opens the Vatican Library to the public, i.384note1, ii. 227, 359;his destruction of ancient monuments at Rome, 430;dies of disappointment and rage, i.396;his monument by Antonio del Pollajuolo, iii. 147Smarriti, the, an Academy at Faenza, ii. 366Soardi Family, the, at Bergamo, i.150Soderini, Antonio, i.202,289,308,313note1;Cardinal,414;concerned in Petrucci's conspiracy,437Soderini, Piero, Gonfaloniere of Florence, i.289,314, iii. 308, iv.393;Machiavelli's epigram upon him, i.324, iii. 391;aids in the reconciliation of Michelangelo with Julius II., iii. 402Sodoma, competes for the decoration of the Stanze of the Vatican, iii. 300;hisSebastian, an instance of the introduction of pagan ideas into Christian art, 34, 501;hisMarriage of Alexander, illustrating his treatment of the antique, 291;studied both under Lionardo da Vinci and Raphael, 499;inferiority of his later manner, 500;deficiency in composition of his pictures, 500Soldanieri, Niccolò, his Lyrics, iv.156Soleri, Anna, i.581Sonnachiosi, the, an Academy at Bologna, ii. 366Spaniards, cruelty of the, i.478, ii. 441, 444Sparta: comparison between Venice and Sparta, i.234Spenser, his mistake in supposing theOrlando Furiosoto be an allegory throughout, v.21Speroni, Speron, v.78;his correspondence with Aretino,410note1;his tragedy ofCanace,130;his pastoral poems,224;a passage quoted from his Dialogues to show the spirit in which the Italian purists worked,252-256;theDialogo delle Lingue,271note1Spina, Bartolommeo di, takes part in the controversy raised by the publication of Pomponazzi'sDe Immortalitate Animæ, v.461Spinelli, Matteo, doubtful authenticity of his Chronicle, iv.36,130note1,415note1Spinello, Aretino, the scholar of Giotto, iii. 197;vigour of his work, 219;his love of warlike subjects, 220;various paintings of his, 219Spino, Pietro, hisLife of Bartolommeo Colleoni, iii. 144Spirito, Convent of Santo, at Florence, Marsigli's Circle in, ii. 102Spoleto, a Lombard Duchy, i.48;its fate,48note1,50Spoleto, the Cathedral: Filippo Lippi's frescoes, iii. 246Squarcione, his school of art at Padua, iii. 236, 270Stampa, Gaspara, v.288Stefani, Marchionne, iv.176Stefano da Bergamo, his tarsia work at Perugia, iii. 78note2Stephani, the Estienne family of printers at Paris, i.23, ii. 373, 383, 391;Henricus (the younger) refuses his books to Casaubon, 390note3Stephen II., invites the Franks against the Lombards, i.50;Stephen X.,60Storditi, the, an Academy at Bologna, ii. 366Stornelli, meaning of the term, iv.264;their antiquity,269;their themes,272;purer in the country than in the towns,272Strambotti, meaning of the term, iv.264Straparola, Francesco, hisTredici piacevoli Notti, v.60,78,102;theNovellaof the Devil and his Wife compared with Machiavelli'sBelphegor,102Strozzi, the, of Ferrara, iv.457;their panegyrics of Lucrezia Borgia, i.422—— Ercole, his elegies, ii. 497;advocates the sole use of Latin against Bembo, 414, v.259;assassinated, i.423;Lucia, mother of Boiardo, iv.457Strozzi, the, at Florence, i.210note2—— Alessandra, her Letters, iv.176,190note1, v.190;Filippo (1), account of his building the Palazzo Strozzi, iii. 77note1;Filippo (2), leader of the Florentine Exiles, i.211,237,280;general agreement of the historians upon his character,285,287;advises Lorenzo de' Medici (Duke of Urbino) to make himself Duke of Florence,286;his vices and inconsistent conduct,286;his death,287;Marietta di Palla, Desiderio's bust of her, iii. 159;Palla, a scholar of Giovanni da Ravenna, ii. 100;aids Salutato to found the Chair of Greek at Florence, 106, 109;learns Greek from Chrysoloras, 110;his patronage of learning, 165, 223;first collects books to form a public library, 166;exiled by Cosimo de' Medici, 167, 170;Pietro, story of his threat to assassinate Aretino, v.406Sulmona, traditional reverence for Ovid there, ii. 30, iv.12Sulpizio da Veroli, his letter to Cardinal Riario mentioning the representations of Plautus and Terence at Rome, v.139note1Sweynheim, printer at Rome, ii. 368Sylvius, Æneas. (SeePius II.)Syncerus, Accius. (SeeSannazzaro.)Syphilis, first noticed in Charles' army at Naples, i.567,567note1, ii. 477TADDEO DI BARTOLO, iii. 216;his frescoes in the Palazzo Pubblico, Siena, 209;hisVisit of the Apostles to the Virgin, in S. Francesco, Pisa, 218Talento, use of the word, in early Italian writers, iv.106Tansillo, Luigi, his pastoral poems, v.224Tardolus, Laomedon, tortured by the Spaniards at the Sack of Rome, ii. 445Tarlati di Pietra Mala, Bishop Guido dei, i.83;his tomb, iii. 210note2Tasso, Bernardo (father of the poet), the story of his life, v.297;his Letters and Miscellaneous Poems,299;Aretino's criticism of the Letters,411;hisAmadigi,299;failed to gain popular applause,299;hisFloridante,300note1;Torquato, his ascription of part of theMorganteto Ficino, iv.455note3;his genius representative of the Counter-Reformation,464, v.2;his censure of Ariosto's inductions, v.23;contrast of Ariosto and Tasso,44;theAmintawith Guarini'sPastor Fido, the perfection of the Italian pastoral drama,114,223,241;completes the Italian reaction against the middle ages,244;the most original dramatic works in Italian,511;essentially lyrical nature of theAminta,511;its opposition of an ideal world of freedom to the world of laws,242;the chorus on the Age of Gold, illustrative of Italian ideas of honour, i.486, v.243Taxes, farming of, at Perugia, i.86note1Tebaldeo, Antonio, his Pastoral Poems, v.224,282note3Tedaldi, Pieraccio, his Sonnet on Dante, iv.162;discouragement expressed in his poems,165Telesio, v.449;Telesio and Campanella,483;his importance in the history of thought,483-485,500,518Ten, Council of, at Venice. (SeeCouncil of Ten.)Terence, influence of, on the Italian playwrights, v.122,136,145,181;representations of, in the original, at Rome,138;at Ferrara,139-142;early translations of Terence, forming the beginning of Italian comedy,140Terra Cotta, beauty of Italian, iii. 79, 151, 163Terracina, Laura, v.288Terzi, Ottobon, i.150,151;assassinated,120Tessiras, a scholar of Poliziano, ii. 350Theatres, the lack of permanent theatres a hindrance to national drama in Italy, v.144;the first, that built by order of Alfonso I. at Ferrara, iv.499, v.144;theatre built by Leo X. at Rome, v.144;the Teatro Farnese at Parma,144Theodoric, reign of, i.46,47,51Thomas of Aquino, S., theSumma, i.60, v.450,468;teaching of S. Thomas on the soul, v.469Thucydides, his account of Greek morality compared with the state of Italy at the Renaissance,325Tiburzio, conspiracy of, at Rome, i.386Tiepolo, conspiracy of, at Venice, i.217note1,218Tifernas, Gregorios, translates theEthicsfor Nicholas V., ii. 229Tintoretto [Jacopo Robusti], his sense of beauty, iii. 377;compared with Titian and Veronese, 378;inequality of his work, 379;character of his genius, v.46;hisBacchus and Ariadne, illustrating his treatment of the antique, iii. 291;hisParadisein the Ducal Palace, 358;his vehemence and imaginativeness, 369, 370, 375;his preference of subjects more properly belonging to poetry, 376;story of his offering to paint Aretino's portrait, v.406Titian, his portrait of Cardinal Ippolito de' Medici, ii. 27;sensuousness of his work, iii. 25;the friend of Sansovino and Aretino, 167, 168, v.398,409;a letter of his quoted for the project of making Aretino Cardinal, v.405note2;hisBacchus and Ariadne, illustrating his treatment of the antique, iii. 291;perfect balance of his powers, 370, 379;theThree Ages of Man, v.522;theAssumption of Madonna, iii. 380Todi, S. Maria della Consolazione (by Bramante), iii. 82;birthplace of Jacopone, iv.285Tolommei, Claudio, hisCesano, v.271note1Tommaso, a Dominican monk, his preaching at Milan, i.621Tommaso (son of Andrea da Pontedera), iii. 123Tommaso da Sarzana. (SeeNicholas V.)Tornielli Family, the, of Novara, i.145Torquemada, i.400Torrensi, the, or Della Torre family, at Milan: their rise to power, i.112;their downfall,132,136Torriani, the, of Verona, ii. 506Torrigiani, his account of Michelangelo's scornfulness, iii. 386note2;his quarrel with Michelangelo, 432, 445;invites Cellini to accompany him to England, 444;Cellini's description of him, 445;his death, 445Torrigiani, Marchionne, poems of, iv.164Tortello, Giovanni, librarian to Nicholas V., ii. 229Tortosa, the Cardinal of. (SeeAdrian VI.)Tourneur, Cyril, the plots of his dramas compared with real events in Italian history, v.117,118Towns, buying and selling of, i.114,134,148Traini, Francesco, hisTriumph of S. Caterina, Pisa, iii. 207Translations of the classics, executed by command of Nicholas V., ii. 228Trapezuntius, Georgios, teaches Greek in Italy, ii. 210;employed by Nicholas V. in translating Plato and Aristotle, 228;his quarrel with Valla, 242, 263;his fight with Poggio, 243;his controversy with Bessarion, 247Traversari, Ambrogio (Il Camaldolese), his account of Vittorino's system of education, i.177;a scholar of Giovanni da Ravenna, ii. 100;learns Greek from Chrysoloras, 110;cited for the high pay of the copyists, 130;his distraction between scholarship and the claims of the Church, 193-195;cited in proof of Poggio's account of Filelfo's marriage, 269note1;the only great monastic scholar of the Renaissance, 517;one of the best class of Humanists, 523Tremacoldo, his murder of the Vistarini, i.148note1Treviso, culture of the Trevisan Court, iv.6,15—— Monte di Pietà,The Entombment(by Giorgione?), iii. 367note2Tribune, name of magistrate in some Italian cities, i.35Trifone [Trifone Gabrielle], i.233, v.78,253note1Trinci, the, at Foligno, massacres of the, i.121,122Trissiniana, La, an Academy founded by Giangiorgio Trissino, v.302Trissino, Ciro (son of Giangiorgio Trissino), v.303;murdered,305;Giangiorgio, story of his life,300;the pupil of Demetrius Chalcondylas,301;his magnificence and studious retirement,302;always attracted to Court life,303;his quarrel with his son Giulio,303-305;inserts a virulent satire on his son in hisItalia Liberata,304;accuses him of heresy in a codicil of his will,304;his device of the Golden Fleece,305;hisItalia Liberata,126,127,306;its dulness and unpoetical character,307,520;compared with Milton's Epics,308;hisSofonisba, the first Italian tragedy,126,236,301,305;its correctness and lifelessness,127;his comedy, theSimillimi,305;his testimony to the corruption of Rome,190,303;his friendship with Giovanni Rucellai,236;his orthographical disputes with Firenzuola,271,306;hisPoetica,306;discovers theDe Eloquioof Dante,306;Giulio (son of Giangiorgio Trissino), his quarrel with his father,303,325note2;denounced as a heretic by his father in his will,304;condemned by the Inquisition and dies in prison,304Trivulzi, Giovan Jacopo da, i.552,573Tuldo, Niccolò, story of his execution as related by S. Catherine of Siena, iv.174Tullia di Aragona, the, poetess, v.288Turini, Baldassare, ii. 405Turks, descent of the, upon Otranto, i.399,572(cp. v.122)Turpin, the Chronicle of, iv.432Tuscan, superiority of, to other Italian dialects, iv.31;early recognition of this,31Tyrannicide, popular estimation of, in Italy, i.169;influence of the study of antiquity in producing tyrannicide,165,466,468, v.414UBERTI, the, at Florence, their houses destroyed as traitors, iii. 63;Fazio degli, hisDittamondocited for a description of Rome in desolation, ii. 154, iv.167;character of theDittamondo, iv.166-168;hisSerminteseon the cities of Italy,160;hisOde on Rome,160Uccello, Paolo, his study of perspective, iii. 225, 232;his love of natural studies, 226, 231note1Ugolini, Baccio, said to have composed music for theOrfeo, iv.414Ugolino da Siena, his painting of the Madonna in Orsammichele, Florence, iii. 125Uguccione da Fagiuola, tyrant of Lucca, i.75note1,112;introduced in the frescoes in the Campo Santo, Pisa, iii. 203Umbria,distinguished by its pietism, i.620note1, iii. 182, 220, iv.281—— Umbrian School in painting, the, its originality,182Umidi, Gli, an Academy at Florence, v.79,272;Il Lasca and theUmidi,79note2;Doni once its secretary,90Umorosi, the, an Academy at Bologna, ii. 366Universities, Italian, their character, ii. 115;number of foreigners attending them, 119;liberality of the town governments to them, 119;pay of professors in them, 120;subordinate position of the Humanist professors in them, 123Urban VIII., consecrates S. Peter's, iii. 93Urbino, its position in Italian history, v.498—— Castle of, iii. 59, 76;wood panelling in, 78note2Urbino, Dukes of, first dynasty (seeMontefeltro);second dynasty (seeRovere);encouragement of the pottery works of Gubbio by the Princes of Urbino, i.80VALDES, JOHN, his suicide during the Sack of Rome ii. 445Valeriano, patronised by Ippolito de' Medici, ii. 405;hisDe Literatorum Infelicitatequoted for the sufferings of the learned in the Sack of Rome, 443, 542 (cp. 530);for the Latin periphrases employed by scholars, 397;cited for Inghirami's eloquence, 425note1;his work on hieroglyphics, 428Valla, Lorenzo, the tutor of Ferdinand of Naples, i.174;his Declamation against the Donation of Constantine,377note2,386, ii. 260;his stipend at Pavia, ii. 122;his translations of Thucydides, Homer, and Herodotus, 228, 262;appointed Apostolic Scriptor by Nicholas V., 229, 262;his quarrel with Poggio, 240note1, 241, 263;with Trapezantios and with Morando, 242, 263;cited for Alfonso the Magnanimous' love of learning, 253;his opposition to the Church, 258, 261;the publication of theElegantiæbrings him into fame, 259 (cp. 526);invited to Naples by Alfonso, 261;his appearance before the Inquisition, 262;his dispute with Fazio, 263;his character of Aurispa, 302note1;theDe Voluptate, v.455,457,519Valori, Baccio, i.230,285;Filippo, bears the expense of printing Ficino's Plato, ii. 326Vandyck, Antony, his portrait of Cardinal de' Bentivogli, ii. 27Van Eyck, John, his power of colouring, iii. 349;comparison of his works with those of the Venetian masters, 361Vanini, his execution, v.478Vannucci, Pietro. (SeePerugino.)Varallo, S. Maria delle Grazie, iii. 489;the terra-cotta groups in the Sacro Monte, cited in illustration of the Sacred Drama, iv.327note1Varani, the, of Camerino, i.111,375;massacre of them,121,164note1;members of this family become Condottieri,161Varano, Giovanni, his murder, i.119note2;Giulio Cesare, story of,121;murdered with three of his sons by Cesare Borgia,122,353,427Varchi, Benedetto, his Florentine History, i.278,279;employed by Duke Cosimo to write the work,281;its character and value,293;written in a liberal spirit,289;Varchi's labour in writing the History,249note2;his study of Tacitus and Polybius,250note1;account of the Florentine government,195note1 (seealsoAppendix ii. vol. i.);the Genoese constitution of 1528, 201note1;Savonarola's legislation, 202note2;the defects of the Florentine State, 204;the population of Florence, 209;censure of theOrdinanze della Giustizia, 225, 244;the corruption of Florence, 231, 282;Florentine intelligence, 232;the conduct of the Florentine exiles, 236;the dedication of Florence to Christ, 222note1;theParlamentoat Florence, 237note2;character of Guicciardini, 296, 296note2, 298note1, 299notes1, 2 and 3, 300note2;the reception of Machiavelli'sPrinceat Florence, 326;character of Machiavelli, 333;Italian immorality, 477note1;Florentine habits of life,Appendix ii.(p. 595);description of the friars who preached in Rome in Clement's Pontificate, 620;the murder of Alessandro de' Medici by his cousin Lorenzino, v.118;—— theErcolano(Dialogo delleLingue), v.271note1;its account of Varchi's early training, iv.237;the Dissertation on Buonarroti's Sonnets, iii. 520, v.297;the pastoral poems, v.224;Varchi sides with Caro in his quarrel with Castelvetro,286;hisCapitoli,365;his correspondence with Aretino,410note1Vasari, Giorgio, finishes the cupola of the Umiltà at Pistoja, iii. 83;the Lives of the Painters, ii. 36;their inaccuracy, iii. 103, 116;ascribes Florentine intelligence to the Tuscan air, i.232;his remark on the indebtedness of Michelangelo to Signorelli, iii. 279;the story of Signorelli's painting his dead son, 280;his relation of Signorelli's visit to Arezzo, 293;his character of Signorelli, 293;his account of Perugino, 297, 299;on Lionardo da Vinci, 323, 324;on Raphael's gentleness, 329;his panegyric of Michelangelo, 424, 494;his account of Benvenuto Cellini, 440;the story of the picture painted by Botticelli for Palmieri, iv.171;the midsummer festivals at Florence,318,325;theTriumph of Death,393-395, v.114;the festivals organised by Rustici, v.115;Vasari's friendship with Michelangelo and Aretino,409note2Vatican library, its foundation, i.21, ii. 227, 357;opened to the public by Sixtus IV., 384note1, ii. 227, 359;librarians of the Vatican from Inghirami to Aleander, 424Vaucluse, Petrarch's residence at, iv.87,96Vegio, Matteo, the only writer of Latin verse in the Renaissance who took the cowl, ii. 517Velletti, Agostino, author of the novel in verse of Ginevra degli Almieri, iv.250;analysis of the story,250Venasso, Antonio da, murdered at Sinigaglia by Cesare Borgia, i.351Veneziano, Marco, his friendship with Berni, v.363Venice, defeat of the Venetians by Francesco Sforza, i.155;selfish policy of Venetians in not supporting the Milanese,155;neutrality of Venice in the French invasion,550note1;heads the league against Charles VIII.,576;hostile to the Roman Church,35, iii. 353, 357, v.89,393;hatred of Venice by other States, i.91,214;never entrusted her armies to Venetians,157,220;contentment of the Venetians with their government,198,200,215,220,233, iii. 353;political isolation of Venice, i.214;Venetian constitutional history,215-219;good government of the subject cities by Venice,220;liberty of life and speech at Venice, iv.364, v.393,497;estimates of the number of inhabitants, i.210;divisions of the population,215;trading spirit of Venice,238, iii. 353;Venetian luxury, i.475, iii. 167, 353, iv.365, v.191;unenthusiastic character of Venetian religion, iii. 357-359;contrast of Venice and Florence, i.221,222note1,231,306note2, iii. 182, 354;comparison between Venice and Sparta, i.234,306note2;beauty of Venice, iii. 348;