Philosophy, Pre-Sokratic, i.1-83;value,xiv;form compared with the Indian,107;studied in the third and second centuriesB. C.,92;importance of Aristotle’s information about,85;Plato’s criticism on,87n.;relation of early schemes,86;Aristotle’s relation to,85;abstractions of Plato and Aristotle compared with Ionians,87;Timæusresembled Ionic philosophy,88n.;theories in circulation in Platonic period,91;Ionians attended to material cause only,88;defect of Ionicprinciples,89;little or no dialectic in earliest theorists,93;physics discredited by growth of dialectic,91;new characteristic with Zeno and Gorgias,105.
Phlogistontheory, ii.164n.
Φρόνησις, ii.120n., iii.301n.,370n.
Φθόνος, meaning, iii.356n.
Φύσις, of Demokritus, i.70n.;in sense of γένεσις, denied by Empedokles,38n.;φύσει and κατὰ φύσιν, iii.294n., iv.310n.;seeNature.
Physics, transcendentalism in modern, i.400n.;creation out of nothing, denied by all ancient physical philosophers,52;aversion to studying, on ground of impiety, iv.219n.,397n.;Thales, i.4;Anaximander,4-7;Anaximenes,7;Pythagorean,12;Xenophanes,18;Parmenides,24,90n.;his phenomena the object of modern,23n.;and ontology, radically distinct points of view,ib.;reconciliation of ontology with, attempted unsuccessfully after Parmenides,ib.;Herakleitus,27,32;Empedokles,38;attractionandrepulsionillustrate hisloveandenmity,40n.;Anaxagoras,49,57;denied simple bodies,52n.;atomic doctrine,65,67;early, discredited by growth of dialectic,91;retrograded in Plato and Aristotle,88n.;theories in circulation in Platonic period,91;Eudoxus,255n.;early study of Sokrates, ii.391;Sokrates avoided, i.376;Cynics’ contempt for,151;and Aristippus’,192;seeKosmos.
Physiology, of Empedokles, i.43;Theophrastus,46n.;Anaxagoras,58;Diogenes of Apollonia,60n.,62;Demokritus,76;ofTimæussubordinated to ethical teleology, iv.256;of Plato, seeBody;compared with Aristotle and Hippokrates,260.
Plantsfor man’s nutrition, iv.248;soul of,ib.
Platæa, iii.406.
Plato, life, little known, i.246;birth, parentage, and education,247,306n.;early relations with Sokrates,248;service as a citizen and soldier,249;political life,251;political changes in Greece during life,1;travels alter death of Sokrates,253;permanently established at Athens,254;teaches at the Academy,ib.;received presents, not fees, iii.218n.;his pupils, numerous, wealthy, and from different cities, i.255;many subsequently politicians,261n.;Eudoxus,255;Aristotle,260;Demosthenes,261n.;visits the younger Dionysius,258,351,194n.;relations with Dionysius,255;disappointments,280;varying relations with Isokrates, ii.331n., iii.35;his jealousy and love of supremacy, i.117n.,153n.;alleged ill-nature,117n.;antipathyto Antisthenes,151,152n.,165;alleged enmity between Xenophon and, iii.22n., iv.146n.,312n.;rivalry with Lysias, iii.408,410n.,411n.;death, i.200;Plato and Aristotle represent pure Hellenic philosophy,xiv;St. Jerome on,xv;criticism on early Greek philosophy,87n.;relation to predecessors,91;theories in circulation in his time,ib.;Parmenidês and Pythagoras supplied basis for,89;relation to Sokrates,344n., ii.303;Pythagoreanism, i.10n.,15n.,87,344n.,346n.,347,349n., ii.426n., iii.368, iv.424n.;Herakleitus, i.27, ii.30;Demokritus, i.66n.,82n., iv.355n.;abstractions of Plato and Aristotle compared with Ionic philosophy, i.87;physics retrograded with,88n.;analogy to Indian philosophy, ii.389n.;resemblance to Hebrew writers, iv.157n.,256;little known of him from his Dialogues, i.260,339;personality only in his Epistles,349;valuable illustrations of his character from Epistles,339n.;his school fixed at Athens and transmitted to successors,265;scarcely known to us in his function of a lecturer and president of a school,346;lectures at the Academy, never published,360;miscellaneous character of audience, effect,348;lectures,347;De Bono,ib.,349;on principles of geometry,349n.;circumstances of his intellectual and philosophical development little known,323n.;did not write till after death of Sokrates,326,334,443n.;proofs,327-334;variety,339,342,344, ii.155n., iii.26n.,54,179n.,259,265n.,400,420;style, i.405;prolixity, ii.100n.,276, iii.259,369n., iv.325n.;poetical vein predominant in some works, i.343, iv.153n.;mixture of poetical fancy and religious mysticism with dialectic theory, iii.16;comic vein,410n.;builds on metaphor, i.353n., iii.65n.,351,364;rhetorical powers,178n.,392n.,408,409,410;irony, ii.208;tendency to embrace logical phantoms as real causes,404n.;both sceptical and dogmatical, i.342;his affirmative and negative veins distinct,399,400n.,403,420;in old age the affirmative vein,408;altered tone in regard to philosophy in later life, iv.273,320,379,424, i.244;intolerance,423, iii.277, iv.157,159,379,430;inconsistencies, i.xiii, ii.29,303,345,416n., iii.17,172n.,273,277,332,372, iv.24,219,379-86,396;absence of system, i.xiii,340n.,344,375;untenable hypothesis that he communicated solutions to a few,xi,360,401;assumed impossibility of teaching by written exposition,349,357, ii.56n.;this assumption intelligible in his day, i.357;a champion of the negative dialectic,372;devoted to philosophy,333;his aim,406;is a searcher,375, iii.158n.;search after knowledge the business of his life, i.396;has done more than any one else to interest others in it,405;anxiety to keep up research, ii.246;combated commonplace, i.398n.;equally with Sophists, laid claim to universal knowledge, iii.219;anachronisms, i.335, ii.20n., iii.411;colours facts to serve his arguments, ii.356n.,369, iii.46, iv.311;probably never read Thucydides, iii.410n.;acquiescence in tradition, iv.230-3,242n.;relation to popular mythology, i.441n., ii.416, iii.265n., iv.24,155n.,196,238n.,325,328,337,398;theory of politics to resist King Nomos, i.393;reverence for Egyptian regulations, iv.266n.;latest opinion in Epinomis,421n.,424n.;agreement of Leibnitz with, ii.248n.;seeCanon,Dialogue,Epistles, &c.
Platonists, influenced by Pythagoreans, iii.390n.;pleasure a form of evil,ib.;erroneous identification of truth and good,391n.
Pleasurable, Beautiful a variety of, ii.45;inadmissible,45-7;and Good, as conceived by the Athenians,371;is it identical with good,289.
Pleasure, an equivoque, iii.377n.;meaning as thesummum bonum,338;Plato’s various doctrines compared,385n.;is the good, ii.292,305,347n.;agreement with Aristippus, i.199-201;right comparison of pains and, necessary, ii.293;virtue a right comparison of pain and,ib.,305;ignorance, not pleasure, the cause of wrongdoing,294;actions conducive to, are honourable,295;Sokrates’ reasoning,307;not ironical,314;not Utilitarianism,310n.;theory more distinct than any in other dialogues,308,347;but too narrow and exclusively prudential,309;compared withGorgias,306n., 345-6;Republic,210,350n.;not identical with Good,345, iii.380n., iv.62;Sokrates’ argument untenable, ii.351;its elements depreciated,355;arts of flattery aiming at immediate,357;Expert required to discriminate,345,347;science ofmeasure necessary to estimate pleasures,357n., iii.357,369n.,376n.,391, iv.301;is it good, iii.335,337;pleasures unlike each other,336,396;is good intense pleasure without any intelligence,338;life without pain or pleasure conceivable, at least second-best,349,372;less cognate than intelligence to good,339,347,361;not identical with ἀλυπία,338n.,353,377;is of the infinite,347;is the indeterminate,348;pre-supposes pain,349,389n.;except in the derivative pleasures of memory and expectation,349;is the restoration of the system’s harmony,348;antithesis of body and mind in desire, no true pleasure,350;true, attached to true opinion,351;same principle of classification applied to cognitions as to,382;can they be true or false,351,352,385,380n.,382;false, are pleasures falsely estimated,352,384;theory of pleasure-haters, partly true,354;intense, not compatible with cognition,363;Aristotle on,376n.;same view enforced by Hedonists,378,387n.;intense, connected with bodily or mental distemper,356,391;but more pleasure in health,356;feelings excited by drama, φθόνος,355n.;true, of beautiful colours, odours, sounds, acquisition of knowledge,356;of geometry, painless,ib.,387n.;of intelligence more valuable than of sense,375n.,386n., iv.85,89,118;analogy of cognition and, iii.360;true, admit of measure,357,369n.;is generation, therefore, not an end, nor the good,357;Aristippus and Aristotle on,378n.;is an end, and cannot be compared with intelligence, a means,373,377n.;good a mixture of pleasure and cognition,361;only true, pure, and necessary pleasures included in good,362;gods and kosmos free from pleasure and pain,389;intelligence postulated by the Hedonists,374;Plato argues on Hedonistic basis by comparing,375;both ἀλυπία and pleasure included in Hedonists’ end,377;Sokrates differs little from pleasure-haters,389;doctrine not defensible against pleasure-haters,387,390n.;of intelligence, the best, and alone pure, iv.85,89;of φιλομάθεια superior to φιλοκέρδεια and φιλοτιμία,85,89,118;neutral condition of mind intermediate between pain and pleasure,86;pure pleasure, unknown to most men,87;more from replenishment of mind than of body,88;citizens should be tested against,285;Sokrates the ideal of self-command as to,288;good identical with maximum of, and minimum of pain,292-7,299,303;at least an useful fiction,ib.;a form of evil, Platonists’ doctrine, iii.390n.;Speusippus on,386n.,390n.;Kyrenaic theory, i.196;Antisthenes, iii.390n.;Cynics’ contempt for, i.154;Aristotle, iii.386n.;Epikurus, ii.355n., iii.387n.;Lucretius,387n.;Cicero,389n.;Prof. Bain,383n.
Plotinus, i.376n., iii.84n.
Poets, censured by Herakleitus, i.26;Xenophanes,16;the art isone, ii.127;arbitrary exposition by the rhapsodes,125;and rhapsodes work by divine inspiration,127,129;deliver wisdom without knowing it,285;the great teachers,135;really know nothing,ib.;Strabo against, iv.152n.;appeal to maxims of, ii.178;importance of knowledge of,283;Plato’s forced interpretations of,286,ib.n.;relation of sophists, rhetors, philosophers to, iv.149;ancient quarrel between philosophy and,93,151;Plato’s feelings enlisted for,93;Plato’s aversion to Athenian dramatic,316,350;peculiar to himself,317;Aristotle differs,ib.n.;change for worse at Athens began in,313;censured, ii.355, iv.91,130n.;their mischievousimitation of imitation,91;retort open to,153n.,154n.;mischievous appeal to emotions, ii.126, iv.92,152,349;only deceive their hearers,91;credibility upheld by Plato,161;must avoid variety of imitation,26;orthodox type imposed on,24,153,155,292-6,323,349;to keep emotions in a proper state,169;Plato’s expulsion of, censured, iii.3;actual place of, in Greek education, compared with Plato’sidéal, iv.149-53;mixture in Plato of poetry with religious mysticism and dialectic theory, iii.16;poetic vein of Sokrates inPhædoncontrasted withApology, ii.421;Aristophanes on function of, iv.306n.
Politicalart, its use, ii.206, iii.415;Sokrates declares he alone follows the true, ii.361;society and ethics, topic of Sokrates, i.376;ethics merged by Sokrates in, ii.362;treated together by Plato, iv.133;apart by Aristotle,138;Plato’s and Aristotle’s new theory of, to resist KingNomos, i.393;relation to philosophy, ii.224,227,229,230n.,365n.,368n.,ib., iii.179,183, iv.51-4, i.181n.,182;to be studied by itself exclusively, ii.229;Lewis on ideals, iv.139n.;seeGovernment,Monarchy,Ruler.
Politikus, authenticity, i.307,316n., iii.185n.,265n.;date, i.309,410,313,315,325;purpose, iii.188,253,257n.,261;value,190;relation toTheætêtus,187;scenery and personages,185;in a logical classification all particulars of equal value,195;province of sensible perception narrower inTheætêtus,256;importance of founding logical partition on sensible resemblances,255;the attainment of the standard the purpose of each art,260;necessity of declaring standard,262;Plato’s views on mensuration,260;Plato’s defence against critics,262;the mythe of the kosmos,265n.;causes principal and auxiliary,266;the king the principal cause,ib.;Plato does not admit received classification of governments,267;three kinds of polity,278;true classification of governments, scientific or unscientific,268;unscientific government, or by many, counterfeit,ib.;of unscientific governments, despot worst, democracy least bad,270,278;true government, by the onescientificman, i.273, iv.280,310n.;counter-theory inProtagoras, iii.275;government by fixed laws the second-best,269;scientific governor, unlimited by laws,269;distinguished from general, &c.,271;aims at forming virtuous citizens,272;maintains ethical standard,273;natural dissidence of gentle and energetic virtues,ib.;excess of the energetic entails death or banishment, of the gentle, slavery,ib.;courage and temperance assumed,282;compared withLachês,282-4;Charmidês,ib.;Menon,283;Protagoras,262,275;Phædon,262,265n.;Phædrus,257,265n.;Parmenidês,259;Theætêtus,184n.,187,256;Kratylus,281,329;Philêbus,262,369n.;Republic,257n.,279.