Astronomy, ancient, i.3;of Anaxagoras,57;modern, doctrine of aerolithes anticipated by Diogenes of Apollonia,64n.;first systematic Greek hypothesis propounded by Eudoxus,255;Planets, meaning in Plato’s age, iv.354n.,422;Demokritus’ idea of motions of,355n.;Plato’s idea of motions of,ib.;Sokrates avoided, i.376;Plato’s relation to theory of Eudoxus,257n.;theological view of, iv.421;advantages of this view,422;object of instruction in,354;must be studied by ideal figures, not observation,73.
Atheist, loose use of term, iv.382n.
Athenians, proceedings of Sokrates repugnant to, i.387;statesmen, ignorance of, ii.8,360;characteristics of,118;customs of, iii.24n.;intellect predominant in, iv.38;Plato’sidéalof character,147,151;ancient, citizens of Plato’s state identified with,266;general coincidence of Platonic and Attic law,364,374n.,403,406,430;taxes of, i.242n.
Athens, less intolerance at, than elsewhere, iii.277, iv.396;lauded, iii.405,409n.;by Xenophon, i.238;funeral harangues at, iii.401-5;hatred to βάρβαροι,406n.;and Persia compared, iv.312;excess of liberty at,ib.;change for worse at, after Persian invasion,313;contrast in Demosthenes andMenexenus,315n.,318;Plato’s aversion to dramatic poetry at,316;peculiar to himself,317;Aristotle differs,ib.n.;Plato’s ideal compared with,430;secession of philosophers from, i.111n.
Atlantic, unnavigable, the belief in Plato’s age, iv.270.
Atlantis, iv.215;description of,268;corruption and wickedness of people,269;address of Zeus,ib.;submergence,270.
Atoms, atomic theory, i.65;relation to Eleatics,66;of Demokritus, differ, only in magnitude, figure, position, and arrangement,69;generate qualities by movements and combinations,ib.,70;possess inherent force,73;not really objects of sense,72n.;essentially separate from each other,71;yet analogous to the homœomeries of Anaxagoras,79n.;different from PlatonicIdeaand Aristotle’smateria prima,72;mental,75;thought produced by influx of,79.
Attikus, iv.242n.
Augustine, St., iii.303n.
Austin, meaning of law, ii.92n.
Authority, early appearance in Greece of a few freethinkers, i.384;multiplicity of individual authorities characteristic of Greek philosophy,84;distinguished them from contemporary nations,90;advantages,ib.;influence of, on most men,378-82,392,424, ii.333, iv.351;Aristophanes connects idea of immorality with free thought,166;freedom of thought essential to philosophy, i.383,394n., ii.368, iii.151n.;the basis of dialectic,147,297,337n.;all exposition an assemblage of individual judgments,139;belief on, relation toHomo mensura,142,143,293;Sokrates asserts right of satisfaction for his own individual reason, i.386,423,436, ii.233;individual reason authoritative to each, i.432;Plato on difficulty of resisting,392n.;combated by Plato,398n.;Plato’s dissent from established religious doctrine, iv.161,163;danger of one who dissents from the public, ii.359,364,366;dignity and independence of philosophic dissenter, upheld,375;individual reason worthless, Herakleitus, i.34;of public judgment, nothing, of expert, everything,426,435;different view,446n.;Sokrates does not name, but himself acts as, expert,435;appeal to, suppressed in Academic sect,368n.;Epiktetus on,388n.;Cicero,369,384n.;Bishop Huet,ib.;Council of Trent,390n.;Dr. Vaughan, iv.380n.;seeOrthodoxy.
Averroism, iii.68n.
Axiomata media, iii.52,369.
Axiomsof Mathematics, Aristotle’s view, i.358n.;of Arithmetic and Geometry, from induction, iii.396n., iv.353n.
Bacon, importance of negative method, i.373n.,386;on doubt,394n.;misrepresents Aristotle’s treatment of his predecessors,85n.;contrasts Plato and Aristotle with Pre-Sokratic philosophy,88n.;Idola, ii.218;anticipation of nature,219n.;relativity of mental and sensational processes, iii.122n.;axiomata media,52,369.
Badham, Dr., onPhilêbus, iii.365n.,381n.,389n.,392n.,396n.
Bain, Prof., on the Beautiful, ii.50n.;the Tender Emotion,188n.;law of mental association,192n.;analysis of Belief,218;reciprocity of regard indispensable to society,312n.;relativity of knowledge, iii.123n.;on pleasures,383n.
Batteux, iv.229n.
Bayle, iv.233.
Beautiful, the, as translation of τὸ καλόν, ii.49n.;Hippias’ lectures at Sparta on,39;what is,ib.;instances given,40;gold makes all things beautiful,41;not the becoming or the profitable,43,50n.;a variety of the pleasurable,45;inadmissible,ib.;Dugald Stewart, Mill, and Bain on,50n.;Plato’s antithesis of relative and absolute,54;difference of Sokrates and Plato,55;as object of attachment,194;aspect of physical, awakens reminiscence of Ideas,422, iii.4,14;Greek sentiment towards youths,1;stimulus to mental procreation,4,6,18;different view,Phædon,Theætêtus,Sophistês,Republic,18ib.;exaltation of Eros in a few, love of beautyin genere,7,16;love of, excited by musical training, iv.27;and the good, iii.5n.;Idea of, exclusively presented inSymposion,18;discourse of Sokrates with Aristippus, i.184.
Beckmann, book-censors, iv.379n.
Belief, Prof. Bain’s analysis, ii.218;causes of, variable, iii.150;always relative to the believer’s mind,292,297;sentiments of disbelief and, common, but grounds different with different men and ages,296;and conjecture, two grades of opinion, iv.67;Plato’s canon of,231.
Bentham, meaning of Law, ii.92n.
Berkeley, theory of, iv.243n.;implication of subject and object, iii.123n.;his use ofsensation,165n.
Bion, on Plato’s doctrine of reminiscence, ii.249n.
Body, animal bodies purer than air or earth, Anaxagoras doctrine, i.51;Plato’s antithesis of soul to, ii.384;soul prior to and more powerful than, iv.386,419,421;relation of mind to organs of, iii.159;Aristotle,389n.;Monboddo, iv.387n.;discredit of, inPhædon, ii.422;life a struggle between soul and,386,388, iv.233,235n.;derivation of σῶμα, iii.301n.;alone reflects beauty of ideal world, ii.422, iii.4,14;Ideas gained through bodily senses, ii.422;of kosmos, iv.225;genesis of,421;Demiurgus prepares for man’s construction, places a soul in each star,235;Demiurgus conjoins three souls and one body,233;generated gods fabricate cranium as miniature of kosmos with rational soul rotating within,235;generated gods mount cranium on a tall body,236;genesis of women and inferior animals from degenerate man,252;this degeneracy originally intended,263;organs of sense,236;vision, sleep, dreams,ib.;sleep, doctrine of Herakleitus, i.34;principal advantages of sight and hearing, iv.237;each part of the soul is at once material and mental,257;thoracic soul, function of heart and lungs,245;Empedokles’ belief as to the movement of the blood, i.43;Empedokles illustrated respiration byklepsydra,44n.;abdominal soul, function of liver, iv.245,258;seat of prophetic agency,246;function of spleen,ib.;object of length of intestinal canal,247;bone, flesh, marrow, nails, mouth, teeth,ib.;general survey of diseases,249;diseases of mind from,ib.;intense pleasures belong to distempered, iii.355,391;preservative and healing agencies, iv.250;training should be simple,28.
Boeckh, onMinosandHipparchus, i.337n., ii.93;Kleitophon, iii.419n.;Timæus, iv.224n.,226n.,227n.,241n.;Leges,273n.,355n.;Epinomis,424n.;Xenophon’s financial schemes, i.242n.
Boethius, on Plato’s reminiscence, ii.250n.
Böhme, lingua Adamica, iii.322n.
Boissier, Gaston, on Varro’s etymologies, iii.311n.;influence of belief on practice, i.157n.
Bonitz, onTheætêtus, iii.184n.
Books, writing as an art, iii.27;is it teachable by system?28;worthless for teaching, ii.136,233n., iii.33-35,49,52,54,337n.;mayremind,50,53;censorship, iv.379n.;ancient bookselling, i.278n.,281n.;ancient libraries, official MSS.,284n.;making copies,ib.n.;forgeries of books,287n.
Brandis, onParmenidês, iii.88n.
Brown, on power, i.138n.
Bryson, dialogues, i.112n.
Buddhism, i.378n.
Buffon, iv.232n.
Butler, Bp., iv.166n.
Cabanis, i.168n.
Calendar, ancients’, iv.325n.
Campbell, Dr. George, iii.391n.
Campbell, Prof. Lewis, onTheætêtus, iii.111n.,112n.,146n.,158n.;advance of modern experimental science,155n.
Canonof Plato, ancient discussions, i.264;works in Alexandrine library at the time of Kallimachus,276;probability of being in Alexandrine library at formation,283;editions from Alexandrine library,295;spurious works possibly in other libraries,286;Aristophanes, the grammarian, first arranged Platonic canon,ib.;in trilogies,273;indicated by Plato himself,325;catalogue by Aristophanes trustworthy,285;ten dialogues rejected by all ancient critics, following Alexandrine authorities,297;Thrasyllus follows Aristophanes’ classification,295,299;Tetralogies,273n.;not the order established by Plato,335n.;his classification,289;its principle,295n.;division intodramaticanddiegematic,288;incongruity of divisions,294;classification, defective but useful — dialogues of Search, of Exposition,361;erroneously applied,364;the scheme, when its principles correctly applied,365;sub-classes recognised,366;coincides with Aristotle’s two methods, Dialectic, Demonstrative,363;Thrasyllus did not doubtHipparchus,297n.;authority acknowledged till 16th century,301;more trustworthy than modern critics,299n.,335;Diogenes Laertius,291n.,294;Serranus,302;Phædrusconsidered by Tennemann keynote of series,303;Schleiermacher,ib.;proofs slender,317,324;includes a preconceived scheme and an order of interdependence,318;assumptions as toPhædrusinadmissible,319;his reasons internal,ib.,337, iv.431;Phædon, the first dialogue disallowed upon internal grounds, i.288;considered spurious by Panætius the Stoic,ib.;no internal theory yet established,319;Ast,304;admits only fourteen,305;Socher,306;Stallbaum,307;K. F. Hermann,ib.;coincides with Susemihl,310;principle reasonable,322;more tenable than Schleiermacher’s,324;Ueberweg attempts reconcilement of Schleiermacher and Hermann,313;Steinhart rejects several,309;Munk,311;next to Schleiermacher’s in ambition,320;Trendelenburg,345n.;other critics,316;the problem incapable of solution,317;few certainties or reasonable presumptions for fixing date or order of dialogues,324;positive date of any dialogue unknown,326;age of Sokrates in a dialogue, of no moment,320;no sequence or interdependence of the dialogues provable,322,407;circumstances of Plato’s intellectual and philosophical development little known,323n.;Plato did not write till after death of Sokrates,326,334,443n.;proofs,327-334;unsafe ground of modern theories,336;shown by Schleiermacher,337;a true theory must recognise Plato’s varieties and be based on all the works in the canon,339;dialogues may be grouped,361;inconsistency no proof of spuriousness,xiii.,344,375,400n., ii.299, iii.71,85,93,176,179,182n.,284,332,400,420, iv.138;seeDialogues,Epistles.
Categoryof relation, iii.128n.
Cause, Aristotle blames Demokritus for omittingfinal, i.73n.;only thematerialattended to by Ionic philosophy,88;designing cause,74n.;Sokrates’ intellectual development turned on different views as to a true, ii.398;first doctrine, rejected,391,399;second principle, optimistic, renounced,395,403;efficient and co-efficient,394,400;third doctrine, assumption of ideas as separate entia,396,403;ideas the only true,396;substitution of physical for mental, Anaxagoras, Sokrates, Aristotle, Descartes, Newton,401;tendency to embrace logical phantoms as real,404n.;no common idea of,405,407,410n.;but common search for,406;Aristotle and Plato differ,407;Plato’sformalandfinal,408n.;principal and auxiliary, iii.266;controversy of Megarics and Aristotle, i.135-141;depends on question of universal regularity of sequence,141;potential as distinguished from actual,139;meaning of, Hobbes,ib. n.,144;regular and irregular, ii.408;no regular sequence of antecedent on consequent, doctrine of Sokrates, Plato, Aristotle, i.142;Aristotle’s graduation of,ib.;Aristotle’s notion ofChance,ib.;Stoics,143n.;Aristotle’s four, in middle ages, ii.409n.;More’s Emanative,403n.;modern inductive theory,408;chief point of divergence of modern schools,409n.
Cave, simile of, iv.67-70.
Cavendish, discovery of composition of water, ii.163n.
Chance, of Demokritus and the Epikureans, i.73n.;Aristotle’s notion of,142;Theophrastus,143n.;Stoics,ib.
Chaos, Hesiod, i.4n.;Empedokles,39,54;Anaxagoras,50,ib.n.;postulated inTimæus, iv.220,240.
Charmidês, authenticity, i.306-7, ii.171;date, i.308-10,312,315,328,331;excellent specimen of dialogues of search, ii.163;scene and interlocutors,153;temperance, a kind of sedateness, objections,154;a variety of feeling of shame, refuted,ib.;doing one’s own business, refuted,155, iv.136,137;distinction ofmakinganddoing, ii.155;self-knowledge,ib.;is impossible,167;no object of knowledge distinct from the knowledge itself,156;knowledge of knowledge impossible, analogies,ib.;all properties relative,157;all knowledge relative to some object,ib.;if cognition of cognition possible, yet cognition of non-cognition impossible,158;temperance as cognition of cognition and of non-cognition, of no avail for happiness,159,161;knowledge of good and evil contributes most to happiness,160;different from other sciences,168;temperance not the science of good and evil,161;temperance undiscovered, but a good,162;compared withLachês,168;Lysis,172,184n.;Politikus, iii.282;Republic, iv.137,138.
Charondas, iv.323n.,398n.
Chinesecompared with Pythagorean philosophers, i.159n.
Chrysippus, sophisms, i.128n.,141;communism of wives,189n.
Cicero, on freedom of thought, i.384n.;state religion alone allowed, iv.379n.;De Amicitiacompared withLysis, ii.189n.;Plato’s reminiscence,250n.;immortality of the soul,423n.;pleasure, iii.389n.;Menexenus,407n.;Sokrates,concitatio,423n.;proëms to laws, iv.322n.;Stoics, i.130n.,157n.;Academics,131n.;Megarics,135n.