Hipparchia, wife of Krates, i.173.
Hipparchus, authenticity, i.297n.,307,309,337n., ii.82,93;andMinosanalogous and inferior to other works,82;purpose,84;subject — definition of lover of gain,71;double meaning ofgain,82;first definition, rejected,71;character and precept of Hipparchus the Peisistratid, eulogy of Sokrates,73;Gain is good — apparent contradiction,ib.;gain the valuable, the profitable, and therefore the good,75;some gain is good, some evil,74;objections,ib.;no tenable definition of gain found,82,83.
Hippias Major, authenticity, i.306,315, ii.33n.;date, i.307, 308-10,313;situation and interlocutors, ii.33;Hippias lectured at Sparta on the beautiful, the fine, the honourable,35,39;no success at Sparta — law forbids,35;the lawful is the profitable,36;comparison with Xenophon,34,37;the beautiful?39;instances,40;Gold makes all things beautiful,41;complaint of vulgar analogies,42;answer fails of universal application,ib.;the becoming, and the useful — objections,43-4;a variety of the pleasurable,45;inadmissible,ib.;Sokrates attempts to assign some general concept,47,193n., iii.365;analogy of Sokrates’ explanations inMemorabilia, ii.49;andMinorillustrate general theory of the dialogues of Search,63;antithetise rhetoric and dialectic,70.
Hippias Minor, authenticity, i.306, ii.55n.,57n.;date, i.306,308-10,310,315;andMajorillustrate general theory of dialogues of Search, ii.63;antithetise rhetoric and dialectic,70;polemical and philosophical purpose,63;its thesis maintained by Sokrates inMemorabilia,66;combated by Aristotle,67;characters and situation,55;Achilleus preferred by Hippias to Odysseus, veracity to mendacity,56,58;contested by Sokrates veracious and mendacious man the same,57;to hurtwilfullybetter than to do so unwillingly,58;Hippias dissents,60;good man alone does evil wilfully, Sokrates’ perplexity,61;critics on the sophistry of Sokrates,62.
Hippokrates, iv.260.
Hobbeson similitude of passions in all, but dissimilarity of objects, i.452n.;exercises for students, iii.80n.,90n.;subject and object,117n.;analogy of state to individual, iv.96;cause, i.139n.,144;Diodorus’ doctrine defended,143;coincides with Aristotle on motion,146.
Holiness, what is? i.439;not what gods love,445,448,454;why the gods love it,446;how far like justice, ii.278;not a branch of justice, i.447;not a right traffic between men and gods,448;is it holy? ii.278;the holy, one type in Platonic, various in Xenophontic, Sokrates, i.454.
Homer, cosmology, i.2;censured by Xenophanes,16;Herakleitus,26;considered more as an instructor than as a poet, ii.126;and poets, the great teachers,135;picture inRepublic, as really knowing nothingib., iv.92;Strabo on,152n.;Herakleitus the allegorist, iii.3n., iv.157n.;Plato’s fictions contrasted with,153n.;diversity of subjects, ii.132;inspired by gods,128;analogy ofMagnet,ib.;on friendship,179;identified by Plato withHomo Mensura, iii.114.
Homo Mensura, seeRelativity.
Homœomeries, seeAnaxagoras.
Homicide, varieties of, iv.370-4;penalties,370;Plato follows peculiar Attic view,374.
Honourable, the, Hippias’ lectures at Sparta on, ii.39;identified with the just, good, expedient,7;actions conducive to pleasure are,295;by law, not nature, Aristippus’ doctrine, i.197.
Horace, scheme of life, i.191n.,192n.
Huet, Bp., i.384n.
Humboldt, Wm. Von, origin of language, iii.326n.
Hume, Athenian taxation, i.242n.
Hunting, meaning of, iv.356;how far permitted,355.
Hutcheson, Francis, iv.105n.
Hypothesis, discussion of, distinct from discussion of its consequences, ii.397,411;ultimate appeal to extremely general hypothesis,ib.;inRepublic, only a stepping-stone to the first principle,412;provisional assumption of, and consequences traced, exercise for students, iii.79;illustration,81.
Ideas, Plato’s, differ from Pythagorean Number, i.10;identified by Plato with the Pythagorean symbols,348, iii.71n.,368;differ from Demokritean atoms, i.72;the definitions Sokrates sought for,453;Plato assumed the common characteristic, by objectivising the word itself,ib.;doctrine derived its plausibility from metaphors,343;soul’s immortality rests on assumption of, ii.412;reminiscence of the, iii.13;as Forms, ii.412;the only causes,396;formal,408n.;logical phantoms as real causes,404n.;truth resides in,411;alone exclude contrary,7n.;unchangeable, iii.246n., iv.50;Herakleitean flux not true of, iii.320;partly changeable and partly unchangeable,228;disguised in particulars, iv.3n.;fundamental distinction of particulars, and,219;alone knowable,49;opinion, of what is between ens and non-ens,ib.;assumption of, as separate entia, ii.396,403;great multitude of,410;characteristics of world of, iii.63;Ideas separate from, but participable by, sensible objects,59;objections,60-7;the genuine Platonic theory attacked,68;none of some objects,60;how participable by objects,63,65,72, iv.138;not fitted on to the facts of sense, iii.78;Aristotle partly successful in attempt,76.;analogous difficulty of predication, i.169;“the third man,” iii.64n.;not merely conceptions,64,73;not mere types,65;not cognizable, since not relative to ourselves,ib.,72;gods have Idea of cognition,67,68n.;dilemma, ideas exist or philosophy impossible,68;intercommunion of some forms,207,250n.;analogy of letters and syllables,208;what forms, determined by philosopher,ib.;ofnon-ens, andproposition,opinion,judgment,213,214;ofDiversumpervades all others,209;τῶν ἀποφάσεων,238n.;of Animal, iv.223,235n.,263;kosmos on pattern of,223;action on Materia Prima,238;of the elements,239;of insects, &c., iii.195n.;of names and things nameable,286n.,289,326n.;names fabricated by lawgiver on type of,287,290,325;names the essence of things,324n.;doctrine about classification not necessarily connected with,345;of Beauty exclusively presented inSymposion,18;of Good, approximation ofprimum amabile, ii.192;training to ascend to the idea of good, iv.61,66;comparison of idea of good to sun,63,64;of Good, inPhædon, Anaxagoras’ nous, ii.412;known to the rulers alone, iv.212;left unsolved,213;the contemplation of, by dialectic,75;reluctance to undertake active duties, of those who have contemplated,70;philosopher lives in region of, sophist in region of non-ens, iii.208, iv.48;little said of, inMenon, ii.253,254n.;postulated inTimæus, iv.220;discrepancy ofSophistêsand other dialogues, iii.244;the idealists’ doctrine the same as Plato’s inPhædon, &c.,ib.,246;Phædrus,Phædon, andTimæuscompared, iv.239n.;Plato’s various views, ii.404, i.119;the last,120;Aristotle on,360n., ii.192,193n.,410n., iii.76,245,365n.,367, iv.214n., i.120n.;Sophistêsapproximates to Aristotle’s view, iii.247;generic and analogical aggregates, ii.48,193n., iii.365;Antisthenes and Diogenes on, i.163;the first protest of Nominalism against Realism,164;seeParticulars,Phenomena,Universal.
Ideal, to Plato the only real, ii.89.
Idealists, iii.201;meaning ofens,231;argument against,204,225,244;doctrine of, the same as Plato’s inPhædon, &c.,ib.,246.
Identity, personal, ii.11,25, iii.6;and contradiction, principle of,101.
Ἰδιώτης distinguished from φιλόσοφος, iv.104n.;τεχνίτης, ii.272n.
Ignorance, mischiefs of, ii.12;depend on the subject-matter,14;to hurtknowingly, better thanignorantly,58,59;evil done by bad man unwillingly, by good wilfully,61;not pleasure, the cause of wrongdoing,294;mistaking itself for knowledge, the worst evil, iii.197;seeKnowledge.
Imitator, logical classification of, iii.215;of the wise man, sophist is,216;poets’ mischievousimitation of imitation, iv.91.
Immortality, beliefs as to partial, ii.385n.;popular Greek belief,427;metempsychosis a general element in all old doctrines,425n.;of rational soul only, iv.243;of all three parts of soul? ii.385;Plato’s demonstration rests on assumption of ideas,412;includes pre-existence of all animals, and metempsychosis,414;fails,423,428, iii.15;leaves undetermined mode of pre-existence and post-existence, ii.424;was not generally accepted,426;Xenophon’s doctrine,420n.;Aristotle’s,ib.;common desire for, iii.6;attained through mental procreation, beauty the stimulus,ib.;only metaphorical inSymposion,17.
Indeterminate, Pythagorean doctrine of the, i.11;pleasure the, iii.348;seeInfinite.
Indianphilosophy, compared with Greek, i.107,378n.,160n.,162;analogy of Plato’s doctrine of the soul, ii.389n.,426n.;Gymnosophists, compared with Diogenes, i.157,160n.;antiquity of,159n.;suicide,162n.;Antisthenes did not borrow from,159n.;antithesis of law and nature,162.
Indifferent, the, ii.180,189.
Individual, analogy to kosmical process, i.36n.;tripartite division of mind, iv.37;analogous to three classes in state,39;analogy to state,11,20,37,79-84,96;Hobbes on,ib.;parallelism exaggerated,114,121,124;dependent on society,21,121,123;four stages of degeneracy,79-84;proportions of happiness and misery in them,83;happiness of, through justice,20,84,90;one man can do only one thing well,23,33,97,98,183;Xenophon on,139n.
Individualism, seeAuthority.
Inductiveand syllogistic dialectic, ii.27;process of, always kept in view in dialogues of search, i.406;illustrated in history of science, ii.163;trial and error the natural process of the human mind,165;length of Plato’s process,100n.;usefulness of negative result,186;the mind rises from sensation to opinion, then cognition, iii.164;verification from experience, not recognised as necessary or possible,168.
Infanticide, iv.43,44,177;Aristotle on,202;contrast of modern sentiment,203.
Infinite, of Anaximander, i.5;reproduced in chaos of Anaxagoras,54;Zeno’s reductiones ad Absurdum,93;natural coalescence of finite and, iii.340,346,348n.;illustration from speech and music,341;explanation insufficient,343;seeIndeterminate.
Ingratitude, iv.399.
Inspiration, special, a familiar fact in Greek life, ii.130, iii.352, iv.15;in rhapsode and poet, ii.127;of rhapsode through medium of poets,128,129,134;of philosopher,383;seeDæmon;Plato’s view,131;the reason temporarily withdrawn,132, iii.11,309n.;opposed to knowledge, ii.136;right opinion of good statesmen from,241;all existing virtue is from,242.
Instantaneous, Plato’s imagination of the, iii.100;found no favour,102.
Interest, forbidden, iv.331.
Ion, authenticity, i.306, ii.124;date, i.307,308-9,311,312,315;interlocutors, ii.124;Ion as a rhapsode,126;devoted himself to Homer,127;the poetic art is one,ib.;inspiration of rhapsodes and poets,ib.;inspiration of Ion through Homer,128;analogy of magnet,ib.,129;Plato’s contrast of systematic with unsystematic procedure,ib.;Ion does not admit his own inspiration,132;province of rhapsode,ib.;the rhapsode the best general,133;exposition through divine inspiration,134.
Ionicphilosophy compared with the abstractions of Plato and Aristotle, i.87;defect of,88;attended to material cause only,ib.;seePhilosophy — Pre-Sokratic.
Islandsof the Blest, ii.416.
Isokrates, probably the half-philosopher, half-politician ofEuthydêmus, ii.227, iii.35;variable feeling between, and Plato, ii.228,331n., iii.36;praised inPhædrus,35;compared with Lysias,ib.38;his school at Athens,36;teaching of, iv.150n.;as Sophist, i.212n.;teachableness of virtue, ii.240n.;age for dialectic exercises, iv.211n.;criticism on other philosophers, iii.38n.;on aspersions of rivals,408n.;on the poets, iv.157n.;contrasted with Plato inTimæus,217;onLeges,432;oratio panegyrica, iii.406n.;great age of, i.245.
Italy, slaves in, iv.343n.