Classes, fiction as to origin of, iv.30;seeDemos,State.
Classification, emotional and scientific contrasted, iii.61,195,196n.;conscious and unconscious,345;the feeling of Plato’s age respecting,192n.,344;dialogues of search a lesson in,177,188;novelty and value of this,190;all particulars of equal value,195;tendency to omit sub-classes,255,342;well illustrated inPhilêbus,254,344;but feebly applied,369;importance of founding it on sensible resemblances,255;Plato’s doctrine not necessarily connected with that of Ideas,345;Plato enlarges Pythagorean doctrine,368;same principle of, applied to cognitions and pleasures inPhilêbus,382,394;its valuable principles,395;of sciences as more or less true, dialectic the standard,382;of Megarics, over-refined,196n.
Cleynaerts, iv.380n.
Climate, influence of, iv.330n.
Colenso, Bp., iii.303n.
Collard, Royer, iii.165n.
Colour, Demokritean theory, i.77;defined, ii.235;pleasures of, true, iii.356.
Comedy, mixed pleasure and pain excited, iii.355n.;Plato’s aversion to Athenian, iv.316;peculiar to himself,317;Aristotle differs,ib.n.
Commerce, each artisan only one trade, iv.361;importation, by magistrates, of what is imperatively necessary only,ib.;Benefit Societies,399;retailers,21,361,401;punishment for fraud,492;Attic law compared,403;Xenophon inexperienced in, i.236;admired by Xenophon,ib.;Metics, iv.362;Xenophon on encouragement of, i.238.
Communismof guardians, iv.140,169,198;necessary to maintenance of state,170,178;peculiarity of Plato’s,179;Aristotle on,189n.;acknowledged impracticable,327;of wives, opinions of Aristippus, Diogenes, Zeno, and Chrysippus, i.189,ib.n.
Comte, three stages of progress, ii.407.
Concrete, its Greek equivalent,ii. 52n.;seeAbstract.
Condorcet, iv.232n.,258n.
Connotation, or essence, to be known before accidents and antecedents, ii.242.
Consciousness, judgment implied in every act of, iii.165n.;the facts of, not explicable by independent Subject and Object,131.
Contradiction, principle of, in Plato, iii.99n.;logical maxim of,239;necessity of setting forth counter-propositions,149n.,150;contradictory propositions not possible, i.166n.
Contraries, ten pairs of opposing, Pythagorean, i.15;the Pythagorean “principia of existing things,”ib.n.;Herakleitus,29,31;excluded in nothing save the self-existent Idea, ii.7n.
Copula, logical function of, i.169;misconceived by Antisthenes, iii.221,232n.,251n., ii.47n.
Cornutus, i.128,133.
Council, Nocturnal, to conserve the original scheme of State, iv.416,418;to comprehend and carry out the end of the State,ib.,425,429;training inEpinomis,420,424.
Courage, what is, ii.143;not endurance,144;is knowledge,288;a right estimate of terrible things,144,296,307, iv.138;such intelligence not possessed by professional artists, ii.148;the intelligence of good and evil generally, too wide,146;relation to rest of virtue,288,304n., iv.426,283n.;of philosopher and ordinary citizen, different principles, ii.308n.;in state, iv.34-5;imparted by gymnastic,29;Lachêsdifficulties ignored inPolitikus, iii.282;Plato and Aristotle compared, ii.170.
Cousin, the absolute, iii.298n.;onSophistês,244;Timæus, iv.224n.
Creationout of nothing denied by all ancient physical philosophers, i.52;seeBody,Kosmos.
Crime, distinction of damage and injury, iv.365,367-9;three causes of misguided proceedings,366;purpose of punishment, to heal criminals’ distemper or deter,ib.,408;sacrilege and high treason the gravest,363;seeLaw-administration.
Criticism, value of, ii.118.
Cudworth, entities, iii.74n.
Cynics, origin of name, i.150n.;a αἵρεσις,160n.;asceticism,157;Sokrates’ precepts fullest carried out by,160;suicide,161n.;coincidence of Hegesias with,203;an order of mendicant friars,163;connection with Christian monks,ib.n.;the decorous and the indecorous, iii.390n.
Cyrus, iv.312,i.223.
Dæmon, of Sokrates, i.437, ii.104, i.115;his experience of, ii.102;explains his eccentricity,104;variously alluded to in Plato — its character and working impenetrable,107,108;inTheagêsandTheætêtus,107;a special revelation,108,131n.;privileged communications common,130,131n.;seeInspiration;belief of Empedokles, i.47;etymology, iii.301n.;Eros, intermediate between gods and men,9;subordinate to divine steersman of kosmos,265n.;intermediate, iv.421.
Dähne, onPhilo-Judæus, iii.308n., iv.157n.
Damon, a teacher of μουσική, ii.139n.;dangers of change in national music, iv.315.
Dancingto be regulated by authority, iv.292;laws,291;three choruses, youths, mature men, elders,296,305;and music, effect on emotions,347;comic, by slaves or mean persons only,352n.
Darius, iv.312.
Death, doctrine of Parmenides, i.26n.;Herakleitus,34;Sokrates,422,430n.;emancipates soul from struggle with body, ii.386,388, iv.234,235n.;guardians must not fear,25;seeImmortality.
Debateof secondary questions before settling fundamental notions, mischief of, ii.242;seeDialectic.
Definitiongives classes, Type, natural groups, ii.47,193n.;Sokrates introduced search for,47;frequent mistake of giving a particular example, i.444, ii.143;dialogues of search illustrate process of, iii.29,176,188;novelty and value of this,190;importance in Plato’s time of bringing forward logical subordinations and distinctions, ii.235;tested by clothing it in particulars, iv.3n.;of common and vague terms, hopelessness of, ii.186n.;Aristotle on,234n.;none of a general word, Sextus Empiricus, i.168,n.;none of simple objects, Antisthenes,171;Plato on,172;Aristotle,ib.;Mill,ib.n.;and division, the two processes of dialectic, iii.29,39;necessity for,29;conditions of a good, ii.318.
Degérando, M., iii.140n.,152n.
Δεινός, meaning, ii.145n.
Dekad, the Pythagorean perfect number, i.11.
Δεκτικόν, τό, seeMatter.
Delphian oracle, reply to Sokrates, i.413;maxim,Know thyself, ii.11,25;to be consulted for religious legislation, iv.34,137n.,325.
Demetrius Phalereus, Alexandrine librarian, i.274n.;chief agent in establishment of Alexandrine library,280;history and character,279;Apology,111n.
Demiurgus, opposed to ἰδιώτης, ii.272n.;of kosmos, iii.265n.;postulated, iv.220;is not a creator,ib.;produceskosmos, by persuading Necessity,ib.,222;on pattern of ideas,227;evolved the four elements from primordial chaos,240;addresses generated gods,233;prepares for man’s construction, places a soul in each star,ib.;conjoins three souls and one body,234;how conceived by other philosophers of same century,254;little noticed in Aristotle,255;degeneracy of man originally intended by,263.
Demochares, law against philosophers, i.111n.
Democracy, least bad of unscientific governments, iii.270,278;origin, iv.80;monarchy and, themother-polities,312;dissent of Aristotle,ib.n.;Plato’s second ideal state a compromise of oligarchy and,333,337.
Demokritus, life and travels, i.65;Plato’s antipathy to,66n.,82n., ii.118, iv.355n.;often mentioned in Aristotle,ib.;opinions of ancients on, i.82n.;his universality,82;relation to Parmenidean theory,66;plena and vacua, ens and non-ens,67, iii.243n.;his absolute and relative, i.71,80;atoms differ only in magnitude, figure, position, and arrangement,69;different from Plato’s Idea, and Aristotle’smateria prima,72;not really objects of sense,ib.n.;inherent force,73;his ultimatum, the course of nature,ib.;primary and secondary qualities, iv.243n.;air, i.76,78;theory of colour,77;theory of vision, combated by Theophrastus,78n.;hearing and taste,78;motions of planets, iv.355n.;blamed by Aristotle for omitting final causes, i.73n.;chance,ib.;φύσις,70n.;mind is heat throughout nature,75;parts of the soul,76;on its immortality, ii.425n.;truth obtainable by reason only, i.72;thought produced by influx of atoms,79;onHomo mensura,82, iii.152;knowledge isobscure, or sensation, andgenuine, or thought, i.80;the gods,81;ethical views,82;treatise on Pythagoras,ib.n.;researches in zoology and animal generation,75;influence on growth of dialectic,82;works of,65;in Alexandrine library,276;divided into Tetralogies by Thrasyllus,273n.,295n.
Dêmos, in state, analogous to appetite in individual mind, iv.39;Plato more anxious for good treatment of, than Xenophon and Aristotle,183;in Aristotle adjuncts, not members, of state,184;Plato’s scheme fails from no training for,186;seeState.
Demosthenes, pupil of Plato, i.261n.;rhetorical powers, iii.408n.;teaching of Isokrates, iv.150n.;adv. Leptinemcontrasted withLeges,315n.
Descartes, advantages of protracted study, i.404n.;accused of substituting physical for mental causes, ii.401n.;argument for being of God, a “fallacy of confusion,” iii.297n.;on criticism by report, i.118n.
Desirefor what is akin to us or our own, cause of friendship, ii.182;good, object of universal,243, iii.335,371,392n.;largest measure and all varieties of, are good, ii.344;belongs to the mind, presupposes a bodily want and memory of previous satisfaction, iii.350;exception,351n.,387n.
Despot, has no real power, ii.324;worst of unscientific governments, iii.270,278;origin, iv.81;excess of despotism in Persia,312;Solon on, i.219n.;Xenophon on interior life of,218,220;Xenophon’s scheme of government, a wisely arranged Oriental despotism,234.
Determining, Pythagorean doctrine of the, i.11;the, iii.346;it is intelligence,348.
Deuschle, on Kratylus, iii.325n.
Deycks, on Megarics, i.127n.,136n.
Dialectic, little or none in earliest theorists, i.93;Demokritus’ influence on its growth,82;of Zeno the Eleate,93; iii.107;its purpose and result, i.98;compared withParmenidês,100;early physics discredited by growth of,91;its introduction changes the character of philosophy,105,107;repugnant to Herakleiteans,106n.;influence of Drama and Dikastery,385;debate common in Sokratic age,370, ii.284;died out in later philosophy, i.394n.;disputations in the Middle Ages,397n.;modern search for truth goes on silently,369;processper seinteresting to Plato,403,406;has done more than any one else to interest others in it,405;its importance,91,354,372, ii.167,221;debate a generating cause of friendship,188n.;and Eristic,210,221n.;of Sokrates,x;contrasted with Sophists’,197, i.124;Sokrates first applied negative analysis to the common consciousness,385,389n.;to social, political, ethical, topics,385;necessity of negative vein,91,371,373,386,394n.,421,444,130;a value by itself, iii.51,70,85,149-50,176,184n.,284,422;seeNegative Method;procedure of Sokrates repugnant to Athenian public, i.387, ii.305;colloquial companion necessary to Sokrates,287;Sokrates asserts right of satisfaction for his own individual reason, i.386;Sokrates’ reason for attachment to, iii.258n.;Sokrates to the last insists on freedom of, ii.379;stimulates, i.420,449, iv.52n.;as stimulating, not noticed inRepublictraining,208;its negative and positive aspect, illustrated inAlkibiadês I.andII., ii.7;indiscriminate, not insisted on inGorgias,367;protest against, iii.335;Euthydemuspopular among enemies of, ii.222;common want of scrutiny, i.398n.;value of formal debate, as corrective of fallacies, ii.221;its actual and anticipated effects,11;Sokrates’ positive solutions illusory,26;its ethical basis, iii.113;autonomy of the individual mind,147,297,298;contrast with theLeges,148;Aristotle on, i.133n.;obstetric method, lead of the respondent followed,368;the respondent makes the discoveries for himself,367;assumptions necessary in, iii.251;precepts for,91n.;long answers inadmissible, ii.281;brought to bear on Sokrates himself, iii.57,89;the sovereign purifier,197;its result,Knowledge, i.396;contrasted with lectures, ii.277, iii.337n.;alone useful for teaching,34,49,53;a test of the expository process, i.358,396;attainment of dialectical aptitude, purpose ofSophistêsandPolitikus, iii.261;antithesis of rhetoric and, i.433, ii.52-3,70,277,278n.,282,303;difference of method, illustrated inProtagoras,300;superiority over rhetoric, claimed,282;issue unsatisfactorily put,369;rhetoric, as a real art, is comprised in, iii.30,34;rhetoric superior in usefulness and celebrity,360,380;Plato’s desire for celebrity in rhetoric and,408;its object, definition, i.452, ii.318;its two processes, definition and division, iii.29,39;testing of definitions by clothing them in particulars, iv.7n.;Inductive and Syllogistic, ii.27;and Demonstrative, Aristotle’s two intellectual methods,363;the purest of all cognitions, iii.360;and geometry, two modes of mind’s procedure applicable to ideal world, iv.65;requires no diagrams, deals with forms only, descending from highest,66;is the consummation of all the sciences, gives the contemplation of the ideas,75;one of the manifestations τοῦ φιλοσοφεῖν,150n.;standard for classifying sciences, iii.382-3,394;valuable principle,395;exercises in, iv.76;Republiccontradicts other dialogues,207-212;difference of Aristotle’s and Plato’s view, i.363;mixture in Plato of poetical fancy and religious mysticism with dialectic theory, iii.16;distinct aptitudes required by Aristotle for, ii.54;Aristotle on its dissecting function,70n.;Stoic View, i.371n.;Theopompus,450.
Dialogues, the Sokratic, i.x,xi;the lost, of Aristotle,262n.,356n.;ofSokratici viri,111,114;of Plato, give little information about him personally,262;different in form from Aristotle’s,356n.;vary in value, ii.19;variety of Plato, i.344;dramatic pictures, not historical,419n., ii.33n.,150,155n.,163,172,195,199,203,265n., iii.9n.,19,25;of common form — Plato never speaks in his own name, i.344;reluctant to publish doctrines on his own responsibility,350,352,355,361n.;may have published under the name of others,360;his lectures differ from, in being given in his own name,402;Plato assumed impossibility of teaching by written exposition,350,355, ii.56n.,64;assumption intelligible in his day, i.357;Sokratic elenchus, a test of the expository process,358;ofSearchpredominate,366;a necessary preliminary to those ofExposition, ii.201;their basis, Sokratic doctrine that false persuasion of knowledge is universal, i.367,393;illustrated byHippiasandCharmidês, ii.64,163;appeal to authority, suppressed in Academics, i.368;debate common in the Sokratic age,370;processper seinteresting to Plato,403;the obstetric method — lead of the respondent followed,368;modern search for truth goes on silently,369;purpose to stimulate intellect, and form verifying power, iii.177,188,284;novelty and value ofthis,190;process of generalisation always kept in view in, i.406;affirmative and negative veins distinct,399,402,420;often no ulterior affirmative end,375;but Plato presumes the search will be renewed,395;value as suggestive, and reviewing under different aspects, ii.69;untenable hypothesis that Plato communicated solutions to a few, i.xii,360,401;no assignable interdependence,407;each has its end in itself,xii,344,375,400n., ii.300n., iii.71,85,93,176,179,184n.,284,332,400,420, iv.138;ofExposition, pedagogic tone, iii.368n.;Plato’s change in old age, iv.273,320,380,424, i.244;Xenophon compared,ib.;order for review, i.408;seeCanon.