Words for“Man, Woman,”&c.—Class III.First Modification.Europe.—LatinHomo,h.South Africa.—KoosasUhm-to,h.Uhm-fasi,f.(A Child)Uhm-toano.Negro-land.(A compound, apparently, of Ommo and the previous word“Biou,”&c.)Bi-ommo,h.South America.—BetoansHumasoi,h.Umasoi,h.Negro-landUm-ir,h.Mo,h.Asia.—OssetiansMo,h.South America.—GuaramiansMe,m.Negro-landAmme,h., Emme,h.Meame,h.Mammoku,m.Mangman,f.[pg ApA053]The following are examples of words of this class applied to the Female Sex:South America.—MobimansMa,f.Mossans(“A Mother”)Meme,f.Negro-landMa,f., Mmi,f.North Africa.—EgyptHime,f., Himi,f.Europe.—BasqueEmea,f.Asia.—Karassians and OstiaksIma,f., Ime,f.Europe.—Fin.Waimo,f.Second Modification.Europe.—Latin(from Homo)Ho-min-em,h.(Human)Hu-“man”-ûs.(The Hand)“man”-us.Asia,—Sans.(A“Human Being”)Manus-zia,h.Europe.—German(The same)Men-sch,h.(A Man, Vir)Mann,m.EnglishMan,m.DanishMand,m.Negro-landManee,h., Mond,h., Mundu,h.South Africa.—Lagoa BayMonhee,h.BeetjuanasMuhn-to,h.Mon-una,m.Asia.—KurdManno,m.OssetianMoine Mo,h.South America.—OmaguansMena,m.The following are examples in which theSecond Modificationand the transition from the first to the second form of these words are traceable in words applied to the Female Sex.Europe.—Fin.(Woman, as above)Waimo,f.Asia.—SanscritWa-mani,f.Europe.—EnglishWo-man,f.[pg ApA054]The words of this Class may be distinctly traced, in both their previous modifications, as Pronouns in common use in the principal languages of Europe and Asia. The value of this evidence will be understood when Horne Tooke's principle, that Pronouns are identical with Nouns, is borne in mind.1. Pronouns identical with Amme, Emme, Meame,“Man,”above:Aham,“I,”Mam,“Me,”(Sanscrit.)Eme,“Me,”(Greek.)2. Pronouns identical with Monhe, Mano, Manee,“Man,”above.Mon,“I,”(Ostiak.) Men, I, (Persian.)Menik,“I,”(Belutchee.) Menya,“Me,”(Russian.)“Mein,”(German and English.)For other examples, see Observations on the Algonquyn Dialects of North America.There is another topic that calls for observation in this place.The origin of the peculiar transition, observable in this class of words, as, for example, in the instance of the Latin words“Homo, Ho-minis, Hu-manus, Manus,”has been fully investigated in the Observations on the Algonquyn Dialects of North America. Those observations are equally applicable in this place, for the previous Analysis establishes the remarkable fact that the African languages exhibit in this instance not only the samewords, but the principal subordinate modifications of those words, which occur in the tongues of the other three continents.Further, these modifications arecompletelytraceable in the Negro dialectsseparatelyconsidered. They are also completely traceable in the dialects of South Africaseparatelyconsidered. Moreover, it may be added, that these gradations of inflexion actually coexist in onesingle classof South African dialects:“Uhm-to, Muhn-to, Monuna,”are all found in the languages of the kindred tribes, the Koossas and Beetjuanas.[pg ApA055]Words for“Man, Woman,”&c.—Class IV.First Modification.South America.—Abipones and MokobisJoalé,h.Aalo,f.Negro-landAlo,f.Europe.—Latin PronounsIlle, Illa.South Africa.—MadagascarLelay,m.Lahe,m.Second Modification.North Africa.—EgyptLomi,h.Negro-landOlummi,m.181South Africa.—MadagascarOlon,h.Oelun,h.Asia.—Malays of FormosaAulon,h.N. America.—Algonquyn dialectsAhlaniah,h.Illaniah,h.Illenni,h.Lenno,m.Lennis,h.Negro-landLaniu,m.Lung,f.Words for“Man, Woman,”&c.—ClassV.Europe.—Welsh,“Full of Spirits”Nouv us.Asia.—Hebrew.(Breath, Spirit, A Man)N. ph. sh,h.Negro-landNipa,h., Nippa,h.Nebeju,m., Enipa,h.N. America.—Algonquyn dialectsNépiou,h., Napiou,h.Nabou,h., Len-nâpé,m.[pg ApA056]Referring to the foregoing American words, Népio and Nabou, Du Ponceau observes,“Ces deux derniers semblent avoir quelque rapport avec Len-âpé.”“The last two seem to have some connexion with Len-âpé.”Lenâpé is plainly a compound of the two preceding roots, Lenno and Napiou. The nature of these compounds, which, as above stated, may be said to have escaped the observation of Du Ponceau, has been explained in the preceding remarks on“The Heavenly Bodies.”Len-âpé is a compound formed to distinguish theMalesex.Words for“Man, Woman,”&c.—ClassVI.First Modification.North Africa.—Egypt(To live)Anah.On.h.Asia.—Heb.(To sigh, breathe)A.n.c.h. A.n.sh,m., N.sh.e,f.KamschatkaAinu,m.Negro-landNu,m., In,f.South Africa.—BosjesmansT'Na,m.N. America.—Algonquyn dialectsAnini,h., Inin,m., Ninnee,m., Inishiti,h.Asia.—Hebrew(as above)An.sh,m., N sh.e,f.Second Modification.Negro-landUngi,m.Jankueh,f., Nga,f.North Africa.—PhellatahsNekdo,h.North America.—IroquoisOngué,h.GreenlandInnuk,h.Agreeably to Horne Tooke's principles, the following Pronouns in other languages may be regarded as identical with the African Nouns in the Analysis, viz.:The Pronoun of the Second Person, Nyu, Nai,“Thou”(Chinese), may be identified with Nu, and T'na. The Pronouns of the First Person,“I,”[pg ApA057]Anok (Egyptian), An.c.ee (Hebrew), Iōn ga (Greek), Ngoo (Chinese), may be viewed as identical with Ungi Jankueh and Nga.182Further examples of both the previous Modifications of Class VI.Being words applied to the Female Sex.Asia.—MalayIna,f.Turkish(A Mother)Anna,f.Negro-landAnna,f.South America.—SapeboeansAnu,f.Europe.—Hungarian(A Mother)Anya.Negro-landWan,f., Jankueh,f.Asia.—JapanWonna,f., Wonago,f.Lieu KieuEinago,f.Europe.—EnglishWenchGothicUen,f., Uens,f.South AfricaHonnes,f.Asia.—Hebrew(as above)A.n.sh,m., N.sh.e,f.KoibalNiausa,f.Words for“Man, Woman,”&c.—ClassVII.First Modification.South Africa.—CoronasKouh,m., Kauh,m.NegrolandCow,m., Kea,m., Kaikjai,m., Koa,m., (plural.)South America.—MuyscansChha,m.ZamucansCheké,f.North America.—ShawannosOchechee,m.Asia.—Heb.(A Body, A Person)Gou.e.KamschatkaOkkăijŭh,m.TaraikaiOkkai,m.LasianAkadju,m.N. Africa.—Berbers & DongolansAgikh,m.[pg ApA058]Words applied chiefly to Nouns Feminine.Asia.—MantschuChache,m., or Haghe,m., Cheche,f., or Heghe,fS. America.—Zamucans(as above)Cheké,f.North America.—CochimiHuagin,f.Europe.—EnglishHag,f.GermanHexe,f.Latin PronounsHic,m., Hæc,f.Second Modification.183South Africa.—Hottentot TribesKouh,m., Kus,f., Kauh,m., Chai-sas,f.K'quique,m., K'quiqis,f.Quoique,m., Kyoiqui-s,f.Quai-scha,f.Europe.—Latin PronounsQui, Quis, Quisque.South America.—SaliviansCocco,m.MobimansCoucya,f.N. America.—Algonquyn dialects(A Body, or Person)Hakke,h., Icquoi-s,f.Esqua,f.,“Squaw,”f.It will be observed that in the previous African words, as also in the North American words introduced into the comparison, the Feminine is formed by adding the letter“s,”(as in the English Prince-ss); a form which prevails widely in the most ancient languages of Europe.Asia.—Taraikai(as above)Okai,m.Negro-landOkee-tu,f., Uk-assi,f.Asia.—GeorgianKasi,m.Samoied(Men)Chosowo.LasianGoz,h.Europe.—WelshGouas,m.BasqueGiuzona,m.Negro-landGuiguienne,f., Guiacar,m.[pg ApA059]Third Modification.Negro-landJakkela,m., Ackala,m.184South America.—CaraibsOukele,h.North America.—MexicoOquichetle,h.Names for“Man, Woman,”&c.—ClassVIII. [A Modification ofClassVII.]Asia.—Hebrew(“Man,”as above)Gou. e, orG o v,h.PehlwiGebna,m.SamoiedChubb,m., Chyb,m.South Africa.—HottentotsChaib,m., Kupp,m.Names for“Man, Woman,”&c.—ClassIX.North Africa.—EgyptHoout,h.Nubia & AbyssiniaOdéÿ,h.Oták,m.Negro-land.Ot ga,m., Ot-jee,f.Conformably to Horne Tooke's principle, A.th.c.,“Thou”(Hebrew,) may be regarded as identical with Otak, Ot ga, Ot-jee, the above names for“Man, Woman,”&c.Asia.—Tribes on the“Jenisei”RiverHad-kip,m.in SiberiaAt-kub,m.Hutt,h., Hitt,h.Ket,h., K hitt,h.These words are composed of simple and of compound synonymes, both derived from the last two classes of words.[pg ApA060]Names for“Man, Woman,”&c.—Class X.First Modification.Negro-landMad,h., Made,h., Mutte,h.Europe.—IcelandicMad-ur,m.Asia.—KamschatkaMāth,f.Second Modification.Negro-landMesshuhu,m., Muhsa,f.Musee,f.Asia.—Zend.Meshio,m.TaraikaiMazy,f.MotorianMisem,f.Europe.—SclavonianMosh,m.Latin.Mas,m.185ArmoricanMaues,f.South America.—MuyscansMuysca,m.Negro-landMogee,h.Europe.—DalmatianMuux,m.Words for“Man, Woman,”&c.—Class XI.Negro-landIbalu,m., Belb,m., Obellima,m.South AfricaAm-pele,f.South America.—VilellansPelé,h.[pg ApA061]Words for“Man, Woman,”&c.—Class XII.Europe. (LatinandGreekPronouns, and terminations of Nouns)“Is,”“Os.”Latin(To Be)Esse.Asia.—Hebrew(“To Be”)E c . sh. A . ee . sh (Vir.) A . sh . e (Fœmina.)186Negro-landOsse,h., See,h.Uzu,m.187South Africa.—HottentotsZohee,m., Zohee-s,f.Europe.—Greek(Life)Zo-ē.(To live)Zoō.Names for“Man, Woman,”&c.—Class XIII.First Modification.Asia.—AffghanMeru,m.ZendMerete,m.PersianMard,m.SanscritMart-ja,m.Europe.—LatinMari-tus,m., Mar-is.Second Modification.Asia.—GeorgianK-mari,m.Africa.—Negro-landKamere,m.Third Modification.Negro-landNu-mero,h.North America.—Algon. dialects.Né-marough,h.[pg ApA062]Words for“Man, Woman,”&c.—Class XIV.[Applied chiefly to theFemaleSex.]First Modification.Europe.—Greek(A Woman)Gun . ē,f.RussianJena,f.Latin(“The Mother of the Gods”)“Juno.”Asia.—SanscritJani,f.(Janoni, A Mother.)Negro-landJonnu,f., Djonnu,f., Junoo,f.188The identity of the Negro word“Junoo”with the Latin“Juno,”is a remarkable feature in this comparison.“Janoni, a Mother, in Sanscrit,”it is observed in an able article in the Edinburgh Review,189“is the manifest origin of the Latin appellation ofthe mother of the Gods.”Second Modification.Words for“Woman.”South America.—MocobisCoenac,f.OmaguansCunia,f.South Africa.—HottentotsAukona,f.[pg ApA063]Words for“Man,”(Vir and Homo.)First Modification.Negro-landGonee,M.Asia.—MongolKun,M.JukadshiresKun sch,m.Second Modification.South AfricaT'kohn,h.190N. America.—Algonquyn dialectsTchainan,h.Asia.—CoreaTchin,H.Europe.—Irish and WelshDuine,h., Dean,h.[pg ApA064]Names Of“The Hand.”The African words of this Class collected by Adelung are thirty-six in number. Of these, twenty-nine belong to the languages of the region of pure Negroes. In the following Analysis the whole of these words have been shown to be related to analogous words used in the other great divisions of the Globe.191Names of“The Hand.”—Class I.First Modification.North America.—MexicoTom.North Africa.—NubiaTedembeton.Europe.—Welsh(“To feel”)Teim-law.English“Thumb.”German(The Thumb)Daum.Asia.—Hebrew(To perceive, discern, taste)Tom.Africa.—Hottentots(Tongue)Tamma, and T'inn.Europe.—EnglishTongue.There are numerous examples to show that the words for the Tongue and the Taste of thePalateare in many, if not in all cases, terms thus applied in asecondarysense, which, in theirprimarymeaning, were applied to“The Hand,”and its Perceptive Functions. Compare the words which occur hereafter (under“The Names for the Hand.—Class X.”) Tusso,“The Hand”(Negro); Dāst,“The Hand”(Persian); Tast-en,“Togrope”(German);“Taste”(English).[pg ApA065]The names for“The Hand,”and its Functions, have also given rise to numerous words metaphorically expressive of mental operations, as in the above examples: Tom,“The Hand”(Mexican); Tom, To Taste, To Discern, Discernment, Judgment (Hebrew); Tam-ias, A Judge (Greek); Doom,“Dooms-day”(English).
Words for“Man, Woman,”&c.—Class III.First Modification.Europe.—LatinHomo,h.South Africa.—KoosasUhm-to,h.Uhm-fasi,f.(A Child)Uhm-toano.Negro-land.(A compound, apparently, of Ommo and the previous word“Biou,”&c.)Bi-ommo,h.South America.—BetoansHumasoi,h.Umasoi,h.Negro-landUm-ir,h.Mo,h.Asia.—OssetiansMo,h.South America.—GuaramiansMe,m.Negro-landAmme,h., Emme,h.Meame,h.Mammoku,m.Mangman,f.[pg ApA053]The following are examples of words of this class applied to the Female Sex:South America.—MobimansMa,f.Mossans(“A Mother”)Meme,f.Negro-landMa,f., Mmi,f.North Africa.—EgyptHime,f., Himi,f.Europe.—BasqueEmea,f.Asia.—Karassians and OstiaksIma,f., Ime,f.Europe.—Fin.Waimo,f.Second Modification.Europe.—Latin(from Homo)Ho-min-em,h.(Human)Hu-“man”-ûs.(The Hand)“man”-us.Asia,—Sans.(A“Human Being”)Manus-zia,h.Europe.—German(The same)Men-sch,h.(A Man, Vir)Mann,m.EnglishMan,m.DanishMand,m.Negro-landManee,h., Mond,h., Mundu,h.South Africa.—Lagoa BayMonhee,h.BeetjuanasMuhn-to,h.Mon-una,m.Asia.—KurdManno,m.OssetianMoine Mo,h.South America.—OmaguansMena,m.The following are examples in which theSecond Modificationand the transition from the first to the second form of these words are traceable in words applied to the Female Sex.Europe.—Fin.(Woman, as above)Waimo,f.Asia.—SanscritWa-mani,f.Europe.—EnglishWo-man,f.[pg ApA054]The words of this Class may be distinctly traced, in both their previous modifications, as Pronouns in common use in the principal languages of Europe and Asia. The value of this evidence will be understood when Horne Tooke's principle, that Pronouns are identical with Nouns, is borne in mind.1. Pronouns identical with Amme, Emme, Meame,“Man,”above:Aham,“I,”Mam,“Me,”(Sanscrit.)Eme,“Me,”(Greek.)2. Pronouns identical with Monhe, Mano, Manee,“Man,”above.Mon,“I,”(Ostiak.) Men, I, (Persian.)Menik,“I,”(Belutchee.) Menya,“Me,”(Russian.)“Mein,”(German and English.)For other examples, see Observations on the Algonquyn Dialects of North America.There is another topic that calls for observation in this place.The origin of the peculiar transition, observable in this class of words, as, for example, in the instance of the Latin words“Homo, Ho-minis, Hu-manus, Manus,”has been fully investigated in the Observations on the Algonquyn Dialects of North America. Those observations are equally applicable in this place, for the previous Analysis establishes the remarkable fact that the African languages exhibit in this instance not only the samewords, but the principal subordinate modifications of those words, which occur in the tongues of the other three continents.Further, these modifications arecompletelytraceable in the Negro dialectsseparatelyconsidered. They are also completely traceable in the dialects of South Africaseparatelyconsidered. Moreover, it may be added, that these gradations of inflexion actually coexist in onesingle classof South African dialects:“Uhm-to, Muhn-to, Monuna,”are all found in the languages of the kindred tribes, the Koossas and Beetjuanas.[pg ApA055]Words for“Man, Woman,”&c.—Class IV.First Modification.South America.—Abipones and MokobisJoalé,h.Aalo,f.Negro-landAlo,f.Europe.—Latin PronounsIlle, Illa.South Africa.—MadagascarLelay,m.Lahe,m.Second Modification.North Africa.—EgyptLomi,h.Negro-landOlummi,m.181South Africa.—MadagascarOlon,h.Oelun,h.Asia.—Malays of FormosaAulon,h.N. America.—Algonquyn dialectsAhlaniah,h.Illaniah,h.Illenni,h.Lenno,m.Lennis,h.Negro-landLaniu,m.Lung,f.Words for“Man, Woman,”&c.—ClassV.Europe.—Welsh,“Full of Spirits”Nouv us.Asia.—Hebrew.(Breath, Spirit, A Man)N. ph. sh,h.Negro-landNipa,h., Nippa,h.Nebeju,m., Enipa,h.N. America.—Algonquyn dialectsNépiou,h., Napiou,h.Nabou,h., Len-nâpé,m.[pg ApA056]Referring to the foregoing American words, Népio and Nabou, Du Ponceau observes,“Ces deux derniers semblent avoir quelque rapport avec Len-âpé.”“The last two seem to have some connexion with Len-âpé.”Lenâpé is plainly a compound of the two preceding roots, Lenno and Napiou. The nature of these compounds, which, as above stated, may be said to have escaped the observation of Du Ponceau, has been explained in the preceding remarks on“The Heavenly Bodies.”Len-âpé is a compound formed to distinguish theMalesex.Words for“Man, Woman,”&c.—ClassVI.First Modification.North Africa.—Egypt(To live)Anah.On.h.Asia.—Heb.(To sigh, breathe)A.n.c.h. A.n.sh,m., N.sh.e,f.KamschatkaAinu,m.Negro-landNu,m., In,f.South Africa.—BosjesmansT'Na,m.N. America.—Algonquyn dialectsAnini,h., Inin,m., Ninnee,m., Inishiti,h.Asia.—Hebrew(as above)An.sh,m., N sh.e,f.Second Modification.Negro-landUngi,m.Jankueh,f., Nga,f.North Africa.—PhellatahsNekdo,h.North America.—IroquoisOngué,h.GreenlandInnuk,h.Agreeably to Horne Tooke's principles, the following Pronouns in other languages may be regarded as identical with the African Nouns in the Analysis, viz.:The Pronoun of the Second Person, Nyu, Nai,“Thou”(Chinese), may be identified with Nu, and T'na. The Pronouns of the First Person,“I,”[pg ApA057]Anok (Egyptian), An.c.ee (Hebrew), Iōn ga (Greek), Ngoo (Chinese), may be viewed as identical with Ungi Jankueh and Nga.182Further examples of both the previous Modifications of Class VI.Being words applied to the Female Sex.Asia.—MalayIna,f.Turkish(A Mother)Anna,f.Negro-landAnna,f.South America.—SapeboeansAnu,f.Europe.—Hungarian(A Mother)Anya.Negro-landWan,f., Jankueh,f.Asia.—JapanWonna,f., Wonago,f.Lieu KieuEinago,f.Europe.—EnglishWenchGothicUen,f., Uens,f.South AfricaHonnes,f.Asia.—Hebrew(as above)A.n.sh,m., N.sh.e,f.KoibalNiausa,f.Words for“Man, Woman,”&c.—ClassVII.First Modification.South Africa.—CoronasKouh,m., Kauh,m.NegrolandCow,m., Kea,m., Kaikjai,m., Koa,m., (plural.)South America.—MuyscansChha,m.ZamucansCheké,f.North America.—ShawannosOchechee,m.Asia.—Heb.(A Body, A Person)Gou.e.KamschatkaOkkăijŭh,m.TaraikaiOkkai,m.LasianAkadju,m.N. Africa.—Berbers & DongolansAgikh,m.[pg ApA058]Words applied chiefly to Nouns Feminine.Asia.—MantschuChache,m., or Haghe,m., Cheche,f., or Heghe,fS. America.—Zamucans(as above)Cheké,f.North America.—CochimiHuagin,f.Europe.—EnglishHag,f.GermanHexe,f.Latin PronounsHic,m., Hæc,f.Second Modification.183South Africa.—Hottentot TribesKouh,m., Kus,f., Kauh,m., Chai-sas,f.K'quique,m., K'quiqis,f.Quoique,m., Kyoiqui-s,f.Quai-scha,f.Europe.—Latin PronounsQui, Quis, Quisque.South America.—SaliviansCocco,m.MobimansCoucya,f.N. America.—Algonquyn dialects(A Body, or Person)Hakke,h., Icquoi-s,f.Esqua,f.,“Squaw,”f.It will be observed that in the previous African words, as also in the North American words introduced into the comparison, the Feminine is formed by adding the letter“s,”(as in the English Prince-ss); a form which prevails widely in the most ancient languages of Europe.Asia.—Taraikai(as above)Okai,m.Negro-landOkee-tu,f., Uk-assi,f.Asia.—GeorgianKasi,m.Samoied(Men)Chosowo.LasianGoz,h.Europe.—WelshGouas,m.BasqueGiuzona,m.Negro-landGuiguienne,f., Guiacar,m.[pg ApA059]Third Modification.Negro-landJakkela,m., Ackala,m.184South America.—CaraibsOukele,h.North America.—MexicoOquichetle,h.Names for“Man, Woman,”&c.—ClassVIII. [A Modification ofClassVII.]Asia.—Hebrew(“Man,”as above)Gou. e, orG o v,h.PehlwiGebna,m.SamoiedChubb,m., Chyb,m.South Africa.—HottentotsChaib,m., Kupp,m.Names for“Man, Woman,”&c.—ClassIX.North Africa.—EgyptHoout,h.Nubia & AbyssiniaOdéÿ,h.Oták,m.Negro-land.Ot ga,m., Ot-jee,f.Conformably to Horne Tooke's principle, A.th.c.,“Thou”(Hebrew,) may be regarded as identical with Otak, Ot ga, Ot-jee, the above names for“Man, Woman,”&c.Asia.—Tribes on the“Jenisei”RiverHad-kip,m.in SiberiaAt-kub,m.Hutt,h., Hitt,h.Ket,h., K hitt,h.These words are composed of simple and of compound synonymes, both derived from the last two classes of words.[pg ApA060]Names for“Man, Woman,”&c.—Class X.First Modification.Negro-landMad,h., Made,h., Mutte,h.Europe.—IcelandicMad-ur,m.Asia.—KamschatkaMāth,f.Second Modification.Negro-landMesshuhu,m., Muhsa,f.Musee,f.Asia.—Zend.Meshio,m.TaraikaiMazy,f.MotorianMisem,f.Europe.—SclavonianMosh,m.Latin.Mas,m.185ArmoricanMaues,f.South America.—MuyscansMuysca,m.Negro-landMogee,h.Europe.—DalmatianMuux,m.Words for“Man, Woman,”&c.—Class XI.Negro-landIbalu,m., Belb,m., Obellima,m.South AfricaAm-pele,f.South America.—VilellansPelé,h.[pg ApA061]Words for“Man, Woman,”&c.—Class XII.Europe. (LatinandGreekPronouns, and terminations of Nouns)“Is,”“Os.”Latin(To Be)Esse.Asia.—Hebrew(“To Be”)E c . sh. A . ee . sh (Vir.) A . sh . e (Fœmina.)186Negro-landOsse,h., See,h.Uzu,m.187South Africa.—HottentotsZohee,m., Zohee-s,f.Europe.—Greek(Life)Zo-ē.(To live)Zoō.Names for“Man, Woman,”&c.—Class XIII.First Modification.Asia.—AffghanMeru,m.ZendMerete,m.PersianMard,m.SanscritMart-ja,m.Europe.—LatinMari-tus,m., Mar-is.Second Modification.Asia.—GeorgianK-mari,m.Africa.—Negro-landKamere,m.Third Modification.Negro-landNu-mero,h.North America.—Algon. dialects.Né-marough,h.[pg ApA062]Words for“Man, Woman,”&c.—Class XIV.[Applied chiefly to theFemaleSex.]First Modification.Europe.—Greek(A Woman)Gun . ē,f.RussianJena,f.Latin(“The Mother of the Gods”)“Juno.”Asia.—SanscritJani,f.(Janoni, A Mother.)Negro-landJonnu,f., Djonnu,f., Junoo,f.188The identity of the Negro word“Junoo”with the Latin“Juno,”is a remarkable feature in this comparison.“Janoni, a Mother, in Sanscrit,”it is observed in an able article in the Edinburgh Review,189“is the manifest origin of the Latin appellation ofthe mother of the Gods.”Second Modification.Words for“Woman.”South America.—MocobisCoenac,f.OmaguansCunia,f.South Africa.—HottentotsAukona,f.[pg ApA063]Words for“Man,”(Vir and Homo.)First Modification.Negro-landGonee,M.Asia.—MongolKun,M.JukadshiresKun sch,m.Second Modification.South AfricaT'kohn,h.190N. America.—Algonquyn dialectsTchainan,h.Asia.—CoreaTchin,H.Europe.—Irish and WelshDuine,h., Dean,h.[pg ApA064]Names Of“The Hand.”The African words of this Class collected by Adelung are thirty-six in number. Of these, twenty-nine belong to the languages of the region of pure Negroes. In the following Analysis the whole of these words have been shown to be related to analogous words used in the other great divisions of the Globe.191Names of“The Hand.”—Class I.First Modification.North America.—MexicoTom.North Africa.—NubiaTedembeton.Europe.—Welsh(“To feel”)Teim-law.English“Thumb.”German(The Thumb)Daum.Asia.—Hebrew(To perceive, discern, taste)Tom.Africa.—Hottentots(Tongue)Tamma, and T'inn.Europe.—EnglishTongue.There are numerous examples to show that the words for the Tongue and the Taste of thePalateare in many, if not in all cases, terms thus applied in asecondarysense, which, in theirprimarymeaning, were applied to“The Hand,”and its Perceptive Functions. Compare the words which occur hereafter (under“The Names for the Hand.—Class X.”) Tusso,“The Hand”(Negro); Dāst,“The Hand”(Persian); Tast-en,“Togrope”(German);“Taste”(English).[pg ApA065]The names for“The Hand,”and its Functions, have also given rise to numerous words metaphorically expressive of mental operations, as in the above examples: Tom,“The Hand”(Mexican); Tom, To Taste, To Discern, Discernment, Judgment (Hebrew); Tam-ias, A Judge (Greek); Doom,“Dooms-day”(English).
Words for“Man, Woman,”&c.—Class III.First Modification.Europe.—LatinHomo,h.South Africa.—KoosasUhm-to,h.Uhm-fasi,f.(A Child)Uhm-toano.Negro-land.(A compound, apparently, of Ommo and the previous word“Biou,”&c.)Bi-ommo,h.South America.—BetoansHumasoi,h.Umasoi,h.Negro-landUm-ir,h.Mo,h.Asia.—OssetiansMo,h.South America.—GuaramiansMe,m.Negro-landAmme,h., Emme,h.Meame,h.Mammoku,m.Mangman,f.[pg ApA053]The following are examples of words of this class applied to the Female Sex:South America.—MobimansMa,f.Mossans(“A Mother”)Meme,f.Negro-landMa,f., Mmi,f.North Africa.—EgyptHime,f., Himi,f.Europe.—BasqueEmea,f.Asia.—Karassians and OstiaksIma,f., Ime,f.Europe.—Fin.Waimo,f.Second Modification.Europe.—Latin(from Homo)Ho-min-em,h.(Human)Hu-“man”-ûs.(The Hand)“man”-us.Asia,—Sans.(A“Human Being”)Manus-zia,h.Europe.—German(The same)Men-sch,h.(A Man, Vir)Mann,m.EnglishMan,m.DanishMand,m.Negro-landManee,h., Mond,h., Mundu,h.South Africa.—Lagoa BayMonhee,h.BeetjuanasMuhn-to,h.Mon-una,m.Asia.—KurdManno,m.OssetianMoine Mo,h.South America.—OmaguansMena,m.The following are examples in which theSecond Modificationand the transition from the first to the second form of these words are traceable in words applied to the Female Sex.Europe.—Fin.(Woman, as above)Waimo,f.Asia.—SanscritWa-mani,f.Europe.—EnglishWo-man,f.[pg ApA054]The words of this Class may be distinctly traced, in both their previous modifications, as Pronouns in common use in the principal languages of Europe and Asia. The value of this evidence will be understood when Horne Tooke's principle, that Pronouns are identical with Nouns, is borne in mind.1. Pronouns identical with Amme, Emme, Meame,“Man,”above:Aham,“I,”Mam,“Me,”(Sanscrit.)Eme,“Me,”(Greek.)2. Pronouns identical with Monhe, Mano, Manee,“Man,”above.Mon,“I,”(Ostiak.) Men, I, (Persian.)Menik,“I,”(Belutchee.) Menya,“Me,”(Russian.)“Mein,”(German and English.)For other examples, see Observations on the Algonquyn Dialects of North America.There is another topic that calls for observation in this place.The origin of the peculiar transition, observable in this class of words, as, for example, in the instance of the Latin words“Homo, Ho-minis, Hu-manus, Manus,”has been fully investigated in the Observations on the Algonquyn Dialects of North America. Those observations are equally applicable in this place, for the previous Analysis establishes the remarkable fact that the African languages exhibit in this instance not only the samewords, but the principal subordinate modifications of those words, which occur in the tongues of the other three continents.Further, these modifications arecompletelytraceable in the Negro dialectsseparatelyconsidered. They are also completely traceable in the dialects of South Africaseparatelyconsidered. Moreover, it may be added, that these gradations of inflexion actually coexist in onesingle classof South African dialects:“Uhm-to, Muhn-to, Monuna,”are all found in the languages of the kindred tribes, the Koossas and Beetjuanas.[pg ApA055]Words for“Man, Woman,”&c.—Class IV.First Modification.South America.—Abipones and MokobisJoalé,h.Aalo,f.Negro-landAlo,f.Europe.—Latin PronounsIlle, Illa.South Africa.—MadagascarLelay,m.Lahe,m.Second Modification.North Africa.—EgyptLomi,h.Negro-landOlummi,m.181South Africa.—MadagascarOlon,h.Oelun,h.Asia.—Malays of FormosaAulon,h.N. America.—Algonquyn dialectsAhlaniah,h.Illaniah,h.Illenni,h.Lenno,m.Lennis,h.Negro-landLaniu,m.Lung,f.Words for“Man, Woman,”&c.—ClassV.Europe.—Welsh,“Full of Spirits”Nouv us.Asia.—Hebrew.(Breath, Spirit, A Man)N. ph. sh,h.Negro-landNipa,h., Nippa,h.Nebeju,m., Enipa,h.N. America.—Algonquyn dialectsNépiou,h., Napiou,h.Nabou,h., Len-nâpé,m.[pg ApA056]Referring to the foregoing American words, Népio and Nabou, Du Ponceau observes,“Ces deux derniers semblent avoir quelque rapport avec Len-âpé.”“The last two seem to have some connexion with Len-âpé.”Lenâpé is plainly a compound of the two preceding roots, Lenno and Napiou. The nature of these compounds, which, as above stated, may be said to have escaped the observation of Du Ponceau, has been explained in the preceding remarks on“The Heavenly Bodies.”Len-âpé is a compound formed to distinguish theMalesex.Words for“Man, Woman,”&c.—ClassVI.First Modification.North Africa.—Egypt(To live)Anah.On.h.Asia.—Heb.(To sigh, breathe)A.n.c.h. A.n.sh,m., N.sh.e,f.KamschatkaAinu,m.Negro-landNu,m., In,f.South Africa.—BosjesmansT'Na,m.N. America.—Algonquyn dialectsAnini,h., Inin,m., Ninnee,m., Inishiti,h.Asia.—Hebrew(as above)An.sh,m., N sh.e,f.Second Modification.Negro-landUngi,m.Jankueh,f., Nga,f.North Africa.—PhellatahsNekdo,h.North America.—IroquoisOngué,h.GreenlandInnuk,h.Agreeably to Horne Tooke's principles, the following Pronouns in other languages may be regarded as identical with the African Nouns in the Analysis, viz.:The Pronoun of the Second Person, Nyu, Nai,“Thou”(Chinese), may be identified with Nu, and T'na. The Pronouns of the First Person,“I,”[pg ApA057]Anok (Egyptian), An.c.ee (Hebrew), Iōn ga (Greek), Ngoo (Chinese), may be viewed as identical with Ungi Jankueh and Nga.182Further examples of both the previous Modifications of Class VI.Being words applied to the Female Sex.Asia.—MalayIna,f.Turkish(A Mother)Anna,f.Negro-landAnna,f.South America.—SapeboeansAnu,f.Europe.—Hungarian(A Mother)Anya.Negro-landWan,f., Jankueh,f.Asia.—JapanWonna,f., Wonago,f.Lieu KieuEinago,f.Europe.—EnglishWenchGothicUen,f., Uens,f.South AfricaHonnes,f.Asia.—Hebrew(as above)A.n.sh,m., N.sh.e,f.KoibalNiausa,f.Words for“Man, Woman,”&c.—ClassVII.First Modification.South Africa.—CoronasKouh,m., Kauh,m.NegrolandCow,m., Kea,m., Kaikjai,m., Koa,m., (plural.)South America.—MuyscansChha,m.ZamucansCheké,f.North America.—ShawannosOchechee,m.Asia.—Heb.(A Body, A Person)Gou.e.KamschatkaOkkăijŭh,m.TaraikaiOkkai,m.LasianAkadju,m.N. Africa.—Berbers & DongolansAgikh,m.[pg ApA058]Words applied chiefly to Nouns Feminine.Asia.—MantschuChache,m., or Haghe,m., Cheche,f., or Heghe,fS. America.—Zamucans(as above)Cheké,f.North America.—CochimiHuagin,f.Europe.—EnglishHag,f.GermanHexe,f.Latin PronounsHic,m., Hæc,f.Second Modification.183South Africa.—Hottentot TribesKouh,m., Kus,f., Kauh,m., Chai-sas,f.K'quique,m., K'quiqis,f.Quoique,m., Kyoiqui-s,f.Quai-scha,f.Europe.—Latin PronounsQui, Quis, Quisque.South America.—SaliviansCocco,m.MobimansCoucya,f.N. America.—Algonquyn dialects(A Body, or Person)Hakke,h., Icquoi-s,f.Esqua,f.,“Squaw,”f.It will be observed that in the previous African words, as also in the North American words introduced into the comparison, the Feminine is formed by adding the letter“s,”(as in the English Prince-ss); a form which prevails widely in the most ancient languages of Europe.Asia.—Taraikai(as above)Okai,m.Negro-landOkee-tu,f., Uk-assi,f.Asia.—GeorgianKasi,m.Samoied(Men)Chosowo.LasianGoz,h.Europe.—WelshGouas,m.BasqueGiuzona,m.Negro-landGuiguienne,f., Guiacar,m.[pg ApA059]Third Modification.Negro-landJakkela,m., Ackala,m.184South America.—CaraibsOukele,h.North America.—MexicoOquichetle,h.Names for“Man, Woman,”&c.—ClassVIII. [A Modification ofClassVII.]Asia.—Hebrew(“Man,”as above)Gou. e, orG o v,h.PehlwiGebna,m.SamoiedChubb,m., Chyb,m.South Africa.—HottentotsChaib,m., Kupp,m.Names for“Man, Woman,”&c.—ClassIX.North Africa.—EgyptHoout,h.Nubia & AbyssiniaOdéÿ,h.Oták,m.Negro-land.Ot ga,m., Ot-jee,f.Conformably to Horne Tooke's principle, A.th.c.,“Thou”(Hebrew,) may be regarded as identical with Otak, Ot ga, Ot-jee, the above names for“Man, Woman,”&c.Asia.—Tribes on the“Jenisei”RiverHad-kip,m.in SiberiaAt-kub,m.Hutt,h., Hitt,h.Ket,h., K hitt,h.These words are composed of simple and of compound synonymes, both derived from the last two classes of words.[pg ApA060]Names for“Man, Woman,”&c.—Class X.First Modification.Negro-landMad,h., Made,h., Mutte,h.Europe.—IcelandicMad-ur,m.Asia.—KamschatkaMāth,f.Second Modification.Negro-landMesshuhu,m., Muhsa,f.Musee,f.Asia.—Zend.Meshio,m.TaraikaiMazy,f.MotorianMisem,f.Europe.—SclavonianMosh,m.Latin.Mas,m.185ArmoricanMaues,f.South America.—MuyscansMuysca,m.Negro-landMogee,h.Europe.—DalmatianMuux,m.Words for“Man, Woman,”&c.—Class XI.Negro-landIbalu,m., Belb,m., Obellima,m.South AfricaAm-pele,f.South America.—VilellansPelé,h.[pg ApA061]Words for“Man, Woman,”&c.—Class XII.Europe. (LatinandGreekPronouns, and terminations of Nouns)“Is,”“Os.”Latin(To Be)Esse.Asia.—Hebrew(“To Be”)E c . sh. A . ee . sh (Vir.) A . sh . e (Fœmina.)186Negro-landOsse,h., See,h.Uzu,m.187South Africa.—HottentotsZohee,m., Zohee-s,f.Europe.—Greek(Life)Zo-ē.(To live)Zoō.Names for“Man, Woman,”&c.—Class XIII.First Modification.Asia.—AffghanMeru,m.ZendMerete,m.PersianMard,m.SanscritMart-ja,m.Europe.—LatinMari-tus,m., Mar-is.Second Modification.Asia.—GeorgianK-mari,m.Africa.—Negro-landKamere,m.Third Modification.Negro-landNu-mero,h.North America.—Algon. dialects.Né-marough,h.[pg ApA062]Words for“Man, Woman,”&c.—Class XIV.[Applied chiefly to theFemaleSex.]First Modification.Europe.—Greek(A Woman)Gun . ē,f.RussianJena,f.Latin(“The Mother of the Gods”)“Juno.”Asia.—SanscritJani,f.(Janoni, A Mother.)Negro-landJonnu,f., Djonnu,f., Junoo,f.188The identity of the Negro word“Junoo”with the Latin“Juno,”is a remarkable feature in this comparison.“Janoni, a Mother, in Sanscrit,”it is observed in an able article in the Edinburgh Review,189“is the manifest origin of the Latin appellation ofthe mother of the Gods.”Second Modification.Words for“Woman.”South America.—MocobisCoenac,f.OmaguansCunia,f.South Africa.—HottentotsAukona,f.[pg ApA063]Words for“Man,”(Vir and Homo.)First Modification.Negro-landGonee,M.Asia.—MongolKun,M.JukadshiresKun sch,m.Second Modification.South AfricaT'kohn,h.190N. America.—Algonquyn dialectsTchainan,h.Asia.—CoreaTchin,H.Europe.—Irish and WelshDuine,h., Dean,h.[pg ApA064]Names Of“The Hand.”The African words of this Class collected by Adelung are thirty-six in number. Of these, twenty-nine belong to the languages of the region of pure Negroes. In the following Analysis the whole of these words have been shown to be related to analogous words used in the other great divisions of the Globe.191Names of“The Hand.”—Class I.First Modification.North America.—MexicoTom.North Africa.—NubiaTedembeton.Europe.—Welsh(“To feel”)Teim-law.English“Thumb.”German(The Thumb)Daum.Asia.—Hebrew(To perceive, discern, taste)Tom.Africa.—Hottentots(Tongue)Tamma, and T'inn.Europe.—EnglishTongue.There are numerous examples to show that the words for the Tongue and the Taste of thePalateare in many, if not in all cases, terms thus applied in asecondarysense, which, in theirprimarymeaning, were applied to“The Hand,”and its Perceptive Functions. Compare the words which occur hereafter (under“The Names for the Hand.—Class X.”) Tusso,“The Hand”(Negro); Dāst,“The Hand”(Persian); Tast-en,“Togrope”(German);“Taste”(English).[pg ApA065]The names for“The Hand,”and its Functions, have also given rise to numerous words metaphorically expressive of mental operations, as in the above examples: Tom,“The Hand”(Mexican); Tom, To Taste, To Discern, Discernment, Judgment (Hebrew); Tam-ias, A Judge (Greek); Doom,“Dooms-day”(English).
Words for“Man, Woman,”&c.—Class III.
First Modification.
The following are examples of words of this class applied to the Female Sex:
Second Modification.
The following are examples in which theSecond Modificationand the transition from the first to the second form of these words are traceable in words applied to the Female Sex.
The words of this Class may be distinctly traced, in both their previous modifications, as Pronouns in common use in the principal languages of Europe and Asia. The value of this evidence will be understood when Horne Tooke's principle, that Pronouns are identical with Nouns, is borne in mind.
1. Pronouns identical with Amme, Emme, Meame,“Man,”above:
Aham,“I,”Mam,“Me,”(Sanscrit.)Eme,“Me,”(Greek.)
Aham,“I,”Mam,“Me,”(Sanscrit.)
Eme,“Me,”(Greek.)
2. Pronouns identical with Monhe, Mano, Manee,“Man,”above.
Mon,“I,”(Ostiak.) Men, I, (Persian.)Menik,“I,”(Belutchee.) Menya,“Me,”(Russian.)“Mein,”(German and English.)
Mon,“I,”(Ostiak.) Men, I, (Persian.)
Menik,“I,”(Belutchee.) Menya,“Me,”(Russian.)
“Mein,”(German and English.)
For other examples, see Observations on the Algonquyn Dialects of North America.
There is another topic that calls for observation in this place.
The origin of the peculiar transition, observable in this class of words, as, for example, in the instance of the Latin words“Homo, Ho-minis, Hu-manus, Manus,”has been fully investigated in the Observations on the Algonquyn Dialects of North America. Those observations are equally applicable in this place, for the previous Analysis establishes the remarkable fact that the African languages exhibit in this instance not only the samewords, but the principal subordinate modifications of those words, which occur in the tongues of the other three continents.
Further, these modifications arecompletelytraceable in the Negro dialectsseparatelyconsidered. They are also completely traceable in the dialects of South Africaseparatelyconsidered. Moreover, it may be added, that these gradations of inflexion actually coexist in onesingle classof South African dialects:“Uhm-to, Muhn-to, Monuna,”are all found in the languages of the kindred tribes, the Koossas and Beetjuanas.
Words for“Man, Woman,”&c.—Class IV.
First Modification.
Second Modification.
Words for“Man, Woman,”&c.—ClassV.
Referring to the foregoing American words, Népio and Nabou, Du Ponceau observes,“Ces deux derniers semblent avoir quelque rapport avec Len-âpé.”“The last two seem to have some connexion with Len-âpé.”Lenâpé is plainly a compound of the two preceding roots, Lenno and Napiou. The nature of these compounds, which, as above stated, may be said to have escaped the observation of Du Ponceau, has been explained in the preceding remarks on“The Heavenly Bodies.”Len-âpé is a compound formed to distinguish theMalesex.
Words for“Man, Woman,”&c.—ClassVI.
First Modification.
Second Modification.
Agreeably to Horne Tooke's principles, the following Pronouns in other languages may be regarded as identical with the African Nouns in the Analysis, viz.:
The Pronoun of the Second Person, Nyu, Nai,“Thou”(Chinese), may be identified with Nu, and T'na. The Pronouns of the First Person,“I,”[pg ApA057]Anok (Egyptian), An.c.ee (Hebrew), Iōn ga (Greek), Ngoo (Chinese), may be viewed as identical with Ungi Jankueh and Nga.182
Further examples of both the previous Modifications of Class VI.Being words applied to the Female Sex.
Words for“Man, Woman,”&c.—ClassVII.
First Modification.
Words applied chiefly to Nouns Feminine.
Second Modification.183
It will be observed that in the previous African words, as also in the North American words introduced into the comparison, the Feminine is formed by adding the letter“s,”(as in the English Prince-ss); a form which prevails widely in the most ancient languages of Europe.
Third Modification.
Names for“Man, Woman,”&c.—ClassVIII. [A Modification ofClassVII.]
Names for“Man, Woman,”&c.—ClassIX.
Conformably to Horne Tooke's principle, A.th.c.,“Thou”(Hebrew,) may be regarded as identical with Otak, Ot ga, Ot-jee, the above names for“Man, Woman,”&c.
These words are composed of simple and of compound synonymes, both derived from the last two classes of words.
Names for“Man, Woman,”&c.—Class X.
First Modification.
Second Modification.
Words for“Man, Woman,”&c.—Class XI.
Words for“Man, Woman,”&c.—Class XII.
Names for“Man, Woman,”&c.—Class XIII.
First Modification.
Second Modification.
Third Modification.
Words for“Man, Woman,”&c.—Class XIV.
[Applied chiefly to theFemaleSex.]
First Modification.
The identity of the Negro word“Junoo”with the Latin“Juno,”is a remarkable feature in this comparison.
“Janoni, a Mother, in Sanscrit,”it is observed in an able article in the Edinburgh Review,189“is the manifest origin of the Latin appellation ofthe mother of the Gods.”
Second Modification.
Words for“Woman.”
Words for“Man,”(Vir and Homo.)
First Modification.
Second Modification.
Names Of“The Hand.”
The African words of this Class collected by Adelung are thirty-six in number. Of these, twenty-nine belong to the languages of the region of pure Negroes. In the following Analysis the whole of these words have been shown to be related to analogous words used in the other great divisions of the Globe.191
Names of“The Hand.”—Class I.
First Modification.
There are numerous examples to show that the words for the Tongue and the Taste of thePalateare in many, if not in all cases, terms thus applied in asecondarysense, which, in theirprimarymeaning, were applied to“The Hand,”and its Perceptive Functions. Compare the words which occur hereafter (under“The Names for the Hand.—Class X.”) Tusso,“The Hand”(Negro); Dāst,“The Hand”(Persian); Tast-en,“Togrope”(German);“Taste”(English).
The names for“The Hand,”and its Functions, have also given rise to numerous words metaphorically expressive of mental operations, as in the above examples: Tom,“The Hand”(Mexican); Tom, To Taste, To Discern, Discernment, Judgment (Hebrew); Tam-ias, A Judge (Greek); Doom,“Dooms-day”(English).