Sophistês, date, i.305-11,313,315,324-5, iii.369n.;authenticity, i.307,316n., iii.185n.,243n.;purpose,188,190,223,253,261,267;relation toTheætêtus,187;scenery and personages,185;in a logical classification all particulars of equal value,195;definition of angler,189;sophist compared to an angler,192;defined,191-5,196n.;a juggler,198,200;imitator of the wise man,216;classification of imitators,215;philosopher lives in region ofens, sophist, ofnon-ens,208;bodily and mental evil,197;the worst, ignorance mistaking itself for knowledge,ib.;Elenchus the sovereign purifier,ib.;is false thought or speech possible,172n.,199,249;falsehood possible, and object of sophists’ profession,181n.,214;imperfect analysis of propositions,235,238;view of the negative erroneous,237,239;theories of philosophers aboutens,201;non-ensinconceivable,200;isensone or many,201;difficulties aboutensandnon-ensequally great,ib.,206;the materialists and the idealists,203;argument against materialists,ib.,223,226,228;reply open to materialists,224,230;argument against idealists,204,225;their doctrine the same as Plato’s inPhædon, &c.,244,246;no allusion intended to Megarics or Pythagoreans,244,390n.;communion implies relativity,125,205;to know and to be known is action and passion,205,226,287n.;motion and rest both agree inens, which is therefore atertium quid,206;argument against “only identical predication legitimate,”ib.,212,221,251;Antisthenes meant, i.163,165;intercommunion ofsomeForms, iii.207,228,246n.,251n.;analogy of letters and syllables,207;what forms admit of it, determined by philosopher,208;ofnon-ensand of proposition, opinion, judgment,213,214,235;τὸ μὴ ὄν, meaning,181n.;five forms examined,208,231,233;Plato’s view ofnon-ensunsatisfactory,236,239,242n.,248n.;an approximation to Aristotle’s view,247;different from other dialogues,242;compared withPhædon,244,246;Phædrus,18,257;Symposion,19;Theætêtus,182n.,187,242,256,332;Kratylus,ib.;Philêbus,369n.;Republic,242,257.
Sophokles, Antigone, compared withApology, i.429n.;its popularity, ii.135n.;as a general,135.
Σωφροσύνη, ii.153n.;seeTemperance;derivation, iii.301n.;identical with σοφία, ii.279;and αἰδώς,269n.
Sorites, i.128,133,135n.
Soul, derivation of ψυχή, iii.301n.;meaning, iv.387n.;prior to and more powerful than body,386,419-20;the good and the bad souls at work in the universe,386;one continuous cosmical, ii.248n.;of the kosmos,iii.265n., iv.220,421;affinity to human, iii.366n.;of kosmos, position and elements of, iv.225;of plants,248;doctrine of Herakleitus, i.34;Empedokles,44;Anaxagoras,54;Demokritus,75;Plato’s conception of existence, iii.205,226,229,231;not tripartite, antithesis to body, ii.384;Hegel on Plato’s view,414n.;a mixture, refuted,390;life a struggle between body and,386,388, iv.234,235n.;partial emancipation of, by philosophy, ii.386;purification of,388;κνῆσις compared to children’s teething, iii.399n.;pre-existence admitted, ii.390;mythe, iii.12,15n.;Leibnitz on, ii.248n.;pre-existence of, necessary hypothesis for didacticidéal, iii.52;metempsychosis of ordinary men only, ii.387, iv.234;mythe of departed, inRepublic,94;state after emancipation from body, ii.416;yet may suffer punishment, inconsistency,ib.;three constituent elements of, iii.232n.;Galen, iv.258;are the three parts immortal, ii.385, iv.243;no place for tender and æsthetic emotions in tripartite division of,149n.;each part at once material and mental,257;supremacy of rational, to be cultivated,251;Demiurgus conjoins three souls and one body,233,243;Demiurgus prepares for man’s construction, places a soul in each star,233;generated gods fabricate cranium as miniature of kosmos with rational soul rotating within,ib.;mount cranium on a tall body,236;seat of,235-7,243-7,259n.;Littré,257n.;abdominal, function of liver,245,259;seat of prophetic agency,246;thoracic, function of heart and lungs,245,259n.;of spleen,246;vision, sleep, dreams,236;Aristotle on relation of body to, iii.389n.;Monboddo, iv.387n.;seeBody,Immortality,Mind,Reason.
Sound, Zeno’s arguments, i.96;pleasures of, true, iii.356.
Space, and time comprised in Parmenides’ ens, i.19;Zeno’s reductionesad absurdum,94;contents of the idea of,20n.
Sparta, unlettered community, iv.278;law forbids introduction of foreign instruction, ii.35;Hippias lectures at,39;mixed government, iv.310;kings eulogised, ii.8;customs of, iii.24n.;peculiar to itself and Krete, iv.280n.;blended with Persian inCyropædia, i.222;influence on philosopher’s theories, iv.181;Xenophon’sidéalof character,147,148,182;Plato’s inLeges,276,280n.,403;basis of institutions too narrow,282;endurance of pain in discipline of,285;public training and mess,279,280n.,285n.;no training for women, censured,188;infanticide,203;number of citizens,327n.;drunkenness forbidden at,286;kryptia, Plato’s agronomi compared,336.
Specificand generic terms, distinction unfamiliar in Plato’s time, ii.13.
Speech, conducted according to fixed laws, iii.286;the thing spoken ofsuffers,287n.;Psammetichus’ experiment,289n.;and music illustrate coalescence of finite and infinite,340-3.
Spencer, Herbert, abstract names, iii.78n.
Spengel, on Thrasymachus, iv.7n.;Kratylus, iii.309n.
Speusippus, borrowed from Pythagoreans, iii.390n.;on pleasure,386n.,389n.;on the Demiurgus, iv.255.
Sphere, the earth a, early views, i.25n.;Pythagorean music of the spheres,14;Sphærusof Empedokles,39.
Stallbaum, on Platonic canon, i.307,443n.;Erastæ, ii.121;Theagês,100n.;Euthydêmus,202;Protagoras,314, iv.284n.;Theætêtus, iii.158n.;SophistêsandPolitikus,196n.,257n.;Kratylus,303n.,305n.,310n.,321,323n.;Philêbus,342n.,343n.,347n.,356n.,389n.,398n.;Menexenus,408,409;Republiciv.106n.;Timæus,219n.;Leges,188n.,272n.,410n.,431;theory of Ideas, iii.69n.;Sophists, ii.209n.;Megarics, i.132n.
Stars, iv.229.
State, Lewis onidéals, iv.139n.;realisation ofidéals,190n.;three ends of political constructor,328n.;influence of Spartan institutions, on theories,181;no evidence of Plato’s study of practical working of different institutions,397;Aristeides on, i.243n.;citizens willing to be ruled,idéalof Plato and Xenophon, iv.283n.;Platonic type of character is Athenian, Xenophontic is Spartan,147,148,182;its religious and ethical character primary, constitution and laws secondary,284;religion in connection with,24,160;and education combined,185;Plato’s ideal, compared with Athens,430;the Spartan adopted inLeges,276,280n.,403;Plato carries abstraction farther than Xenophon or Aristotle,183;more anxious for good treatment of Demos,ib.;in Aristotle the Demos adjuncts, not members, of state,184;model city practicable if philosophy and political power united,47;perpetual succession maintained of philosopher-rulers,60;those who have contemplated Ideas are reluctant to undertake active duties.70;as at present constituted, the just man stands aloof from,90;ideal, how to be realised,78,190n.;admitted only partially realisable,327;only an outline,139;a militarybureaucracy,183;second, a compromise of oligarchical and democratical sentiment,333,337;Aristotle objects to Plato’s ideal, it is two states,185;objection valid against his own ideal,186n.;Plato fails from no training for Demos,186;Plato’s state impossible, in what sense true,189;from adverse established sentiments,191;genesis, common want, ii.343, iii.327, iv.20,111,112n.,133;historical retrospect of society,307-314;analogy of individual and,11,21,37,79-84,96;Hobbes on,ib.;parallelism exaggerated,114,121,123;its ὑπόθεσις,328n.;basis of Spartan institutions too narrow,282;site,320,329,336;circular form, unwalled,344;influence of climate,330n.;wisdom and courage in the guardians,34;justice and temperance in all classes,35;class of guardians, characteristics,23;divided into rulers and soldiers,29;same duties and training for women as men,41,46,77,171-4;on principle that every citizen belongs to the city,187;maintained inLeges, and harmonises with ancient legends,195;contrast with Aristotle,194;συσσίτια,32,345,359;communism of guardians,ib.,140,169;necessary to city’s safety,32,34,44,140,170-179;peculiarity of Plato’s communism,179;Plato’s view of wealth,199n.;no family ties,41,174,178;temporary marriages for guardians,175-8;Plato’s and modern sentiments,192,194;influence of Aphroditê very small in Platonic,197,359;citizens should be tested against pleasure,285;self-control tested by wine,289;healthy, has few wants, enlargement of city’s wants,22;from multiplied wants, war,ib.;perfection of, each part performing its own function,97;one man can do only one thing well,23,33,183,361;unity of end to be kept in view,417;end, happiness of entire state,98,139n.;and virtue of the citizens,417;three classes in, analogous to reason, energy, appetite, in individual,39;fiction as to origin of classes,30;four stages of degeneracy,79-84;proportions of happiness and misery in them,83;in healthy condition, possesses wisdom, courage, temperance, justice,34;laws about marriage,328,331,341,344;Aristotle,198-201;Malthus’ law recognised by Plato and Aristotle,202;number of citizens,178,326,328;limited, Plato and Aristotle,198-201;Aristotle,326n.;approximation in Mill,199n.;rearing of children,43,44;infanticide,ib.,177;Aristotle,202;contrast of modern sentiment,203;citizens of Plato’s ideal, identified with ancient Athenians,266;division of citizens and land, twelve tribes,329;perpetuity of lots of land,320,360;Aristotle,326n.;succession,328;orphans, guardians,404,406;limited inequality tolerated as to movable property,330;no private possession of gold or silver, no loans or interest,331;distribution of annual produce,361;state importation of necessary articles,ib.;regulations for retailers,21,361,401;admission of Metics,362, i.238;of strangers, and foreign travel of citizens,iv.414;slavery,342;Aristotle differs,344n.;direct taxation, according to wealth,331;four classes, property classification for magistracies and votes,ib.;thirty-seven nomophylakes,332;military commanders and council,ib.;monthly military muster of whole population,358;electoral scheme,333;the council, and other magistrates,335;Nocturnal Council to comprehend and carry out the end,418,425,429;and enforce orthodox creed,419;most important magistrate, minister of education,338;defence of territory, rural police,335;Spartankryptiacompared,336;Xenophon’sideal of an active citizen, i.214;he admires active commerce and variety of pursuits,236;encouragement of metics,238;training of citizens,226;formation of treasury funds,238;distribution among citizens, three oboli each, daily,239;its purpose and principle,240,241n.;seeGovernment,Political Art, &c.
Statesmen, ignorant of the true, the ideal, ii.89;incompetent to teach.100,357,360,369;the philosopher the fully qualified practitioner,114,116,118;disparagement of half-philosophers, half-politicians,224;dislike of Sokrates and Sophists,256;their right opinion, from inspiration,242;defects of best Athenian,360;considered by Sokrates as spiritual teachers and trainers,362;Plato’sidéal,363;relation of philosopher to practical, iii.179,183,273;definition of,263.
Steersman, simile of, iv.53.
Steinhart, on Platonic canon, rejects several, i.309;τὸ ἐξαίφνης, iii.103n.;Parmenidês,109n.,245n.;Theætêtus,167n.;Sophistês,245n.;Kratylus,307n.;Menexenus,412n.
Steinthal, no objective absolute, iii.296n.
Stewart, Dugald, on the beautiful, ii.50n.;relativity of knowledge, iii.156n.;Berkeley, iv.243n.
Stilpon, nominalism of, i.167;only identical predication possible,166,168;of Megara,148.
Stoics, influenced by Herakleitus, i.27,34n.;developed Antisthenes’ doctrines,198;practical life preferable,181n.;πάντα αὑτοῦ ἕνεκα πράττειν, iv.106n.;all-sufficiency of virtue, germ of doctrine inRepublic,102;fate, i.143n.;view of Dialectic,371n.;style of their works,406;doctrine of one cosmical soul, ii.248n.;notion of time, iii.101n.;natural rectitude of signification of names,286n.;etymologies,308n.;sophisms of, i.128n.,138;minute reasons of,130n.;Cicero on,157.