their title rested solely on ability,102,117,118;character and effect of their government,103;luxury and culture of their Courts,105;the atrocities of the tyrants—how far due to mania,109,110,151(see alsoAppendix i.);divided into six classes,110-114;led a life of terror,118;their superstition,119,149;their crimes,120-125,139, v.441;errors in Macaulay's account of them, i.127;description of them by Villani,128;by Ariosto,130, iv.506note2;their practice of division among joint heirs a source of weakness to them, i.136;developed refinement of manners,192D'Estampes, Madame, iii. 474, 476Desti, the, an Academy at Bologna, ii. 366Diacceto, Jacopo del, executed for his share in the conspiracy against Cardinal Giulio de' Medici, v.239Diamond, the, name of a club at Florence formed by the Duke of Nemours, iv.396Dino Compagni, Chronicle of, cited, i.210note2,225note1;question of its authenticity,262,263note1,266,272;Dino's reason for undertaking the work,264;its character and value,265Diplomacy: diplomatic ability fostered by the number of the Italian Commonwealths, ii. 3, iv.366(cp. v.518)Disciplinati di Gesù Cristo, Italian religious societies, iv.282,307Disuniti, the, an Academy at Fabriano, ii. 366Divizio, Agnolo, nephew of Cardinal Bibbiena, v.367;Bernardo (seeBibbiena, Cardinal)Divozioni, the Umbrian form of the sacred drama, iv.307;various metres in which they were written,308;their themes,309;question of the date when they were first represented in public,310;their relation to the Northern Miracle Plays,311Djem, Prince, brother of Sultan Bajazet, his captivity in Italy, i.415,461;said to have been poisoned by Alexander VI.,415,566note1Doctrinaire spirit, the, of Italian political theorists, i.202,244note2,283Doge, gradual limitation of the power of the Doges at Venice, i.216;unpopularity of the office,216note1Dolce, Lodovico, v.181;his tragedy ofMarianna,133;more truly dramatic than the majority of Italian tragedies,133;theGiocasta,134;the comedy ofRagazzo,162note1;its Prologue cited in testimony of the prevalent corruption of manners,190;hisCapitoli,365;his relations to Aretino,419Domenichi, Lodovico, his revision of Ser Giovanni'sNovelle, iv.152note2;hisrifacimentoof theOrlando Innamorato,491, v.376;his friendship and quarrel with Doni, v.88;his collection of works of Italian poetesses,287Domenico, Fra (Savonarola's friend), offers to undergo the ordeal of fire, i.533;executed with Savonarola,534Domenico di Giovanni. (SeeBurchiello, Il.)Domenico, S., Perugian Confraternity of: inventory of their dramatic properties in 1339, iv.310Dominic, S., contrast of S. Dominic and S. Francis, iii. 205Dominico di Viterbo, story of his crimes and execution by Innocent VIII., i.404note1Donatello, ii. 8, 433;a friend of Niccolò de' Niccoli's, 180;his statue of Poggio, 246;his statues at Florence, 440, iii. 138;his work as a sculptor and bronze founder in Italian churches, iii. 78note1;said to have been consulted in the competition for the Baptistery Gates at Florence, 127;his fidelity to nature, 136;his smaller works, 139-141;theJudith and Holofornes: its fortunes, 139 (cp. i.233);the equestrian statue of Gattamelata at Padua,140;contrast of his genius with that of Ghiberti,141;Brunelleschi's criticism of hisChrist,233;employed by Cosimo de' Medici,138,139,263Donati, the, at Florence, i.210note2, iv.71Donati, Alesso, his Madrigals, iv.157;their realistic energy,157(seeAppendix iii. vol. iv.for translations);Gemma, wife of Dante, iv.71Doni, Antonfrancesco, enters the Servite Order, v.88;obliged to quit Florence,88;his friendship and quarrel with Domenichi,88;his correspondence with Aretino: suspicion that part may have been written by Aretino himself,398note1,410note1;settles at Venice,89;his praises of Aldo Manuzio, ii. 391;his quarrel with Aretino, v.90,96,419,422;becomes a member of thePellegriniAcademy,90;his life at Monselice,91;his account of two comedies performed in the Palazzo Vecchio, Florence,144note4;hisNovelle,92;his miscellaneous works,92;hisMarmi,93-95;his Comedies,181Doria, Andrea, i.201Dossi, Dosso, hisCirce, illustrating his treatment of mythology, iii. 291, 502, iv.422,482Doucas, Demetrius, a member of the Aldine Academy, ii. 387Drama, the Italian, a national drama never fully developed in Italy, ii. 8, iv.357, v.110,112-114,125,181,241,310;imperfect connection of the Italian theatre with theSacre Rappresentazioni, iv.306, v.109;want of profoundly tragical element in Italian art, v.114-116;reasons for this,116-120;the first attempts in Italian: Boiardo'sTimoneand Poliziano'sOrfeo,108;early Latin plays,110;contrast between the Italian and the Elizabethan drama,111;the growth of a national Italian drama hindered by the adherence of playwrights to classical models,121-125;poverty of the early Italian tragedies,126,132,135;Seneca's influence over Italian tragedies,129,131,132note1;Italian tragedies adapted from the Greek tragedians,133-135;imperfect evolution of Italian comedy,136-138,140;influence of the Ferrarese stage on Italian comedy,142;the want of permanent theatres in Italian towns,144;character of the ItalianCommedia erudita,181;tendency of the Italians to adopt stereotyped forms for dramatic representation,182note2;fixed elements in Italian comedy,183-185;employment of theburlaorbeffa,185;vicious philosophy of life taught by the Italian playwrights,192;the pastoral drama the culmination of Italian dramatic effort,114,223,241;contained the germs of the Italian opera,114,241Duccio, Agostino di, his façade in marble and terra-cotta of S. Bernardino at Perugia, iii. 79note1, 150Duccio di Buoninsegna, hisMajesty of the Virginin the Duomo of Siena, iii. 215Duranti, Durante, attempts the murder of Benvenuto Cellini, iii. 467EDUCATION, modern education founded upon the system of Vittorino and Guarino, ii. 537, v.492;present tendency to diminish Greek and Latin elements in education: how far justifiable, ii. 537-540;identity of male and female education in Italy at the Renaissance, v.287note1Egidius of Viterbo, quoted for the acknowledgment of his children by Innocent VIII., i.403note1Egnazio, Giambattista, a member of the Aldine Academy, ii. 387Emilia Pia, wife of Antonio da Montefeltro, introduced in Castiglione'sCortegiano, i.184England, Poggio's journey to, ii. 231Enzo, King, reputed ancestor of the Bentivogli, i.115, iv.49;hisGreeting to the Provinces of Italy,49Ephors, the Spartan, compared with the Venetian Council of Ten, i.234Epic, the Italian Romantic: its anomalies explained by a large plebeian element, iv.426-428,439;manner in which the Roland Legend passed into its Italian form,428Epicureans, in Italy during the middle ages, iv.10,109Epistolography, Latin, importance of, in the Renaissance, ii. 107, 531, v.507Erasmus, i.24,27;quoted on the worldly tendency of classical learning,456note, ii. 44;his ridicule of 'Ciceronianism,' ii. 108, 414 (cp. 528);his visit to Aldo Manuzio at Venice, 384;popularity of hisAdagia, 384note1;hatred of the clergy against him, 385;quoted for Musurus' knowledge of Latin, 386note2;a member of the Aldine Academy, 387;his praises of Aldo Manuzio, 391;his visit to Rome, 408;cited for Inghirami's eloquence, 425note2;initiated a second age of scholarship, 541;quoted for the Italian origin of Northern culture, 544Erizzo, Sebastiano, hisSei Giornate, v.60Este, House of, i.52,57,145;confirmed in their succession by the Papacy,111;their crimes and tragic history,125,168,423;their patronage of learning, ii. 298;important part played by the D'Esti in the resuscitation of Latin comedy in Italy, v.139—— Alberto d', i.146;Alfonso d', aids Frundberg's army on the march to Rome,245,444;married (1) to Anna Sforza, v.140, (2) Lucrezia Borgia,420,422,423, v.141;his skill as a gunsmith, i.423, iii. 403;takes Ariosto into his service, iv.498;builds the first permanent theatre in Italy, iv.499, v.144;makes Ariosto governor of the Garfagnana, iv.500;his warfare with the Papacy,500;Azzo d', i.168;Beatrice d' (1), mentioned by Dante,133;Beatrice d' (2), wife of Lodovico Sforza,555;Borso d',173;his reception of Filelfo, ii. 285;the friend of Boiardo, iv.457;Ercole d', his assassination attempted by Nicolò d'Este, i.168;urges Ludovico Sforza to invite the French,546;meets Charles at Pavia,554;the friend of Boiardo, iv.457;his interest in the representation of Latin comedies, v.139;his translation of theMenæchmi,140;his visit to Milan, iv.498, v.140;festivities prepared by him at the marriage of Lucrezia Borgia to Alfonso d'Este, v.141;his marriage to Renée, daughter to Louis XII.,297;Ferdinand d', shares Giulio's plot against Alfonso, i.423;Giulio d', his attempt on Alfonso,423;his eyes put out by order of Ippolito d'Este,423, iv.495;Cardinal Ippolito d', invites Cellini to the Court of Francis I., iii. 472, 476;takes Ariosto into his service, iv.494;wishes him to enter the Church,495;quarrel between them,496(cp.509);puts out the eyes of Giulio d'Este, i.423, iv.495;Lionello d', the pupil of Guarino, i.173, ii. 240, 299;his correspondence with eminent scholars, 173, ii. 300;his portrait in the National Gallery, ii. 300;Alberti'sTeogeniodedicated to him, iv.205;Nicolò d' (Nicolas III.), his journey to Rome, ii. 152note1;reopens the High School of Ferrara, 298;his patronage of men of letters, i.173;Obizzo d', sells Parma to Lucchino Visconti, i.134;murdered by his uncle,146;Ugo d', his journey to Rome, ii. 152note1Eterei, Gli, an Academy at Padua, v.272Eugenius IV., consulted by Cosimo de' Medici as to how he should make restitution, ii. 172;Lionardo Bruni's translation of Aristotle'sPoliticsdedicated to him, 184;retires to Florence after his expulsion from Rome, 185, 186, 196, 219;makes Traversari General of the Camaldolese Order, 194;his proclivities rather monastic than humanistic, 219;makes Marsuppini and Aurispa Papal Secretaries, and patronises other scholars, 220;proscribes the reading of Beccadelli'sHermaphroditus, 256;attacked by Valla in the treatise onConstantine's Donation, 260;his saying on the malice of the Humanists, 511;pageants in his honour at Perugia, iv.315Euripides, compared with Ariosto, v.35,37Eusebi, Ambrogio degli, a secretary of Aretino's, v.421Exarchate and Pentapolis, the, i.48,51;Exarchs, the,35,43Excommunication, terrors of, i.132,133note1,471,531, ii. 332Ezzelino da Romana, i.69,75,110;his cruelty,106-110, iv.279;influence of his example on Italy, i.107,108, iv.280;his love of astrology,119FABLIAUX, the, of the middle ages, iv.107Fabriano, paper factory of, ii. 371,37Fabrizio, early Bolognese poet, iv.48Faenza, massacre of, i.82;sold by Astorre Manfredi,114;Church of S. Costanzo: Benedetto da Majano's bas-reliefs, iii. 160Falconetto, Giovanni Maria, his work as an architect at Padua, iii. 86Farnesi, the, origin of their greatness, i.417note2—— Cardinal Alessandro, v.283;Alexander (seePaul III.);Giulia, surnamed La Bella, mistress of Alexander VI., i.407note1;her portrait statue on Paul III.'s tomb,417note2, iii. 108;captured by the French, i.417;Pier Luigi (son of Paul III.),428note1, iii. 422note1, 460, 462, 465, v.283;Aretino's lines on him, v.402note1;Cardinal Ranuccio,283;Ranuzio, orders the building of the Teatro Farnese at Parma,144Farse, the, at Naples, v.136,137;cultivated by Cecchi at Florence,188;his description of theFarsa,188;how related to the English type of drama,188,189Faust, Legend of, ii. 53;in Italy and England, iv.347Fazio, Bartolommeo, the historiographer of Alfonso the Magnanimous, i.569, ii. 38;his criticisms on Valla, ii. 263Federigo d'Arezzo, poems of, iv.164Felix, the Anti-Pope, ii. 236Feltre, Vittorino da, i.171;a scholar of Giovanni da Ravenna, ii. 100, 290;acquainted with Filelfo at Venice, 267;his poverty and early education, 289;begins teaching, 290;summoned to Mantua, i.176, ii. 291;Traversari's account of his system of education, 177 (cp. ii. 291-297);his single-mindedness contrasted with the self-seeking of other scholars, ii. 290, 523;his nobility of character, 297;effect of his labours, 273, 537Ferdinand the Catholic, his hypocrisy, i.296,358;his persecution of the Jews,399-401;his alliance with Louis XII.,428;obtains Roussillon from Charles VIII. as the price of neutrality,542;joins the League of Venice against Charles,577Ferdinand I., King of Naples, i.113note1;his cruelty and avarice,139note1,395,570;supports Virginio Orsini against Alexander VI.,545;character of him by Comines,572;his judgment of Pope Alexander VI.,409;his opinion of the Papacy,451Ferdinand II., King of Naples, retires before the approach of the French, i.574;his marriage and death,575Fernus, Michael, his panegyric of Alexander VI., i.408Ferrara, share of, in Italian literature, iv.364,365;retained more feudal feeling than other towns, iv.460—— the Castle of, i.423, iii. 60, iv.456;the Palazzo della Ragione, v.141—— the High School, ii. 117;reopened by Niccolò III., 298;most flourishing at the beginning of the sixteenth century, 427, v.497;difference of character between the Universities of Ferrara and Padua, v.460Ferrari, Gaudenzio, belongs to the Lombard school, iii. 484;his masters and mixed style, 488-490Ferrucci, his part in the siege of Florence, i.238,285,521Feudalism, uncongenial to the Italian character, i.42,58,61,62,100,359,484, ii. 3, iii. 51, iv.6,7,27,44,140,405,426,459, v.492,503,505,524,530;had a stronger hold on the valley of the Po than elsewhere in Italy, iv.6,460;and on Naples,460Fiamma, Galvano, his Milanese Annals, i.81Fiammetta, the natural daughter of King Robert, iv.120note1;her relations with Boccaccio,120Fiandino, Ambrogio, takes part in the controversy raised by the publication of Pomponazzi'sDe Immortalitate Animæ, v.460Ficino, his attempt to combine ancient philosophy and Christianity, i.171,456, ii. 209, 325, 470, iii. 35, v.452;educated by Cosimo de' Medici in order to teach Greek philosophy, ii. 177, 207, 324;his influence over Italian thought, 207, 327;his translations the most valuable part of his work, v.453;one of the circle gathered round Lorenzo de' Medici, ii. 322, 323;his earnestness of character, 325, 523;in common with his age, did not comprehend Plato's system, 327, v.452;his letter to Jacopo Bracciolini describing a celebration of Plato's birthday, ii. 329;his praise of Palmieri'sCittà di Vita, iv.171;part of theMorganteerroneously ascribed to him by Tasso,455note3;his description of the village feasts at Montevecchio, v.196Fieschi, Isabella, poisons her husband, Lucchino Visconti, i.134Fiesole, the Cathedral, Mino's altar, iii. 158note1;Mino's bust of Bishop Salutati, 158Filarete, Antonio, builds theOspedale Maggioreat Milan, iii. 59, 77;his treatise on the building of the ideal city, 77note2;his work as a bronze founder, 78note1;executes the bronze gates of S. Peter's, 108, v.424Filelfo, Francesco, corresponds with Lionello d'Este, i.173;his epigrams on Pius II.,381;patronised by Francesco Sforza, ii. 38, 282 (cp. 511);his boasts of his learning, 84, 271, 347;his wanderings, 100, 268, 277;a scholar of Giovanni da Ravenna, 100;his various emoluments and offers of stipends, 122, 274, 277;obliged to leave Florence by Niccoli's opposition, 182, 275;offended by Marsuppini's success at Florence, 187, 275, 278note1;patronised by Eugenius IV., 220;receives a present from Nicholas V. for his satires, 236, 284 (cp. 514);his quarrel with Poggio, 238-240;teaches at Venice, 267;his journey to Constantinople, 267;his diplomatic employments, 268 (cp. 532);his marriage with Theodora Chrysoloras, 268;returns to Venice, 270;list of Greek books brought by him, 270;leaves Venice, first for Bologna, finally for Florence, 273;his success and literary labours at Florence, 273;his Lectures on Dante, 274, iv.235;his feud with the Medicean party,275;they attempt his assassination,170note1, ii. 243, 275;references in his Satires to his Florentine quarrels, ii. 276note1;his stay in Siena and in Bologna, 276;settles in Milan, 277;his labours in Milan, 278;his position there, i.171, ii. 265, 266, 277;his second and third marriages, 279, 282;his loose morals, 280;solicits ecclesiastical preferment from Nicholas V., 281, 517;his rapacity, 282;theSforziad, 283note1, 284;his journey to Naples, 284;obtains the release of his mother-in-law at the fall of Constantinople, 285;invited to Rome by Sixtus IV., 285;returns to Florence and dies, 288;his importance as a typical scholar of the Renaissance, 288;his answer when urged to open a school, 291;quotation from a letter of his containing an early mention of printed books, 306note2;poorness of his Latin verse, 452;his contempt for Italian, 532note1, iv.235;his Commentary on Petrarch, andterza rimapoem on S. John, iv.235Fiorentino, Bernardo, iii. 75Fioretti di S. Francesco, beauty of the work, iv.131;has the childlike character of Italiantrecentoprose,131;S. Anthony preaching to the fishes, quoted as a specimen of its style,134Firenzuola, Agnolo, the friend of Aretino, v.83;their correspondence,410note1;a member of theVignajuoliAcademy at Rome, ii. 366 (cp. v. 83), v.357;said to have been abbot in the Vallambrosan Order, v.83;hisNovelle,60;their beauty of style,84;their subjects chiefly the weaknesses and the vices of the clergy,84;the Introduction,84;his Discourse on the Beauty of Women, ii. 37, v.83,85-87;his miscellaneous works and poems, v.87,187,249;