Eretrianschool, transcendental, not ethical, i.121;qualities non-existent without the mind, iii.74n.;Phædon, i.148;Menedêmus,ib.,149.
Eristicand dialectic, ii.221n.;Aristotle’s definition,210.
Eros, differently understood, necessity for definition, iii.29;derivation,308n.;contrast of Hellenic and modern sentiment,1;erotic dialogues,PhædrusandSymposion,ib.;as conceived by Plato,ib.,4,11;inconsistent with expulsion of poets,3n.;purpose ofSymposion, to contrast Plato’s with other views,8;views of interlocutors inSymposion,9;a Dæmon intermediate between gods and men,9;but inPhædrusa powerful god,ib.n.,11n.;the stimulus to improving philosophical communion,4,6,18;Phædon,Theætêtus,Sophistês,Republic,ib.;exaltation of, in a few, love of Beautyin genere,7,15;analogy to philosophy,10,11,14;disparaged, then panegyrised, by Sokrates inPhædrus,11;a variety of madness,ib.;Sokrates as representative ofEros Philosophus,15,25;Xenophon’s view,ib.
Ethics, diversity of beliefs, noticed by the ancients, i.378, iii.282n.;hostility to novel attempts at analysis, i.387n.;Sokrates distinguished objective and subjective views,451;subjective unanimity coincident with objective dissent,ib.;Aristophanes connects idea of immorality with free thought, iv.166;thematterof ethical sentiment variable, theformpermanent,203;Pascal on, i.231n.;with political and social life, topic of Sokrates,376, ii.362, iii.113;self-regarding doctrine of Sokrates, ii.349,354n.;order of problems as conceived by Sokrates,299;to do, worse than to suffer, evil,326,332,338,359;no man voluntarily does, iv.249,365-7;ἁμαρτήματα and ἀδικήματα distinguished,365,367;and politics treated together by Plato,133;apart by Aristotle,138;Sokrates and Plato dwell too exclusively on intellectual conditions, ii.67,83;rely too much on analogy of arts, and do not note what underlies epithets,68;Plato blends ontology with, iii.365;forced conjunction of kosmology and,391;physiology ofTimæussubordinated to ethical teleology, iv.257;different points of view in Plato, ii.167;modern theories, intuition,348;moral sense, not recognised inGorgiasandProtagoras,ib.;permanent and transient elements of human agency,353-5;τὰἀνθρώπινα, iv.302n.;the permanent, and not immediate satisfaction, the end, ii.360;τὸ ἕνεκά του confused with τὸ διά τι,182n.;basis inRepublicimperfect, iv.127-32;Plato more a preacher than philosopher in theRepublic,131,132;purpose inLeges, to remedy all misconduct,369;of Demokritus, i.82;seeCynics,Kyrenaics,Epikurus, &c.
Etymology, seeName.
Eubulides, sophisms of, i.128,133.
Eudemus, iv.255;Proklus borrowed from, i.85n.
Eudoxus, i.255;identity of good and pleasure, ii.315n., iii.375n.,379n.
Eukleides, i.116;enlarged summum genus of Parmenides, iii.196n.;blended Parmenides with Sokrates, i.118;Good, iii.365, i.119,127n.;nearly Plato’s last view,120.
Εὐπραγία, equivoque, ii.8n.,352n.
Euripides,Bacchæanalogous toLeges, iv.277,304n.;Hippolytusillustrates popular Greek religious belief,163n.
Eusebius, i.384n., iv.160n.,256n.
Euthydêmus, authenticity, i.306, ii.195;date, i.308-11,312,315,320,325n., ii.227n., iii.36n.;scenery and personages, ii.195;dramatic and comic exuberance,ib.;purpose, i.309n., ii.198,204n.,211, i.128;Euthydêmus and Dionysodorus do not represent Protagoras and Gorgias, ii.202;ironical admiration of Sophists,208;earliest known attempt to expose fallacies,216;the result of habits of formal debate,221;character drawn of Sokrates suitable to its purpose,203;possession of good things, without intelligence, useless,204;intelligence must include making and use,205;fallacies of equivocation,212, iii.238n.;à dicto secundum quid ad dictum simpliciter, ii.213,214;extra dictionem,215;involving deeper logical principles,ib.;its popularity among enemies of dialectic,222;the epilogue to obviate this inference,223;Euthydêmus the representative of dialectic and philosophy,226;disparagement of half-philosophers, half-politicians,224;Plato’s view untenable,229;is Isokrates meant?227, iii.38n.;no teacher can be indicated, ii.225;compared withParmenidês,200;Republic,Philêbus,Protagoras,208, iii.373n.
Euthyphron, date of, i.457n.;its Sokratic spirit,449;gives Platonic Sokrates’ reply to Melêtus, Xenophontic compared,441,455;a retort against Aristophanes,442;interlocutors,437;Euthyphron indicts his father for homicide,438, ii.329n.;as warranted by piety, i.439;acts on Sokratic principle of making oneself like the gods,440;Holiness,439;answer by a particular example,444;not what pleases the gods,445,448,454;Sokrates disbelieves discord among gods,440;why gods love the Holy,446;not a branch of justice,447;for gods gain nothing,448;holiness not a right traffic between men and gods,ib.;dialogue useful as showing the subordination of logical terms,455.
Evil, to do, worse than to suffer, ii.326,332,338,359;contrast of usual with Platonic meaning,331;the greatest, ignorance mistaking itself for knowledge, iii.197;great preponderance of, iv.25,262n.,390;gods not the cause of,24;the good and the bad souls at work in the universe,386;man the cause of,234;inconsistency,ib.,n.;diseases of mind arise from body,250;no man voluntarily wicked, ii.292, iv.249,365-7;done by the good man wilfully, by the bad unwillingly, ii.61;three causes of misguided proceedings, iv.366;seeGood,Virtue,Body.
Ἕξις, Aristotelic, ii.355.
Existence, notion of, iii.135n.,205,226,229,231.
Experience, Zeno’s arguments not contradictions of data generalized from, i.100;Plato’s theory of pre-natal, ii.252;operation of pre-natal on man’s intellectual faculties, iii.13;reminiscence of pre-natal knowledge gained by,17;post-natal not ascertained and measured by him, ii.252;no appeal to observation or, in studying astronomy and acoustics, iv.73,74;seeSense.
Expert, authority of public judgment, nothing, of Expert, everything, i.426,435;opposition toHomo mensura, iii.135,143;different view, i.446n.;correlation with undiscovered science of ends, ii.149;is never seen or identified,117,142;how known,141;Sokrates himself acts as, i.436;the pentathlos ofErastæ, ii.119n.;finds out and certifies truth and reality,87,88;badness of all reality, iii.330;required to discriminate pleasures, ii.345;as dialectician and rhetorician, iii.39;impracticable,42;true government by,268;postulated fornamesinKratylus,329.
Fabricius, iv.382n.
Faithand Conjecture, two grades of opinion, iv.67.
Fallacies, Sophists abused, ii.199;did not invent,217, i.133n.;inherent liabilities to error in ordinary process of thinking, ii.217, i.129;corrected by formal debate, ii.217,220n.,221;exposure of, by multiplication of particular examples,211;by conclusion shownaliundeto be false,216;Plato enumerates, Aristotle tries to classify,212;Euthydêmus, earliest known attempt to expose,216;Bacon’sIdola,218;Mill’s complete enumeration of heads of,218;of sufficient Reason, i.6n.;of equivocation, ii.212,352n.;extra dictionem,214;à dicto secundum quid ad dictum simpliciter,213,214;Plato and Aristotle fall into, iii.138,158;of confusion,297n.;arguing in a circle, ii.428n.;of Ratiocination,213,219;of Megarics and Antisthenes,215;seeSophisms,Equivoques.
Family, Greek views of, iii.1n.;restrictions at Thebes, iv.329n.;no separate families for guardians,41,174,178;ties mischievous, but can not practically be got rid of,327;to be watched over by magistrates,328;treatment of infants,346;seeEducation,Communism,Woman,Infanticide.
Farrar, F. W., iii.326n.
Fate, relation to gods, iv.221n., i.142;seeChance.
Ferrier, on scope and purpose of philosophy, i.viii,n.;relativity of knowledge, iii.123n.;antithesis of Ego and Mecum,132n.;necessity of setting forth counter-propositions,148.
Ficinus, interpretation of Plato, i.xi;followed Thrasyllean classification,301;on Good and Beauty, iii.5n.;onParmenidês,84n.;mystic sanctity of names,323n.
Figure, defined, ii.235;pleasures of, true, iii.356.
Finance, seeXenophon.
Finite, Zeno’s reductiones ad Absurdum, i.93;natural coalescence of infinite and, iii.340;illustration from speech and music,342;insufficient,343.
Fire, doctrine of Anaximander, i.5;Anaximenes,7;Pythagoras,13;Herakleitus,27,30n.,32;soul compared to,34;Empedokles,38;Anaxagoras,50,52,56n.;identified with mind by Demokritus,75.
Fischer, Kuno, iii.84n.
Foes, iv.251n.
Freewill, the Necessity of Plato, iv.221.
Friendship, a moving force, in Empedokles, i.38;problem inLysistoo general, ii.186;causes of enmity and, existby nature,341n.;colloquial debate as a generating cause,188n.;desire for what is akin to us or our own,182;not likeness and unlikeness,179,180,359;physical analogy188n.;the Indifferent friend to Good,180,189;illustrated by philosopher,181;theprimum amabile,ib.,192;prima amicitiaof Aristotle, compared,194;Xenophontic Sokrates and Aristotle,186.
Gain, double meaning of, ii.82;no tenable definition found,ib.,83;seeHipparchus.
Galen, relation to Plato, iv.258;soul threefold,ib.;a κρᾶσις of bodily elements, ii.391n.;immortal,423n.,427;onPhilêbus, iii.365n.;belief in legends, iv.153n.;Plato’s theory of vision,237n.;structure of apes,257n.
Galuppi, Pascal, iii.118.
Generalmaxims readily laid down by pre-Sokratic philosophers, i.69n.;terms vaguely understood,398n.,452n., ii.49n.,166,242,279n.,279,341n.;Mill on,48n.;hopelessness of defining,186n.
Generals, Greek, no professional experience, ii.134.
Genericand specific terms, distinction unfamiliar in Plato’s time, ii.13;and analogical wholes,48,193n., iii.365;unity, how distributed among species and individuals,339,346.
Genius, why not hereditary, ii.271,272,274.
Geometry, Pythagorean, i.12;modern application,10n.;subject of Plato’s lectures,349n.;value of, iv.352,423;Lucian against, i.385n.;successive stages of its teaching illustrate Platonic doctrine,353;twofold, iii.359,395;pure and applied mathematics,396n.;Aristotle’s view of axioms of, i.358n.;from induction, iv.353n.;painless pleasures of, iii.356,388n.;and dialectic, two modes of mind’s procedure applicable to ideal world, iv.65;geometry, assumes diagrams,ib.;conducts mind towards universal ens,72;uselessness of written treatises, ii.136;proportionals, iv.224n.,241n.,423;geometrical theory of the elements, i.349n., iv.240;Aristotle on,241n.;Kyrenaic and Cynic contempt for, i.155,186,192.
Gfrörer, iv.256n.
Gods, derivation of θεοί, iii.300n.;Xenophanes, i.16,119n.;Parmenides,19,24;Empedokles,40n.,42,47;Anaxagorean Nous represented later as a god,54;Diogenes of Apollonia,64n.;Demokritus,81;Sokrates,414,440, ii.28;Plato’s proofs of existence of, iv.385,389,419;locality assigned to,230n.;fabricated men and animals, ii.268;possess the Idea of cognition, iii.66,67n.;free from pleasure and pain,389;do not assume man’s form, iv.25,154n.;Lucretius on,ib.;cause good only,24;no repulsive fictions to be tolerated about,25,154;Dodona and Delphi to be consulted for religious legislation,34,137n.,325,337;τὰ θεῖα,302n.;primary and visible gods,229;secondary and generated gods,230;Plato’s dissent from established religious doctrine,161,163;Plato compared with Epikurus,161,395;Plato’s view of popular theology,238n.,328,337;popular Greek belief, well illustrated in Euripides’Hippolytus,163n.;God’s φθόνος,164n.;Aristotle,395;seeDemiurgus,Religion,Inspiration.
Gold, makes all things beautiful, ii.41.
Good, Demokritus’ theory, i.82;the Pythagorean καιρός, first cause of, iii.397n.;an equivoque,370;and pleasurable, as conceived by the Athenians, ii.371;contrast of usual with Platonic meaning,331,335;universal desire of,243,324, iii.5,335,371,392n.;akin, evil alien, toevery one, ii.183;alone caused by gods, iv.24;its three varieties, ii.306n.,350n., iv.12,116,428;Eros one, iii.5;as object of attachment, ii.194;the four virtues the highest, and source of all other goods, iv.428;is the just, honourable, expedient, ii.7;not knowledge,29;is gain,72-6;True and Real coalesce in Plato’s mind,88;Campbell on erroneous identification of truth and, iii.391n.;theprimum amabile, ii.181,191;approximation to Idea,192;Indifferent friend to,180,189;pleasure is,289,306n.,347n.;agreement with Aristippus, i.199-202;meaning of pleasure as thesummum bonum, iii.338;the permanent, and not immediate satisfaction, the end, ii.360;Sokrates’ reasoning,307;too narrow and exclusively prudential,309;not Utilitarianism,310n.;not ironical,314;compared withRepublic,310;Protagoras,345;coincidence ofRepublicandProtagoras,350n.;inconsistent withGorgias,306,345;argument inGorgiasuntenable,351;Platonicidéal, view of Order, undefined results,374;Plato’s view of rhetoric dependent on hisidéalof,374;is ἀλυπία, iii.338n.;is maximum of pleasure and minimum of pain, iv.293-97,299-303;at least an useful fiction,303;not intelligence nor pleasure,62;and happiness, correlative terms inPhilêbus, iii.335;is it intense pleasure without any intelligence,338;or intelligence without pleasure or pain,ib.;intelligence more cognate than pleasure to,347,361;pleasure a generation, therefore not an end, nor the good,357;atertium quid,339,361;intelligence the determining, pleasure the indeterminate,348;a mixture,361;five constituents,362;the answer as to, does not satisfy the tests Plato lays down,371;has not the unity of an idea,365;Plato’s in part an eclectic doctrine,366;special accomplishments oftener hurtful, if no knowledge of the good, ii.16;man who has knowledge of, can alone do evil wilfully,61;knowledge of, identified with νοῦς,30;postulated under different titles,31;special art for discriminating,115;how known, undetermined,31,206;only distinct answer inProtagoras,208,308,347;the profitable, general but not constant explanation of Plato,38;is essentially relative, iv.213n., i.185;Idea of, rules the world of Ideas, as sun the visible, iv.63,64;Aristotle on,214n.;Anaxagoras’ nous, ii.412;training to ascend to Idea, iv.62;dialectic gives the contemplation of,75;rulers alone know,212;Idea of, left unknown,213;changes in Plato’s views, i.119;Eukleides, iii.365, i.119,127n.;nearly same as Plato’s last doctrine,120;discourse of Sokrates with Aristippus,184,185;Xenophontic Sokrates, iii.366.