Language,naturalrectitude of, ii.89;origin of, iii.326n.,328n.,329n.;Leibnitz on a philosophical,322n.;seeNames.
Lassalle, on Herakleitus, iii.101n.,159n.,309n.,324n.;Homo Mensura,297n.;Kratylus,306n.,307n.;Timæus, iv.228n.
Lavoisier, discovery of composition of water, ii.164n.
Law, its various meanings, ii.91,92n.;our idea of, less extensive thanNomos(q. v.), i.380n.,382n., ii.92n.;and Nature, antithesis of,333,338, i.197;also in Indian philosophy,162;Sokrates’ disobedience of,434n.;the lawful is the profitable, ii.36;the consecrated and binding customs, the decree of the city, social or civic opinion,76;objection, discordance of,78;isgoodopinion of the city, true opinion, or finding out of reality,77;real things are always accounted real, analogies,79;of Cretan Minos divine and excellent, extant,80,90;to Plato only whatought to belaw,is,88-90, iii.317n.;reality found out by the Expert, ii.87-88;fixed, recognised by Demokritus, i.73;all proceedings of nature conducted according to fixed, iii.286;of nature, Mill on number of ultimate,132n.;no laws to limit scientific governor,269;different view, iv.319;government by fixed, the second-best, iii.270;test of, goodness of ethical purpose and working, iv.384;proëm to every important,321;Cicero coincides,322n.;the proëms, didactic or rhetorical homilies,322;to serve as type for poets,323;proëm to laws against heresy,383;of Zaleukus and Charondas,323n.
Law-administration, objects of punishment, to deter or reform, ii.270, iv.408;general coincidence of Platonic and Attic,363n.,374,374n.,403,406,430;many of Plato’s laws are discharges of ethical antipathy,411;penalties against contentious litigation,410;oaths for dikasts, judges, and electors only,413;thirty-seven nomophylakes,332;many details left to nomophylakes,341;assisted by select Dikasts,362;limited power of fining,360;necessity of precision in terms of accusation,413n.;public and private causes,339;public, three stages,340,415;criminal procedure,362;distinction of damage and injury,365;witnesses,409;abuse of public trust,412;evasion of military service,ib.;varieties of homicide,370-2;penalties,370;wounds and beating,372,374,408;heresy, and ὕβρις to divine things or places,375-386;neglect of parents,399n.,407;testaments,404;divorce,408;lunacy,407;poison and sorcery,407;libels,409;fugitive slaves,400;theft,364,409;property found,398;fraudulent traders,402;mendicants,409;Benefit societies,399;suretyship,415;funerals,ib.
Lawsthe, seeLeges.
Lectures, Plato’s revealed solution of difficulties, an untenable hypothesis, i.401;differ from dialogues in being given in his own name,402;of Protagoras, ii.301;contrasted with cross-examination,277,303;dialectic a test of the efficacy of the expository process, i.358;worthless for instruction, ii.136,233n., iii.33-5,49,52,54,337n.;difference inTimæusandKritias,53.
Leges, authenticity, i.304,306,338, iv.325n.,389n.,429;date, i.313,315,324, iv.272,413n.;scene and persons,272,277;change in Plato’s circumstances and feelings,273,320;analogous to Euripides’Bacchæand Aristophanes’Nubes,277;Xenophon compared, i.244;Plato’s purpose, to remedy all misconduct, iv.369;no evidence of Plato’s study of practical working of different institutions,397;large proportion of preliminary discussions and didactic exhortation,281;soul prior to and more powerful than body,386,419;the good and the bad souls at work in universe,386;all things full of gods,388;Manichæanism in,389n.;good identical with maximum of pleasure and minimum of pain,292-297,299-303;at least an useful fiction,333;justice a goodper seand from itsconsequences,294;what constitutes injustice,367-9;no man voluntarily wicked,365,367;three causes of misguided proceedings,366;punishment, to deter or reform,ib.,408;threefold division of good,428;virtue fourfold,417;the four virtues the highest, and source of all other, goods,428;unity of state’s end to be kept in view,417;the end is the virtue of the citizens,ib.;Nocturnal Council to comprehend and carry out this end,416,418,425,429;and enforce orthodox creed,419;training of counsellors inEpinomis,420,424;basis of Spartan institutions too narrow,282;Plato’s state, a compromise of oligarchical and democratical sentiment,333,337;historical retrospect of society,307-315;frequent destruction of communities,307;difficulties of government, seven distinct natural titles to,309;view ofthe lot,310;imprudent to found government on any one title only,ib.;illustrated by Argos, Messênê, Sparta,ib.;Persia and Athens compared,312;monarchy and democracy themother-polities,ib.;bad training of king’s sons,ib.;the Magnetic community, origin of,274n.;its ὑπόθεσις,328n.;site and settlers,320,329,336;circular form, unwalled,344;defence of territory, rural police,335;SpartanKryptiacompared,336;test of laws, goodness of ethical purpose and working,284;general coincidence of Platonic and Attic law,363n.,374,374n.,403,406,430;many of Plato’s laws are discharges of ethical antipathy,411;state’s laws, with their proëms,321;the proëms, didactic or rhetorical homilies,322;Cicero on,ib.n.;to serve as type for poets,323;training of the emotions through influence of the Muses, Apollo and Dionysus,290,347;endurance of pain in Spartan discipline,285;drunkenness forbidden at Sparta, how far justifiable,286;citizens tested against pleasure,285;Dionysiac banquets, under a sober president,289;elders require stimulus of wine,297;precautions in electing minister of education,338;age, and matter of teaching,348,350;the teaching simple and common to both sexes,351;music and dancing,291;three choruses, youths, mature men, and elders,296,305;elders, by example, to keep up purity of music,297;prizes at musical and gymnastic festivals,292,337;but object of training, war, not prizes,358;importance of music in education,305;musical and literary education, fixed type,292,338,349;poets to conform to ethical creed,292-7;change for worse at Athens after Persian invasion,313;this change began in music,314;contrast in Demosthenes andMenexenus,315n.,318;dangers of change in national music, doctrine also of Damon,315;Plato’s aversion to dramatic poetry of Athens,316,350;peculiar to himself,317;value of arithmetic,330n.;purpose of teaching astronomy,354;planets, Plato’s idea of motions of,ib.;circular motion best,388,389;hunting, meaning of,356;hunting, how far permitted,355;for religion, oracles of Dodona and Delphi to be consulted,325,337;temples and priests,337;number of sacrifices determined by lawgiver,357;only state worship allowed,378;contrast with Sokratic teaching, iii.148;Milton on, iv.379n.;necessity of enforcing state religion,378;ὕβρις to divine things or places,375;proëm to laws against,383;impiety, from one of three heresies,376;punishment,376-9;majority of Greek world would have been included in one of the three varieties,381;first heresy confuted,386;argument inconsistent and unsatisfactory,388;second confuted,389;the third the worst,384;confuted,391;incongruity of Plato’s doctrine,393;dissent of Herodotus and Sokrates,394;opposition to Plato’s doctrine in Greece,395;general Greek belief,392,394;division of citizens and land, twelve tribes,329;four classes, property qualification for magistracies and voters,331;perpetuity of lots of land,326,360;Aristotle on,326n.;succession,328;number of citizens,326,328;Aristotle on,326n.;syssitia,344,359;same duties and training for women as men,195;family ties mischievous, but cannot practically be got rid of,327;to be watched over by magistrates,328;marriage,ib.,332,342,344,359,405,406;board of Matrons,345;divorce,406;treatment of infants,346;orphans, guardians,404,406;limited inequality tolerated as to movable property,330;modes of acquiring property,397;length of prescription for ownership,415;no private possession of gold or silver, no loans or interest,331;slavery,342,400;Aristotle differs,343n.;distribution of annual produce,361;each artisan only one trade,ib.;retailers, regulations about,ib.,401;punishment for fraud,402;Benefit Societies,399;Metics,362;strangers and foreign travel of citizens,414;electoral scheme,333;thirty-seven nomophylakes,332;assisted by select Dikasts,362;many details left to,341;the council, and other magistrates,335;limited power of fining,360;military commanders and council,332;monthly military muster of whole population,358;oaths for dikasts, judges, and electors only,413;penal ties against contentious litigation,410;judicial duties, public and private causes,339;public, three stages,340,415;witnesses,409;distinction of damage and injury,365;sacrilege and high treason the gravest crimes,363;abuse of public trust,412;evasion of military service,412;homicide, penalties,370;varieties of,370-2;wounds and beating,372,373,408;poison and sorcery,407;neglect of parents,ib.;lunacy,ib.;libels,409;theft,364,409;suretyship,415;mendicants,409;funerals,415;compared with earlier works,275,280;Cyropædia,319;Protagoras,301;Gorgias, ii.362, iv.301-2,324;Phædrus,ib.;Philêbus,301;Republic,298n.,302,319,327,390,429;Timæus,389n.
Lehrsch, iii.308n.,309n.
Leibnitz, interdependence of nature, ii.248n.;agreement with Plato’s metaphysics,ib.;pre-existence of soul,ib.;natural significant aptitude of letters, iii.313n.;on a philosophical language,322n.
Lenormant, iii.306n.
Leukippus, i.65,66, iii.243n.
Lewis, Sir G. C., ancient astronomy, iv.355n.,424n.
Liberty, excess of, at Athens, iv.312.
Libraries, ancient, i.270,278n.,280,286;copying bylibrariiand private friends,281n.,284n.;official MSS.,ib.;seeAlexandrine,Lykeum,Academy.
Lichtenstädt, iv.256n.
Light, Plato’s theory, iv.236.
Likeknown by like, i.354n., ii.359n.;friend to like,359.
Littré, the soul, iv.257n.;synthetic character of ancient medicine,260n.
Loans, disallowed, iii.331.
Lobeck, iii.304n.,311n.,312n.
Locke, atomic doctrine of primary and secondary qualities, i.70;good identical with pleasure, ii.306n.
Logic, influence of Herakleitus on development of, i.37;of a science, Plato’s different from Aristotelic and modern view,358n.;objects of perception and of conception, comprised in Plato’sens, iii.229,231;concepts and percepts, relative,75;in Sokrates, the subordination of terms, i.455;position of Megarics in history of,131n.;negative, of Antisthenes’ school,149;Kyrenaic theory,197;elementary distinctions unfamiliar in Plato’s time, ii.13,34n.,235,319, iii.190,222,229,241;the dialogues of search are lessons in method,177,188;collection of sophisms necessary for a theory of, i.131;Aristotle first distinguished ὁμώνυμα, συνώνυμα,and κατ’ ἀναλογίαν, iii.94n.;generalisation and division, ii.27;process of classification not much attended to, iii.344;definition and division illustrated inPhædrusandPhilêbus,29,344;names relative and non-relative,232;connotation of a word, to be known before its accidents and antecedents, ii.242;logical subject has no real essence apart from predicates, i.168n.;logical and concrete aggregates, ii.52,53;concrete, its Greek equivalent,52n.;opposites, only one to each thing,13n.;contraries, the Pythagorean “principia of existing things,” i.15n.;Herakleitus’ theory,30,31;are excluded in nothing save the self-existent Idea, ii.7n.;judgment, akin to proposition, and may be false by partnership with formnon-ens, iii.213-4;implied in every act of consciousness,165n.;Plato’s canon of belief, iv.231;contradictory propositions not possible, i.166n.;principle of contradiction, not laid down in Plato’s time, iii.99;logical maxim of,239;function of copula, i.170n.;misconceived by Antisthenes, iii.221,232n.,251n.;Plato’s view of causal reasoning, ii.253;modern views onà priorireasonings, difference of Plato’s,251;seeFallacies,Predication,Proposition.
Logographers, iii.27n.,36n.
Lot, principle of the, iv.309,310n.
Love, a moving force in Empedokles, i.38;cause of, desire for what is akin to us or our own, ii.182;seeEros.
Lucian, worthlessness of geometry, i.384n.;on time wasted in philosophic training,404n.
Lucretius, on Anaxagorean homœomeries, i.52n.;origin of language, iii.329n.;on pleasure,379n.,387n., i.163n.;on justice, iv.130n.;appearances of gods to men,155n.;theology of,162n.
Λυσιτέλουν, derivation, iii.301n.
Luther, on music, iv.151n.
Lykeum, Peripatetic school, i.269;the library, founded for use of inmates and special visitors,279n.;loss of library,270.
Lykurgus, relation to Plato, i.344n.
Lysias, rhetorical powers, iii.48n.;Isokrates compared,35,37;unfairly treated inPhædrus,47-8;rivalry with Plato,408,410n.,411n.;oration against Æschines, i.112.
Lysis, authenticity, i.306, ii.184n.;date, i.308-10,313,326, ii.184n.;subject suited for dialogue of search,185;problem offriendshiptoo general,186;debate partly real, partly verbal,188;scenery and personages,172;mode of talking with youth,173;servitude of the ignorant,176;lesson of humility,177;illustrates Sokratic manner,ib.;what is a friend,178;appeal to maxims of poets,179;likeness and unlikeness,ib.,188n.;the Indifferent, friend to Good,180,189;anxious to escape from felt evil,180;illustrated by philosopher’s condition,181,190;theprimum amabile,ib.,191;cause of friendship, desire for what is akin to us or our own,182;good akin, evil alien, to every one,183;the Good and Beautiful as objects of attachment,194;failure of enquiry,184;compared with CiceroDe Amicitia,189n.;Charmidês,172,184n.