Gorgiasthe Leontine, reasoned against the Absolute as either Ens or Entia, i.103;Ens incogitable and unknowable,104;contrasted with earlier philosophers,105;not represented by Dionysodorus in Euthydemus, ii.202;celebrity,317;theory of vision, iv.237n.
Gorgias, the date, i.305-7,308-10,312,315, ii.228n.,318n.,367;its general character, discrediting the actualities of life,355;reply to, by Aristeides,371n.;upholds independence and dignity of philosophic dissenter,375;scenery and person ages,317;rhetoric the artisan of persuasion,319;a branch of flattery,321,370;citation of four statesmen,358,362;true and counterfeit arts,322;multifarious arts of flattery, aiming at immediate pleasure,357;despots and rhetors have norealpower,324;description of rhetors, untrue,369;rhetoric is of little use,329, iii.410;Sokrates’ view different in Xenophon, ii.371n.;issue unsatisfactorily put by Plato,369;view stands or falls withidéalof Good,374;all men wish for Good,324;illustration from Archelaus,325,333n.,334,336, i.179;Plato’s peculiar view of Good, ii.331,335;contrasted with usual meaning,331;καλὸν and αἰσχρὸν defined,327,334;definition untenable,334;to do, a greater evil than to suffer, wrong,326,359;inconsistent with description of Archelaus,333;reciprocity of regard indispensable,ib.;opposition of Law and Nature,ib.,338;no allusion to Sophists,339;uncertainty of referring to nature,340;punishment a relief to the wrong-doer,327,328,335;the only cure for criminals’ mental distemper,328;consequences of theory,336;analogy of mental and bodily distemperpushed too far,337;its incompleteness,363;are largest measure, and all varieties, of desire, good,344;good and pleasurable as conceived by the Athenians,371;good and pleasurable not identical,345, iii.380n.;argument untenable, ii.351;expert required to discriminate pleasures,345,347;idéalof measure, view of order, undefined results,374;permanent and transient elements of human agency353-5;psychology defective,354;temperance the condition of virtue and happiness,358;Sokrates resolves on scheme of life,360;agreement of Sokrates with Aristippus, i.200n.;Sokrates alone follows the true political art, ii.361-2;condition of success in life,359;danger of dissenter,ib.;Sokrates as a dissenter,364;claim oflocus standifor philosophy,367;but indiscriminate cross-examination given up,368;mythe respecting Hades,361;compared withProtagoras,270n.,306n.,345-8,349-55, iii.379;Philêbus,ib.,380;Apology,Kriton,Republic, ii.362;Leges,ib., iv.301,302,324;Menexenus,409;Xenophontic Sokrates, i.178,221.
Government, natural rectitude of, ii.89;Plato does not admit the received classification, iii.267;true classification, scientific or unscientific,268;monarchy and democracy themother-polities, iv.312;dissent of Aristotle,ib.n.;seven distinct natural titles to,309;illustrated by Argos, Messênê, Sparta,310;imprudent to found on any one title only,ib.;five types of,78-84;three constituents of good,312;Plato’sidéal, ii.363;unscientific, or by many, counterfeit, iii.268;genuine, by the one scientific man,ib.,273, iv.280;counter-theory inProtagoras, ii.268, iii.275;distinguished from general, &c.,271;no laws,269;practicable only in golden age, iv.319;by fixed laws the second best, iii.270;excess of energetic virtues entails death or banishment, of gentle, slavery,273;true ruler aims at forming virtuous citizens,272;standard of ethical orthodoxy to be maintained,273;of unscientific forms despotism worst, democracy least bad,270,278;a bad government no government,281n.;timocracy, iv.79;oligarchy,ib.;democracy,80;despot,81;education combined with, by Plato, Xenophon, Aristotle,142;Sokratic ideal differently worked out by Plato and Xenophon, iii.273;Xenophon’sidéal, citizen willing to be ruled, i.215,218,219;and scientific ruler,224;Xenophon’s scheme of, a wisely arranged Oriental despotism,234;seeState.
Gräfenhahn, iii.312n.
Grammar, no formal, existed in Plato’s time, ii.34n., iii.222.
Greece, political changes in, during Plato’s life, i.1;Greeks all by nature kinsmen, iv.47.
Grimm, iii.314n.,329n.
Gruppe, onLeges, iv.355n.
Guardians, characteristics, iv.23,25;drunkenness unbecoming,298n.;consist of men and women,41,46;syssitia,359;communism of,ib.,44,140,169;maintenance of city dependent on their habits, character, education,32,34,139,170,178;no family ties,41,174-8;temporary marriages,44,175;object,198;number limited, Plato and Aristotle,178,198-200;age for studies,76;studies introductory to philosophy,70-4;courage seated in,35;analogous to reason and energy in individuals,39;divided into rulers and auxiliaries,29;compared with modern soldiers,148,180.
Gymnastic, art reducible to rule, ii.372n.;measured quantity alone good,112;education in, necessary for guardians, iv.23;should be simple,28;imparts courage,29;prizes at festivals,338;but object of training, war, not prizes,358;music necessary to correct,29.
Hades, no repulsive fictions tolerated of, iv.25,154;mythe of, inRepublic,94;inGorgias, ii.361.
Hamilton, Sir Wm., doctrines inconsistent, i.xiii.n.;Plato’s reasonings on the soul, ii.250n.,428n.;Reid and Berkeley, iii.165n.;Judgment implied in every act of Consciousness,166n.;relativity of knowledge,133n.;primary and secondary qualities, iv.243n.
Happiness, relation to knowledge, ii.159,160;Plato’s peculiar view of,335;contrasted with usual meaning,331;its elements depreciated,353;temperance the condition of,358;all men love Good as means to, iii.5;and good, correlative terms inPhilêbus,335;Sydenham on seat of,372n.;the end of the state and individual, iv.98;flowing from justice,20,84,90;seeGood,Pleasure.
Harmodius, iii.4n.
Harris, James, onHomo Mensura, iii.139n.;Plato’s etymologies,302n.;on Stoical doctrine of virtue, iv.106n.;on sophism Κυριεύων, i.141n.;time,146n.
Harvey, Dr. Wm., iv.259.
Hebrewstudies, their effect on classical scholarship, i.xv.n.;uniformity of tradition contrasted with diversity of Greek philosophy,384n.;allegorical interpretation of prophets, ii.286n.;writers, Plato’s resemblance to, iv.160n.,256.
Hedonists, doctrine, iii.374;included ἀλυπία in end,377;did not set aside all idea of limit,392n.;basis adopted in Plato’s argument,375,387n.;enforced same view as Plato on intense pleasures,378;seePleasure.
Hegel, origin of philosophy, i.382n.;ideal expert,ib.;Plato’s view of the soul, ii.414n.;Anaxagoras’ nous,403n.
Hegesias, the “death-persuader,” i.202;coincidence with Cynics,203;doctrine of relativity,204.
Heindorf, onKratylus, iii.310n.;Charmidês, iv.136n.;Republic,ib.
Hekatæus, censured by Herakleitus, i.26.
Herakleitus, works and obscure style, i.26;dogmatism and censure of his predecessors,ib.;metaphysical,27;physics,ib.,32;did not rest proof of a principle on induction of particulars, iii.309n.;Fierihis principle, i.28;Parmenides’ opposed,37;the law ofFierialone permanent,29;no substratum,30;identified withHomo Mensura, iii.114,115,126,128;rejected by Aristotle, but approved by modern science, i.37n., iii.126n.,154n.;exposition by metaphors, i.28,30;fire and air,27,31;fire a symbol for the universal force or law,30n.;distinction ofidealandelementaryfire,32n.;doctrine of contraries,30,31, iii.101n.;the soul an effluence of the Universal, i.34;individual reason worthless,ib.;Universal Reason, the reason of most men as it ought to be,35;περιέχον compared with Anaxagorean Nous,56n.;sleep,34;theory of vision, iv.237n.;time,228n.;paradoxes, i.37n.;Πολυμαθίη νόον οὐ διδάσκει,26;reappears in Plato, ii.30;enigmatical doctrine of his followers, iii.159n.;their repugnance to dialectic, i.106n.;names first imposed in accordance with his theory, iii.301n.,314-7;names the essence of things,324n.,325;theory admitted,316;some names not consistent with it,318;the theory uncertain,321;flux, true of particulars, not of Ideas,320;antipathy to Pythagoras,316n.;influence on the development of logic, i.37;on Diogenes of Apollonia,64n.;Protagoras, iii.159n.;Plato, i.27;Stoics,27,34n.
Herakleitusthe Allegorist, iii.3n., iv.157n.
Hêraklês, the choice of, ii.267n., i.177.
Heresy, seeOrthodoxy.
Hermann, Godfrey, natural rectitude of names, iii.300n.
Hermann, K. F., theory of Platonic canon, i.307;Susemihl coincides,310;principle of arrangement reasonable,322;more tenable than Schleiermacher’s,324;Ueberweg attempts to reconcile Schleiermacher with,313;onHippias Major, ii.34n.;Kratylus, iii.309n.;Republic,244n.;Leges, iv.274n.,328n.,369n.,374n.
Hermokrates, intended as last inRepublictetralogy, i.325, iv.266,273.
Herodotus, infers original aqueous state of earth from prints of shells and fishes, i.19n.;Psammetichus’ experiment, iii.289n.;the gods’ jealousy, iv.164n.;sacrifice and prayer,394,ib.n.
Herschel, Sir John, axioms of arithmetic from induction, iv.353n.
Hesiod, cosmology, i.2-3,4n.;censured by Xenophanes,16;by Herakleitus,26.
Hetæræ, iv.359, i.188-90.
Hindoos, Sleeman on grounds of belief among, iii.150n.;philosophers compared with Eleatics, i.159n.