Chapter 30

77.See Wuttke,‘Deutsche Volksaberglaube,’pp.95, 115, 178.

77.See Wuttke,‘Deutsche Volksaberglaube,’pp.95, 115, 178.

78.Mariner, ‘Tonga Islands,’vol.ii.p.239; Turner, ‘Polynesia,’p.214; Williams, ‘Fiji,’vol.i.p.228. Compare Cranz, ‘Grönland,’p.231.

78.Mariner, ‘Tonga Islands,’vol.ii.p.239; Turner, ‘Polynesia,’p.214; Williams, ‘Fiji,’vol.i.p.228. Compare Cranz, ‘Grönland,’p.231.

79.R.Taylor, ‘New Zealand,’pp.206, 348, 387.

79.R.Taylor, ‘New Zealand,’pp.206, 348, 387.

80.Smith’sDic.,art.‘talus.’

80.Smith’sDic.,art.‘talus.’

81.Brand, ‘Popular Antiquities,’vol.ii.p.412.

81.Brand, ‘Popular Antiquities,’vol.ii.p.412.

82.D.&C.Livingstone, ‘Exp. to Zambesi,’p.51.

82.D.&C.Livingstone, ‘Exp. to Zambesi,’p.51.

83.Doolittle, ‘Chinese,’vol.ii.pp.108, 285-7; see 384; Bastian, ‘Oestl. Asien,’vol.iii.pp.76, 125.

83.Doolittle, ‘Chinese,’vol.ii.pp.108, 285-7; see 384; Bastian, ‘Oestl. Asien,’vol.iii.pp.76, 125.

84.Smith’sDic.,art.‘cottabos.’

84.Smith’sDic.,art.‘cottabos.’

85.Grimm,‘Deutsche Myth.’p.222.

85.Grimm,‘Deutsche Myth.’p.222.

86.Plin.viii.54.

86.Plin.viii.54.

87.From a letter of Mr.H. J.Stokes, Negapatam, to Mr.F. M.Jennings. General details of the Couvade in ‘Early History of Mankind.’p.293.

87.From a letter of Mr.H. J.Stokes, Negapatam, to Mr.F. M.Jennings. General details of the Couvade in ‘Early History of Mankind.’p.293.

88.Hâvamâl, 138.

88.Hâvamâl, 138.

89.Jamieson, ‘Scottish Dictionary,’s.v.‘coals’;R.Hunt, ‘Popular Romances,’1stser.p.83.

89.Jamieson, ‘Scottish Dictionary,’s.v.‘coals’;R.Hunt, ‘Popular Romances,’1stser.p.83.

90.Wuttke,‘Volksaberglaube,’p.131.

90.Wuttke,‘Volksaberglaube,’p.131.

91.Rochholz,‘Deutscher Glaube und Brauch,’vol.i.p.120;R.Chambers, ‘Popular Rhymes of Scotland,’ Miscellaneous; Grimm,pp.969, 976; Wuttke,p.115.

91.Rochholz,‘Deutscher Glaube und Brauch,’vol.i.p.120;R.Chambers, ‘Popular Rhymes of Scotland,’ Miscellaneous; Grimm,pp.969, 976; Wuttke,p.115.

92.Mendes, ‘Service for the First Nights of Passover,’ London, 1862 (in the Jewish interpretation the wordsbunra,—‘cat,’ is compared withsbinâr). Halliwell, ‘Nursery Rhymes,’p.288; ‘Popular Rhymes,’p.6.

92.Mendes, ‘Service for the First Nights of Passover,’ London, 1862 (in the Jewish interpretation the wordsbunra,—‘cat,’ is compared withsbinâr). Halliwell, ‘Nursery Rhymes,’p.288; ‘Popular Rhymes,’p.6.

93.Williams, ‘Fiji,’vol.i.p.110.

93.Williams, ‘Fiji,’vol.i.p.110.

94.Shortland, ‘Traditions ofN. Z.’p.196.

94.Shortland, ‘Traditions ofN. Z.’p.196.

95.Casalis,‘Études sur la langue Séchuana.’

95.Casalis,‘Études sur la langue Séchuana.’

96.R. F.Burton, ‘Wit and Wisdom from West Africa.’ See also Waitz,vol.ii.p.245.

96.R. F.Burton, ‘Wit and Wisdom from West Africa.’ See also Waitz,vol.ii.p.245.

97.Callaway, ‘Nursery Tales, &c. of Zulus,’vol.i.p.364, &c.

97.Callaway, ‘Nursery Tales, &c. of Zulus,’vol.i.p.364, &c.

98.Casalis,‘Etudes sur la langue Séchuana,’p.91; ‘Basutos,’p.337.

98.Casalis,‘Etudes sur la langue Séchuana,’p.91; ‘Basutos,’p.337.

99.Steere, ‘Swahili Tales,’p.418.

99.Steere, ‘Swahili Tales,’p.418.

100.Burton, ‘Wit and Wisdom from West Africa,’p.212.

100.Burton, ‘Wit and Wisdom from West Africa,’p.212.

101.Turner, ‘Polynesia,’p.216. See Polack, ‘New Zealanders,’vol.ii.p.171.

101.Turner, ‘Polynesia,’p.216. See Polack, ‘New Zealanders,’vol.ii.p.171.

102.Sahagun,‘Historia de Nueva España,’in Kingsborough’s ‘Antiquities, of Mexico,’vol.vii.p.178.

102.Sahagun,‘Historia de Nueva España,’in Kingsborough’s ‘Antiquities, of Mexico,’vol.vii.p.178.

103.Grimm,p.699.

103.Grimm,p.699.

104.Diog. Laert.i.91; Athenagoras.x,451.

104.Diog. Laert.i.91; Athenagoras.x,451.

105.Mannhardt’s‘Zeitschr. für Deutsche Mythologie,’vol.iii.p.2, &c.:‘Nóg er forthun nösgás vaxin,Barngiorn su er bar bútimbr saman;Hlifthu henni halms bitskálmir,Thó lá drykkjar drynhrönn yfir.’

105.Mannhardt’s‘Zeitschr. für Deutsche Mythologie,’vol.iii.p.2, &c.:

‘Nóg er forthun nösgás vaxin,Barngiorn su er bar bútimbr saman;Hlifthu henni halms bitskálmir,Thó lá drykkjar drynhrönn yfir.’

‘Nóg er forthun nösgás vaxin,Barngiorn su er bar bútimbr saman;Hlifthu henni halms bitskálmir,Thó lá drykkjar drynhrönn yfir.’

‘Nóg er forthun nösgás vaxin,Barngiorn su er bar bútimbr saman;Hlifthu henni halms bitskálmir,Thó lá drykkjar drynhrönn yfir.’

‘Nóg er forthun nösgás vaxin,

Barngiorn su er bar bútimbr saman;

Hlifthu henni halms bitskálmir,

Thó lá drykkjar drynhrönn yfir.’

106.See Grote, ‘Hist.of Greece,’vol.ii.p.5.

106.See Grote, ‘Hist.of Greece,’vol.ii.p.5.

107.Mannhardt’s ‘Zeitschr.’l.c.

107.Mannhardt’s ‘Zeitschr.’l.c.

108.E. A. W.Zimmermann,‘Geographische Geschichte des Menschen,’&c., 1778-83,vol.iii.See Professor Rolleston’s Inaugural Address, British Association, 1870.

108.E. A. W.Zimmermann,‘Geographische Geschichte des Menschen,’&c., 1778-83,vol.iii.See Professor Rolleston’s Inaugural Address, British Association, 1870.

109.Earl of Chesterfield, ‘Letters to his Son,’vol.ii.No.lxviii.

109.Earl of Chesterfield, ‘Letters to his Son,’vol.ii.No.lxviii.

110.See Hylten-Cavallius, ‘Wärend och Wirdarne,’vol.i.pp.161-70 Grimm,pp.52-5, 1201; Brand,vol.ii.pp.314, 325, &c.

110.See Hylten-Cavallius, ‘Wärend och Wirdarne,’vol.i.pp.161-70 Grimm,pp.52-5, 1201; Brand,vol.ii.pp.314, 325, &c.

111.Callaway, ‘Religion of Amazulu,’pp.64, 222-5, 263.

111.Callaway, ‘Religion of Amazulu,’pp.64, 222-5, 263.

112.Godignus,‘Vita Patris Gonzali Sylveriæ.’Col. Agripp. 1616; lib.ii.c.x.

112.Godignus,‘Vita Patris Gonzali Sylveriæ.’Col. Agripp. 1616; lib.ii.c.x.

113.Bosman, ‘Guinea,’ letterxviii.in Pinkerton,vol.xvi.p.478.

113.Bosman, ‘Guinea,’ letterxviii.in Pinkerton,vol.xvi.p.478.

114.Burton, ‘Wit and Wisdom from West Africa,’p.373.

114.Burton, ‘Wit and Wisdom from West Africa,’p.373.

115.Shortland, ‘Trads. of New Zealand,’p.131.

115.Shortland, ‘Trads. of New Zealand,’p.131.

116.Turner, ‘Polynesia,’p.348; see also Williams, ‘Fiji,’vol.i.p.250.

116.Turner, ‘Polynesia,’p.348; see also Williams, ‘Fiji,’vol.i.p.250.

117.Mariner, ‘Tonga Is.’vol.i.p.456.

117.Mariner, ‘Tonga Is.’vol.i.p.456.

118.Garcilaso de la Vega, ‘Hist.de la Florida,’vol.iii.ch.xli.

118.Garcilaso de la Vega, ‘Hist.de la Florida,’vol.iii.ch.xli.

119.Among dissertations on the subject, see especially Sir Thos. Browne ‘Pseudodoxia Epidemica’ (Vulgar Errors), bookiv.chap.ix.; Brand ‘Popular Antiquities,’vol.iii.p.119, &c.;R. G.Haliburton, ‘New Materials for the History of Man.’ Halifax,N. S.1863; ‘Encyclopædia Britannica,’ (5thed.)art.‘sneezing,’ Wernsdorf,‘De Ritu Sternutantibus bene precandi.’Leipzig, 1741; see also Grimm,D. M.p.1070, note.

119.Among dissertations on the subject, see especially Sir Thos. Browne ‘Pseudodoxia Epidemica’ (Vulgar Errors), bookiv.chap.ix.; Brand ‘Popular Antiquities,’vol.iii.p.119, &c.;R. G.Haliburton, ‘New Materials for the History of Man.’ Halifax,N. S.1863; ‘Encyclopædia Britannica,’ (5thed.)art.‘sneezing,’ Wernsdorf,‘De Ritu Sternutantibus bene precandi.’Leipzig, 1741; see also Grimm,D. M.p.1070, note.

120.Homer,Odyss.xvii.541.

120.Homer,Odyss.xvii.541.

121.Xenophon, Anabasis,iii.2, 9.

121.Xenophon, Anabasis,iii.2, 9.

122.Aristot. Problem.xxxiii.7.

122.Aristot. Problem.xxxiii.7.

123.Anthologia Græca, Brunck,vol.iii.p.95.

123.Anthologia Græca, Brunck,vol.iii.p.95.

124.Petron. Arb. Sat. 98.

124.Petron. Arb. Sat. 98.

125.Plin.xxviii.5.

125.Plin.xxviii.5.

126.Noel,‘Dic.des Origines;’Migne,‘Dic.des Superstitions,’&c.; Bastian, ‘Oestl. Asien,’vol.ii.p.129.

126.Noel,‘Dic.des Origines;’Migne,‘Dic.des Superstitions,’&c.; Bastian, ‘Oestl. Asien,’vol.ii.p.129.

127.Ward, ‘Hindoos,’vol.i.p.142; Dubois, ‘Peuples de l’Inde,’vol.i.p.465; Sleeman, ‘Ramaseeana,’p.120.

127.Ward, ‘Hindoos,’vol.i.p.142; Dubois, ‘Peuples de l’Inde,’vol.i.p.465; Sleeman, ‘Ramaseeana,’p.120.

128.Buxtorf, ‘Lexicon Chaldaicum;’ Tendlau,‘Sprichwörter, &c. Deutsch-Jüdischer Vorzeit.’Frankf.a. M., 1860,p.142.

128.Buxtorf, ‘Lexicon Chaldaicum;’ Tendlau,‘Sprichwörter, &c. Deutsch-Jüdischer Vorzeit.’Frankf.a. M., 1860,p.142.

129.Lane, ‘Modern Egyptians,’vol.i.p.282. See Grant, in ‘Tr. Eth.Soc.’vol.iii.p.90.

129.Lane, ‘Modern Egyptians,’vol.i.p.282. See Grant, in ‘Tr. Eth.Soc.’vol.iii.p.90.

130.Grimm,‘D. M.’pp.1070, 1110.

130.Grimm,‘D. M.’pp.1070, 1110.

131.‘Manuel des Pecchés,’ in Wedgwood, ‘Dic.English Etymology,’s.v., ‘wassail.’

131.‘Manuel des Pecchés,’ in Wedgwood, ‘Dic.English Etymology,’s.v., ‘wassail.’

132.Brand,vol.iii.p.126.

132.Brand,vol.iii.p.126.

133.Callaway,p.263.

133.Callaway,p.263.

134.Ward,l.c.

134.Ward,l.c.

135.‘Pend-Nameh,’ tr. de Sacy,ch.lxiii.; Maury, ‘Magie,’ &c.,p.302; Lane,l.c.

135.‘Pend-Nameh,’ tr. de Sacy,ch.lxiii.; Maury, ‘Magie,’ &c.,p.302; Lane,l.c.

136.G.Brecher,‘Das Transcendentale im Talmud,’p.168; Joseph. Ant. Jud.viii.2, 5.

136.G.Brecher,‘Das Transcendentale im Talmud,’p.168; Joseph. Ant. Jud.viii.2, 5.

137.Migne, ‘Dic.des Hérésies,’s.v.

137.Migne, ‘Dic.des Hérésies,’s.v.

138.Bastian, ‘Mensch,’vol.ii.pp.115, 322.

138.Bastian, ‘Mensch,’vol.ii.pp.115, 322.

139.Wuttke,‘Deutsche Volksaberglaube,’p.137.

139.Wuttke,‘Deutsche Volksaberglaube,’p.137.

140.Haliburton, op. cit.

140.Haliburton, op. cit.

141.Powell and Magnussen, ‘Legends of Iceland,’2ndser.p.448.

141.Powell and Magnussen, ‘Legends of Iceland,’2ndser.p.448.

142.The cases in which a sneeze is interpreted under special conditions, as with reference to right and left, early morning, &c. (see Plutarch,De Genio Socratis, &c.), are not considered here, as they belong to ordinary omen-divination.

142.The cases in which a sneeze is interpreted under special conditions, as with reference to right and left, early morning, &c. (see Plutarch,De Genio Socratis, &c.), are not considered here, as they belong to ordinary omen-divination.

143.W.Scott, ‘Minstrelsy of Scottish Border;’ Forbes Leslie, ‘Early Races of Scotland,’vol.i.pp.194, 487; Grimm, ‘Deutsche Mythologie,’pp.972, 1095; Bastian, ‘Mensch,’vol.ii.pp.92, 407,vol.iii.pp.105, 112; Bowring, ‘Servian Popular Poetry,’p.64. A review of the First Edition of the present work in ‘Nature,’ June 15, 1871, contains the following:—‘It is not, for example, many years since the present Lord Leigh was accused of having built an obnoxious person—one account, if we remember right, said eight obnoxious persons—into the foundation of a bridge at Stoneleigh. Of course so preposterous a charge carried on its face its own sufficient refutation; but the fact that it was brought at all is a singular instance of the almost incredible vitality of old traditions.’

143.W.Scott, ‘Minstrelsy of Scottish Border;’ Forbes Leslie, ‘Early Races of Scotland,’vol.i.pp.194, 487; Grimm, ‘Deutsche Mythologie,’pp.972, 1095; Bastian, ‘Mensch,’vol.ii.pp.92, 407,vol.iii.pp.105, 112; Bowring, ‘Servian Popular Poetry,’p.64. A review of the First Edition of the present work in ‘Nature,’ June 15, 1871, contains the following:—‘It is not, for example, many years since the present Lord Leigh was accused of having built an obnoxious person—one account, if we remember right, said eight obnoxious persons—into the foundation of a bridge at Stoneleigh. Of course so preposterous a charge carried on its face its own sufficient refutation; but the fact that it was brought at all is a singular instance of the almost incredible vitality of old traditions.’

144.Waitz,vol.ii.p.197.

144.Waitz,vol.ii.p.197.

145.Ellis, ‘Polyn. Res.’vol.i.p.346; Tyerman and Bennet,vol.ii.p.39.

145.Ellis, ‘Polyn. Res.’vol.i.p.346; Tyerman and Bennet,vol.ii.p.39.

146.St.John, ‘Far East,’vol.i.p.46; see Bastian,vol.ii.p.407. I am indebted to Mr.R. K.Douglas for a perfect example of one meaning of the foundation-sacrifice, from the Chinese book,‘Yūh hea ke’(‘Jewelled Casket of Divination’): ‘Before beginning to build, the workmen should sacrifice to the gods of the neighbourhood, of the earth and wood. Should the carpenters be very apprehensive of the building falling, they, when fixing a post, should take something living and put it beneath, and lower the post on it, and to liberate [the evil influences] they should strike the post with an axe and repeat—“It is well, it is well,May those who live withinBe ever warm and well fed.”’

146.St.John, ‘Far East,’vol.i.p.46; see Bastian,vol.ii.p.407. I am indebted to Mr.R. K.Douglas for a perfect example of one meaning of the foundation-sacrifice, from the Chinese book,‘Yūh hea ke’(‘Jewelled Casket of Divination’): ‘Before beginning to build, the workmen should sacrifice to the gods of the neighbourhood, of the earth and wood. Should the carpenters be very apprehensive of the building falling, they, when fixing a post, should take something living and put it beneath, and lower the post on it, and to liberate [the evil influences] they should strike the post with an axe and repeat—

“It is well, it is well,May those who live withinBe ever warm and well fed.”’

“It is well, it is well,May those who live withinBe ever warm and well fed.”’

“It is well, it is well,May those who live withinBe ever warm and well fed.”’

“It is well, it is well,

May those who live within

Be ever warm and well fed.”’

147.Caron, ‘Japan,’ in Pinkerton,vol.vii.p.623.

147.Caron, ‘Japan,’ in Pinkerton,vol.vii.p.623.

148.F.Mason, ‘Burmah,’p.100; Bastian, ‘Oestl. Asien,’vol.i.pp.193, 214;vol.ii.pp.91, 270;vol.iii.p.16; Roberts, ‘Oriental Illustrations,’p.283.

148.F.Mason, ‘Burmah,’p.100; Bastian, ‘Oestl. Asien,’vol.i.pp.193, 214;vol.ii.pp.91, 270;vol.iii.p.16; Roberts, ‘Oriental Illustrations,’p.283.

149.Bastian, ‘Mensch,’vol.iii.p.107. A modern Arnaut story is given byProf.Liebrecht in ‘Philologus,’vol.xxiii. (1865),p.682.

149.Bastian, ‘Mensch,’vol.iii.p.107. A modern Arnaut story is given byProf.Liebrecht in ‘Philologus,’vol.xxiii. (1865),p.682.

150.Bastian, ‘Mensch,’vol.iii.p.210; Ward, ‘Hindoos,’vol.ii.p.318.

150.Bastian, ‘Mensch,’vol.iii.p.210; Ward, ‘Hindoos,’vol.ii.p.318.

151.Kracheninnikow, ‘Descr. du Kamchatka, Voy. en Sibérie,’vol.iii.p.72.

151.Kracheninnikow, ‘Descr. du Kamchatka, Voy. en Sibérie,’vol.iii.p.72.

152.Steller, ‘Kamtschatka,’pp.265, 274.

152.Steller, ‘Kamtschatka,’pp.265, 274.

153.J. V.Grohmann,‘Aberglauben und Gebräuche aus Böhmen,’p.12.

153.J. V.Grohmann,‘Aberglauben und Gebräuche aus Böhmen,’p.12.

154.Chap.XVIII.

154.Chap.XVIII.

155.Eastman, ‘Dacotah,’pp.118, 125.

155.Eastman, ‘Dacotah,’pp.118, 125.

156.R.Taylor, ‘New Zealand,’p.48.

156.R.Taylor, ‘New Zealand,’p.48.

157.Bastian, ‘Oestl. Asien,’vol.iii.p.34.

157.Bastian, ‘Oestl. Asien,’vol.iii.p.34.

158.Hanusch,‘Wissenschaft des Slawischen Mythus,’p.299.

158.Hanusch,‘Wissenschaft des Slawischen Mythus,’p.299.

159.Grimm, ‘Deutsche Myth,’p.462.

159.Grimm, ‘Deutsche Myth,’p.462.

160.Bastian, ‘Oestl. Asien,’vol.i.p.119.

160.Bastian, ‘Oestl. Asien,’vol.i.p.119.

161.‘Life of Nath. Pearce,’ed.byJ. J.Halls,vol.i.p.286.

161.‘Life of Nath. Pearce,’ed.byJ. J.Halls,vol.i.p.286.

162.‘Journ.Ind. Archip.’vol.i.p.328;vol.ii.p.273; seevol.iv.p.425.

162.‘Journ.Ind. Archip.’vol.i.p.328;vol.ii.p.273; seevol.iv.p.425.

163.Muir, ‘Sanskrit Texts,’ partii.p.435.

163.Muir, ‘Sanskrit Texts,’ partii.p.435.

164.Dalton, ‘Kols,’ in ‘Tr. Eth.Soc.’vol.vi.p.6; seep.16.

164.Dalton, ‘Kols,’ in ‘Tr. Eth.Soc.’vol.vi.p.6; seep.16.

165.Jas. Gardner, ‘Faiths of the World,’s.v.‘Exorcism.’

165.Jas. Gardner, ‘Faiths of the World,’s.v.‘Exorcism.’

166.Shortt, ‘Tribes of Neilgherries,’ in ‘Tr. Eth.Soc.’vol.vii.pp.247, 277; Sir W. Elliot in ‘Trans. Congress of Prehistoric Archæology,’ 1868, p. 253.

166.Shortt, ‘Tribes of Neilgherries,’ in ‘Tr. Eth.Soc.’vol.vii.pp.247, 277; Sir W. Elliot in ‘Trans. Congress of Prehistoric Archæology,’ 1868, p. 253.

167.F.Rühs, ‘Finland,’p.296; Bastian, ‘Mensch,’vol.iii.p.202.

167.F.Rühs, ‘Finland,’p.296; Bastian, ‘Mensch,’vol.iii.p.202.

168.Brand, ‘Pop. Ant.’vol.iii.pp.81-3; seep.313.

168.Brand, ‘Pop. Ant.’vol.iii.pp.81-3; seep.313.

169.Wuttke,‘Deutsche Volksaberglaube,’p.128; seep.239.

169.Wuttke,‘Deutsche Volksaberglaube,’p.128; seep.239.

170.For an examination of numerous magical arts, mostly coming under this category, see ‘Early History of Mankind,’chaps.vi.andx.

170.For an examination of numerous magical arts, mostly coming under this category, see ‘Early History of Mankind,’chaps.vi.andx.

171.Stanbridge, ‘Abor. of Victoria,’ in ‘Tr. Eth.Soc.’vol.i.p.299; Ellis, ‘Polyn. Res.’vol.i.p.364;J. L.Wilson, ‘W.Africa,’p.215; Spiegel, ‘Avesta,’vol.i.p.124; Wuttke,‘Deutsche Volksaberglaube,’p.195; general references in ‘Early History of Mankind,’p.129.

171.Stanbridge, ‘Abor. of Victoria,’ in ‘Tr. Eth.Soc.’vol.i.p.299; Ellis, ‘Polyn. Res.’vol.i.p.364;J. L.Wilson, ‘W.Africa,’p.215; Spiegel, ‘Avesta,’vol.i.p.124; Wuttke,‘Deutsche Volksaberglaube,’p.195; general references in ‘Early History of Mankind,’p.129.

172.Burton, ‘W.andW.from West Africa,’p.411.

172.Burton, ‘W.andW.from West Africa,’p.411.

173.W.Gregory, ‘Letters on Animal Magnetism,’p.128.

173.W.Gregory, ‘Letters on Animal Magnetism,’p.128.

174.Eyre, ‘Australia,’vol.ii.p.361; Collins, ‘New South Wales,’vol.i.pp.561, 594.

174.Eyre, ‘Australia,’vol.ii.p.361; Collins, ‘New South Wales,’vol.i.pp.561, 594.

175.Shortt, in ‘Tr. Eth.Soc.’vol.vi.p.278.

175.Shortt, in ‘Tr. Eth.Soc.’vol.vi.p.278.

176.Bastian, ‘Mensch,’vol.iii.p.117.

176.Bastian, ‘Mensch,’vol.iii.p.117.

177.See Grote,vol.iii.pp.113, 351.

177.See Grote,vol.iii.pp.113, 351.

178.Hardy, ‘Eastern Monachism,’p.241.

178.Hardy, ‘Eastern Monachism,’p.241.

179.Oldfield, in ‘Tr. Eth.Soc.’vol.iii.p.246.

179.Oldfield, in ‘Tr. Eth.Soc.’vol.iii.p.246.

180.Grout, ‘Zulu-land,’p.134.

180.Grout, ‘Zulu-land,’p.134.

181.See specimen and description in the Christy Museum.

181.See specimen and description in the Christy Museum.

182.Macpherson, ‘India,’pp.130, 363.

182.Macpherson, ‘India,’pp.130, 363.

183.Wuttke,‘Volksaberglaube,’p.31.

183.Wuttke,‘Volksaberglaube,’p.31.

184.R.Hunt, ‘Pop. Rom. ofW.of England,’2ndser.p.165; Brand, ‘Pop. Ant.’vol.ii.p.231.

184.R.Hunt, ‘Pop. Rom. ofW.of England,’2ndser.p.165; Brand, ‘Pop. Ant.’vol.ii.p.231.

185.Wuttke,p.100.

185.Wuttke,p.100.

186.Grimm, ‘D. M.’p.560.

186.Grimm, ‘D. M.’p.560.

187.Brand,vol.iii.p.240.

187.Brand,vol.iii.p.240.

188.Hunt,ibid.p.148.

188.Hunt,ibid.p.148.

189.Wuttke,p.165; Brand,vol.iii.p.305.

189.Wuttke,p.165; Brand,vol.iii.p.305.

190.Magalhanes de Gandavo,p.125; D’Orbigny,vol.ii.p.168.

190.Magalhanes de Gandavo,p.125; D’Orbigny,vol.ii.p.168.

191.St.John, ‘Far East,’vol.i.p.202; ‘Journ.Ind. Archip.’vol.ii.p. 357.

191.St.John, ‘Far East,’vol.i.p.202; ‘Journ.Ind. Archip.’vol.ii.p. 357.

192.Yate, ‘New Zealand,’p.90; Polack,vol.i.p.248.

192.Yate, ‘New Zealand,’p.90; Polack,vol.i.p.248.

193.Klemm,‘Cultur-Gesch.’vol.iii.p.202.

193.Klemm,‘Cultur-Gesch.’vol.iii.p.202.

194.Burton, ‘Wit and Wisdom from West Africa,’p.381.

194.Burton, ‘Wit and Wisdom from West Africa,’p.381.

195.See Cornelius Agrippa,‘De Occulta Philosophia,’i.53;‘De Vanitate Scient.’37; Grimm, ‘D. M.’p.1073; Hanusch, ‘Slaw. Myth.’p.285; Brand,vol.iii.pp.184-227.

195.See Cornelius Agrippa,‘De Occulta Philosophia,’i.53;‘De Vanitate Scient.’37; Grimm, ‘D. M.’p.1073; Hanusch, ‘Slaw. Myth.’p.285; Brand,vol.iii.pp.184-227.

196.Oldfield in ‘Tr. Eth.Soc.’vol.iii.p.241.

196.Oldfield in ‘Tr. Eth.Soc.’vol.iii.p.241.

197.Steller, ‘Kamtschatka,’p.279.

197.Steller, ‘Kamtschatka,’p.279.

198.Callaway, ‘Rel. of Amazulu,’pp.236, 241;R.Taylor, ‘N. Z.’p.334.

198.Callaway, ‘Rel. of Amazulu,’pp.236, 241;R.Taylor, ‘N. Z.’p.334.

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