝ,seen.jahr, auch,johr, au,joor, au,joor, aa,year,also.nachbar,nochber,nochbǝr,nochbǝr,neighbor.nicht, nichts,nit, nix,net, niks,net, niks,not,nothing.selbiger,seller,tsellǝr,sellǝr,that one.es ist jetzt,'s isch jetz,ǝs isch jetz,s isch jetz,it is now.etwas,ebbes,eppǝs,ebbǝs, eppǝs,something.nunmehr,nummee,(nimmǝ),nummi,now.darunter,runter,(nuntǝr),runtǝr,under.als, einem,as, eme,as, ǝmǝ,as, mǝ,as,to a.man kann,mer kann,m'r kann,mǝr kann,one can.sie haben,sie hen, han,sii haan,sii hen,they have.wir sind,mer sin,m'r sin,m'r sin,we are.weiszt,wescht,weischt,weescht,knowest.das, hat,des, het,des, hot,des, hǝt,the,has.

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