INDEX.ABASEMENT, consequence of superstition, iv. 479.Abilities, natural, merit of, ii.398,406.Abstract or general ideas, how formed, i. 37, 56.Abstract reasoning, objectionable, iv. 10, 182.Absurdity, not peculiar to the ancient mythology, iv. 481.Academic philosophy, excellence of, iv. 50, 175.Accession, right of, ii.282, (Note.)Acheans, their democracy the most perfect, iii. 517—their numbers, 481.Acquaintance, a source of attachment, ii.95.Actions, virtuous, what constitutes, ii.246,361—moral distinctions of, iv. 305, 351.Addison, iii. 101—quoted, 152, 218—iv. 204.Ælius Lampridius, iii. 467.Æschines, iii. 363, 476, 454.Æschines Socraticus, iv. 406.Ætolians, their numbers, iii. 481.Ægina, number of slaves in, iii. 478—factions in, iv. 505.Agathocles, his cruelty, iii. 455, (Note.)Age, golden, a fiction, ii.264—iv. 259.Agreeableness, a source of attachment, iv. 327, 339.Agriculture, iii. 293—how best encouraged, 465.Agrigentum, number of its inhabitants, iii. 468.Agrippa, saying of, iv. 457.Alcibiades, his policy, iii. 375.Alcoran, its ethics, iii. 258.Alexander, the impostor, iv. 139.Alexander the Great, saying of, ii.390—iv. 329—his cruelty, iii. 479, (Note)—his toleration, iv. 477—his emulation of Bacchus, 479.Alexandria, ancient, its size and population, iii. 488, (Note.)Allegiance, foundation of, ii.321—iv, 278—obligations to, ii.325,332—objects of,338, &c.—iii. 526—measure of, 520, 534.Allegory, natural to polytheism, iv. 458.Allegory of love and Hyraen, iv. 526,Allegory of virtue and vice, iv. 520.Ambitious Stepmother, play of, iii. 254.American tribes, some without government, ii.319.Anacharsis, an observation of, iii. 321.Anacreon, iv. 423.Analogy, a source of probability, i. 190—use of, in reasoning, iv. 121.Analogies, their use in jurisprudence, iv. 267, 393.Anaxagoras, a theist, yet accused of atheism, iv. 456, (Note.)Ancillarioli, a term of reproach, iv. 427, (Note.)Anger, different from hatred, ii.113—when vicious,397.Animals, their reason, i. 232—iv. 122, &c.—their, pride and humility, ii.63—their affections and passions,148—national character of, iii. 229.Antients, their philosophy imperfect, i. 282—ii.11—their notions of virtue, iv. 403.Antient nations, their public treasures, iii. 391—their bloody wars, 449.Anthropomorphites, ii.460—consequences of their principles,468.Antipater, his repartee, iii. 198.Antioch, its size, iii. 488.Antoninus Marcus, his superstition, iv. 495.Appian, on the riches of the Ptolemies, iii, 364—quoted, 417, 440, 446, 450, 453, 459, 470—iv. 415—on the population of Gaul, iii. 498.Areopagites, iii. 114—iv. 461.Ariosto, his character as a writer, iii. 262.Aristides, the sophist, his account of Rome, iii. 483, (Note.)Aristocracy, Polish and Venetian, compared, iii. 16.Aristophanes, quoted, iii. 435—his representations of the gods not deemed impious, iv. 452.Aristotle, quoted, iii. 241, 435, 478, 491, 404—iv. 27, 342, 404, 444.Armenians, their probity, iii. 232.Arminians in Holland, friends of liberty, iii. 70.Armstrong, Dr, quoted, iv. 402.Arnobius, quoted, iv. 453, 461.Artaxerxes, his right to the throne, ii.343.Arts mechanical, advantageous, iii. 298.Arrian, quoted, iii. 22, 142, 391, 462—iv. 477, 479.Atheism, whether possible, iv; 174.Athensus, quoted, iii. 474, 478, (Note.) 503.Athens, its extent, iii. 290—its wealth, 363, 462—its population, 473, 475—its statistics, 477, 517.Athenians, their extraordinary regard for justice, ii.180—their character, iii. 232—iv. 416—their democracy, iii, 412, 461—their tyranny, 456—their expenses, 457, (Note.)—their vanity, iv. 337—their law respecting marriage, iii. 207—iv. 281, 414et seq.—their man of merit, 415.Attalus his cruelty, iii. 442.Association of ideas, i. 26—iv. 24et seq.—of impressions, ii.13—influence of, on pride and humility,15.Augustine, St, his dogmatism, iv. 489.Augustus, his age compared with that of Camillus, iii. 290—his impiety and superstition, iv. 453, 477, 490.Aunoy, Madame de, quoted, iii. 212.Aurelius Marcus, his theism, iv. 457.Austria, house of, causes of its decay, iii. 379.Authority, perpetually opposed by liberty, iii. 41.Avarice, a proper subject for satire or comedy, iv. 533.Bacon, Lord, quoted ii.434—iii. 58, 102, 237, 299—iv. 153, 464.Balance of trade, errors respecting, iii. 348, &c.—of power, partially understood by the ancients, 373, &c.—better known but not practised by modern states, 379.Banks and paper-currency, whether beneficial, iii. 319, 357, &c.Bank-credit, origin and nature of, iii. 359.Bartoli's plans of ancient buildings, iii. 483.Barrow, Dr, his definition of equality, i. 70.Batavians, ancient, iii. 233.Bayle, ii.434—iv. 272, 480.Beauty, what, ii.31—iii. 260—why an object of pride or pleasure, ii.8,33,363—iv. 207—moral, compared with natural, iv. 373.Belgium, its population, iii. 499.Belief, what, i. 120, 135—ii.552—iv. 60—causes of, i. 136, &c.—influence of, 160, &c.—difference between it and fiction, iv. 58, 373.Bellarmine, Cardinal, a saying of, iv. 480.Benevolence, different from love, ii.113—not a motive of justice, 250—what constitutes, 395, &c.—recommendation and merit of, iv. 247, &c. 335—two kinds of, 381; (Note.)Bentivoglio, Cardinal, iii. 239.Berkeley, Dr, his doctrine of general ideas, i. 34—of national character, iii. 238—a sceptic, iv. 180.Berne, canton of, its treasurer, iii. 364—its population, 500.Black, Dr, letter from, i. xxiii.Boccaccio, iii. 200, 282—iv. 30, (Note.)Bodily accomplishments source of pride or humility, ii,33—love or hatred86—iv. 208, 320.Body, advantages of, ii.408.Blame and praise, variableness of, ii,369.Boileau, iv. 330.Bolingbroke, quoted, iii. 27, 47, 117—his style, 121.Bomilcar, iv. 508.Boulainvilliers, Count de, iii. 531—iv. 467.Brahmins, their cosmogony, ii.487.Britons, ancient, their marriages, iii. 207—their superstition, 234.Britain, her opposition to France often injudiciousand injurious, iii. 380.British government, nature of, iii. 52—proposed improvements on, 576.Brasidas, a saying of, iv. 480.Brumoy, Pere, iv. 452.Butler, Bishop, iv. 14.Cæsar, quoted iii. 229, 306, 446, 499—iv. 452, 462—the numbers killed in his wars, iii. 452, 470—compared with Sylla and Marius, ii.350—with Cato, 400—iv. 401.Cambyses, his impiety, iv. 483.Capitolinus, quoted, iii. 529.Carlisle, Earl of, quoted, iii. 150.Cartesians, their doctrine of essence and innate ideas, i. 211, &c.—decline of their philosophy, iii. 135.Carthage, its population, iii. 492.Carthaginians, their human sacrifices, iii. 60—iv. 477.Catholics, use of their ceremonies, i. 137—ii. 290—iv. 62—their sects, iii. 88, 454—their intolerance, 280, 559—absurdities and anecdotes of their religion, iv. 484, &c.Cato, de Re Rustica, iii. 436, 438.Cato of Utica, his speech to Cæsar, iii. 306.Catullus, iii. 143, 222.Caunii, their superstition, iv. 452.Cause, why necessary, i. 110, &c.—idea of, whence derived, 121, &c.—definitions of, iv. 90.Cause and effect, idea of, derived from experience, i. 170—ii.158—relation of, i. 224, 240—rules by which to judge of, 228—how we arrive at the knowledge of, iv. 35.Causes, efficacy and agency of, i. 208—all of the same kind, 226.Causes, moral, their influence on national character, iii, 225—physical do., 227.Causation, a principle of association, i. 99—iv. 62—idea of, whence derived, i. 105.Cavalier, and Roundhead, parties of, iii. 72.Cervantes, iii. 218, 224.Chance, what, i. 170—its influence on human affairs, iii. 124—on the refined arts, 127.Characters, national, varieties of accounted for, iii. 224.Charles II. policy of, iii. 73.Charles V. his estimate of human life, ii.508.Charles XII. of Sweden, his character, iii. 558—iv. 337.Chastity, virtue of, ii.354—iv. 280, 314.Cheerfulness, its merit, iv. 327.China, peculiarities in its laws and customs, iii. 136, 298, 331, 353, 443.Chinese, uniformity of their character, iii. 231, 236—their superstition, iv. 451.Christian religion, argument against its historical evidence, i. 194—causes of its early persecution, iii. 64—founded in faith, not in reason, iv. 153.Chrysippus, saying of, ii.423.Cicero, quoted, i. 139—ii.468,508—iii. 19, 68, 104, 109, 110—et seq.144, 292, 377, 385, 418, 429, 452, 460, 463, 474, 486—iv. 63, 246, 249, 260, 317, 403, 424, 488, 490, 496, 557—his consolation for deafness, iii. 198—his eloquence, 115, 248—his character, 143.Claudius, Emperor, abolishes Druidism, iii. 64, (Note.)Clairault, Rousseau's Letter to, i. xli.Clarendon, Lord, iii. 253.Clark, Dr, i. 112—ii.499.Cleanliness, a virtue, ii.404—iv. 345.Clergy, no friends to liberty, iii, 69—their hypocrisy, ambition, &c. 226, (Note.)Cold, greater in ancient times, iii. 493.Colonnesi and Orsini, parties in modern Rome, iii. 59.Columella, quoted, iii. 346, 423, 428, 432, 439, 440, 496.Comitia centuriata et tributa, their different powers, iii. 416.Comet, whether a world in embryo, ii.482.Commerce, cannot flourish but under a free government, iii. 103—source of wealth and happiness, 287—foreign, its advantages, 296—favourable to industry, 369—has flourished under natural disadvantages, 385.Commodus, Emperor, cruelty and death of, iii. 528.Commonwealth, theory of a perfect, iii. 564.Commons, House of, iii. 35, 46, 543.Companionable qualities, iv. 340.Comparison, the foundation of all reasoning, i, 103—the origin of envy, ii.124—of ourselves, 383—between men and animals, ii.234—iii. 92—between nature and art, 177—between ourselves and others, 201—necessary to forming the taste, 269.Compassion, origin of, iv. 220.Complex ideas threefold division of, i. 29.Condé, Prince of, ii,390—iii. 133—iv. 330.Confucius, his disciples deists iii 88.Congreve, iii. 220—iv. 30.Conquest, right of, ii.341.Constant conjunction, relation between cause and effect, i. 122, 228.Constantine, his oppressive tax, iii. 388.Constitution, British, excellence of, iii. 27—nature of, 46, 50, &c.Consuls, Roman, their powers, iii. 131.Contempt, whence it arises, ii.140.Contrariety, a species of philosophical relation, i. 99.—iv. 25.Contiguity, a principle of association, i. 27—iv. 62—its influence, i. 138, 151—ii.183.Contract, original, whether the foundation of government, iii. 509.Conventions, whether the foundation of justice, iv. 390.Convents, evils of, iii. 441.Conviction, its feebleness in matters of religion, iv. 491.Copernicus, his system, ii.433,531—iv. 50—iii. 187.Corn, quantity imported at Athens, iii. 478—to whom distributed in Rome, 485, &c.Corneille, quoted, iii. 25, 154—compared with Congreve, 220—iv. 542.Cornelia, her saying to her sons, ii.83.Cornelius Nepos, quoted, iii. 434.Corpus juris civilis, quoted, ii.286—iii. 436, (Note.) 451.Courage, how far national, iii. 240—utility of, iv. 331.Cowley, iii. 222.Crassus, his wealth, iii. 51.Credit, public, its abuses, iii. 392, &c.Custom, its effects, i. 157—ii.177—iv. 52.Customs, remarkable ones in the Athenian democracy, iii. 412—in the Roman republic, 416—in the British constitution, 419.Cynics, i. 344.Cyrus, his claim to the throne, ii.343—boasts of his drunkenness, iii. 242—a wise decision of; iv. 389.Czar, of Russia, iii. 129.D'Alembert, i. cxx.Darius Hystaspes, inscription on his tomb, iii. 242.Datames, a skilful general, iii, 309.Davenport, Mr, Rousseau's host, i. xlvi, &c.Decency, its merits, whence, iv. 345.Debt, national, its advantages, iii. 395—its disadvantages, 397—scheme for the payment of, 405.Deformity, an object of humility, ii.31.Deists, unite in politics with the independents, iii. 88.Deity, his nature incomprehensible, ii.437—his existence whether proveda posteriori,440,446—a priori,496—moral attributes of,509—energy and operation of, iv. 84.Delicacy of taste, improves our sensibility, iii. 4—favourable to love and friendship, 6.Democracy, without a representative, hurtful, iii. 16.Demosthenes, character of his oratory, iii. 116—quoted, 363, 374, 412, 415, 426, 429, 434, 446, 474—iv. 456—his patrimony, iii. 435, 463, 476.Descartes, iv. 86, 175.Desire and aversion, ii.197—iv. 196.Dialogue, advantages of, ii.420.Diodorus Siculus, quoted, iii. 22, 116, 241, 290, 375, 447, 451, 454,458, 461, 462, 464, 468, &c.—iv. 250, 321, 449, 452, 454, 508—on the population of ancient cities, iii. 468, 507—list of massacres in Greece, iii, 454. (Note.)Diogenes Laertius, quoted, iii. 469—iv. 461.Diogenes, the Cynic, contrasted with Pascal, iv. 429—a saying of, 545.Dion Cassius, quoted, iii. 345.Dionysius Halicarnassæus, quoted, iii. 216, 229, 458, 483—iv. 447, 457.Dionysius the elder, his massacres, iii. 454, 464—his standing army, 290, 471.Discretion, excellence of, iv. 312.Distance, its effects on the mind, i. 138—ii.346.Division of land, favourable to population, iii. 447.Divisibility, not infinite, i. 50,et seq.68, &c.Divorce, whether allowable, iii. 213.Domestic economy, of ancients and moderns, compared, iii. 426.Domitian, iii. 194.Don Quixotte, quoted, iii. 265.Dorians and Ionians, their different characters, iii. 240.Drusus and Germanicus, ii.346.Dryden, quoted, iv. 488.Dubos, l'Abbé, quoted, iii. 44, 246, 354, 493, 502.Duelling, a barbarous practice, iv. 422.Duration, idea of, whence derived, i. 59.Dutch, first introduced borrowing at low interest, iii. 107.Duties, connexion between civil and natural, ii.323.Eclectics, sect of, iii. 137.Education, its influence, i. 159—iv. 287.Egypt, its traffic in slaves, iii. 441—its population, 469, 503. (Note.)Egyptians, their gaiety, iii. 100, 236—their intolerance and superstition, iv. 487—similarity of their religion to the Jewish, 486, (Note.)Elizabeth, Queen, hypothesis of her resurrection to disprove miracles,iv. 151.Eloquence, its effects, ii.182—iii. 248—superiority of the ancients in, 110, 120—causes of its decline, 113, &c.Emperors Greek and Roman, foundation of their authority, ii.341.Empires great, injurious, iii. 382.Energy, mental, whether it suggests the idea of necessary connexion,iv. 76,et seq.84.English, mixture of their character, iii. 119; 234—their writers deficient in elegance, 102.Enthusiasm, poetical, i. 168—religious, its origin and character, iii. 82,—friendly to civil liberty, 88.Envy, its origin, ii.124—iv. 220—in animals, ii.149.Epaminondas, his character, iv. 321.Epictetus, his philosophy, iv. 404—his superstition, 495.Epicurus an anthropomorphite, ii.471,509—an atheist, iv. 157—hypothetical defence of, 158,et seq.—how he became a philosopher, 456.Epicureans their cosmogony, ii.489—their theory of happiness iii. 156, &c.Epirus, population of, iii. 481.Equality, notion of, whence derived, i. 71—of rights, impracticable, iv. 265.Ergastula, common among the Romans, iii. 428, 441.Errors in Mr Hume's reasoning, ii.551.Essay-writing, utility of, iv. 538.Euclid, iii. 187.Euripides quoted, ii.543—iv. 405, 448—a woman-hater, iii. 207.Evils, possible and certain, ii.199—influence of, on the passions, 200.Europe, its natural advantages iii. 135, 137.Evidence, natural and moral, of the same kind, iv. 105.Exiles, in Greece, their numbers iii. 454,et seq.Existence, idea of explained, i. 95—causes of our belief in, 245, &c.—iv. 56.Experience, nature of, i. 121, 154—foundation of all reasoning on matters of fact, iv. 35, 128—why we reason from, 40, &c.—often synonymous with reason, 53. (Note.)—evidence of, 130.Exposing of slaves, iii. 428—of children, 442.Extension, whether infinitely divisible, i. 50—iv. 182—idea of, i. 55, 301—arguments against the infinite divisibility of, 63,et seq.External existence; various systems of, examined, i. 246—280.Factions personal and real, their evils, iii. 58,et seq.—religious 63—violent among the ancients, 451.Facility, principle of, ii.178,et seq.Fame, desire of, ii.58—iv. 356.Fanatics in England, iv. 265.Fenelon, iv. 333.Fiction, influence of, i. 161.Flattery, influence of i. 201,et seq.—an ingredient in superstitions, iv. 465.Florence, though not a free state, produced eminent men, iii. 101.Florus, quoted, iii. 441.Flux and reflux of religions, iv. 471.Fontaine, iv. 30—his opinion of female infidelity, 427.Fontenelle, quoted, iii. 7, 198, 507—iv. 382, 452—character of his pastorals, 221—his theory of pleasure and pain, 247.Fortune, how far it produces esteem, ii.409.Franks, their character, iii. 234.Free government, nursery of the arts and sciences, iii. 128, &c.French, their genius not suppressed by absolute government, iii. 101.—their eloquence, 118, (Note.)—ridiculous delicacy of, 145—their character, 236—iv. 341—their resemblance of the Athenians, iv. 319.Frugality, its excellence, iv. 313.Funding, a modern expedient, iii. 392.Future State, why men are so careless about, i. 155—hypothetical argument against, iv. 165.Galen, on the structure of the body, ii.531.Galileo, his dialogues quoted, ii,450.Gallantry of civility, natural, iii. 148—of intrigue, iv. 427.Gaming, passion of, ii.217.Gamesters and sailors, superstitious, iv. 447.Garcilaso de la Vega, quoted, iii. 344.Gascons, their gaiety, iii, 232.Gauls, their character, iii. 234, 241, 499.Gaul, climate of, iii. 494—population of, 498,et seq. (Note.)Gee, Mr, quoted, iii. 350.General rules, their influence on the judgment, i. 196—on imagination, 260—on pride and humility, ii.24—on the passions, iv. 217.Genoa, bank of, iii. 24, 358—factions in, 359.Geometry, definitions of often indeterminate, i. 76, 100.Germanicus, his right of succession, ii.346.Germany, population of, iii. 497.Getes, fanatics, iii. 450, 497—their creed, iv. 470.Good-breeding, ii.388,423,487, iv. 282.Good sense, how far essential to taste, iii. 212.Goodness of character, qualities essential to, ii.395.Gorgias Leontinus, his eloquence, iii. 116.Government, origin of, ii.312, &c.—iii. 37, 510, 515—advantages of ii.317,et seq.—iii. 132—all at first monarchical, ii,320—resistance to, seldom justifiable,335—British, compared with the Roman, iii. 10—modern improvements in, 105—theory of a perfect, 565,et seq.Gracchi, laws of, iii, 440.Grecian colonies, dispute betwixt, ii.280, (Note.)Greek faith, ii.543.Greece, its natural advantages, iii. 134, 137—extremely populous, 447, 482—violent factions and wars in, 450, &c.—military force of, 482—number of its inhabitants, 473.Greeks, modern, character of, iii. 233—ancient, iv. 425.Grotius quoted, iv. 391, (Note.)Guelf and Ghibelline parties, iii. 60.Guicciardin quoted, ii.126—iii. 307—iv. 224, 297—his character of Pope Alexander VI., 405.Gustavus Vasa, iii. 70.Happiness, nature of, iii. 157—the universal wish, 167—what constitutes, 189.Happiness of states, depends not on money, iii. 324.Hanoverian succession, advantages of, iii. 550—disadvantages of, 553.Hardouin, Pere, quoted, iii. 485.Harrington, quoted, iii. 50, 102—defects of his Oceana, 563.Hatred, object and causes of, ii.68.Heliogabalus, image of, iv. 461.Helotes, iii. 289, 478.Helvetia, size and population of, iii. 500.Henry IV. of France, character of, iii. 15—iv. 336—a saying of, iii 409.Henry IV. and VII. of England, their title, iii. 517.Hereditary right, importance of, iii 548—preferable to a parliamentary, 556.Heresy, nature of, iv. 482.Heroic and burlesque, incompatible, ii.127—iv, 225.Heroism, different views of, ii.391.Hero-worship, iv. 458,Herodian, quoted, iii. 22, 489, 498, 529—iv. 461.Herodotus, quoted, iii. 462, 469, 474, 481—iv. 333, 452, 471, 476, 500, 505.Hertha, a Saxon goddess, iv. 462.Hesiod, quoted, ii.480,487—iii. 437—iv. 444, 454, 459, 468.Hiero, king of Syracuse, his policy, iii. 378.History, study of, recommended, iv, 528.Hirtius, quoted, iii. 453, 500.Hobbes, i, 111—ii,154—iv, 260, 380.Homer, quoted, iii. 258, 279—iv. 30, 452, 460, 468.Honesty, excellence of, iv. 314.Honour, violations of, inexcusable, i. 202.Hope and fear, passions of, ii.202,et seq.—degrees of, 207—iv. 197,et seq.Horace, quoted, ii.191,206—iii. 102, 128, 143, 144, 151, 219, 276, 434, 489, 493—iv. 200, 294, 423.Hospitals, whether beneficial, iii. 444.Hostis, its primitive signification, iii. 292, (Note.)Huet, Monsieur, ii.434.Huygens, on the figure of the ship, iii. 562.Human nature, different views of, iii. 90,et seq.Human life, different sentiments on, iii. 180—how to render it happy; 190—influence of philosophy on, 194,et seq.Humility, causes and object of, ii.7,29—iv. 203, 215—whether an innate passion, ii.18,et seq.—a Christian virtue,390.Hunting and philosophy, parallel betwixt, ii.212.Hutcheson, Mr, his theory of morals, iv. 13.Hutchison, Mr, his scheme for paying the national debt, iii. 405.Hyde de religione Persarum, quoted, iv. 470, 476.James I., anecdote of, iii. 551, (Note.)Jansenists, their character, iii. 89.—iv. 145. (Note.)Ideas, definition and origin of, i. 15,Sec.—iv. 18—qualities which connect them, i. 26—iv. 25—of space and time, whether infinitely divisible, i. 46, 62—94—of time, whence derived, 56—of space, 60—of external existence, explained, 97—whether innate, iv. 23.Identity, philosophical, i. 98, 260—personal, 319,et seq.Idolatry, origin of, iv. 443, &c.Jesuits, their character, iii. 89, 232—iv. 272, (Note.)Jews, iii. 232—iv. 490, 502, (Note.)Images, worship of, not allowed by Jews and Mahometans, iv. 473.Imagination, in what different from memory; i. 119—lively, allied to madness, 166—how it influences belief, 271—cooperates with the passions, ii.79,179—how affected by distance, &c.184.Immaculate conception, mystery of, iv. 467.Impieties, in false religions, iv. 498.Impressions, defined, i. 15—iv. 118—two kinds of, i. 22—ii.3—three kinds of, conveyed by the senses, i. 250.Impotence and barrenness, iv. 322—iii. 436; (Note.)Incest, crime of; ii.233—iv. 281.Incredulity, different from belief, i. 131.Independents, iii. 84.Indians, treatment of, iv. 262.Indolence, ii.375.Industry, merit of, iv. 313.Ingratitude, ii.232.Injury, idea of, whence, ii.93.Intention, requisite to excite love or hatred, ii.90.Interest, rate of, depends not on the quantity of the preciousmetals, iii. 333—high, causes of, 335—how affected by commerce, 341—low, symptom of national prosperity, 342—mistakes concerning, 343,et seq.Jonson, Ben, his Volpone, iii. 443.Josephus, quoted, iii. 488, (Note)—503, (Note.)Joy, explained, ii.23—iv. 196—cause of, ii.197.Iphicrates, a saying of, iv. 343.Isocrates, quoted, iii. 435, 456, 457.Ireland, barbarous state of, iii. 454; (Note)—iv. 333.Italians, their degeneracy, iii. 309, 501.Italy, its population, iii. 501—climate of, 493, 495.Judgments, erroneous; whether immoral; ii.226; (Note.)Julian, quoted, iii. 470.Justice, not a natural but a conventional virtue, ii.244,258,267,303—iv. 390—origin of, ii.253—regulated by utility,257—why a virtue,269—necessary to society, iv. 253.Justin, quoted, iii. 482, 501.Justus Lipsius, quoted, iii. 437.Juvenal, quoted, iii. 143, 149, 238, 493—iv. 247, 427, 497.Lacedemonians, their superstition, iv. 453.Language, national character of, iii. 237.Languedocians, iii. 232.Laplanders, their deities, iv. 452.Latin, preserved by the Popes, ii,478.Laws, positive, ii.344—of nature, ii.295,302—of nations,322, 351—iv. 279—of the twelve tables, iii. 131, 451—of justice—iv. 264—of society, 283.Legislators; greatest honour due to, iii. 57.Leibnitz, ii.503.Liberty, civil, compared with despotism, iii. 99—friendly to arts and sciences, 100, 128.Liberty, two kinds of, ii.160—doctrine of, why more prevalent than that ofnecessity, 162,et seq.—moral, defined, iv. 111.Liberty and necessity, examination of, ii.151—a dispute of words, iv. 95—mode of reconciling it, 109—both essential to morality and religion, 115—effects not man's responsibility, 117,et seq.Liberty of the press, why peculiar to Britain, iii. 8—advantageous, 11.Liquor, love of, why peculiar to northern nations, iii. 241.Livy, quoted, iii. 25, 60, 233, 290, 364, 377, 446, 450, 454, 461,479, 481, 500—iv. 505—his character of Hannibal, 405—his superstition, 494.Locke, Mr, quoted, i. 113, 208—ii.434—iii. 102, 235—iv. 6, 23, 67, 75, 86, 380, 532.Longinus, iii. 100, 111, 115—iv. 329, 452.Louis XIV, number of his armies, iii. 307—epigram on, iv. 488.Love and hatred, object and causes of, ii.68,89—iv. 218.Lucan, quoted, iii. 441.Lucian, quoted, iii. 199, 443, 479—iv. 156, 318, 418, 452, 454, 494, 500, 501.Lucretius, quoted, ii.384,467—iii. 143, 220—iv. 149, 460, 533.Lucullus, first brought cherry-trees to Europe, ii.478.Luxemburg, Duke of, ii.90.Luxury, definition of, iii. 302—its advantages, 304—effects falsely ascribed to, 310—its evils, 313—why regarded a vice, iv. 251.Lycurgus, iii. 359.Lysias, genius of his eloquence, iii. 121—quoted, 452, 456, 457, 462, 469, 473, 476—iv. 425.Macedon, wealth of, iii. 364.Machiavel, quoted, iii 21, 98, 278, 376, (Note.) 564—iv. 313—his reflexions on Christianity, iv. 480.Magians, their faith, iv. 469.Magistracy, foundation of, ii,338.Magistrates, whence their authority, ii.328—whom lawful,336.Maillet, Monsieur, his account of Egypt, iii. 441, 496.Malebranche, quoted, i. 210—ii.438—iv. 86, 269.Malezieu, an argument of, i. 51.Malice, what, ii.114—origin of,121—iv. 220, &c.Man, social by necessity, ii.95,253—active, iii. 166—iv. 7.Mandeville, Dr, quoted, iii. 315.Manicheans, their theory of good and ill, ii526—iv. 301.Manilius, quoted, iv. 452.Mantinea, its size and population, iii. 480.Marcellinus, Ammianus, quoted, iii. 488.Marcus Brutus, ii.370.Marriage, different modes of, iii. 206—European mode preferable, 217.Marshall, Lord, friend of Rousseau, i. xxxvii.Martial, quoted, iii. 222, 433, 440, 502—iv. 427.Massacres ancient, account of, iii. 455, (Note.)Mathematics, advantages of, in reasoning, iv. 71.Maximilian, Emperor, nickname of, iii. 325.Maurice, Prince, saying of, iv. 343.Mediocrity, advantages of, iv. 551, &c.Melon du Tot, Monsieur, quoted, iii. 288, 324, 394.Memory, ideas of, more lively than those of fancy, i. 24, 119—character of, ii.405—importance of, iv. 317.Menander, quoted, iii. 226, (Note.)Merchants origin of, iii. 338.Merit, influence of, on the passions, iv. 206—personal, 242, 347.Metaphysics, nature and use of, iv. 8.et seq.Milton, quoted, ii.506—criticised, iii. 237—iv. 31, 439.Misery, human, universal complaints on, ii.503—why permitted, 515, &c.Miracles defined, iv. 133—incapable of proof from testimony, 135—can never prove the truth of any religion, 150.Moderation, in parties, recommended, iii. 26.Modesty, female, ii.355—character of, iv. 341.Moliere, iii. 154.Molinists character of their religion, iii. 89—iv. 146.Monarchy, elective, ii.342—absolute, preferable to a republic in Britain, iii. 55—compared with republic, 139.Money, disadvantages of, iii. 318—favourable to industry, 322—level of, 351—accumulation of, injurious, 361.Montaigne, quoted, iv. 269, 342.Montesquieu, quoted, iii. 213, 424, 504—iv. 269.Montgeron, Mons. his book on Miracles iv. 145.Moors civil wars of, iii. 61.Morals, not founded on reason, ii.221