—— —— how painted on,153—— ware, early type,66Florence, porcelain made in sixteenth century.SeeMedici.Flour-spar used in glaze at Fürstenberg,265Flowers in porcelain at Meissen,254,293note—— —— at Vincennes,293Fond laqueon Chinese porcelain,102—— —— much found in Persia,147Forms of Chinese porcelain,137-141—— of Japanese porcelain,192Fostât rubbish-heaps, fragment of Chinese porcelain found in,216Fouliang, Annals of,127France, early collectors of Oriental porcelain in,229-231Francesco, Grand Duke of Tuscany, makes porcelain,237Frankenthal, porcelain made at,267Franks, Sir A. W., on Oriental china,53,121,185—— —— on Strassburg porcelain,270—— —— on Parisian kilns,314—— —— on Lowestoft porcelain,370Frederick the Great and porcelain,255,262,274,275,335Frits, used in French soft pastes,279Frye, Thomas, at Bow,342-343Fuel used in firing porcelain,28Fukien, Chinese province, two wares made,66,142—— white porcelain,142-143—— —— imitated in Europe,142—— —— decorated in England,144—— enamelled porcelain,143Fulda, porcelain made at,268Fulham, Dr. Dwight attempts to make porcelain at,240Furnaces for firing porcelain, three types described,27—— for Chinese porcelain,134—— for Japanese porcelain,191—— for French soft pastes,280Fürstenberg, porcelain made at,265Fusibility of porcelain, experiments at Sèvres,8,18Gardner, at Tver, makes porcelain,275Garnier, Édouard, late director at Sèvres,310—— —— report on contemporary porcelain,389-394Garniture, term explained,23——de cheminéein Chinese porcelain,139Geneva, porcelain painters at,271,311Gersaint, his catalogue of Oriental porcelain,230Ginori family at Doccia,320-321Glass, possible influence on early Chinese glazes,57—— made by Hu imitated in porcelain,113Glazes,12,30-38—— preparation of,30—— applied to unbaked ware by Chinese,30Glazes, called oil by Chinese,31—— distinguished from enamels,31—— fusibility of,32—— on Egyptian fayence,32—— composition of ancient,33,144-154—— three main classes of,34—— on Chinese porcelain,35—— relation to subjacent paste,35—— containing lime,35-36—— at Sèvres of two types,36—— on European porcelain, composition of,36—— on Chinese porcelain, composition of,37—— when first used by Chinese,69—— sole source of decoration on early Chinese porcelain,70—— for French soft pastes,281—— for hard pastes at Sèvres and Limoges,306‘Glozing’ or glazing oven,27Gold as source of red colour (see alsoRouge d’or),89Gotzkowski, Berlin banker,262Gotha, Museum at, early Chinese porcelain,72,174,212—— porcelain made at,269Gouyn, Charles, manager at Chelsea,333Granite, primary source of both kaolin and petuntse,9Granitic rocks, varieties of,9Granja, La, porcelaingabinetoat,323Gravant, potter at Sèvres,290,294Graviata bowls,115Green and blue enamels not successfully united by Chinese,98note—— —— on two vases of Ming porcelain in British Museum,99note—— glazes on Chinese porcelain,149—— offamille verte, how applied,99-100Grieninger, manager at Berlin,263Growan-stone and clay,377Hague, porcelain made at,273,389,393Hampton Court, Oriental porcelain at,185,225-226Hampton Court, no specimens offamille roseor of ‘Old Japan,’225—— —— age of porcelain represented at,226—— —— Queen Mary’s china cabinet,226Hancock, Robert, working at Battersea,347—— —— and transfer-printing,360Handles, fixing of,23Hannong family, Strassburg potters,268,269,305,313,318Hardness of porcelain,5,18Haslem, J., on casting process at Derby,26,354Hat-stands in Chinese porcelain,139Haviland factory at Limoges,389,390Hellot, chemical adviser at Sèvres,291,300—— his memoir quoted,278-280,294,299Herculaneum works at Liverpool,371Herend, in Hungary, porcelain factory at,271,392Herold or Höroldt at Meissen,253Hippisley, translations from Chinese,91noteHirado or Mikôchi ware,193-195Hirth, Dr., on early Chinese trade, etc.,54,210-213—— —— collection of early Chinese porcelain,72Höchst, porcelain made at,264Holdship, Richard,358Holland, Chinese ‘blue and white’ early imported,158—— Chinese porcelain in,229—— porcelain made in,272-274,389,393Hookah-bases of Chinese porcelain,140Hsuan-te (1425-35), porcelain of,92—— blue and white of,83Hua-shi, a stone used in Chinese porcelain,131,376Hungary, porcelain made in,271,392Hung-chi (1487-1505), porcelain of,93,147Hunger, at Vienna,260Hunger, at Venice,317Hybrid pastes of Italy,316Imari porcelain,186-193—— —— elements of decoration,187—— —— relation to early Chinese enamelled wares,187-188—— —— relation to other Japanese wares,188—— —— copied at King-te-chen,188note—— —— composition of paste,190—— —— source and nature of materials,190—— —— in Dresden collection,229Incense, vessels used in burning, of Chinese porcelain,138India, Chinese porcelain found in,85,158—— porcelain enamelled at Canton for,165Insufflationof glaze by Chinese,30Iron-red in fine lines to imitate therouge-d’or, examples at Dresden,162Jade, highly esteemed in China,57—— influence on early Chinese glazes,57Japan, early pottery of,177,179—— Korean potters in,179—— porcelain of,177-207Japanese experts on Chinese porcelain,55—— porcelain, how introduced from China,180-181—— —— early export of ‘blue and white,’182—— —— exported by Dutch,183-184—— —— sources of information,183note,193note—— —— export stimulated by troubles in China,184—— —— princely patronage of,189,194—— —— founded on Ming types,189,197,199—— —— composition of paste,190Japanese porcelain, preliminary firing,191—— —— glazes how prepared,191—— —— furnaces,191—— —— marks of crows-feet,191—— —— shapes and uses,192—— —— colours employed,192—— —— celadon,192,195,197,201—— —— stories of processes discovered by spies,196,202,203—— —— influence of conservative criticism on,206—— trade with China,178Julien, Stanislas, translations from Chinese,53Ju yao, early Chinese ware,62Kaga or Kutani ware,203-206Kai-feng Fu, old Sung capital,62,63,65Kakiyemon, a potter of Hizen,183—— ware,185—— —— blue enamel over glaze,186—— —— imitated at Meissen,253—— —— imitated at Chantilly,286Kändler at Meissen,253—— chief modeller of ‘Dresden figures,’253Kang-he (1661-1722), porcelain of,96—— his date-mark, why rare,119Kaolin,8,10—— preparation of,16—— proportion of, in hard pastes,17,385—— search for in France,305-306—— found at Alençon and St. Yrieix,305-306,378—— found in Cornwall,376-378Kaolinic stoneware, use of term,69Karl Theodor, Elector Palatine,260,267Kenzan, potter at Kioto,197Khanfu, Arab name for Hangchow,209Kia-king (1795-1820), porcelain of,114,155Kia-tsing (1521-66), porcelain of,94Kien-lung (1735-1795), porcelain of,105-114—— his poems inscribed on porcelain,113Kien-lung, Sèvres porcelain for,298Kien yao, old Chinese ware,66,180—— —— example in British Museum,71—— —— white porcelain,142,143Kilns for firing porcelain.SeeFurnaces.King-te-chen in early days,62—— oppression of court officials,94—— in Kang-he’s reign,96—— lists of porcelain made,95,104,115—— burned,115,125,220—— position,123-125—— Pekin, how reached from,123—— Canton, how reached from,124—— relation to Jao-chau and Fouliang,124-125—— description of town,125,127—— materials brought down in junks,128—— foreign designs copied at,165—— works abandoned for long period in seventeenth century,220Kinsay or Hangchow,62,63,209Kioto, porcelain made at,196-199—— potters copied Ming enamelled wares,198—— wares,récherchérudeness of,197Kishiu ware orÔ-niwa yaki,199—— —— imitated for export at Tokiyo and Kobe,200Kiyomidzu, suburb of Kioto, porcelain made at,197,198Kizayemon family, court purveyors of porcelain,188Kochi, meaning of Japanese term,175—— ware of Japanese,201Kok, Juriann, his new porcelain at the Hague,389,393Koransha, combination of Japanese potters,193Korea, relations with China and Japan,168—— fanciful attribution of various wares to,169,186Korean porcelain, classification of,170—— —— celadon,170—— —— plain white,170—— —— crackle ware,171Korean porcelain described in early Chinese books,171—— inlaid with white slip,171—— potters in Japan,169Koreans, early use of enamel colours by,169Kousnetzoff factory, Moscow,392Ko yao, early Chinese ware,63,65,145‘Kronenburg porcelain,’ origin of name,267Kuang-tung porcelain of Raynal,166Kuang yao, stoneware,166—— —— early Chinese ware,63Kublai Khan,72,213Kutani or Kaga ware,203-206—— ware, relation to Imari porcelain,204—— —— marks on,205Kwan-yin, statues of,135,143,226Lace imitated in porcelain at Berlin,264Lang Ting-tso, superintendent at King-te-chen,96note,103,151Lang yao, origin of name,103Langen, von, at Fürstenberg,265—— —— at Copenhagen,274Laque Burgauté,114Lathe, use of, in shaping porcelain,22Lead in glaze,33-34Leithner, chemist at Vienna,261Lemon-yellow, opaque glaze on Chinese porcelain,111-115Lille, porcelain made at,284—— coal early used in porcelain kilns,285Lime in paste or glaze of porcelain,35-36,251Limoges district, porcelain works in,15,314-315,389-390—— enamel copied in Chinese porcelain,135noteLister, Dr. Martin, at Saint-Cloud,282,326Lists of porcelain made for Chinese court,95,115Lithophanic porcelain, at Berlin,264Littler at Longton Hall,348Liverpool porcelain,370-371London, West of England porcelain painted in,363,366,369Longton Hall porcelain,348-349Lowestoft and Oriental armorial porcelain,369-370—— china, so-called,165,369—— porcelain,369-370Ludwigsburg, porcelain made at,266Lung-chuan celadon, reproduced at King-te-chen,132—— yao, early Chinese ware,63Lung-king (1566-72), porcelain of,95Lustre ware, attempted imitation by Chinese,74noteLyle, Mr., on old Siamese porcelain,173Macaulay on china collectors,61noteMadeley, Sèvres porcelain copied by Randall at,366Magnesia, an element of porcelain paste,12,131—— in paste of Vinovo porcelain,318—— in paste of Spanish porcelain,324Magnets, removal of iron from slip by,19Magots, decorated infamille vertestyle,100Mainwaring, Mr. Massey, his collection of Dresden figures,254noteMainz, elector of, and Höchst porcelain,264Manchu or Tsing dynasty,96Mandarin china,114Manganese-purple glazes on Chinese porcelain,98,147—— —— in the San-tsai enamels,99Marcolini, Count, director at Meissen,256Marieberg, porcelain made at,273Marks on Chinese porcelain,117-122—— —— how and where applied,117,119—— —— give little information,119,122—— ——Tangor hall,Chaior studio,120—— —— allusive, descriptive, emblems and devices,120-121—— —— ‘canting’ devices,121Marks on European porcelain.Seeunder the principal factories.—— on Japanese porcelain,197,199,200,205Marnes, used in French soft pastes,279Martabani celadon, examples in European collections,71—— ware,64-65,210seq.,144,173,215Materials of porcelain, M. Vogt’s experiments,17Maubrée, flower-painter on porcelain,271Mazarin or powder-blue grounds of Chinese,148Medici, Lorenzo de’, receives present of Chinese porcelain,217—— porcelain,236-238—— —— only identified lately,236—— —— Vasari’s account,236—— —— decoration of,237—— —— composition of,237—— —— marks,238Medicine-flasks (yao-ping) or snuff-bottles of Chinese porcelain,113-114,140—— —— of Chinese porcelain, used by Arabs, found in Egyptian tombs,140Meissen porcelain,244-258—— —— composition,7,250-251—— —— first successfully made (1713-1716),249—— —— composition of glaze,251—— —— hardness of paste, and difficulties in application of enamels,251—— —— early pieces mostly defective,252—— —— ‘Dresden figure groups,’253—— —— imitation of Chinesemagots,253—— —— armorial designs,253—— —— flowers imitated,254—— —— attempts to make large figures,254—— —— effects of Seven Years’ War,255—— —— important position of enamel painters,255Meissen porcelain, early exported to Turkey,255note—— —— marks on,257—— —— recent work,257,392—— —— marks on, copied,258—— —— smuggled into England,334Melchior at Höchst,265—— at Frankenthal,268Mennecy, porcelain made at,287-288Mica, an element in Chinese porcelain,11,131,376noteMikôchi or Hirado ware,193-195Ming dynasty, porcelain of,78-95—— porcelain, colour decoration,79,86-91,161—— —— ‘blue and white,’81-85,95,157Minton, Thomas,366,373Mirror black glaze on Chinese porcelain,130,149Mohammedan forms of Chinese porcelain,140Mo-hung, iron-red painted over glaze,150Mokubei, potter at Kioto,201Moore, Bernard, imitates Chinese glazes,387Morikaga, painted on Kaga ware,204Moulding, antiquity of process,23-25—— process described,23-25,128—— largely used for Chinese porcelain,112Muffle-stoves for firing enamels,47,281Nabeshima or Okôchi ware,195Nantgarw porcelain,367-368Napoleon’s ideas for decoration of porcelain,308Niderwiller, porcelain made at,270Nien-hao.SeeDate-marks.Nien Hsi-yao, superintendent at King-te-chen,104-105Nien yao,105Nightingale, Mr., on sales of Chelsea porcelain,335note,336noteNinsei, potter at Kioto,196Nove, Le, porcelain factory at,318Nymphenburg, porcelain made at,267Nyon, porcelain made at,271Okeover plate in British Museum,164Okôchi or Nabeshima ware,195‘Old Japan.’SeeImari.Ô-niwa yakior Kishiu ware,199-200Oriental porcelain, earliest specimens in Europe,217-218Orleans, Duke of, collector of Oriental porcelain,230—— —— and Saint-Cloud,283—— family, interest in porcelain,314—— porcelain made at,288Ormolu mountings at Sèvres,297—— —— on English porcelain,339Orry de Fulvi at Vincennes,