Amazons, iv.196.
Anaof philosophers, i.153n.
Analogicaland generic wholes, ii.47,193n., iii.365.
Analogy, Aristotle first distinguished ὁμώνυμα, συνώνυμα, and κατ’ἀναλογίαν, iii.94n.;seeMetaphor.
Ἀνάμνησις different from μνήμη, iii.350n.;seeReminiscence.
Ἀναθυμίασις, i.35n.
Anaxagoras, chiefly physical, i.48;physics,49;homœomeries,48,52n.,53,55-6,58n.;essential intermixture of Demokritean atoms analogous,79n.;denied generation and destruction,48;and simple bodies,52n.;chaos,50,50n.,54;Nous, relation to the homœomeries,54-57;originates rotatory movement in chaotic mass,50;exercised only a catalytic agency,55;alone pure and unmixed,50;immaterial and impersonal,56n.;its two attributes, tomoveand toknow,ib.;compared with Herakleitus’ περιέχον,ib.;Plato’s Idea of Good, ii.412;represented later as a god, i.54;his own view of it.ib.;theory as understood by Sokrates, ii.393,400,402n.;Hegel on,403n.;erroneously charged with inconsistency, i.56, ii.394,407;animal bodies purer than air or earth, i.51;suggested partly by the phenomenon of animal nutrition,53;air and fire,52,56n.;astronomy,57;his geology, meteorology, and physiology,58;his heresy, Sokrates on,413;threatened prosecution for impiety,59;accused of substituting physical for mental causes, ii.401;opposed Empedokles’ theory of sensation, i.58;theory of vision, iv.237n.;illusions of sense, i.59n.;compared with Empedokles,52;relation to Anaximander,54;agreement with Diogenes of Apollonia,64;influence on Aristotle,89.
Anaximander, philosophy, i.5;Infinite reproduced in chaos of Anaxagoras,54;relation to Empedokles,ib.
Anaximenes, i.7.
Angler, definition of, iii.189.
Animalbodies purer than air or earth, i.51;generation, Empedokles on,42;Demokritus’ researches in,75;kosmos the copy of theΑὐτόζωον, iv.223,235n.,263;genesis of inferior from degenerate man,252;genesis of,421.
Annikeris, i.202.
Ἀνόητα, meaning, iii.65n.
Antalkidas, peace of, iii.404.
Anterastæ, seeErastæ.
Ἀνθρώπινα, τά, iv.302n.
Antipater, i.195.
Antisthenes, works, i.111,115,163n.;constant friend of Sokrates,152;copied manner of Sokrates in plainness and rigour,150,158n.;ethical, not transcendental,122,149;and ascetic,151,160;did not borrow from the Veda,159n.;only identical predication possible, iii.221,223,232n.,252, i.165;coincidence with Plato, ii.47n.;refutation of, inSophistês, iii.223,390n., i.163,165;misconceived the function of the copula, iii.221;errors due to the then imperfect logic,241;fallacies of, ii.215;not caricatured inKratylus, iii.304n.,322n.;on pleasure,389n.;compared with Aristippus, i.190;antipathy to Plato,151,152n.,165;opposed Platonic ideas,164;the first protest of Nominalism against Realism,ib.;qualities non-existent without the mind, iii.74n.;distinction of simple and complex objects, i.171;simple undefinable,ib.;Aristotle on,172;Plato,ib.;Mill,ib.n.;Aristotle on school of,115;doctrines developed by Stoics,198.
Antoninus, Marcus, view of death,i. 422n.;etymologies, iii.308n.;Pius, compared to Sokrates, ii.382n.,iii. 21n.
Anytus, hostility to Sophists, ii.240;and philosophy generally,255.
Ἄπειρον, seeInfinite.
Aphorismsof Herakleitus and the Pythagoreans, i.106.
Aphroditê, influence very small in Platonic state, iv.197,359n.
Ἀφροσύνη, equivoque, ii.279.
Apollo, to be consulted for religious legislation, iv.34,137n.,325,337;Xenophon on, i.237;consulted by Xenophon under Sokrates’ advice,208.
Apology, naturally the first dialogue for review, i.411;authenticity,304,306,410,422n., ii.421n.;date, i.306-8,311,313,330;Zeno, the Stoic, attracted to Athens by perusal of,418;its general character,412;is Sokrates’ real defence not intentionally altered410;testimony to truth of general features of Sokrates’ character in,419n.;differently set forth inKriton,428;Sokrates’ mission, to combat false persuasion of knowledge,374, ii.24;influence of public beliefs, generated without any ostensible author, i.424;Sokrates’ judgment on poets, expanded, ii.129;compared withGorgias,362n.,368;Phædon,419;Kleitophon, iii.421;Antigoneof Sophokles, i.429n.
Appetitesubordinated by Plato and Aristotle to reason and duty, iv.204;soul,245;analogous to craftsmen in state,39.
À priori, Plato’s dogmas are, i.399;reasonings, Plato differs from moderns, ii.251;element of cognition, iii.118.
Archelausof Macedonia, ii.325,333n.,334,336.
Archilochus, censured by Herakleitus, i.26.
Ἀρετή, derivation, iii.301n.
Arêtê, i.195.
Argos, bad basis of government, iv.310.
Argumenta ad Hominem, i.98.
Aristeides, pupil of Sokrates, ii.102;reply toGorgias,371n., i.243n.;belief in dreams, iii.146n.
Aristippus, works, i.111,116;ethical, not transcendental,122;discourse of Sokrates with,175;the choice of Herakles,177;Sokrates on the Good and Beautiful,184;good is relative to human beings and wants,185;relativity of knowledge, iii.126n., i.198,204;the just and honourable, by law, not nature,197;prudence, a good from its consequent pleasures,ib.;acted on Sokrates’ advice,187,199,201;aspiration for self-mastery,188;ethical theory,195,200n.;compared with Diogenes and Antisthenes,190;developed by Epikurus,198;scheme of life,181,188;Horace’s analogous,192n.;pleasure a generation, iii.378n.;communism of wives, i.189n.;contempt for geometry and physics,186,192;taught as a Sophist,193;intercourse with Dionysius,ib.;antipathy to Xenophon,182n.
Aristogeiton, iii.4n.
Aristophanes, theEuthyphrona retort against, i.442;connects idea of immorality with free thought, iv.166;Sokrates in theNubes,230n.;function of poet,306n.;Nubesanalogous to Plato’sLeges,277;Vespæ,298n.;Aves,329n.
Aristophanesγραμματικός, librarian at Alexandria, i.273;labours,ib.n.;first to arrange Platonic canon,286;catalogue of Plato trustworthy,285;division of Plato into trilogies,273;principle followed by Thrasyllus,295,299.
Aristotleand Plato represent pure Hellenic philosophy, i.xiv;St. Jerome on,xv;MSS.,270,283;Arabic translation, iv.213n.;zoological works, iii.62n.;lost Dialogues, i.262n.;different in form from Plato’s,356n.;style,405;no uniform consistency,340n.;relation to predecessors,85,91;importance of his information about early Greek philosophy,85;as historian, misled by his own conceptions,24n.;contrasts “human wisdom” with primitive theology,3n.;treatment of his predecessors compared by Bacon to conduct of a Sultan,85n.;blames Ionic philosophy for attending tomaterialcause alone,87;abstractions of, compared with Ionians,ib.;erroneously identified heat with Parmenides’ ens,24n.;on Zeno’s arguments,93;on Anaxagorean homœomeries,52n.;charges Anaxagoras with inconsistency,56;relation to Empedokles and Anaxagoras,89;approves of fundamental tenet of Diogenes of Apollonia,61n.;Demokritus often mentioned in, iv.355n.;blames Demokritus for omitting final causes, i.73n.;on flux of Herakleitus, iii.154n.;accused of substituting physical for mental causes, ii.401n.;cause, difference from Plato,407;controversy with Megarics about Power, i.135;depends on question of universal regularity of sequence,141;Megarics defended by Hobbes,143;Aristotle’s arguments not valid,136-9;himself concedes the doctrine,139n.;distinction of actual and potential, iii.135n., i.139;graduation of causes,142;motion, coincides nearly with Diodôrus Kronus,146;and Hobbes,ib.;chance,142;physics retrograded with,89n.;sphericity of kosmos,25n., iv.225n.;Demiurguslittle noticed in,255;Plato’s geometrical theory of the elements,241n.;espoused and enlarged astronomical theory of Eudoxus, i.257n.;reason of the kosmos, different from Sokrates’ conception, ii.402n.;on Eudoxus, iii.375n.,379n.;time,103;friend of Ptolemy Soter, i.279;pupil of Plato,260;opposition during Plato’s lifetime,360n.;mode of alluding to Plato, iii.186n.;on Plato’s lectures, i.347;on poetical vein in Plato,343, iv.255n.;Plato’s tendency to found arguments on metaphor, ii.337n.;ontology substratum for phenomenology, i.24n.;philosophia prima,358n., iii.230n.,382;materia prima, i.72;view of logic of a science, different from Plato’s,358n.;on Plato’s ideas,348,360n., ii.192,194n.,410n., iii.64n.,65n.,66n.,67n.,77n.,78,245,367n., iv.214n., i.120n.;generic and analogical aggregates, ii.193, iii.365n.;Sophistêsan approximation to Aristotle’s view,247;definition ofens,230n.,242n.;onthe different,238n.;partly successful in fitting on the ideas to facts of sense,78;percept prior to the percipient,76n.;conception of αἴσθησις,165n.;Plato’s theory of vision, iv.237n.;Plato’s doctrine of naming, iii.286n.,294n.,325n.;etymologies,301n.,307n.,308n.;no analysis or classification of propositions before,222;propositions, some true, others false, assumed,249;definition of simple objects, i.172;on only identical predication possible,166,171;more careful than Plato in distinguishing equivoques, ii.170,279n.;equivocal meaning ofknow,213n.;indeterminate predicates Ens, Unum, Idem, &c., iii.94;first to attempt classification of fallacies, ii.212;De Sophisticis Elenchis,222;first distinguished ὁμώνυμα, συνώνυμα, and κατ’ ἀναλογίαν, iii.94n.;two methods, coincide with Thrasyllus’ classification, i.303;basis of dialectic,133n.;negative method, its necessity as a condition of reasoned truth,372n.;distinct aptitudes required for dialectic, ii.54;on dissecting function of dialectic,70n.;distinction of dialectic and eristic,221n.;precepts for debate, iii.91n.;Rhetoric,43;onMenexenus,409n.,412n.;distinction of ends,374n.;good the object of universal desire,372n.;threefold division of good, iv.428n.;no common end among established νόμιμα, iii.282n.;combats Sokrates’ thesis inMemorabiliaandHippias Minor, ii.67;lying not justifiable, iii.386n.;meanings of justice, iv.102;meaning of φύσει, iii.294n.;on opposition of natural and legal justice, ii.340n.;nature, iv.387n.;on Law, ii.92n.;theory of politics to resist King Nomos, i.392;on virtue is knowledge, ii.67n.,290n.;divine inspiration,131n.;σοφία and φρόνησις,120n.;on τὸ ἀδικεῖν βέλτιον τοῦ ἀδικεῖσθαι,333n.;treatment of courage and temperance, compared with Plato’s,170;derivation of σωφροσύνη, iii.301n.;on pleasure,383n.,386n.;pleasure not a generation,378n.;painless pleasures of geometry,357,388n.;on intense pleasures,376n.;on Antisthenes,253n.;school of Antisthenes, i.115;on friendship, ii.186;prima amicitia, compared with Sokrates’amabile primum,194;on Plato’s reminiscence,250n.;immortality of soul,420n.;relation of body to soul, iii.389n.;on function of lungs, iv.245n.;liver,258n.;Plato’s physiology and pathology compared with,260;definition ofsophist, ii.210;equally with Sophists, laid claim to universal knowledge, iii.219;onHomo mensura,120n.,128n.,131n.,132n.,149n.,152;cites from theProtagoras, ii.290n.;category of relation, iii.128n.;the Axioms of Mathematics, i.358n.;ethics and politics treated apart, iv.138;three ends of political constructor,328n.;education combined with polity,142,184;on principle that every citizen belongs to the city,187,189n.;training of Spartan women,188;views on teaching, iii.53n.;chorus of elders only criticise, iv.297n.;importance of music in education,151n.,305;ethical and emotional effects conveyed by sense of hearing,307n.;implication of intelligence and emotion, iii.374n.;view of tragic poetry, iv.317n.;Plato’s ideal state,139n.;it is two states,185;objection valid against his own ideal,186n.;the Demos adjuncts, not members of state,184;Plato’s state impossible, in what sense true,189;democracy and monarchynotmother-polities,312n.;oligarchical character of Plato’s secondidéal,334n.;idéalof character, different from Spartan,182;differs from Plato on slavery,344n.;land of citizens,327n.;number of citizens limited,198-201,326n.;communism,180n.;Plato’s family restrictions,329n.;on marriage,189,198-202;on infanticide,202;recognised Malthus’ law of population,ib.;allusions toLeges,272n.,432;prayer and sacrifice,394.
Arithmetic, Pythagorean, i.15;modern application of their principle,10n.;subject of Plato’s lectures,349n.;twofold, iii.359,394;to be studied, iv.423;awakening power of,71,72;value of,329n.,352;acoustics to be studied by relations and theories of,74;proportionals,224n.,423;its axioms from induction,353n.;Mill on assumption in axioms of, iii.396n.
Art, the supreme, is philosophy, ii.119,120;disparaged by Plato,355;relation to science, iii.43n.,45,155,263;relation to morality, seeEducation,Poets.
Asceticlife of philosopher, ii.386;Pythagoreans, iii.390n.;Orphics,ib.;Cynics, i.151,157;Diogenes compared with Indian Gymnosophists and Selli,157,159n.,163n.;Indian Gynmosophists, antiquity of,159n.;Selli,163n.
Aspasia, iii.402, i.112,211n.
Associationof Ideas, i.423n.;Plato’s statement of general law of, ii.191;Aristotle,ib.n.;Straton on, iii.166n.
Ast, theory of Platonic canon, i.304;admits only fourteen,305;onApology,422n.;Lachês, ii.151;Hippias Major,33n.;Kratylus, iii.310n.;Menexenus,412n.;Timæus, iv.255n.;Leges,431,434.