[pg ApA033]Asia.Europe.America.1. Kjun, Day. (Turk.)Egun, Day. (Basque.)Kize-kun, Okené-gat,173“Day.”(Algonquyn dialects.)2.Tes-Gessu, Sun. [Evidently a compound of Gischu or Kiz-ho, the Sun, with“Tesh.”174]3. Tschi, Schi,“Day.”(Morduins,N.E.ofAsia.)Teshe-kow,“Day,”(Algonquyn Dialects.)[pg ApA034]According to Du Ponceau the words for“Heaven”in the Algonquyn tongue are derived from several sources. A numerous class consists of“Mots derivées deKesuch, Astre, Soleil,”i.e. words fromKesuch,“Sun, Star.”Compare the names for the“Eye,”previously noticed; also traced by Du Ponceau to Kesuch, or Kesus,“The Sun.”North Africa—Egyptians, &c.Middle Africa—Negroes.South Africa—Hottentots, &c.1.2.T' gachu,“Heaven.”3.4.Tschukko,“Heaven.”K' tak.5.Nghoi,“Heaven.”[Also“Thunder in the Air.”]6.7.Homma,“Heaven.”[See Omma, Moomo, and other analogous words previously explained, applied to“Sun and Moon.”][pg ApA035]Asia.Europe.America.1. K jok,175“Heaven.”(Turk.)Kez-hik, Keg-ik, Heaven2. Chok,“Heaven.”(Tart.) Kuk,“Heaven.”(Casan.)3. Kh'igan,“Heaven.”(Comac.) Ko'chan,“Heaven.”(Kamschatka.) Kundschu,“Heaven.”(Jukadshires.)Gezhegon, Heaven. (Algonquyn.)4. Shkai,“Heaven.”(Morduins.)“Sky.”(Eng & Dan.)Ta k, Tack,“Heaven.”(Esquimaux.) Keschékewé, Heaven. (Algonquyn.)5.6. Kiusiu-luste. (Tscheremessian.)7.[pg ApA036]Another class of names for“heaven,”are words signifying“On High,”En Haut.North Africa—Egyptians, &c.Middle Africa—Negroes.South Africa—Hottentots, &c.1. Szemmèÿ, Heaven. (Nubia & Abyssinia.)2. Szèmma, Heaven. (Berbers & Dongolans.)3. Szemma, Heaven, (Phellata.)4.Szemma.5.Szemma.6.Assaman. Sambiam pungo. Assamane, Heaven.7.8. Apĕ, Apē, Aphe,“Head.”9. A ph . o ph, a Giant. (Egypt.)Ivaq.10.I banju[pg ApA037]Asia.Europe.America.1.2.3.4. Sema, Heaven. (Arabic.)5. Shmia, Heaven. (Pehlwi.)6. Asman, Heaven. (Siberian Tartars)A woso-gamé, Heaven. [Literally“En Haut,”on high.] (Algonquyn.)7.Upo. (Greek.) Up. (English.) Heavion, to rise, Heafon, Heaven. (Ang. Sax.) Haupt. (German.)Apez, Heaven. (Moxian.)8.Heafod, (Ang. Sax.) Huf-wud, Head. (Swedish.)9.I bag, I bâca. (Brazil.)10.Oubecou, (Caraibs,) Ipigem, Heaven. (Abipones.)[pg ApA038]Another Class of names for“Heaven,”are words signifying“On High,”En Haut.North Africa—Egyptians, &c.Middle Africa—Negroes.South Africa—Hottentots, &c.1. Pe, and Phe, Heaven.2. N e th-Pe and Ne-Pheou, Heaven-s or Heaven.3. Net-phe, an Egyptian Goddess, the consort of Seb or Saturn. Her emblem was“The Firmament.”4. Ne-Pheou, Heaven-s or Heaven. [Like the Greek“Ouranoi.”] (Egypt.)5.Sulu,“Heaven.”[Compare preceding words.]I suhlu, Heaven.[pg ApA039]Asia.Europe.America.1.2.Ibo, Ibunga, the Sun. (California.)3.Nebo, Heaven. (Sclavon.) Nev, Heaven. (Welsh.)4.5. S l, to raise, elevate. (Hebrew.)Celsus, Cœlum. (Latin.)[pg ApA040]Another Class of words for the“Sky”is derived, as is obvious in many languages, from words primarily meaning“Air.”North Africa—Egyptians, &c.Middle Africa—Negroes.South Africa—Hottentots, &c.1.2.Maaro, Heaven. [Compare the formation of M—.' A . ou . r, a Luminary,Hebrew, from A our, Light,176as previously explained.]3.Iru, Heaven.4.5.Atem co.6. Aineha.7. Aineha addela, Eye. (Nubia & Abyss.)[pg ApA041]Asia.Europe.America.1. A ou . ee . r, Air, Space, (Chald.) from A r, to flow. (Heb.)A wyr, the Air, the Sky. (Welsh.)2. A r w, Heaven. (Ossetian.)3.A ē r and Ē r ē, Juno, the Atmosphere or Heavens personified.4. Auwa, Heaven. (Sib. Tartars.)A .ō, to blow, breathe. (Greek.) A ha, Breath. (German.) A-them, Breath, Air. (German.)Wahwi,“Heaven.”(Algonquyn.) [According to Du Ponceau, of unknown origin,“origine inconnue.”But see the adjoining column.]5.At m-ē, At m-os, Breath, Vapour. Atmos-Sphaira, Atmosphere. (Greek.) Atmosphere. (English.) Chwa, a gust of Wind. (Welsh.)6.Aino, Eye. (Mossans, S. A.)7. Oeen, Eye. Ene, Behold. (Heb.) Yen, Eye. (Chinese.)En, Behold. (Latin.)En-ourou, Yen-ourou, Eye. (Caraibs, S. A.)[pg ApA042]North Africa—Egyptians, &c.Middle Africa—Negroes.South Africa—Hottentots, &c.1.Ne ay. Hinma, Eye.2.Neay (as above).3.Nou kou, Onukou, Eye.4.5.K hasso, Eye.6.Guitte, Eye.7. Egō at, Eye. (Nubia & Abyss.)[pg ApA043]Asia.Europe.America.1.Ñahui, Eye. (Quichauns.) Nàgui, Eye. (Quitenans, S. A.)2. Ne, Eye. (Circassian.)Ne, Nege, Ge,“Eye.”(Araucan, S. A.)3.Nigüecogue, Nigecogee,“Eye.”(M. Bayan.) Natocle,“Eye.”(Abipones, inhabitants of the extremes. ofS. America.)4. Achsi, Eye. (Sanscrit.)Ishyik. K hescoué, the Eye, connected with Kesus, the Sun. (Algonquyn,177N. A.)5.Kussee, Eye. (Nootka Sound.)6. Giosgus, Gus, Eye. (Turk.)7.Eage, Eye. (Ang. Sax.) Oko, Eye. (Sclavonian.) Oculus, Eye. (Latin.)[pg ApA044]North Africa—Egyptians, &c.Middle Africa—Negroes.South Africa—Hottentots, &c.1.2.Zu, Sun (as before).T' saguh, Eye.3.4.5.6.7.Szan-ko, Eye.[pg ApA045]Asia.Europe.America.1.Sah, the Sun and Moon. (Chippeway, as before.)2.Zu, and Zuiakc, Eye. (Lulians, S. A.)3.Sagax, Quick of Sight. (Latin.) Sight. (English.)4. Sai, Saiwa, Saie, Eye. (Samoied.)See. (English.) Sehen. (German.)5. Schun,“Sun.”(Mantchu.)Sun. (English.)6. Sem, Eye. (Ostiaks.)Szem, Eye. (Hungarian.)7.Shenek, Eye. (Alyon. dialects, N. A.)[pg ApA046]In the words next following we have an example of the principle that the terms applied to the perceptive powers of the“Hand,”in the first instance, form a source of many analogous words applied to the operations of the other senses, and to those of the mind.North Africa—Egyptians, &c.Middle Africa—Negroes.South Africa—Hottentots, &c.1.2.3.Tewho, Eye.4.Batte, Eye.5. Bal, an Eye, Bel, Eyes. (Egypt.)6. Belle, Blind. [Supposed by Dr. Loewe to be from Bel or Bal, and the Hebrew negative suffix“l.”] (Egypt.)7.Rogue, Heaven.[pg ApA047]Asia.Europe.America.1. E e d, the Hand.Yede, Eye. (Zamucans, S. A.)2. E ed o, to feel, to perceive, to know.Eido, tosee, to know. (Greek.)3. Do-eth re, Eye. (Zend.)Do-eth, Wise. (Welsh.)4.Toké, Eye. (Villelans, S. A.)5. B th, the Pupil of the Eye. (Hebrew.)Ball, Eyeball. (English.) Bli-ck. (German.)6.Blink. (English.) [Compare this word with the last.]7.Blind, Black. (English.)[pg ApA048]Remarks.The proofs involved in the previous Analysis of the original unity of the different languages of the globe are distinct and vivid. It will be observed that those irregularities of structure, which are to be found more or less in each individual language, viewed separately, disappear when the whole mass of human tongues are thus surveyed in combination as derivative branches of one original speech. Moreover, it will be seen that the greater the number of languages, and the wider the geographical surface of the globe comprised in the comparison, the more minutely may be traced the steps of the transition by which the languages of mankind branched off from their common Original. This evidence is in its nature demonstrative of the truths developed in these pages.It will be apparent that the Heavenly Bodies were originally designated by numerous synonymes applied to the Sun, Moon, and Stars alike. In the course of time, a portion of these terms fell into disuse among each different branch of the human family; and as these various tribes did not, except in individual instances, preserve the same terms, these changes gave rise to differences, apparently fundamental. Moreover, in those instances in which thesameterms were retained, time produced important conventional differences ofapplication. For example, in order to distinguish the Sun, Moon, &c. from each other.1. A portion of these synonymes, which were originally used for all the Heavenly Bodies alike, were exclusivelyappropriatedto the Sun, while other synonymes were appropriated in like manner to the Moon, &c.; among different nations the same terms were frequently applied todifferentluminaries. Thus, in conformity to this principle, the English words“Sun”and“Moon”will be found to occur in the previous Analysis each applied, in other languages, toboththose luminaries.2. In some cases the different luminaries were distinguished from each other in a different manner, viz. two or more synonymes were united into one compound word, which was employed as the distinctive name of one of the Heavenly Bodies, as of the Sun, for example, while the“Moon”and the“Stars”continued to be known by their original names, consisting of simple synonymes; or received new names, formed by means ofdistinctcompounds.[pg ApA049]Examples of the second class abound in the dialects of the American continent. One example may suffice in this place, by way of illustration:“Tes-gessu”in some of these dialects means the Sun; in other dialects we find each of its component elements,“Tês”and“Gessu,”usedseparatelyas names of the same luminary. In common with many other important truths, the nature and origin of these compounds are, I conceive, rendered clearly apparent by an extended range of comparison, though they seem to have been a source of embarrassment to the philosophical mind of Du Ponceau, whose valuable inquiries were confined to a particular class of the dialects of North America.When the results of the previous Analysis are compared with the previous collection of African synonymes, used as names of the Heavenly Bodies, &c., it will be found thatnearly every oneof these synonymes has been unequivocally connected with the languages of the other three great divisions of the globe. The exceptions are too insignificant to be in any respect deserving of attention, with reference to the objects of this investigation. The completeness of this explanation of the African terms may, in the first instance, form a subject of surprise. But, astonishing as the results of the previous comparison in this respect undoubtedly are, they are nevertheless precisely the same as we should be ledà priorito expect, on the assumption that the African nations are descended from the same stock as the inhabitants of the other three continents.178[pg ApA050]Words For“Man, Woman, Human Being.”[In the following Analysis, the letterm.marks nouns masculine, (“Vir,”Latin,“Man,”English;)f.marks nouns feminine, (“Fœmina,”Latin,“Woman,”English;)h.marks terms applied to a“Human Being,”whether“male”or“female,”(“Homo,”Latin,“Mensch,”German;) there is no equivalent expression in the English language.]From the following Analysis, it will be apparent that, originally, the same words were in most instances applied to individuals of the human race, whether male or female, indiscriminately. Subsequently, a portion of the synonymes, thus indiscriminately applied in the first instance to thewholespecies, wereseparatelyappropriated to each of the two sexes; while another portion, as, for example, the Latin,“Homo,”and the German,“Mensch,”continued to be used as general terms for an individual of the species,without reference to sex.As the appropriation of these words was purely conventional, the same synonymes were very frequently appropriated, among different branches of the human race, to different sexes: i.e. a word appropriated to“Man”(Vir) by some tribes was appropriated to the“Female”sex (Fœmina) by other tribes. It is also evident that the terms thus appropriated consisted in some instances of simple, in others of compound, synonymes.These principles, which are precisely analogous to the results which flow from a comparison of the names of“The Heavenly Bodies”in the African tongues and in the other languages of the globe, will be found to afford a complete and consistent explanation of the phenomena displayed by the following Analysis, viz.: As before suggested, we find thewordsapplied to thehuman racein the different tongues of the globethe same; it is only in theappropriation of those words, as regards the twosexes, that we find a wide diversity in the various languages of the human race.[pg ApA051]Words for“Man, Woman,”&c.—Class I.First Modification.North Africa.—Fulahs & PhellatahsGour-ko,m., Gourk-o Mahodo,m.Negro-landGourr,h., Garr, H., Core,h.Gour-gne,m., Kerim,f.Europe.—WelshGour,m.(A mighty man, a hero.) Gour-on,m.Asia.—TaraikaiGuru,hKamschatkaK ur,h.PeluK or,h.Negro-land(as above)Core.h.Second Modification.South Africa.—MadagascarUrun,h.Orrang,m.179Europe.—Welsh. (Modifications of“Gour and Gour-on,”above.)Our,m., Ouron,m.Asia.—MalayOrang,m.South America.—QuicuansUar mi,f.Negro-land(as above)Ker im,f.There is a very obvious connexion between the above words for Man and a word for“The Hand,”of which the extreme antiquity is apparent from its occurring in the languages of races so widely separated as the following, in whose tongues this word exists in the subjoined forms, which cannot be said essentially to differ from each other: Gara (Mongol), Kara (Sanscrit), Keir (Greek),“The Hand.”[Compare the relation shown in the following examples between Manus,“The Hand”(Latin), and Manus-zia (Sanscrit), and Men-sch (German), i.e. Homo, a“Human Being.”][pg ApA052]Words for“Man, Woman,”&c.—Class II.Europe.—EnglishToBe.Welsh(Living, to live)Biou.Greek(To live)Bio-ō.180Greek(Life)Bi-os.Asia.—Koibals, N. AsiaBiusé,m.Negro-landBuas-ja,f.
[pg ApA033]Asia.Europe.America.1. Kjun, Day. (Turk.)Egun, Day. (Basque.)Kize-kun, Okené-gat,173“Day.”(Algonquyn dialects.)2.Tes-Gessu, Sun. [Evidently a compound of Gischu or Kiz-ho, the Sun, with“Tesh.”174]3. Tschi, Schi,“Day.”(Morduins,N.E.ofAsia.)Teshe-kow,“Day,”(Algonquyn Dialects.)[pg ApA034]According to Du Ponceau the words for“Heaven”in the Algonquyn tongue are derived from several sources. A numerous class consists of“Mots derivées deKesuch, Astre, Soleil,”i.e. words fromKesuch,“Sun, Star.”Compare the names for the“Eye,”previously noticed; also traced by Du Ponceau to Kesuch, or Kesus,“The Sun.”North Africa—Egyptians, &c.Middle Africa—Negroes.South Africa—Hottentots, &c.1.2.T' gachu,“Heaven.”3.4.Tschukko,“Heaven.”K' tak.5.Nghoi,“Heaven.”[Also“Thunder in the Air.”]6.7.Homma,“Heaven.”[See Omma, Moomo, and other analogous words previously explained, applied to“Sun and Moon.”][pg ApA035]Asia.Europe.America.1. K jok,175“Heaven.”(Turk.)Kez-hik, Keg-ik, Heaven2. Chok,“Heaven.”(Tart.) Kuk,“Heaven.”(Casan.)3. Kh'igan,“Heaven.”(Comac.) Ko'chan,“Heaven.”(Kamschatka.) Kundschu,“Heaven.”(Jukadshires.)Gezhegon, Heaven. (Algonquyn.)4. Shkai,“Heaven.”(Morduins.)“Sky.”(Eng & Dan.)Ta k, Tack,“Heaven.”(Esquimaux.) Keschékewé, Heaven. (Algonquyn.)5.6. Kiusiu-luste. (Tscheremessian.)7.[pg ApA036]Another class of names for“heaven,”are words signifying“On High,”En Haut.North Africa—Egyptians, &c.Middle Africa—Negroes.South Africa—Hottentots, &c.1. Szemmèÿ, Heaven. (Nubia & Abyssinia.)2. Szèmma, Heaven. (Berbers & Dongolans.)3. Szemma, Heaven, (Phellata.)4.Szemma.5.Szemma.6.Assaman. Sambiam pungo. Assamane, Heaven.7.8. Apĕ, Apē, Aphe,“Head.”9. A ph . o ph, a Giant. (Egypt.)Ivaq.10.I banju[pg ApA037]Asia.Europe.America.1.2.3.4. Sema, Heaven. (Arabic.)5. Shmia, Heaven. (Pehlwi.)6. Asman, Heaven. (Siberian Tartars)A woso-gamé, Heaven. [Literally“En Haut,”on high.] (Algonquyn.)7.Upo. (Greek.) Up. (English.) Heavion, to rise, Heafon, Heaven. (Ang. Sax.) Haupt. (German.)Apez, Heaven. (Moxian.)8.Heafod, (Ang. Sax.) Huf-wud, Head. (Swedish.)9.I bag, I bâca. (Brazil.)10.Oubecou, (Caraibs,) Ipigem, Heaven. (Abipones.)[pg ApA038]Another Class of names for“Heaven,”are words signifying“On High,”En Haut.North Africa—Egyptians, &c.Middle Africa—Negroes.South Africa—Hottentots, &c.1. Pe, and Phe, Heaven.2. N e th-Pe and Ne-Pheou, Heaven-s or Heaven.3. Net-phe, an Egyptian Goddess, the consort of Seb or Saturn. Her emblem was“The Firmament.”4. Ne-Pheou, Heaven-s or Heaven. [Like the Greek“Ouranoi.”] (Egypt.)5.Sulu,“Heaven.”[Compare preceding words.]I suhlu, Heaven.[pg ApA039]Asia.Europe.America.1.2.Ibo, Ibunga, the Sun. (California.)3.Nebo, Heaven. (Sclavon.) Nev, Heaven. (Welsh.)4.5. S l, to raise, elevate. (Hebrew.)Celsus, Cœlum. (Latin.)[pg ApA040]Another Class of words for the“Sky”is derived, as is obvious in many languages, from words primarily meaning“Air.”North Africa—Egyptians, &c.Middle Africa—Negroes.South Africa—Hottentots, &c.1.2.Maaro, Heaven. [Compare the formation of M—.' A . ou . r, a Luminary,Hebrew, from A our, Light,176as previously explained.]3.Iru, Heaven.4.5.Atem co.6. Aineha.7. Aineha addela, Eye. (Nubia & Abyss.)[pg ApA041]Asia.Europe.America.1. A ou . ee . r, Air, Space, (Chald.) from A r, to flow. (Heb.)A wyr, the Air, the Sky. (Welsh.)2. A r w, Heaven. (Ossetian.)3.A ē r and Ē r ē, Juno, the Atmosphere or Heavens personified.4. Auwa, Heaven. (Sib. Tartars.)A .ō, to blow, breathe. (Greek.) A ha, Breath. (German.) A-them, Breath, Air. (German.)Wahwi,“Heaven.”(Algonquyn.) [According to Du Ponceau, of unknown origin,“origine inconnue.”But see the adjoining column.]5.At m-ē, At m-os, Breath, Vapour. Atmos-Sphaira, Atmosphere. (Greek.) Atmosphere. (English.) Chwa, a gust of Wind. (Welsh.)6.Aino, Eye. (Mossans, S. A.)7. Oeen, Eye. Ene, Behold. (Heb.) Yen, Eye. (Chinese.)En, Behold. (Latin.)En-ourou, Yen-ourou, Eye. (Caraibs, S. A.)[pg ApA042]North Africa—Egyptians, &c.Middle Africa—Negroes.South Africa—Hottentots, &c.1.Ne ay. Hinma, Eye.2.Neay (as above).3.Nou kou, Onukou, Eye.4.5.K hasso, Eye.6.Guitte, Eye.7. Egō at, Eye. (Nubia & Abyss.)[pg ApA043]Asia.Europe.America.1.Ñahui, Eye. (Quichauns.) Nàgui, Eye. (Quitenans, S. A.)2. Ne, Eye. (Circassian.)Ne, Nege, Ge,“Eye.”(Araucan, S. A.)3.Nigüecogue, Nigecogee,“Eye.”(M. Bayan.) Natocle,“Eye.”(Abipones, inhabitants of the extremes. ofS. America.)4. Achsi, Eye. (Sanscrit.)Ishyik. K hescoué, the Eye, connected with Kesus, the Sun. (Algonquyn,177N. A.)5.Kussee, Eye. (Nootka Sound.)6. Giosgus, Gus, Eye. (Turk.)7.Eage, Eye. (Ang. Sax.) Oko, Eye. (Sclavonian.) Oculus, Eye. (Latin.)[pg ApA044]North Africa—Egyptians, &c.Middle Africa—Negroes.South Africa—Hottentots, &c.1.2.Zu, Sun (as before).T' saguh, Eye.3.4.5.6.7.Szan-ko, Eye.[pg ApA045]Asia.Europe.America.1.Sah, the Sun and Moon. (Chippeway, as before.)2.Zu, and Zuiakc, Eye. (Lulians, S. A.)3.Sagax, Quick of Sight. (Latin.) Sight. (English.)4. Sai, Saiwa, Saie, Eye. (Samoied.)See. (English.) Sehen. (German.)5. Schun,“Sun.”(Mantchu.)Sun. (English.)6. Sem, Eye. (Ostiaks.)Szem, Eye. (Hungarian.)7.Shenek, Eye. (Alyon. dialects, N. A.)[pg ApA046]In the words next following we have an example of the principle that the terms applied to the perceptive powers of the“Hand,”in the first instance, form a source of many analogous words applied to the operations of the other senses, and to those of the mind.North Africa—Egyptians, &c.Middle Africa—Negroes.South Africa—Hottentots, &c.1.2.3.Tewho, Eye.4.Batte, Eye.5. Bal, an Eye, Bel, Eyes. (Egypt.)6. Belle, Blind. [Supposed by Dr. Loewe to be from Bel or Bal, and the Hebrew negative suffix“l.”] (Egypt.)7.Rogue, Heaven.[pg ApA047]Asia.Europe.America.1. E e d, the Hand.Yede, Eye. (Zamucans, S. A.)2. E ed o, to feel, to perceive, to know.Eido, tosee, to know. (Greek.)3. Do-eth re, Eye. (Zend.)Do-eth, Wise. (Welsh.)4.Toké, Eye. (Villelans, S. A.)5. B th, the Pupil of the Eye. (Hebrew.)Ball, Eyeball. (English.) Bli-ck. (German.)6.Blink. (English.) [Compare this word with the last.]7.Blind, Black. (English.)[pg ApA048]Remarks.The proofs involved in the previous Analysis of the original unity of the different languages of the globe are distinct and vivid. It will be observed that those irregularities of structure, which are to be found more or less in each individual language, viewed separately, disappear when the whole mass of human tongues are thus surveyed in combination as derivative branches of one original speech. Moreover, it will be seen that the greater the number of languages, and the wider the geographical surface of the globe comprised in the comparison, the more minutely may be traced the steps of the transition by which the languages of mankind branched off from their common Original. This evidence is in its nature demonstrative of the truths developed in these pages.It will be apparent that the Heavenly Bodies were originally designated by numerous synonymes applied to the Sun, Moon, and Stars alike. In the course of time, a portion of these terms fell into disuse among each different branch of the human family; and as these various tribes did not, except in individual instances, preserve the same terms, these changes gave rise to differences, apparently fundamental. Moreover, in those instances in which thesameterms were retained, time produced important conventional differences ofapplication. For example, in order to distinguish the Sun, Moon, &c. from each other.1. A portion of these synonymes, which were originally used for all the Heavenly Bodies alike, were exclusivelyappropriatedto the Sun, while other synonymes were appropriated in like manner to the Moon, &c.; among different nations the same terms were frequently applied todifferentluminaries. Thus, in conformity to this principle, the English words“Sun”and“Moon”will be found to occur in the previous Analysis each applied, in other languages, toboththose luminaries.2. In some cases the different luminaries were distinguished from each other in a different manner, viz. two or more synonymes were united into one compound word, which was employed as the distinctive name of one of the Heavenly Bodies, as of the Sun, for example, while the“Moon”and the“Stars”continued to be known by their original names, consisting of simple synonymes; or received new names, formed by means ofdistinctcompounds.[pg ApA049]Examples of the second class abound in the dialects of the American continent. One example may suffice in this place, by way of illustration:“Tes-gessu”in some of these dialects means the Sun; in other dialects we find each of its component elements,“Tês”and“Gessu,”usedseparatelyas names of the same luminary. In common with many other important truths, the nature and origin of these compounds are, I conceive, rendered clearly apparent by an extended range of comparison, though they seem to have been a source of embarrassment to the philosophical mind of Du Ponceau, whose valuable inquiries were confined to a particular class of the dialects of North America.When the results of the previous Analysis are compared with the previous collection of African synonymes, used as names of the Heavenly Bodies, &c., it will be found thatnearly every oneof these synonymes has been unequivocally connected with the languages of the other three great divisions of the globe. The exceptions are too insignificant to be in any respect deserving of attention, with reference to the objects of this investigation. The completeness of this explanation of the African terms may, in the first instance, form a subject of surprise. But, astonishing as the results of the previous comparison in this respect undoubtedly are, they are nevertheless precisely the same as we should be ledà priorito expect, on the assumption that the African nations are descended from the same stock as the inhabitants of the other three continents.178[pg ApA050]Words For“Man, Woman, Human Being.”[In the following Analysis, the letterm.marks nouns masculine, (“Vir,”Latin,“Man,”English;)f.marks nouns feminine, (“Fœmina,”Latin,“Woman,”English;)h.marks terms applied to a“Human Being,”whether“male”or“female,”(“Homo,”Latin,“Mensch,”German;) there is no equivalent expression in the English language.]From the following Analysis, it will be apparent that, originally, the same words were in most instances applied to individuals of the human race, whether male or female, indiscriminately. Subsequently, a portion of the synonymes, thus indiscriminately applied in the first instance to thewholespecies, wereseparatelyappropriated to each of the two sexes; while another portion, as, for example, the Latin,“Homo,”and the German,“Mensch,”continued to be used as general terms for an individual of the species,without reference to sex.As the appropriation of these words was purely conventional, the same synonymes were very frequently appropriated, among different branches of the human race, to different sexes: i.e. a word appropriated to“Man”(Vir) by some tribes was appropriated to the“Female”sex (Fœmina) by other tribes. It is also evident that the terms thus appropriated consisted in some instances of simple, in others of compound, synonymes.These principles, which are precisely analogous to the results which flow from a comparison of the names of“The Heavenly Bodies”in the African tongues and in the other languages of the globe, will be found to afford a complete and consistent explanation of the phenomena displayed by the following Analysis, viz.: As before suggested, we find thewordsapplied to thehuman racein the different tongues of the globethe same; it is only in theappropriation of those words, as regards the twosexes, that we find a wide diversity in the various languages of the human race.[pg ApA051]Words for“Man, Woman,”&c.—Class I.First Modification.North Africa.—Fulahs & PhellatahsGour-ko,m., Gourk-o Mahodo,m.Negro-landGourr,h., Garr, H., Core,h.Gour-gne,m., Kerim,f.Europe.—WelshGour,m.(A mighty man, a hero.) Gour-on,m.Asia.—TaraikaiGuru,hKamschatkaK ur,h.PeluK or,h.Negro-land(as above)Core.h.Second Modification.South Africa.—MadagascarUrun,h.Orrang,m.179Europe.—Welsh. (Modifications of“Gour and Gour-on,”above.)Our,m., Ouron,m.Asia.—MalayOrang,m.South America.—QuicuansUar mi,f.Negro-land(as above)Ker im,f.There is a very obvious connexion between the above words for Man and a word for“The Hand,”of which the extreme antiquity is apparent from its occurring in the languages of races so widely separated as the following, in whose tongues this word exists in the subjoined forms, which cannot be said essentially to differ from each other: Gara (Mongol), Kara (Sanscrit), Keir (Greek),“The Hand.”[Compare the relation shown in the following examples between Manus,“The Hand”(Latin), and Manus-zia (Sanscrit), and Men-sch (German), i.e. Homo, a“Human Being.”][pg ApA052]Words for“Man, Woman,”&c.—Class II.Europe.—EnglishToBe.Welsh(Living, to live)Biou.Greek(To live)Bio-ō.180Greek(Life)Bi-os.Asia.—Koibals, N. AsiaBiusé,m.Negro-landBuas-ja,f.
[pg ApA033]Asia.Europe.America.1. Kjun, Day. (Turk.)Egun, Day. (Basque.)Kize-kun, Okené-gat,173“Day.”(Algonquyn dialects.)2.Tes-Gessu, Sun. [Evidently a compound of Gischu or Kiz-ho, the Sun, with“Tesh.”174]3. Tschi, Schi,“Day.”(Morduins,N.E.ofAsia.)Teshe-kow,“Day,”(Algonquyn Dialects.)[pg ApA034]According to Du Ponceau the words for“Heaven”in the Algonquyn tongue are derived from several sources. A numerous class consists of“Mots derivées deKesuch, Astre, Soleil,”i.e. words fromKesuch,“Sun, Star.”Compare the names for the“Eye,”previously noticed; also traced by Du Ponceau to Kesuch, or Kesus,“The Sun.”North Africa—Egyptians, &c.Middle Africa—Negroes.South Africa—Hottentots, &c.1.2.T' gachu,“Heaven.”3.4.Tschukko,“Heaven.”K' tak.5.Nghoi,“Heaven.”[Also“Thunder in the Air.”]6.7.Homma,“Heaven.”[See Omma, Moomo, and other analogous words previously explained, applied to“Sun and Moon.”][pg ApA035]Asia.Europe.America.1. K jok,175“Heaven.”(Turk.)Kez-hik, Keg-ik, Heaven2. Chok,“Heaven.”(Tart.) Kuk,“Heaven.”(Casan.)3. Kh'igan,“Heaven.”(Comac.) Ko'chan,“Heaven.”(Kamschatka.) Kundschu,“Heaven.”(Jukadshires.)Gezhegon, Heaven. (Algonquyn.)4. Shkai,“Heaven.”(Morduins.)“Sky.”(Eng & Dan.)Ta k, Tack,“Heaven.”(Esquimaux.) Keschékewé, Heaven. (Algonquyn.)5.6. Kiusiu-luste. (Tscheremessian.)7.[pg ApA036]Another class of names for“heaven,”are words signifying“On High,”En Haut.North Africa—Egyptians, &c.Middle Africa—Negroes.South Africa—Hottentots, &c.1. Szemmèÿ, Heaven. (Nubia & Abyssinia.)2. Szèmma, Heaven. (Berbers & Dongolans.)3. Szemma, Heaven, (Phellata.)4.Szemma.5.Szemma.6.Assaman. Sambiam pungo. Assamane, Heaven.7.8. Apĕ, Apē, Aphe,“Head.”9. A ph . o ph, a Giant. (Egypt.)Ivaq.10.I banju[pg ApA037]Asia.Europe.America.1.2.3.4. Sema, Heaven. (Arabic.)5. Shmia, Heaven. (Pehlwi.)6. Asman, Heaven. (Siberian Tartars)A woso-gamé, Heaven. [Literally“En Haut,”on high.] (Algonquyn.)7.Upo. (Greek.) Up. (English.) Heavion, to rise, Heafon, Heaven. (Ang. Sax.) Haupt. (German.)Apez, Heaven. (Moxian.)8.Heafod, (Ang. Sax.) Huf-wud, Head. (Swedish.)9.I bag, I bâca. (Brazil.)10.Oubecou, (Caraibs,) Ipigem, Heaven. (Abipones.)[pg ApA038]Another Class of names for“Heaven,”are words signifying“On High,”En Haut.North Africa—Egyptians, &c.Middle Africa—Negroes.South Africa—Hottentots, &c.1. Pe, and Phe, Heaven.2. N e th-Pe and Ne-Pheou, Heaven-s or Heaven.3. Net-phe, an Egyptian Goddess, the consort of Seb or Saturn. Her emblem was“The Firmament.”4. Ne-Pheou, Heaven-s or Heaven. [Like the Greek“Ouranoi.”] (Egypt.)5.Sulu,“Heaven.”[Compare preceding words.]I suhlu, Heaven.[pg ApA039]Asia.Europe.America.1.2.Ibo, Ibunga, the Sun. (California.)3.Nebo, Heaven. (Sclavon.) Nev, Heaven. (Welsh.)4.5. S l, to raise, elevate. (Hebrew.)Celsus, Cœlum. (Latin.)[pg ApA040]Another Class of words for the“Sky”is derived, as is obvious in many languages, from words primarily meaning“Air.”North Africa—Egyptians, &c.Middle Africa—Negroes.South Africa—Hottentots, &c.1.2.Maaro, Heaven. [Compare the formation of M—.' A . ou . r, a Luminary,Hebrew, from A our, Light,176as previously explained.]3.Iru, Heaven.4.5.Atem co.6. Aineha.7. Aineha addela, Eye. (Nubia & Abyss.)[pg ApA041]Asia.Europe.America.1. A ou . ee . r, Air, Space, (Chald.) from A r, to flow. (Heb.)A wyr, the Air, the Sky. (Welsh.)2. A r w, Heaven. (Ossetian.)3.A ē r and Ē r ē, Juno, the Atmosphere or Heavens personified.4. Auwa, Heaven. (Sib. Tartars.)A .ō, to blow, breathe. (Greek.) A ha, Breath. (German.) A-them, Breath, Air. (German.)Wahwi,“Heaven.”(Algonquyn.) [According to Du Ponceau, of unknown origin,“origine inconnue.”But see the adjoining column.]5.At m-ē, At m-os, Breath, Vapour. Atmos-Sphaira, Atmosphere. (Greek.) Atmosphere. (English.) Chwa, a gust of Wind. (Welsh.)6.Aino, Eye. (Mossans, S. A.)7. Oeen, Eye. Ene, Behold. (Heb.) Yen, Eye. (Chinese.)En, Behold. (Latin.)En-ourou, Yen-ourou, Eye. (Caraibs, S. A.)[pg ApA042]North Africa—Egyptians, &c.Middle Africa—Negroes.South Africa—Hottentots, &c.1.Ne ay. Hinma, Eye.2.Neay (as above).3.Nou kou, Onukou, Eye.4.5.K hasso, Eye.6.Guitte, Eye.7. Egō at, Eye. (Nubia & Abyss.)[pg ApA043]Asia.Europe.America.1.Ñahui, Eye. (Quichauns.) Nàgui, Eye. (Quitenans, S. A.)2. Ne, Eye. (Circassian.)Ne, Nege, Ge,“Eye.”(Araucan, S. A.)3.Nigüecogue, Nigecogee,“Eye.”(M. Bayan.) Natocle,“Eye.”(Abipones, inhabitants of the extremes. ofS. America.)4. Achsi, Eye. (Sanscrit.)Ishyik. K hescoué, the Eye, connected with Kesus, the Sun. (Algonquyn,177N. A.)5.Kussee, Eye. (Nootka Sound.)6. Giosgus, Gus, Eye. (Turk.)7.Eage, Eye. (Ang. Sax.) Oko, Eye. (Sclavonian.) Oculus, Eye. (Latin.)[pg ApA044]North Africa—Egyptians, &c.Middle Africa—Negroes.South Africa—Hottentots, &c.1.2.Zu, Sun (as before).T' saguh, Eye.3.4.5.6.7.Szan-ko, Eye.[pg ApA045]Asia.Europe.America.1.Sah, the Sun and Moon. (Chippeway, as before.)2.Zu, and Zuiakc, Eye. (Lulians, S. A.)3.Sagax, Quick of Sight. (Latin.) Sight. (English.)4. Sai, Saiwa, Saie, Eye. (Samoied.)See. (English.) Sehen. (German.)5. Schun,“Sun.”(Mantchu.)Sun. (English.)6. Sem, Eye. (Ostiaks.)Szem, Eye. (Hungarian.)7.Shenek, Eye. (Alyon. dialects, N. A.)[pg ApA046]In the words next following we have an example of the principle that the terms applied to the perceptive powers of the“Hand,”in the first instance, form a source of many analogous words applied to the operations of the other senses, and to those of the mind.North Africa—Egyptians, &c.Middle Africa—Negroes.South Africa—Hottentots, &c.1.2.3.Tewho, Eye.4.Batte, Eye.5. Bal, an Eye, Bel, Eyes. (Egypt.)6. Belle, Blind. [Supposed by Dr. Loewe to be from Bel or Bal, and the Hebrew negative suffix“l.”] (Egypt.)7.Rogue, Heaven.[pg ApA047]Asia.Europe.America.1. E e d, the Hand.Yede, Eye. (Zamucans, S. A.)2. E ed o, to feel, to perceive, to know.Eido, tosee, to know. (Greek.)3. Do-eth re, Eye. (Zend.)Do-eth, Wise. (Welsh.)4.Toké, Eye. (Villelans, S. A.)5. B th, the Pupil of the Eye. (Hebrew.)Ball, Eyeball. (English.) Bli-ck. (German.)6.Blink. (English.) [Compare this word with the last.]7.Blind, Black. (English.)[pg ApA048]Remarks.The proofs involved in the previous Analysis of the original unity of the different languages of the globe are distinct and vivid. It will be observed that those irregularities of structure, which are to be found more or less in each individual language, viewed separately, disappear when the whole mass of human tongues are thus surveyed in combination as derivative branches of one original speech. Moreover, it will be seen that the greater the number of languages, and the wider the geographical surface of the globe comprised in the comparison, the more minutely may be traced the steps of the transition by which the languages of mankind branched off from their common Original. This evidence is in its nature demonstrative of the truths developed in these pages.It will be apparent that the Heavenly Bodies were originally designated by numerous synonymes applied to the Sun, Moon, and Stars alike. In the course of time, a portion of these terms fell into disuse among each different branch of the human family; and as these various tribes did not, except in individual instances, preserve the same terms, these changes gave rise to differences, apparently fundamental. Moreover, in those instances in which thesameterms were retained, time produced important conventional differences ofapplication. For example, in order to distinguish the Sun, Moon, &c. from each other.1. A portion of these synonymes, which were originally used for all the Heavenly Bodies alike, were exclusivelyappropriatedto the Sun, while other synonymes were appropriated in like manner to the Moon, &c.; among different nations the same terms were frequently applied todifferentluminaries. Thus, in conformity to this principle, the English words“Sun”and“Moon”will be found to occur in the previous Analysis each applied, in other languages, toboththose luminaries.2. In some cases the different luminaries were distinguished from each other in a different manner, viz. two or more synonymes were united into one compound word, which was employed as the distinctive name of one of the Heavenly Bodies, as of the Sun, for example, while the“Moon”and the“Stars”continued to be known by their original names, consisting of simple synonymes; or received new names, formed by means ofdistinctcompounds.[pg ApA049]Examples of the second class abound in the dialects of the American continent. One example may suffice in this place, by way of illustration:“Tes-gessu”in some of these dialects means the Sun; in other dialects we find each of its component elements,“Tês”and“Gessu,”usedseparatelyas names of the same luminary. In common with many other important truths, the nature and origin of these compounds are, I conceive, rendered clearly apparent by an extended range of comparison, though they seem to have been a source of embarrassment to the philosophical mind of Du Ponceau, whose valuable inquiries were confined to a particular class of the dialects of North America.When the results of the previous Analysis are compared with the previous collection of African synonymes, used as names of the Heavenly Bodies, &c., it will be found thatnearly every oneof these synonymes has been unequivocally connected with the languages of the other three great divisions of the globe. The exceptions are too insignificant to be in any respect deserving of attention, with reference to the objects of this investigation. The completeness of this explanation of the African terms may, in the first instance, form a subject of surprise. But, astonishing as the results of the previous comparison in this respect undoubtedly are, they are nevertheless precisely the same as we should be ledà priorito expect, on the assumption that the African nations are descended from the same stock as the inhabitants of the other three continents.178[pg ApA050]Words For“Man, Woman, Human Being.”[In the following Analysis, the letterm.marks nouns masculine, (“Vir,”Latin,“Man,”English;)f.marks nouns feminine, (“Fœmina,”Latin,“Woman,”English;)h.marks terms applied to a“Human Being,”whether“male”or“female,”(“Homo,”Latin,“Mensch,”German;) there is no equivalent expression in the English language.]From the following Analysis, it will be apparent that, originally, the same words were in most instances applied to individuals of the human race, whether male or female, indiscriminately. Subsequently, a portion of the synonymes, thus indiscriminately applied in the first instance to thewholespecies, wereseparatelyappropriated to each of the two sexes; while another portion, as, for example, the Latin,“Homo,”and the German,“Mensch,”continued to be used as general terms for an individual of the species,without reference to sex.As the appropriation of these words was purely conventional, the same synonymes were very frequently appropriated, among different branches of the human race, to different sexes: i.e. a word appropriated to“Man”(Vir) by some tribes was appropriated to the“Female”sex (Fœmina) by other tribes. It is also evident that the terms thus appropriated consisted in some instances of simple, in others of compound, synonymes.These principles, which are precisely analogous to the results which flow from a comparison of the names of“The Heavenly Bodies”in the African tongues and in the other languages of the globe, will be found to afford a complete and consistent explanation of the phenomena displayed by the following Analysis, viz.: As before suggested, we find thewordsapplied to thehuman racein the different tongues of the globethe same; it is only in theappropriation of those words, as regards the twosexes, that we find a wide diversity in the various languages of the human race.[pg ApA051]Words for“Man, Woman,”&c.—Class I.First Modification.North Africa.—Fulahs & PhellatahsGour-ko,m., Gourk-o Mahodo,m.Negro-landGourr,h., Garr, H., Core,h.Gour-gne,m., Kerim,f.Europe.—WelshGour,m.(A mighty man, a hero.) Gour-on,m.Asia.—TaraikaiGuru,hKamschatkaK ur,h.PeluK or,h.Negro-land(as above)Core.h.Second Modification.South Africa.—MadagascarUrun,h.Orrang,m.179Europe.—Welsh. (Modifications of“Gour and Gour-on,”above.)Our,m., Ouron,m.Asia.—MalayOrang,m.South America.—QuicuansUar mi,f.Negro-land(as above)Ker im,f.There is a very obvious connexion between the above words for Man and a word for“The Hand,”of which the extreme antiquity is apparent from its occurring in the languages of races so widely separated as the following, in whose tongues this word exists in the subjoined forms, which cannot be said essentially to differ from each other: Gara (Mongol), Kara (Sanscrit), Keir (Greek),“The Hand.”[Compare the relation shown in the following examples between Manus,“The Hand”(Latin), and Manus-zia (Sanscrit), and Men-sch (German), i.e. Homo, a“Human Being.”][pg ApA052]Words for“Man, Woman,”&c.—Class II.Europe.—EnglishToBe.Welsh(Living, to live)Biou.Greek(To live)Bio-ō.180Greek(Life)Bi-os.Asia.—Koibals, N. AsiaBiusé,m.Negro-landBuas-ja,f.
According to Du Ponceau the words for“Heaven”in the Algonquyn tongue are derived from several sources. A numerous class consists of“Mots derivées deKesuch, Astre, Soleil,”i.e. words fromKesuch,“Sun, Star.”Compare the names for the“Eye,”previously noticed; also traced by Du Ponceau to Kesuch, or Kesus,“The Sun.”
Another class of names for“heaven,”are words signifying“On High,”En Haut.
Another Class of names for“Heaven,”are words signifying“On High,”En Haut.
Another Class of words for the“Sky”is derived, as is obvious in many languages, from words primarily meaning“Air.”
In the words next following we have an example of the principle that the terms applied to the perceptive powers of the“Hand,”in the first instance, form a source of many analogous words applied to the operations of the other senses, and to those of the mind.
Remarks.
The proofs involved in the previous Analysis of the original unity of the different languages of the globe are distinct and vivid. It will be observed that those irregularities of structure, which are to be found more or less in each individual language, viewed separately, disappear when the whole mass of human tongues are thus surveyed in combination as derivative branches of one original speech. Moreover, it will be seen that the greater the number of languages, and the wider the geographical surface of the globe comprised in the comparison, the more minutely may be traced the steps of the transition by which the languages of mankind branched off from their common Original. This evidence is in its nature demonstrative of the truths developed in these pages.
It will be apparent that the Heavenly Bodies were originally designated by numerous synonymes applied to the Sun, Moon, and Stars alike. In the course of time, a portion of these terms fell into disuse among each different branch of the human family; and as these various tribes did not, except in individual instances, preserve the same terms, these changes gave rise to differences, apparently fundamental. Moreover, in those instances in which thesameterms were retained, time produced important conventional differences ofapplication. For example, in order to distinguish the Sun, Moon, &c. from each other.
1. A portion of these synonymes, which were originally used for all the Heavenly Bodies alike, were exclusivelyappropriatedto the Sun, while other synonymes were appropriated in like manner to the Moon, &c.; among different nations the same terms were frequently applied todifferentluminaries. Thus, in conformity to this principle, the English words“Sun”and“Moon”will be found to occur in the previous Analysis each applied, in other languages, toboththose luminaries.
2. In some cases the different luminaries were distinguished from each other in a different manner, viz. two or more synonymes were united into one compound word, which was employed as the distinctive name of one of the Heavenly Bodies, as of the Sun, for example, while the“Moon”and the“Stars”continued to be known by their original names, consisting of simple synonymes; or received new names, formed by means ofdistinctcompounds.
Examples of the second class abound in the dialects of the American continent. One example may suffice in this place, by way of illustration:“Tes-gessu”in some of these dialects means the Sun; in other dialects we find each of its component elements,“Tês”and“Gessu,”usedseparatelyas names of the same luminary. In common with many other important truths, the nature and origin of these compounds are, I conceive, rendered clearly apparent by an extended range of comparison, though they seem to have been a source of embarrassment to the philosophical mind of Du Ponceau, whose valuable inquiries were confined to a particular class of the dialects of North America.
When the results of the previous Analysis are compared with the previous collection of African synonymes, used as names of the Heavenly Bodies, &c., it will be found thatnearly every oneof these synonymes has been unequivocally connected with the languages of the other three great divisions of the globe. The exceptions are too insignificant to be in any respect deserving of attention, with reference to the objects of this investigation. The completeness of this explanation of the African terms may, in the first instance, form a subject of surprise. But, astonishing as the results of the previous comparison in this respect undoubtedly are, they are nevertheless precisely the same as we should be ledà priorito expect, on the assumption that the African nations are descended from the same stock as the inhabitants of the other three continents.178
Words For“Man, Woman, Human Being.”
[In the following Analysis, the letterm.marks nouns masculine, (“Vir,”Latin,“Man,”English;)f.marks nouns feminine, (“Fœmina,”Latin,“Woman,”English;)h.marks terms applied to a“Human Being,”whether“male”or“female,”(“Homo,”Latin,“Mensch,”German;) there is no equivalent expression in the English language.]
From the following Analysis, it will be apparent that, originally, the same words were in most instances applied to individuals of the human race, whether male or female, indiscriminately. Subsequently, a portion of the synonymes, thus indiscriminately applied in the first instance to thewholespecies, wereseparatelyappropriated to each of the two sexes; while another portion, as, for example, the Latin,“Homo,”and the German,“Mensch,”continued to be used as general terms for an individual of the species,without reference to sex.
As the appropriation of these words was purely conventional, the same synonymes were very frequently appropriated, among different branches of the human race, to different sexes: i.e. a word appropriated to“Man”(Vir) by some tribes was appropriated to the“Female”sex (Fœmina) by other tribes. It is also evident that the terms thus appropriated consisted in some instances of simple, in others of compound, synonymes.
These principles, which are precisely analogous to the results which flow from a comparison of the names of“The Heavenly Bodies”in the African tongues and in the other languages of the globe, will be found to afford a complete and consistent explanation of the phenomena displayed by the following Analysis, viz.: As before suggested, we find thewordsapplied to thehuman racein the different tongues of the globethe same; it is only in theappropriation of those words, as regards the twosexes, that we find a wide diversity in the various languages of the human race.
Words for“Man, Woman,”&c.—Class I.
First Modification.
Second Modification.
There is a very obvious connexion between the above words for Man and a word for“The Hand,”of which the extreme antiquity is apparent from its occurring in the languages of races so widely separated as the following, in whose tongues this word exists in the subjoined forms, which cannot be said essentially to differ from each other: Gara (Mongol), Kara (Sanscrit), Keir (Greek),“The Hand.”[Compare the relation shown in the following examples between Manus,“The Hand”(Latin), and Manus-zia (Sanscrit), and Men-sch (German), i.e. Homo, a“Human Being.”]
Words for“Man, Woman,”&c.—Class II.