his Comedies,181,186;adhered closely to Latin models,186;hisCapitoli,249,364;his orthographical disputes with Trissino,271,306Fisiraghi Family, the, of Lodi, i.145Fisiraga, Antonio, his murder of the Vistarini and death by poison, i.120Fivizzano, massacre of,557Flagellants, the, i.618, iv.40,73;description of them from the Chronicle of Padua, iv.280;from a private letter from Rome (1399),282note1;social danger caused by them,282;merged in theDisciplinatiandLaudesi,282Flaminio, Marcantonio, his verses upon the death of Navagero, ii. 488;his Latin poems: their beauty and interest, 498-504 (cp. v. 196);his friendship with Cardinal Pole and Vittoria Colonna, ii. 498, 502, v.292Flanders, artists brought from, by Frederick of Urbino, i.179;comparison between Flemish and Venetian art, iii. 362note1Flattery of great personages by the Humanists, ii. 492-496, 512, 514Florence: struggle between Florence and the Visconti, i.81,149;constitutional history of,221foll.;parties at Florence in 1494,528;in 1527,281;the Ciompi Rebellion,221,227, iv.111,150;the exclusion of the nobles,224. iv.27,51;Florence laid under interdict by Martin V., iv.258;war of the Florentines with Sixtus IV.,447;harsh treatment of Pisa and other cities by Florence, i.212,237,342,560, ii. 165;Florence under Savonarola, i.526-529;the Siege of Florence,222,284foll.,319,536note2, iii. 393, 414, 438 (seeSavonarola);Christ declared King of Florence, 222, 526, iii. 214, 308, 358;goodwill of Florence to France, i.518,550note1,583note2;expulsion of the Medici,222,561, iii. 389;political contrast of Florence and Venice, i.221,222note1,231;comparison of Florence and Athens,234,236,306note2;beauty of Florence,504,561,562, ii. 322, iii. 63 (cp. iv.520);festivals of medieval Florence, iv.50-58,316-319,520;of Renaissance Florence,387-398;Florence the centre of the true Italic element in Italy, iv.141;population of Florence, i.197note2,209,256;effects of the 'Black Death' at Florence,259, ii. 120, iv.111, v.191;the revenues of Florence, i.255;wealth of the Florentines,257;the Guelf laws againstscioperati, iv.27,204;commercial spirit of the Florentines, i.224,238,245,600;Florentine intelligence,232,250,504,505, ii. 26, iv.45;compared with the Athenian, i.246;fickleness of the Florentines,236;their immorality,230,476,504, iv.337, v.81,358;illustrated by Machiavelli's Comedies and Letters, v.163,165,433;by theCapitoli,355;their malicious temper, iv.150,253,255, v.79,82;Florentine manners as depicted in Sacchetti'sNovelle, iv.149;in Alessandra Strozzi's Letters,176,190note1;Florentine conceptions of nobility,125;Florence the centre of intellectual activity in Italy, ii. 108, 162, 250, 311, iv.349,364,365;leads the way in Italian literature, ii. 394, 426, iv.27,185,243;part played by Florence in the history of Italian thought, v.452-454,457,481;favourable conditions presented by Florence for the growth of culture, ii. 163;services of the Florentines to historical literature, i.248foll.;the share taken by Florence in the Renaissance, v.496;the main elements of Florentine society represented severally by Dante, Petrarch, and Boccaccio, iv.98;eagerness of the Florentines in learning Greek, ii. 197note1, 206, 250;early Florentine printers, 369, 376;loss of the Florentine supremacy in literature, 506;architecture of the Florentine palaces and churches, iii. 59, 72;Florentine pre-eminence in architecture at the Renaissance, 76;influence of the Florentine painters on sculpture, 161;comparison between Florentine and Venetian art, 182, 354;the ovation of Cimabue'sMadonna, 11, 187;Florentine influence on Italian painting, 261;positive and scientific character of the Florentine intellect as shown in their artistic productions, 182, 215, 221, 364, iv.128,402Florence: S. Ambrogio, Mino's altar, iii. 158note1;the Annunziata, Del Sarto's, Franciabigio's, and Rossi's frescoes, 498note1;theBadia, monuments by Mino da Fiesole, 158;Filippino Lippi's 'Madonna dictating her Life to S. Bernard,' 248note2;the Baptistery, the bronze gates—the first by Andrea Pisano, 119;the second and third by Ghiberti, 128;the Carmine, Masaccio's frescoes, 229, 231;Filippino Lippi's frescoes, 248;the Duomo, built by public decree, 64;its proportions criticised, 65;Arnolfo's intentions, 66;Brunelleschi's Dome, 67, 73, 74;Giotto's Campanile, 63, 190, iv.251;S. Lorenzo (by Brunelleschi),73,393,399,413;Bronzino'sChrist in Limbo,499note1;the Medicean Chapel, its marble panelling,79note3;theSagrestia Nuova, character of its architecture,87,414,415;tombs of the Medici, i.314,319, iii. 354, 377note2, 393, 415-419, 420;S. Maria Maddalena dei Pazzi, Perugino's fresco of the Crucifixion, 295;S. Maria Novella, Cimabue'sMadonna, iii. 188;Ghirlandajo'sBirth of the Virgin, 259;(Spagnuoli Chapel), its frescoes, 205;(Strozzi Chapels) Filippino Lippi's frescoes, 248;Orcagna's frescoes, 199;S. Maria Nuova, Fra Bartolomeo's Last Judgment, 306, 309, 331;S. Miniato, 49;Rossellino's monument of Cardinal di Portogallo, 153;Spinello's frescoes in the sacristy, 220;Orsammichele (by Taddeo Gaddi and Orcagna), 63, 124;Orcagna's tabernacle, 125;Donatello's statue of S. George, 138;Santa Croce, 63;Benedetto da Maiano's pulpit, 160;Giotto's frescoes, 190;S. Trinità, Desiderio's statue of the Magdalen, 159note1;Ghirlandajo'sDeath of S. Francis, 259;S. Spirito (by Brunelleschi), 73;Agnolo's Campanile, 86Florence: Loggia del Bigallo (by Orcagna), 125;Loggia de' Lanzi (wrongly ascribed to him), 125, 478—— Palazzo Vecchio, 61-63;—— del Bargello, Chapel of the Podestà, 191;—— Pitti (by Brunelleschi), 73;—— Riccardi (by Michelozzo), 59, 76;—— Gozzoli's frescoes, 242;—— Rucellai (by Alberti), ii. 342, iii. 75 (see alsoRucellai Gardens, the);—— Strozzi (by Benedetto da Maiano), iii. 77—— Academy, the, founded by Cosimo de' Medici, ii. 177, 207;influence exerted by, over Italian thought, 207;celebrations of Plato by, 328;later fortunes of, 366Florence, University, the, its foundation, i.259, ii. 118;establishment of a Greek chair, ii. 106;liberality of the Signory to the University, 120;partial transfer of the High School to Pisa by Lorenzo de' Medici, 122, v.497;important services of Palla degli Strozzi to the University, ii. 166Florence, Council of, impression left by, on the Florentines, ii. 196, 206Fogliani, Giovanni, murder of, by his nephew, Oliverotto da Fermo, i.354Fojano, Fra, starved to death in the dungeons of S. Angelo, iii. 468Folengo, Teofilo (Girolamo), story of his life, v.312;enters the Benedictine Order (cp. i.459);leaves the cloister, v.313;resumes the cowl,313;his pseudonym, Merlinus Cocaius,313;said to have once contemplated writing a serious Latin Epic,334;his aim at originality,334;his use of the Maccaronic style,335;theOrlandino—freedom of its satire,314;its roughness of style,315;the introduction,316;subject of the poem,317;Berta's prayer,318(seefor translation,Appendix ii.);the story of how peasants were made,319(cp.343note2);theResurrection,320;translated,320;passage on the woes of Italy, i.101, v.320note1;the boyhood of Orlandino,321;the episode of Griffarosto,322(seefor translation,Appendix ii.);Rainero's confession of faith,323(seefor translation,Appendix ii.);Lutheran opinions expressed in theOrlandino,324,486;reasons why Folengo's religious opinions escaped censure,325;relation of theOrlandinoto theFurioso,326;theMaccaronea,337;its loss of popularity,337;plot of the poem,337-345;satire of the monks and clergy,340;the Court of Smirna Gulfora and the extirpation of the witches,344,348-350;the Entry into Hell,350-352;probability that the poem was written with a serious aim,352;the bitterness of the satire increased by Folengo's consciousness of his failure in life,353note1 (cp.314);value of theMaccaroneato the student of literature,353;theMoscheis,334note2,354;theZanitonella,354;written in mockery of the fashionable Arcadian poetry,224,354Folgore da San Gemignano, the question of his date, iv.54note1,163note5;his Sonnets on the Months and Days,54-57;the five Sonnets on the Arming of a Knight,55note1;passage on the triumph of Uguccione,163.(SeeAppendix ii. vol. iv.for translation of ten Sonnets.)Fondulo, Gabrino, his massacre of the Cavalcabò family, i.120;leader of Condottieri under Gian Galeazzo Visconti,150;story of his taking the Pope and the Emperor up the Tower of Cremona,463note1Fontana, Domenico, his work at S. Peter's, iii. 93Forgeries, literary, frequency of, at the Renaissance, ii. 156note2Form preferred to matter by the Humanists, ii. 471, 513, 514Fornovo, battle of, i.580, iii. 275note1Fortiguerra, Scipione, prefixes a Greek letter to Aldo Manuzio's edition of Aristotle, ii. 382;a member of the Aldine Academy, 385Fortini, Pietro, hisNovelle, v.60,97Fortunio, Francesco, his suicide during the Sack of Rome, ii. 445Foscari, Francesco, i.155;his policy and execution by the Council of Ten,215note1;Jacopo,215;Marco, his Reports cited,211note2,221note1,230note1,238note1,597note2Fossa, Evangelista, writer of Maccaronic poems, v.331note2,332Fracastorius, hisSyphilis, i.567note1, ii. 477-481;his adulatory verses, ii. 481, 496;his Veronese birth, illustrating the movement of culture from Tuscany to Lombardy, 506;his friendship with Berni, v.363Fra Moriale, leader of Condottieri, i.86Francesco da Bologna (i. e.probably Francia, the painter), cuts the Italian type for Aldo Manuzio, ii. 381Francesco da Montepulciano, Frate, his preaching at Florence, i.621Francia, Francesco, probably identical with Francesco da Bologna, ii. 381note1;religious feeling and beauty of his works, iii. 303;adhered to the earlier manner of painting, 303, 365Franciabigio, his frescoes in the Annunziata, Florence, iii. 498note1Francis I. of France, i.518,584;number of Italian artists invited by him to France, iii. 444;summons Cellini to his Court, 473;his visit to Cellini, 443note1;his character as described by Cellini, 473;his patronage of Aretino and presents to him, v.400,404Francis of Holland, his record of the conversations of Michelangelo and Vittoria Colonna, iii. 434, v.293Francis, S., his revival of religion, iii. 182 (cp. iv.296);contrast of S. Francis and S. Dominic, iii. 205;his first poetry composed in French, iv.16;hisCantico del Sole,40,73Franciscans, the, imprison Roger Bacon, i.10;reasons for the popular hatred of them,459;their religious poetry, iv.295;their quarrel with the Benedictines, v.325Franco, Matteo, his quarrel with Luigi Pulci, iv.431,455note3—— Niccolò, his relations to Aretino, v.419,420;quarrels with Aretino,421;writes satirical Sonnets against him,381,421;composes a Latin Commentary on thePriapea,421;taken and hanged,421—— Veronica, v.288Franco-Italian, the language produced by the mixture of French and Italian, iv.15,19Franzesi, Mattio, hisCapitoli, v.364Frate di S. Marco, the, his preaching at Milan, i.620Frateschi, name of the followers of Savonarola at Florence, i.529Fraticelli, the, an heretical sect of the Franciscan Order, i.9Frederick Barbarossa, his war with the Lombard cities, i.63,64,67;his defeat at Legnano,42,64,95Frederick of Naples, i.552,574,575note1Frederick II., the Emperor, his warfare with the Church, i.10,41,68, ii. 251, iv.6,279;establishes a Saracen colony at Nocera, i.105,156(cp. iv.280);began the system of government afterwards pursued by the despots,105-107;his terror under excommunication,133note1;founds the University of Naples and attempts to suppress that of Bologna, ii. 116;his cultivation of vernacular literature, 251 (cp. i.10), iv.6,21;Italian testimonies to his character, iv.21;probably influenced by political motives in his cultivation of Italian literature,22;his temper not in unison with that of his age,61Frederick III., the Emperor, i.100,163;story of the Florentine embassy which went to congratulate him, ii. 190;representation of thePassionin his honour at Naples, iv.315Fregosi, the, at Genoa, i.201;two Fregosi introduced in Castiglione'sCortegiano, i.184, v.257note1Fregoso, Cesare, v.64French, widely-spread use of, by medieval Italian writers, iv.16Frescobaldi, Matteo, his political poems, iv.163Frezzi, Frederigo, hisQuadriregio, iv.168-171;its confusion of Christian and antique motives,169Friola, capture of, i.108Froben, John, i.23;prints the Greek Testament, ii. 391Fulvio, Andrea, hisAntiquities of Rome, ii. 428Fusina, Andrea, works in concert with Amadeo at the Certosa, Pavia, iii. 164GADDI, Cardinal, attacked by Aretino, v.402note1;makes terms with him,402Gaddi, the, scholars of Giotto, iii. 197, 226—— Gaddo, supposed to have worked on the frescoes of Assisi, 196;Taddeo, his work as architect at Orsammichele, Florence, iii. 124;the painter of theTriumph of S. Thomas Aquinas, in S. Maria Novella, 205note1Galileo, his services to modern science, i.29, v.518;his trial before the Inquisition, v.462note1,478Gallo, Antonio di San, iii. 76, v.505;his skill in military engineering, iii. 86;his work at S. Peter's, 91, 398;Giuliano di San, ii. 431, iii. 76;his work at S. Peter's, iii. 91;Francesco di San, his letter on the discovery of theLaocoon, ii. 431Gambacorti, the, of Pisa, their rise to power, i.114;their downfall,147Gambara, Veronica, her virtues, v.289;her poems,289;society gathered round her,289;her correspondence with Aretino,408note1Gandia, Duke of, son of Alexander VI. by Vanozza Catanei, i.419;story of his murder,424Garfagnana, Ariosto's governorship of, iv.500-502,514Garofalo, Benvenuto, character of his paintings, iii. 502Garter, the, conferred on Frederick of Urbino by Henry VII., i.181;on Guidobaldo, his son, ii. 420Gasparino da Barzizza, the initiator of Latin epistolography, ii. 107, 531;his position at Milan, 266Gasparino of Verona, his panegyric of Alexander VI., i.408Gaza, Theodorus, translates Aristotle's History of Animals, for Nicholas V., ii. 229;joins in the controversy of Bessarion and Trapezuntius, 248Gelati, the, an Academy at Bologna, ii. 366Gelli, his Comedies, v.124,146note1,181,186,187;took Machiavelli as his model,187Generosity, admiration of the Italians for this virtue, iv.356Genezzano, Fra Mariano da, preaching of, i.506,522Gennadius, Patriarch of Constantinople, his controversy with Gemistos Plethon, ii. 209Genoa, annexed to the Milanese, i.136,568;Constitution of 1528,201;intellectual and artistic backwardness of Genoa, ii. 212, iii. 181note1, v.497;building of the Mole and Aqueduct at Genoa, iii. 42;architecture of the Genoese palaces, 59, v.498;the Genoese painters, v.498—— S. Maria di Carignano, iii. 96Gentile da Fabriano, his studies in natural history, iii. 226;peculiarities of his genius, 238;his power of colouring, 349Gentile, Girolamo, his attempt against Galeazzo Sforza, i.168Gentleman, notion of the gentleman formed by Italians, i.184-189,192, ii. 408Ghibellines and Guelfs, quarrel of, i.38,61,69,70,71,72,73,74,80,95,101,206,221,584, ii. 57, iv.159-164,367Ghiberti, Lorenzo di Cino, cited for the enthusiasm of sculptors over the remains of ancient art, ii. 432, iii. 134;his work as a bronze founder in Italian churches, iii. 78note1;his treatment of the story of the creation of Adam and Eve, 118note2, 130;his designs in competition for the Baptistery Gates at Florence, 127;criticism of his model, 129;his introduction of picturesque treatment into sculpture, ii. 8, iii. 132, 141;reckons in his commentaries by Olympiads, iii. 135;not really affected by the Paganism of the Renaissance, 135Ghirlandajo, Domenico, his influence over Benedetto da Maiano, iii. 160;his great qualities and prosaic plainness, 161, 258-261, 262Ghislieri, a poet of Bologna, iv.48Giacomini, Antonio, aids Machiavelli in his plan for a national militia, i.313note1Giacomino, Fra, his works written in a North Italian dialect for popular use, iv.34Giacomo of Florence, his wood-panelling at Urbino, iii. 78note2Giamboni, Bono, reputed author of many early popular Italian works, iv.129;translates Latini'sTesorointo Italian,130Gianni, Lapo, comparison of hisAmor eo cherowith Folgore's Poems on the Months, iv.56note1Giannotti, Donato, on tyrannicide, i.169;on citizenship,196(cp. iii. 55);influenced by Aristotle, i.197note1,250note1;his translation of the wordηθος,200note1;assigns to Savonarola the authorship of the Florentine constitution,202note2;his estimation of the population of Venice,210;cited for the factions of Siena,207note2;cited,216note1,217note1;his description of the corruption of the State of Florence,231;his admiration of the Venetian polity,234;cited for the trading spirit of Florence,238;his Florentine History,278;his democratic spirit,280;his advocacy of the Governo Misto,283;cited for Italian notions of honour,485note1Giano della Bella, i.225note1Giasone de Nores, his panegyric of Trifone (in the Commentary on theArs Poetica), v.253note1Giberti, Giammatteo, made Bishop of Verona by Clement VII., ii. 403;his patronage of Berni, v.357,390note1;his animosity against Aretino,390;becomes reconciled to him,402note1Gieremei, Bonifazio, i.74Giocondo, Fra, his collection of Roman inscriptions, ii. 429;his work at S. Peter's, iii. 91Gioja, said to have discovered the compass, i.29Giorgi, Marino, Venetian ambassador, cited for Leo's 'Let us enjoy the Papacy,' i.437;