[652]ib. xxviii. 38; cf. xxxi. 20.[653]e.g. the two triumphs of Pompeius in 80 and 71B.C.See Cic.pro Lege Man.21, 62 “quid tam incredibile, quam ut iterum eques Romanus ex senatus consulto triumpharet?”[654]A shortened form ofconventio. Cf.S. C. de Bacchanalibus(BrunsFontes) l. 23 “haice uti in conventionid exdeicatis.”[655]Gell. xiii. 16 “cum populo agere est rogare quid populum, quod suffragiis suis aut jubeat aut vetet, contionem autem habere est verba facere ad populum sine ulla rogatione.”[656]It was, e.g., the mode in which the people were summoned to witness public executions outside the Pomerium (Cic.pro Rab.4, 11; Tac.Ann.ii. 23).[657]S. C. de Bacch.quoted p. 158.[658]Liv. xxxix. 15 “contione advocata cum sollemne carmen precationis, quod praefari priusquam populum adloquantur magistratus solent, peregisset, consul ita coepit.”[659]Messala ap. Gell. xiii. 16 includes themagistratus minores. Mommsen, guided by the (in this case probably false) analogy of thejus cum populo agendi, would exclude the aediles and quaestors (Staatsr.i. p. 200).[660]Gell. l.c.[661]Cic.ad Att.iv. 1, 6 “habui contionem, omnes magistratus praeter unum praetorem et duos tribunos pl. dederunt”; i. 14, 1 “Pisonis consulis impulsu levissimus tribunus pl. Fufius in contionem producit Pompeium”; ii. 24, 3 “Caesar is qui olim, praetor cum esset, Q. Catulum ex inferiore loco jusserat dicere, Vettium in rostra produxit.”[662]Sall.Jug.34 “ubi Memmius (a tribune) dicendi finem fecit et Jugurtha respondere jussus est, C. Baebius tribunus plebis ... regem tacere jubet.”[663]See note 1.[664]Cic.de Leg.iii. 4, 10 “cum populo patribusque agendi jus esto consuli praetori magistro populi equitumque eique quem patres produnt consulum rogandorum ergo.” For the question whether the praefect of the city had this right see p. 61; an argument for his possession of it in the Republic is his right of consulting the Senate.[665]For the curule aediles see Cic.in Verr.i. 12, 36; Val. Max. viii. 1, 7.[666]Liv. iii. 24; Dionys. viii. 77.[667]Liv. xliii. 16 (169B.C., P. Rutilius tr. pl.) “C. Claudio diem dixit ... et utrique censori perduellionem se judicare pronunciavit, diemque comitiis a C. Sulpicio praetore urbano petiit ... absoluto Claudio, tribunus plebis negavit se Gracchum morari.” Antias ap. Gell. vi. 9 “Licinius tribunus plebi perduellionem ei diem dixit et comitiis diem a M. Marcio praetore peposcit.”[668]Whether the tribune presided over this assembly is uncertain. When the tribune in Livy (l.c.) breaks up such an assembly the act may simply refer to his retirement as a prosecutor (see last note).[669]Liv. x. 23; xxv. 2; xxxiii. 42; Gell. x. 6.[670]De Leg.iii. 4, 10, cited p. 160.[671]Gell. xiv. 7 “(Varro ponit) per quos more majorum senatus haberi soleret eosque nominat ‘dictatorem, consules, praetores, tribunos plebi, interregem, praefectum urbi’ ... ‘deinde extraordinario jure tribunos quoque militares qui pro consulibus fuissent ... jus consulendi senatum habuisse.’”[672]This right of the tribunes originated later than 304B.C.; see p. 127.[673]Liv. xxii. 30; xl. 52. Cf. Wilmanns n. 27 “L. Mummi. L. F. Cos. duct(u) auspicio imperioque ejus Achaia capt(a) Corinto deleto Romam redieit triumphans.”[674]p. 39.[675]Festus p. 261 “quinque genera signorum observant augures publici, ex coelo, ex avibus, ex tripudis, ex quadripedibus, ex diris.”[676]Silentiumis defined negatively; see Cic.de Div.ii. 34, 71 “id enim silentium dicimus in auspiciis, quod omni vitio caret.” Cf. Festus p. 351.[677]e.g. the fall of the cap from the head of the sacrificing priest (Val. Max. i. 1, 5). Cf. Festus p. 64.[678]Val. Max. i. 1, 5 “occentusque soricis auditus Fabio Maximo dictaturam ... deponendi causam praebuit.”[679]ib. 4, 2 (the omens that T. Gracchus encountered when seeking the tribunate).[680]ib. 4, 7.[681]Plut.C. Gracch.11.[682]Cic.de Div.ii. 34, 72 “Illi autem, qui in auspicium adhibetur, cum ita imperavit is, qui auspicatur ‘Dicito, si silentium esse videbitur’; nec suspicit nec circumspicit: statim respondet, ‘silentium esse videri.’”[683]Plin.H.N.xxviii. 2, 11.[684]Cic.de Div.ii. 35, 77.[685]Liv. i. 36; Cic.de Leg.iii. 3, 9.[686]Cic.de Div.ii. 33, 71 “haec certe quibus utimur, sive tripudio sive de coelo, simulacra sunt auspiciorum, auspicia nullo modo.”[687]Liv. xxiii. 31 (215B.C., Marcellus) “cui ineunti consulatum cum tonuisset, vocati augures vitio creatum videri pronunciaverunt.”[688]Cic.de Div.ii. 35, 74 “Fulmen sinistrum auspicium optimum habemus ad omnes res, praeterquam ad comitia.”[689]ib. i. 15, 27 “nam nostri quidem magistratus auspiciis utuntur coactis. Necesse est enim, offa objecta, cadere frustum ex pulli ore, cum pascitur. (28) Quod autem scriptum habetis, tripudium fieri, si ex ea quid in solidum ceciderit: hoc quoque, quod dixi, coactum, tripudium solistimum dicitis.” Cf. ii. 34, 72; 35, 73. For their use in camp see Cic.de Div.i. 35, 77; Val. Max. i. 4, 3. In the last passage the incident connected with P. Claudius Pulcher (249B.C.) is described.[690]Messala ap. Gell. xiii. 15 “Patriciorum auspicia in duas sunt divisa potestates. Maxima sunt consulum, praetorum censorum.... Reliquorum magistratuum minora sunt auspicia.”[691]Gell. iii. 2.[692]“Oriens de nocte silentio” (Liv. viii. 23).[693]That in the camp, by means of the sacred chickens, had naturally to be exempted from these formalities.[694]Cic.de Nat. Deor.ii. 4, 11; these tents were calledminora templa(Festus p. 157).[695]The manipulation of auspices at the end of the Republic had caused the skilled assistant to be neglected (Cic.de Div.ii. 34, 71 “apud majores nostros adhibebatur peritus, nunc quilibet”).[696]Liv. ix. 39, etc.[697]See the section dealing with the powers of the people. Thevitiumeffected the elections even of tribunes of the Plebs—but purely as a result ofauspicia oblativa. See Liv. x. 47 (293B.C.) “exacto jam anno novi tribuni plebis magistratum inierant: hisque ipsis, quia vitio creati erant, quinque post dies alii subfecti.”[698]ib. v. 31, etc.[699]Mommsen thinks that the auspices of the consuls might have alternated, like their fasces, from month to month (Staatsr.i. p. 95).[700]Thus before Cannae Varro takes the field in spite of the ill-omens which the observation of his colleague Paulus had revealed (Liv. xxii. 42).[701]Val. Max. ii. 8, 2.[702]Cic.de Leg.iii. 3, 6 “magistratus nec oboedientem et noxium civem multa, vinculis, verberibus coerceto, ni par majorve potestas populusve prohibessit, ad quos provocatio esto.” Alex Porciaprohibited the scourging of a Roman citizen by agravis poena(Liv. x. 9); but that technically it merely submitted the threat of suchcoercitioto appeal is shown by the fact that the law is classed amongst those regulating theprovocatio(Cic.de Rep.ii. 31, 54).[703]pp. 79, 109.[704]Liv. x. 9 “cum eum qui provocasset virgis caedi securique necari vetuisset, si quis adversus ea fecisset, nihil ultra quam improbe factum adjecit.” The meaning of this sanction has been much disputed: it may mean “incapable of making a will,” on the analogy of “improbus (i.e. qui probare non potest) intestabilisque esto.” Mommsen (Strafrechtp. 632) takes the expression to mean that the act of the magistrate would be regarded as “unjustified,” i.e. as an ordinary criminal offence.[705]Cic.de Rep.ii. 31, 54.[706]p. 95.[707]Dio Cass. liii. 17.[708]Plin.H.N.vii 44; Liv.Ep.59.[709]Liv. ii 55; vii. 4.[710]Thevirgis caediin the thirdlex Valeria(note 2) probably refers to scourging as well as to death by the rod.[711]Capito ap. Gell. iv. 10 “Caesar consul viatorem vocavit eumque (Catonem), cum finem non faceret (of speaking in the Senate) prendi loquentem et in carcerem duci jussit.” Cf. Suet.Caes.17.[712]The earliest recorded case is in Liv.Ep.xlviii. (Momms.Staatsr.i. p. 154). A typical instance belonging to the year 60B.C.is described in Cic.ad Att.ii. 1, 8; Dio Cass. xxxvii. 50.[713]It was thus that the imprisonment of M. Bibulus, consul in 59 (Cic.in Vat.9, 21), and of M. Crassus, consul in 55 (Dio Cass. xxxix. 39), was prevented.[714]The annals introduce bail as early as the trial of Kaeso Quinctius in 461B.C.(Liv. iii. 13).[715]Liv. xxv. 4 (212B.C.).[716]Mommsen (Staatsr.i. p. 143 n. 1) takes the view that the quaestor had no power ofcoercitiothroughmultaandpignus. For an opposite opinion see KarlowaRechtsgesch.i. p. 171 and HuschkeMultap. 36.[717]Dionys. x. 50 ἐπὶ τῆς λοχίτιδος ἐκκλησίας νόμον ἐκύρωσαν (the consuls Sp. Tarpeius and A. Aternius) ἵνα ταῖς ἀρχαῖς ἐξῇ πάσαις τοὺς ἀκοσμοῦντας ἤ παρανομοῦντας εἰς τὴν ἑαυτῶν ἐξουσίαν ζημιοῦν· τέως γὰρ οὐχ ἅπασιν ἐξῆν ἀλλὰ τοῖς ὑπάτοις μόνοις. Cf. Cic.de Rep.ii. 35, 60.[718]Dionys. l.c.; Gell. xi. 1. Dionysius (probably by an error of the copyist) represents the fine as being two oxen or thirty sheep.[719]Cic.de Rep.ii. 35, 60 “levis aestimatio pecudum in multa lege C. Julii, P. Papirii consulum constituta est”; Liv. iv. 30 “legem de multarum aestimatione pergratam populo ... ipsi (the consuls Julius and Papirius) praeoccupaverunt ferre”; Gell. xi. 1 “in oves singulas aeris deni, in boves aeris centeni ... Suprema multa est ejus numeri, ... ultra quem multam dicere in dies singulos jus non est.” Gellius, however, attributes the pecuniary estimate to thelex Aternia.[720]The view has been sometimes held that themulta supremawas one beyond which the magistrate could not under any circumstances go. In this case there is no known limit at which the appeal became possible. That there was one, however, is shown by theprovocatio ab omni judicioallowed by the Twelve Tables (Cic.de Rep.ii. 31, 54. See p. 106).[721]p. 246.[722]Lex Tab. Bant.1. 12 “Sei quis mag(istratus) multam inrogare volet [quei volet, dum minoris] partus familias taxsat, liceto.”[723]e.g. in case of continued resistance to the veto. See Liv. xliii. 16 (169B.C., P. Rutilius) “Ti Gracchi primum bona consecravit, quod in multa pignoribusque ejus, qui tribunum adpellasset, intercessioni non parendo, se in ordinem coegisset”; or for a supposed stigma inflicted by a censor on a tribune (Plin.H.N.vii. 44). Cicero,pro Domo47, 123, mentions the consecration of the goods of L. Metellus by C. Atinius (131B.C., Plin. l.c.) as an instance of “furor tribuni plebis, ductus ex nonnullis perveterum temporum exemplis.” P. Clodius (58B.C.) consecrated the goods of Cicero and of Gabinius the consul (ib. § 124).[724]Lex Quinctia de aquaeductibus(BrunsFontes) l. 20 “tum is praetor ... multa pignoribus cogito coerceto.”[725]Cic.de Orat.iii. 1, 4, “pignora caedere” or “concidere”; the destruction was performed as an example “in conspectu populi Romani.”[726]Auct. de Vir. Illustr.72, 6. Cf. the procedure of the consul Servilius against the revolutionary praetor Caelius Rufus in 48B.C.Dio Cass. xlii. 23 τόν τε δίφρον αὑτοῦ συνέτριψεν.[727]Varro ap. Gell. xiii. 12 “vocationem (habent), ut consoles et caeteri, qui habent imperium; prensionem, ut tribuni plebis et alii, qui habent viatorem; neque vocationem neque prensionem, ut quaestores et ceteri, qui neque lictorem habent neque viatorem. Qui vocationem habent, idem prendere, tenere, abducere possunt.”[728]p. 94.[729]See Varro ap. Gell. l.c.[730]Aediles were used in the trial of Coriolanus (Dionys. vii. 26, see p. 98); Gracchus sent one of hisviatoresto drag his colleague Octavius from the Rostra (Plut.Ti. Gracch.12). Cf. Liv. xxv. 4 (case of Postumius 212B.C.) “tribuni ... ni vades daret ... prehendi a viatore ... jusserunt.”[731]Varro, as an antiquarian, refused to obey such a summons on the ground of its illegality (Gell. xiii. 12.)[732]Donatusad Ter. Ad.iv. 2, 9 “qui malam rem nuntiat, obnuntiat, qui bonam adnuntiat; nam proprie obnuntiare dicuntur augures, qui aliquid mali ominis scaevumque viderint.” Cf. CiceroPhil.ii. 33, 83;de Div.i. 16, 29 (dirarum obnuntiatio).[733]The plebeian magistrates sometimes watched for such signs, for purposes of obstruction, and were then improperly saidservare de coelo(Cic.ad Att.iv. 3, 3). The words are properly used only of thespectio. See Greenidge, “The Repeal of the Lex Aelia Fufia” inClass. Rev.vii. p. 158.[734]p. 163.[735]Cic.pro Sest.36, 78; Dio Cass. xxxviii. 13. To discuss, as has been done, whether the patrician magistrates’obnuntiatiowas valid against the tribunes is to raise rather an idle question. Thelex Aelia Fufiacould not have artificially regulated religious belief, and the Plebs was as susceptible toauspiciaas the Populus (see p. 39).[736]Gell. xiii. 15;minorhere simply means “inferior to the consul.”[737]They regulated the precedence of thecomitiafor elections and for laws (Cic.ad Att.i. 16, 13).[738]Cic.in Pis.4, 9;de Prov. Con.19, 46;in Vat.7, 18.[739]Cic.Phil.ii. 32, 80 and 38, 99;ad Att.iv. 9, 1; 16, 7, etc. SeeClass. Rev.vii. p. 160.[740]The exercise of thecoercitiomight of course be vetoed, and in this case the prohibition was of no avail. See Liv. ix. 34 (n. 7).[741]p. 159.[742]Liv. xliii. 16 (169B.C., P. Rutilius tr. pl.) “C. Claudio diem dixit, quod contionem ab se avocasset.”[743]ib. xxvii. 5 (210B.C.). The consul declined to question the people on the nomination of a dictator, “quod suae potestatis esset,” and forbade the praetor to do so.[744]p. 172.[745]Cf. the story in Suet.Tib.2, “Etiam virgo vestalis fratrem (App. Claudius, consul 143B.C.) injussu populi triumphantem, adscenso simul curru, usque in Capitolium prosecuta est, ne vetare aut intercedere fas cuiquam tribunorum esset.”[746]Liv. ix. 33-34. P. Sempronius, tribune, attempted to compel App. Claudius, who was trying to prolong his censorship beyond eighteen months, to abdicate. He tried to imprison the censor but was resisted by the veto of three colleagues.[747]Auct. de vir. illustr.72, 6 (for the occasion see p. 171); the consul “ne quis ad eum (praetorem) in jus ire edixit.” Dio Cass. xlii. 23; amongst the other penalties imposed by Servilius Isauricus on Caelius Rufus (see p. 171) was the transference of his functions to another praetor, τά τε προσήκοντα τῇ ἀρχῇ αὐτοῦ ἄλλῳ τῳ τῶν στρατηγῶν προσέταξε.[748]Cic.in Verr.iii. 58, 134 “quaestores, legates, praefectos, tribunos suos, multi missos fecerunt et de provincia decedere jusserunt, quod illorum culpa se minus commode audire arbitrarentur, aut quod peccare ipsos aliqua in re judicarent.”[749]Liv. iii. 27; vii. 9.[750]C.I.L.vi. n. 895.[751]Liv. iii. 3; Cic.Phil.v. 12, 31.[752]Liv. iii. 5; vi. 7; Cic. l.c.[753]Mommsen conjectures that, on the occasion of every public funeral in the forum, a shortjustitiumwas declared (Staatsr.i. p. 251 n. 4).[754]Liv. x. 21.[755]Cic.de Har. Resp.26, 55 “justitium edici oportere, jurisdictionem intermitti, claudi aerarium, judicia tolli.” Cf. Plut.Ti. Gracch.10; Cic.pro Plancio14, 33.[756]Liv. vi 7.[757]Cic.Brut.89, 304 “exercebatur una lege judicium Varia, ceteris propter bellum intermissis.”[758]p. 119.[759]Plut.Ti. Gracch.10.[760]“(Feriae) imperativae sunt, quas consules vel praetores pro arbitrio potestatis indicunt” (Macrob.Saturn.i. 16, 6).[761]e.g. by Livy (x. 37).[762]No instance of such a veto being exercised at Rome is known; but it is recognised in the municipal law of Salpensa (BrunsFontes) c. 27.[763]Ordecretum. The formal difference is slight; by the end of the Republicedictumis a general,decretuma more special (and generally judicial) command.[764]Liv. iv. 55.[765]Caes.Bell. Civ.iii. 20 (Caelius Rufus) “tribunal suum juxta C. Treboni praetoris urbani sellam collocavit, et si quis appellavisset ... fore auxilio pollicebatur.” For the consequent necessity of the presence of the tribunes in Rome see p. 94.[766]Thus Verres, who waspraetor urbanus, had his decisions vetoed by Piso, who was probablypraetor peregrinus, in cases where Verres had decided contrary to his own edict. Cic.in Verr.i. 46, 119; cf. Caes. l.c.[767]Of the four private-law speeches of Cicero, two, those for Quinctius and Tullius, show the request for tribunician interference with the praetor’s jurisdiction. Cf. Cic.Acad. Prior.ii. 30, 97 “postulant ut excipiantur haec inexplicabilia. Tribunum aliquem censeo adeant (al.videant); a me istam exceptionem nunquam impetrabunt.”[768]Liv. xxxiii. 42.[769]The tribunes promise “cognituros se de quo appellati essent” (Liv. xlii. 32).[770]Liv. xlii. 33.[771]Ascon.in Milon.p. 47.[772]p. 174.[773]Liv. iv. 50; xxv. 2.[774]Cic.de Leg. Agr.ii. 12, 30.[775]Plut.Ti. Gracch.10.[776]Cic.ad Att.iv. 16, 6; Ascon.in Cornel.p. 58.[777]Liv. xlv. 21 “cum ita traditum esset, ne quis prius intercedat legi, quam privatis suadendi dissuadendique legem potestas facta esset.”[778]Momms.Staatsr.i p. 285.[779]Liv. xxvii. 6.[780]Cic.pro Sest.31, 68.[781]ib. 34, 74.[782]Cic.ad Fam.x. 12, 3 and 4.[783]Liv. xxx. 43. Consular intercession against the praetor was unnecessary, since the praetor did not usually summon the Senate while the consul was at Rome.[784]Val. Max. ii. 2, 7 “Illud quoque memoria repetendum est, quod tribunis plebis intrare curiam non licebat, ante valvas autem positis subselliis decreta patrum attentissima cura examinabant, ut, si qua ex eis improbassent, rata esse non sinerent. Itaque veteribus senatus consultis C. litera subscribi solebat, eaque nota significabatur illa tribunos quoque censuisse.” InS.C.C.translated into Greek it appears as ἔδοξεν (S.C.C. de Thisbaeis, BrunsFontes). In those given in Cic.ad Fam.viii. 8, 6, the letters “i. n.” (sometimes interpreted “intercessit nemo”) are probably a corruption forcensuere.[785]Momms.Staatsr.i. p. 282 n. 7; combated by WillemsLe Sénatp. 200 n. 2.[786]Liv. xxvi. 26; xxx. 40; cf. xlii. 10 “Popillius ... prae se ferens si quid decernerent, intercessurum, collegam deterruit.”[787]Val. Max. ii. 2, 7.[788]Cic.ad Fam.x. 12, 3.[789]Liv. xxxvi. 40.[790]Cic.ad Fam.viii. 8, 6 “qui impedierit prohibuerit, eum senatum existimare contra rem publicam fecisse.”[791]Cic.de Prov. Con.8, 17;pro Domo9, 24. Intercession in jurisdiction and administration is sometimes forbidden in municipal laws:Lex Rubriai. 50;Lex Ursonensisc. 72 (BrunsFontes).[792]Varro ap. Gell. xiii. 13 “Qui potestatem neque vocationis populi viritim habent neque prensionis, eos magistratus a privato in jus quoque vocari est potestas.” The context shows that they were practically as exempt as the higher magistrates.[793]Nothing is known of the early history ofpeculatus. The word itself, “the misappropriation of cattle,” which had been collected as fines, shows the antiquity of the offence described by Varro (L.L.v. 95) aspeculatus publicus. For the early procedure see MommsenStrafrechtp. 768.
[652]ib. xxviii. 38; cf. xxxi. 20.
[652]ib. xxviii. 38; cf. xxxi. 20.
[653]e.g. the two triumphs of Pompeius in 80 and 71B.C.See Cic.pro Lege Man.21, 62 “quid tam incredibile, quam ut iterum eques Romanus ex senatus consulto triumpharet?”
[653]e.g. the two triumphs of Pompeius in 80 and 71B.C.See Cic.pro Lege Man.21, 62 “quid tam incredibile, quam ut iterum eques Romanus ex senatus consulto triumpharet?”
[654]A shortened form ofconventio. Cf.S. C. de Bacchanalibus(BrunsFontes) l. 23 “haice uti in conventionid exdeicatis.”
[654]A shortened form ofconventio. Cf.S. C. de Bacchanalibus(BrunsFontes) l. 23 “haice uti in conventionid exdeicatis.”
[655]Gell. xiii. 16 “cum populo agere est rogare quid populum, quod suffragiis suis aut jubeat aut vetet, contionem autem habere est verba facere ad populum sine ulla rogatione.”
[655]Gell. xiii. 16 “cum populo agere est rogare quid populum, quod suffragiis suis aut jubeat aut vetet, contionem autem habere est verba facere ad populum sine ulla rogatione.”
[656]It was, e.g., the mode in which the people were summoned to witness public executions outside the Pomerium (Cic.pro Rab.4, 11; Tac.Ann.ii. 23).
[656]It was, e.g., the mode in which the people were summoned to witness public executions outside the Pomerium (Cic.pro Rab.4, 11; Tac.Ann.ii. 23).
[657]S. C. de Bacch.quoted p. 158.
[657]S. C. de Bacch.quoted p. 158.
[658]Liv. xxxix. 15 “contione advocata cum sollemne carmen precationis, quod praefari priusquam populum adloquantur magistratus solent, peregisset, consul ita coepit.”
[658]Liv. xxxix. 15 “contione advocata cum sollemne carmen precationis, quod praefari priusquam populum adloquantur magistratus solent, peregisset, consul ita coepit.”
[659]Messala ap. Gell. xiii. 16 includes themagistratus minores. Mommsen, guided by the (in this case probably false) analogy of thejus cum populo agendi, would exclude the aediles and quaestors (Staatsr.i. p. 200).
[659]Messala ap. Gell. xiii. 16 includes themagistratus minores. Mommsen, guided by the (in this case probably false) analogy of thejus cum populo agendi, would exclude the aediles and quaestors (Staatsr.i. p. 200).
[660]Gell. l.c.
[660]Gell. l.c.
[661]Cic.ad Att.iv. 1, 6 “habui contionem, omnes magistratus praeter unum praetorem et duos tribunos pl. dederunt”; i. 14, 1 “Pisonis consulis impulsu levissimus tribunus pl. Fufius in contionem producit Pompeium”; ii. 24, 3 “Caesar is qui olim, praetor cum esset, Q. Catulum ex inferiore loco jusserat dicere, Vettium in rostra produxit.”
[661]Cic.ad Att.iv. 1, 6 “habui contionem, omnes magistratus praeter unum praetorem et duos tribunos pl. dederunt”; i. 14, 1 “Pisonis consulis impulsu levissimus tribunus pl. Fufius in contionem producit Pompeium”; ii. 24, 3 “Caesar is qui olim, praetor cum esset, Q. Catulum ex inferiore loco jusserat dicere, Vettium in rostra produxit.”
[662]Sall.Jug.34 “ubi Memmius (a tribune) dicendi finem fecit et Jugurtha respondere jussus est, C. Baebius tribunus plebis ... regem tacere jubet.”
[662]Sall.Jug.34 “ubi Memmius (a tribune) dicendi finem fecit et Jugurtha respondere jussus est, C. Baebius tribunus plebis ... regem tacere jubet.”
[663]See note 1.
[663]See note 1.
[664]Cic.de Leg.iii. 4, 10 “cum populo patribusque agendi jus esto consuli praetori magistro populi equitumque eique quem patres produnt consulum rogandorum ergo.” For the question whether the praefect of the city had this right see p. 61; an argument for his possession of it in the Republic is his right of consulting the Senate.
[664]Cic.de Leg.iii. 4, 10 “cum populo patribusque agendi jus esto consuli praetori magistro populi equitumque eique quem patres produnt consulum rogandorum ergo.” For the question whether the praefect of the city had this right see p. 61; an argument for his possession of it in the Republic is his right of consulting the Senate.
[665]For the curule aediles see Cic.in Verr.i. 12, 36; Val. Max. viii. 1, 7.
[665]For the curule aediles see Cic.in Verr.i. 12, 36; Val. Max. viii. 1, 7.
[666]Liv. iii. 24; Dionys. viii. 77.
[666]Liv. iii. 24; Dionys. viii. 77.
[667]Liv. xliii. 16 (169B.C., P. Rutilius tr. pl.) “C. Claudio diem dixit ... et utrique censori perduellionem se judicare pronunciavit, diemque comitiis a C. Sulpicio praetore urbano petiit ... absoluto Claudio, tribunus plebis negavit se Gracchum morari.” Antias ap. Gell. vi. 9 “Licinius tribunus plebi perduellionem ei diem dixit et comitiis diem a M. Marcio praetore peposcit.”
[667]Liv. xliii. 16 (169B.C., P. Rutilius tr. pl.) “C. Claudio diem dixit ... et utrique censori perduellionem se judicare pronunciavit, diemque comitiis a C. Sulpicio praetore urbano petiit ... absoluto Claudio, tribunus plebis negavit se Gracchum morari.” Antias ap. Gell. vi. 9 “Licinius tribunus plebi perduellionem ei diem dixit et comitiis diem a M. Marcio praetore peposcit.”
[668]Whether the tribune presided over this assembly is uncertain. When the tribune in Livy (l.c.) breaks up such an assembly the act may simply refer to his retirement as a prosecutor (see last note).
[668]Whether the tribune presided over this assembly is uncertain. When the tribune in Livy (l.c.) breaks up such an assembly the act may simply refer to his retirement as a prosecutor (see last note).
[669]Liv. x. 23; xxv. 2; xxxiii. 42; Gell. x. 6.
[669]Liv. x. 23; xxv. 2; xxxiii. 42; Gell. x. 6.
[670]De Leg.iii. 4, 10, cited p. 160.
[670]De Leg.iii. 4, 10, cited p. 160.
[671]Gell. xiv. 7 “(Varro ponit) per quos more majorum senatus haberi soleret eosque nominat ‘dictatorem, consules, praetores, tribunos plebi, interregem, praefectum urbi’ ... ‘deinde extraordinario jure tribunos quoque militares qui pro consulibus fuissent ... jus consulendi senatum habuisse.’”
[671]Gell. xiv. 7 “(Varro ponit) per quos more majorum senatus haberi soleret eosque nominat ‘dictatorem, consules, praetores, tribunos plebi, interregem, praefectum urbi’ ... ‘deinde extraordinario jure tribunos quoque militares qui pro consulibus fuissent ... jus consulendi senatum habuisse.’”
[672]This right of the tribunes originated later than 304B.C.; see p. 127.
[672]This right of the tribunes originated later than 304B.C.; see p. 127.
[673]Liv. xxii. 30; xl. 52. Cf. Wilmanns n. 27 “L. Mummi. L. F. Cos. duct(u) auspicio imperioque ejus Achaia capt(a) Corinto deleto Romam redieit triumphans.”
[673]Liv. xxii. 30; xl. 52. Cf. Wilmanns n. 27 “L. Mummi. L. F. Cos. duct(u) auspicio imperioque ejus Achaia capt(a) Corinto deleto Romam redieit triumphans.”
[674]p. 39.
[674]p. 39.
[675]Festus p. 261 “quinque genera signorum observant augures publici, ex coelo, ex avibus, ex tripudis, ex quadripedibus, ex diris.”
[675]Festus p. 261 “quinque genera signorum observant augures publici, ex coelo, ex avibus, ex tripudis, ex quadripedibus, ex diris.”
[676]Silentiumis defined negatively; see Cic.de Div.ii. 34, 71 “id enim silentium dicimus in auspiciis, quod omni vitio caret.” Cf. Festus p. 351.
[676]Silentiumis defined negatively; see Cic.de Div.ii. 34, 71 “id enim silentium dicimus in auspiciis, quod omni vitio caret.” Cf. Festus p. 351.
[677]e.g. the fall of the cap from the head of the sacrificing priest (Val. Max. i. 1, 5). Cf. Festus p. 64.
[677]e.g. the fall of the cap from the head of the sacrificing priest (Val. Max. i. 1, 5). Cf. Festus p. 64.
[678]Val. Max. i. 1, 5 “occentusque soricis auditus Fabio Maximo dictaturam ... deponendi causam praebuit.”
[678]Val. Max. i. 1, 5 “occentusque soricis auditus Fabio Maximo dictaturam ... deponendi causam praebuit.”
[679]ib. 4, 2 (the omens that T. Gracchus encountered when seeking the tribunate).
[679]ib. 4, 2 (the omens that T. Gracchus encountered when seeking the tribunate).
[680]ib. 4, 7.
[680]ib. 4, 7.
[681]Plut.C. Gracch.11.
[681]Plut.C. Gracch.11.
[682]Cic.de Div.ii. 34, 72 “Illi autem, qui in auspicium adhibetur, cum ita imperavit is, qui auspicatur ‘Dicito, si silentium esse videbitur’; nec suspicit nec circumspicit: statim respondet, ‘silentium esse videri.’”
[682]Cic.de Div.ii. 34, 72 “Illi autem, qui in auspicium adhibetur, cum ita imperavit is, qui auspicatur ‘Dicito, si silentium esse videbitur’; nec suspicit nec circumspicit: statim respondet, ‘silentium esse videri.’”
[683]Plin.H.N.xxviii. 2, 11.
[683]Plin.H.N.xxviii. 2, 11.
[684]Cic.de Div.ii. 35, 77.
[684]Cic.de Div.ii. 35, 77.
[685]Liv. i. 36; Cic.de Leg.iii. 3, 9.
[685]Liv. i. 36; Cic.de Leg.iii. 3, 9.
[686]Cic.de Div.ii. 33, 71 “haec certe quibus utimur, sive tripudio sive de coelo, simulacra sunt auspiciorum, auspicia nullo modo.”
[686]Cic.de Div.ii. 33, 71 “haec certe quibus utimur, sive tripudio sive de coelo, simulacra sunt auspiciorum, auspicia nullo modo.”
[687]Liv. xxiii. 31 (215B.C., Marcellus) “cui ineunti consulatum cum tonuisset, vocati augures vitio creatum videri pronunciaverunt.”
[687]Liv. xxiii. 31 (215B.C., Marcellus) “cui ineunti consulatum cum tonuisset, vocati augures vitio creatum videri pronunciaverunt.”
[688]Cic.de Div.ii. 35, 74 “Fulmen sinistrum auspicium optimum habemus ad omnes res, praeterquam ad comitia.”
[688]Cic.de Div.ii. 35, 74 “Fulmen sinistrum auspicium optimum habemus ad omnes res, praeterquam ad comitia.”
[689]ib. i. 15, 27 “nam nostri quidem magistratus auspiciis utuntur coactis. Necesse est enim, offa objecta, cadere frustum ex pulli ore, cum pascitur. (28) Quod autem scriptum habetis, tripudium fieri, si ex ea quid in solidum ceciderit: hoc quoque, quod dixi, coactum, tripudium solistimum dicitis.” Cf. ii. 34, 72; 35, 73. For their use in camp see Cic.de Div.i. 35, 77; Val. Max. i. 4, 3. In the last passage the incident connected with P. Claudius Pulcher (249B.C.) is described.
[689]ib. i. 15, 27 “nam nostri quidem magistratus auspiciis utuntur coactis. Necesse est enim, offa objecta, cadere frustum ex pulli ore, cum pascitur. (28) Quod autem scriptum habetis, tripudium fieri, si ex ea quid in solidum ceciderit: hoc quoque, quod dixi, coactum, tripudium solistimum dicitis.” Cf. ii. 34, 72; 35, 73. For their use in camp see Cic.de Div.i. 35, 77; Val. Max. i. 4, 3. In the last passage the incident connected with P. Claudius Pulcher (249B.C.) is described.
[690]Messala ap. Gell. xiii. 15 “Patriciorum auspicia in duas sunt divisa potestates. Maxima sunt consulum, praetorum censorum.... Reliquorum magistratuum minora sunt auspicia.”
[690]Messala ap. Gell. xiii. 15 “Patriciorum auspicia in duas sunt divisa potestates. Maxima sunt consulum, praetorum censorum.... Reliquorum magistratuum minora sunt auspicia.”
[691]Gell. iii. 2.
[691]Gell. iii. 2.
[692]“Oriens de nocte silentio” (Liv. viii. 23).
[692]“Oriens de nocte silentio” (Liv. viii. 23).
[693]That in the camp, by means of the sacred chickens, had naturally to be exempted from these formalities.
[693]That in the camp, by means of the sacred chickens, had naturally to be exempted from these formalities.
[694]Cic.de Nat. Deor.ii. 4, 11; these tents were calledminora templa(Festus p. 157).
[694]Cic.de Nat. Deor.ii. 4, 11; these tents were calledminora templa(Festus p. 157).
[695]The manipulation of auspices at the end of the Republic had caused the skilled assistant to be neglected (Cic.de Div.ii. 34, 71 “apud majores nostros adhibebatur peritus, nunc quilibet”).
[695]The manipulation of auspices at the end of the Republic had caused the skilled assistant to be neglected (Cic.de Div.ii. 34, 71 “apud majores nostros adhibebatur peritus, nunc quilibet”).
[696]Liv. ix. 39, etc.
[696]Liv. ix. 39, etc.
[697]See the section dealing with the powers of the people. Thevitiumeffected the elections even of tribunes of the Plebs—but purely as a result ofauspicia oblativa. See Liv. x. 47 (293B.C.) “exacto jam anno novi tribuni plebis magistratum inierant: hisque ipsis, quia vitio creati erant, quinque post dies alii subfecti.”
[697]See the section dealing with the powers of the people. Thevitiumeffected the elections even of tribunes of the Plebs—but purely as a result ofauspicia oblativa. See Liv. x. 47 (293B.C.) “exacto jam anno novi tribuni plebis magistratum inierant: hisque ipsis, quia vitio creati erant, quinque post dies alii subfecti.”
[698]ib. v. 31, etc.
[698]ib. v. 31, etc.
[699]Mommsen thinks that the auspices of the consuls might have alternated, like their fasces, from month to month (Staatsr.i. p. 95).
[699]Mommsen thinks that the auspices of the consuls might have alternated, like their fasces, from month to month (Staatsr.i. p. 95).
[700]Thus before Cannae Varro takes the field in spite of the ill-omens which the observation of his colleague Paulus had revealed (Liv. xxii. 42).
[700]Thus before Cannae Varro takes the field in spite of the ill-omens which the observation of his colleague Paulus had revealed (Liv. xxii. 42).
[701]Val. Max. ii. 8, 2.
[701]Val. Max. ii. 8, 2.
[702]Cic.de Leg.iii. 3, 6 “magistratus nec oboedientem et noxium civem multa, vinculis, verberibus coerceto, ni par majorve potestas populusve prohibessit, ad quos provocatio esto.” Alex Porciaprohibited the scourging of a Roman citizen by agravis poena(Liv. x. 9); but that technically it merely submitted the threat of suchcoercitioto appeal is shown by the fact that the law is classed amongst those regulating theprovocatio(Cic.de Rep.ii. 31, 54).
[702]Cic.de Leg.iii. 3, 6 “magistratus nec oboedientem et noxium civem multa, vinculis, verberibus coerceto, ni par majorve potestas populusve prohibessit, ad quos provocatio esto.” Alex Porciaprohibited the scourging of a Roman citizen by agravis poena(Liv. x. 9); but that technically it merely submitted the threat of suchcoercitioto appeal is shown by the fact that the law is classed amongst those regulating theprovocatio(Cic.de Rep.ii. 31, 54).
[703]pp. 79, 109.
[703]pp. 79, 109.
[704]Liv. x. 9 “cum eum qui provocasset virgis caedi securique necari vetuisset, si quis adversus ea fecisset, nihil ultra quam improbe factum adjecit.” The meaning of this sanction has been much disputed: it may mean “incapable of making a will,” on the analogy of “improbus (i.e. qui probare non potest) intestabilisque esto.” Mommsen (Strafrechtp. 632) takes the expression to mean that the act of the magistrate would be regarded as “unjustified,” i.e. as an ordinary criminal offence.
[704]Liv. x. 9 “cum eum qui provocasset virgis caedi securique necari vetuisset, si quis adversus ea fecisset, nihil ultra quam improbe factum adjecit.” The meaning of this sanction has been much disputed: it may mean “incapable of making a will,” on the analogy of “improbus (i.e. qui probare non potest) intestabilisque esto.” Mommsen (Strafrechtp. 632) takes the expression to mean that the act of the magistrate would be regarded as “unjustified,” i.e. as an ordinary criminal offence.
[705]Cic.de Rep.ii. 31, 54.
[705]Cic.de Rep.ii. 31, 54.
[706]p. 95.
[706]p. 95.
[707]Dio Cass. liii. 17.
[707]Dio Cass. liii. 17.
[708]Plin.H.N.vii 44; Liv.Ep.59.
[708]Plin.H.N.vii 44; Liv.Ep.59.
[709]Liv. ii 55; vii. 4.
[709]Liv. ii 55; vii. 4.
[710]Thevirgis caediin the thirdlex Valeria(note 2) probably refers to scourging as well as to death by the rod.
[710]Thevirgis caediin the thirdlex Valeria(note 2) probably refers to scourging as well as to death by the rod.
[711]Capito ap. Gell. iv. 10 “Caesar consul viatorem vocavit eumque (Catonem), cum finem non faceret (of speaking in the Senate) prendi loquentem et in carcerem duci jussit.” Cf. Suet.Caes.17.
[711]Capito ap. Gell. iv. 10 “Caesar consul viatorem vocavit eumque (Catonem), cum finem non faceret (of speaking in the Senate) prendi loquentem et in carcerem duci jussit.” Cf. Suet.Caes.17.
[712]The earliest recorded case is in Liv.Ep.xlviii. (Momms.Staatsr.i. p. 154). A typical instance belonging to the year 60B.C.is described in Cic.ad Att.ii. 1, 8; Dio Cass. xxxvii. 50.
[712]The earliest recorded case is in Liv.Ep.xlviii. (Momms.Staatsr.i. p. 154). A typical instance belonging to the year 60B.C.is described in Cic.ad Att.ii. 1, 8; Dio Cass. xxxvii. 50.
[713]It was thus that the imprisonment of M. Bibulus, consul in 59 (Cic.in Vat.9, 21), and of M. Crassus, consul in 55 (Dio Cass. xxxix. 39), was prevented.
[713]It was thus that the imprisonment of M. Bibulus, consul in 59 (Cic.in Vat.9, 21), and of M. Crassus, consul in 55 (Dio Cass. xxxix. 39), was prevented.
[714]The annals introduce bail as early as the trial of Kaeso Quinctius in 461B.C.(Liv. iii. 13).
[714]The annals introduce bail as early as the trial of Kaeso Quinctius in 461B.C.(Liv. iii. 13).
[715]Liv. xxv. 4 (212B.C.).
[715]Liv. xxv. 4 (212B.C.).
[716]Mommsen (Staatsr.i. p. 143 n. 1) takes the view that the quaestor had no power ofcoercitiothroughmultaandpignus. For an opposite opinion see KarlowaRechtsgesch.i. p. 171 and HuschkeMultap. 36.
[716]Mommsen (Staatsr.i. p. 143 n. 1) takes the view that the quaestor had no power ofcoercitiothroughmultaandpignus. For an opposite opinion see KarlowaRechtsgesch.i. p. 171 and HuschkeMultap. 36.
[717]Dionys. x. 50 ἐπὶ τῆς λοχίτιδος ἐκκλησίας νόμον ἐκύρωσαν (the consuls Sp. Tarpeius and A. Aternius) ἵνα ταῖς ἀρχαῖς ἐξῇ πάσαις τοὺς ἀκοσμοῦντας ἤ παρανομοῦντας εἰς τὴν ἑαυτῶν ἐξουσίαν ζημιοῦν· τέως γὰρ οὐχ ἅπασιν ἐξῆν ἀλλὰ τοῖς ὑπάτοις μόνοις. Cf. Cic.de Rep.ii. 35, 60.
[717]Dionys. x. 50 ἐπὶ τῆς λοχίτιδος ἐκκλησίας νόμον ἐκύρωσαν (the consuls Sp. Tarpeius and A. Aternius) ἵνα ταῖς ἀρχαῖς ἐξῇ πάσαις τοὺς ἀκοσμοῦντας ἤ παρανομοῦντας εἰς τὴν ἑαυτῶν ἐξουσίαν ζημιοῦν· τέως γὰρ οὐχ ἅπασιν ἐξῆν ἀλλὰ τοῖς ὑπάτοις μόνοις. Cf. Cic.de Rep.ii. 35, 60.
[718]Dionys. l.c.; Gell. xi. 1. Dionysius (probably by an error of the copyist) represents the fine as being two oxen or thirty sheep.
[718]Dionys. l.c.; Gell. xi. 1. Dionysius (probably by an error of the copyist) represents the fine as being two oxen or thirty sheep.
[719]Cic.de Rep.ii. 35, 60 “levis aestimatio pecudum in multa lege C. Julii, P. Papirii consulum constituta est”; Liv. iv. 30 “legem de multarum aestimatione pergratam populo ... ipsi (the consuls Julius and Papirius) praeoccupaverunt ferre”; Gell. xi. 1 “in oves singulas aeris deni, in boves aeris centeni ... Suprema multa est ejus numeri, ... ultra quem multam dicere in dies singulos jus non est.” Gellius, however, attributes the pecuniary estimate to thelex Aternia.
[719]Cic.de Rep.ii. 35, 60 “levis aestimatio pecudum in multa lege C. Julii, P. Papirii consulum constituta est”; Liv. iv. 30 “legem de multarum aestimatione pergratam populo ... ipsi (the consuls Julius and Papirius) praeoccupaverunt ferre”; Gell. xi. 1 “in oves singulas aeris deni, in boves aeris centeni ... Suprema multa est ejus numeri, ... ultra quem multam dicere in dies singulos jus non est.” Gellius, however, attributes the pecuniary estimate to thelex Aternia.
[720]The view has been sometimes held that themulta supremawas one beyond which the magistrate could not under any circumstances go. In this case there is no known limit at which the appeal became possible. That there was one, however, is shown by theprovocatio ab omni judicioallowed by the Twelve Tables (Cic.de Rep.ii. 31, 54. See p. 106).
[720]The view has been sometimes held that themulta supremawas one beyond which the magistrate could not under any circumstances go. In this case there is no known limit at which the appeal became possible. That there was one, however, is shown by theprovocatio ab omni judicioallowed by the Twelve Tables (Cic.de Rep.ii. 31, 54. See p. 106).
[721]p. 246.
[721]p. 246.
[722]Lex Tab. Bant.1. 12 “Sei quis mag(istratus) multam inrogare volet [quei volet, dum minoris] partus familias taxsat, liceto.”
[722]Lex Tab. Bant.1. 12 “Sei quis mag(istratus) multam inrogare volet [quei volet, dum minoris] partus familias taxsat, liceto.”
[723]e.g. in case of continued resistance to the veto. See Liv. xliii. 16 (169B.C., P. Rutilius) “Ti Gracchi primum bona consecravit, quod in multa pignoribusque ejus, qui tribunum adpellasset, intercessioni non parendo, se in ordinem coegisset”; or for a supposed stigma inflicted by a censor on a tribune (Plin.H.N.vii. 44). Cicero,pro Domo47, 123, mentions the consecration of the goods of L. Metellus by C. Atinius (131B.C., Plin. l.c.) as an instance of “furor tribuni plebis, ductus ex nonnullis perveterum temporum exemplis.” P. Clodius (58B.C.) consecrated the goods of Cicero and of Gabinius the consul (ib. § 124).
[723]e.g. in case of continued resistance to the veto. See Liv. xliii. 16 (169B.C., P. Rutilius) “Ti Gracchi primum bona consecravit, quod in multa pignoribusque ejus, qui tribunum adpellasset, intercessioni non parendo, se in ordinem coegisset”; or for a supposed stigma inflicted by a censor on a tribune (Plin.H.N.vii. 44). Cicero,pro Domo47, 123, mentions the consecration of the goods of L. Metellus by C. Atinius (131B.C., Plin. l.c.) as an instance of “furor tribuni plebis, ductus ex nonnullis perveterum temporum exemplis.” P. Clodius (58B.C.) consecrated the goods of Cicero and of Gabinius the consul (ib. § 124).
[724]Lex Quinctia de aquaeductibus(BrunsFontes) l. 20 “tum is praetor ... multa pignoribus cogito coerceto.”
[724]Lex Quinctia de aquaeductibus(BrunsFontes) l. 20 “tum is praetor ... multa pignoribus cogito coerceto.”
[725]Cic.de Orat.iii. 1, 4, “pignora caedere” or “concidere”; the destruction was performed as an example “in conspectu populi Romani.”
[725]Cic.de Orat.iii. 1, 4, “pignora caedere” or “concidere”; the destruction was performed as an example “in conspectu populi Romani.”
[726]Auct. de Vir. Illustr.72, 6. Cf. the procedure of the consul Servilius against the revolutionary praetor Caelius Rufus in 48B.C.Dio Cass. xlii. 23 τόν τε δίφρον αὑτοῦ συνέτριψεν.
[726]Auct. de Vir. Illustr.72, 6. Cf. the procedure of the consul Servilius against the revolutionary praetor Caelius Rufus in 48B.C.Dio Cass. xlii. 23 τόν τε δίφρον αὑτοῦ συνέτριψεν.
[727]Varro ap. Gell. xiii. 12 “vocationem (habent), ut consoles et caeteri, qui habent imperium; prensionem, ut tribuni plebis et alii, qui habent viatorem; neque vocationem neque prensionem, ut quaestores et ceteri, qui neque lictorem habent neque viatorem. Qui vocationem habent, idem prendere, tenere, abducere possunt.”
[727]Varro ap. Gell. xiii. 12 “vocationem (habent), ut consoles et caeteri, qui habent imperium; prensionem, ut tribuni plebis et alii, qui habent viatorem; neque vocationem neque prensionem, ut quaestores et ceteri, qui neque lictorem habent neque viatorem. Qui vocationem habent, idem prendere, tenere, abducere possunt.”
[728]p. 94.
[728]p. 94.
[729]See Varro ap. Gell. l.c.
[729]See Varro ap. Gell. l.c.
[730]Aediles were used in the trial of Coriolanus (Dionys. vii. 26, see p. 98); Gracchus sent one of hisviatoresto drag his colleague Octavius from the Rostra (Plut.Ti. Gracch.12). Cf. Liv. xxv. 4 (case of Postumius 212B.C.) “tribuni ... ni vades daret ... prehendi a viatore ... jusserunt.”
[730]Aediles were used in the trial of Coriolanus (Dionys. vii. 26, see p. 98); Gracchus sent one of hisviatoresto drag his colleague Octavius from the Rostra (Plut.Ti. Gracch.12). Cf. Liv. xxv. 4 (case of Postumius 212B.C.) “tribuni ... ni vades daret ... prehendi a viatore ... jusserunt.”
[731]Varro, as an antiquarian, refused to obey such a summons on the ground of its illegality (Gell. xiii. 12.)
[731]Varro, as an antiquarian, refused to obey such a summons on the ground of its illegality (Gell. xiii. 12.)
[732]Donatusad Ter. Ad.iv. 2, 9 “qui malam rem nuntiat, obnuntiat, qui bonam adnuntiat; nam proprie obnuntiare dicuntur augures, qui aliquid mali ominis scaevumque viderint.” Cf. CiceroPhil.ii. 33, 83;de Div.i. 16, 29 (dirarum obnuntiatio).
[732]Donatusad Ter. Ad.iv. 2, 9 “qui malam rem nuntiat, obnuntiat, qui bonam adnuntiat; nam proprie obnuntiare dicuntur augures, qui aliquid mali ominis scaevumque viderint.” Cf. CiceroPhil.ii. 33, 83;de Div.i. 16, 29 (dirarum obnuntiatio).
[733]The plebeian magistrates sometimes watched for such signs, for purposes of obstruction, and were then improperly saidservare de coelo(Cic.ad Att.iv. 3, 3). The words are properly used only of thespectio. See Greenidge, “The Repeal of the Lex Aelia Fufia” inClass. Rev.vii. p. 158.
[733]The plebeian magistrates sometimes watched for such signs, for purposes of obstruction, and were then improperly saidservare de coelo(Cic.ad Att.iv. 3, 3). The words are properly used only of thespectio. See Greenidge, “The Repeal of the Lex Aelia Fufia” inClass. Rev.vii. p. 158.
[734]p. 163.
[734]p. 163.
[735]Cic.pro Sest.36, 78; Dio Cass. xxxviii. 13. To discuss, as has been done, whether the patrician magistrates’obnuntiatiowas valid against the tribunes is to raise rather an idle question. Thelex Aelia Fufiacould not have artificially regulated religious belief, and the Plebs was as susceptible toauspiciaas the Populus (see p. 39).
[735]Cic.pro Sest.36, 78; Dio Cass. xxxviii. 13. To discuss, as has been done, whether the patrician magistrates’obnuntiatiowas valid against the tribunes is to raise rather an idle question. Thelex Aelia Fufiacould not have artificially regulated religious belief, and the Plebs was as susceptible toauspiciaas the Populus (see p. 39).
[736]Gell. xiii. 15;minorhere simply means “inferior to the consul.”
[736]Gell. xiii. 15;minorhere simply means “inferior to the consul.”
[737]They regulated the precedence of thecomitiafor elections and for laws (Cic.ad Att.i. 16, 13).
[737]They regulated the precedence of thecomitiafor elections and for laws (Cic.ad Att.i. 16, 13).
[738]Cic.in Pis.4, 9;de Prov. Con.19, 46;in Vat.7, 18.
[738]Cic.in Pis.4, 9;de Prov. Con.19, 46;in Vat.7, 18.
[739]Cic.Phil.ii. 32, 80 and 38, 99;ad Att.iv. 9, 1; 16, 7, etc. SeeClass. Rev.vii. p. 160.
[739]Cic.Phil.ii. 32, 80 and 38, 99;ad Att.iv. 9, 1; 16, 7, etc. SeeClass. Rev.vii. p. 160.
[740]The exercise of thecoercitiomight of course be vetoed, and in this case the prohibition was of no avail. See Liv. ix. 34 (n. 7).
[740]The exercise of thecoercitiomight of course be vetoed, and in this case the prohibition was of no avail. See Liv. ix. 34 (n. 7).
[741]p. 159.
[741]p. 159.
[742]Liv. xliii. 16 (169B.C., P. Rutilius tr. pl.) “C. Claudio diem dixit, quod contionem ab se avocasset.”
[742]Liv. xliii. 16 (169B.C., P. Rutilius tr. pl.) “C. Claudio diem dixit, quod contionem ab se avocasset.”
[743]ib. xxvii. 5 (210B.C.). The consul declined to question the people on the nomination of a dictator, “quod suae potestatis esset,” and forbade the praetor to do so.
[743]ib. xxvii. 5 (210B.C.). The consul declined to question the people on the nomination of a dictator, “quod suae potestatis esset,” and forbade the praetor to do so.
[744]p. 172.
[744]p. 172.
[745]Cf. the story in Suet.Tib.2, “Etiam virgo vestalis fratrem (App. Claudius, consul 143B.C.) injussu populi triumphantem, adscenso simul curru, usque in Capitolium prosecuta est, ne vetare aut intercedere fas cuiquam tribunorum esset.”
[745]Cf. the story in Suet.Tib.2, “Etiam virgo vestalis fratrem (App. Claudius, consul 143B.C.) injussu populi triumphantem, adscenso simul curru, usque in Capitolium prosecuta est, ne vetare aut intercedere fas cuiquam tribunorum esset.”
[746]Liv. ix. 33-34. P. Sempronius, tribune, attempted to compel App. Claudius, who was trying to prolong his censorship beyond eighteen months, to abdicate. He tried to imprison the censor but was resisted by the veto of three colleagues.
[746]Liv. ix. 33-34. P. Sempronius, tribune, attempted to compel App. Claudius, who was trying to prolong his censorship beyond eighteen months, to abdicate. He tried to imprison the censor but was resisted by the veto of three colleagues.
[747]Auct. de vir. illustr.72, 6 (for the occasion see p. 171); the consul “ne quis ad eum (praetorem) in jus ire edixit.” Dio Cass. xlii. 23; amongst the other penalties imposed by Servilius Isauricus on Caelius Rufus (see p. 171) was the transference of his functions to another praetor, τά τε προσήκοντα τῇ ἀρχῇ αὐτοῦ ἄλλῳ τῳ τῶν στρατηγῶν προσέταξε.
[747]Auct. de vir. illustr.72, 6 (for the occasion see p. 171); the consul “ne quis ad eum (praetorem) in jus ire edixit.” Dio Cass. xlii. 23; amongst the other penalties imposed by Servilius Isauricus on Caelius Rufus (see p. 171) was the transference of his functions to another praetor, τά τε προσήκοντα τῇ ἀρχῇ αὐτοῦ ἄλλῳ τῳ τῶν στρατηγῶν προσέταξε.
[748]Cic.in Verr.iii. 58, 134 “quaestores, legates, praefectos, tribunos suos, multi missos fecerunt et de provincia decedere jusserunt, quod illorum culpa se minus commode audire arbitrarentur, aut quod peccare ipsos aliqua in re judicarent.”
[748]Cic.in Verr.iii. 58, 134 “quaestores, legates, praefectos, tribunos suos, multi missos fecerunt et de provincia decedere jusserunt, quod illorum culpa se minus commode audire arbitrarentur, aut quod peccare ipsos aliqua in re judicarent.”
[749]Liv. iii. 27; vii. 9.
[749]Liv. iii. 27; vii. 9.
[750]C.I.L.vi. n. 895.
[750]C.I.L.vi. n. 895.
[751]Liv. iii. 3; Cic.Phil.v. 12, 31.
[751]Liv. iii. 3; Cic.Phil.v. 12, 31.
[752]Liv. iii. 5; vi. 7; Cic. l.c.
[752]Liv. iii. 5; vi. 7; Cic. l.c.
[753]Mommsen conjectures that, on the occasion of every public funeral in the forum, a shortjustitiumwas declared (Staatsr.i. p. 251 n. 4).
[753]Mommsen conjectures that, on the occasion of every public funeral in the forum, a shortjustitiumwas declared (Staatsr.i. p. 251 n. 4).
[754]Liv. x. 21.
[754]Liv. x. 21.
[755]Cic.de Har. Resp.26, 55 “justitium edici oportere, jurisdictionem intermitti, claudi aerarium, judicia tolli.” Cf. Plut.Ti. Gracch.10; Cic.pro Plancio14, 33.
[755]Cic.de Har. Resp.26, 55 “justitium edici oportere, jurisdictionem intermitti, claudi aerarium, judicia tolli.” Cf. Plut.Ti. Gracch.10; Cic.pro Plancio14, 33.
[756]Liv. vi 7.
[756]Liv. vi 7.
[757]Cic.Brut.89, 304 “exercebatur una lege judicium Varia, ceteris propter bellum intermissis.”
[757]Cic.Brut.89, 304 “exercebatur una lege judicium Varia, ceteris propter bellum intermissis.”
[758]p. 119.
[758]p. 119.
[759]Plut.Ti. Gracch.10.
[759]Plut.Ti. Gracch.10.
[760]“(Feriae) imperativae sunt, quas consules vel praetores pro arbitrio potestatis indicunt” (Macrob.Saturn.i. 16, 6).
[760]“(Feriae) imperativae sunt, quas consules vel praetores pro arbitrio potestatis indicunt” (Macrob.Saturn.i. 16, 6).
[761]e.g. by Livy (x. 37).
[761]e.g. by Livy (x. 37).
[762]No instance of such a veto being exercised at Rome is known; but it is recognised in the municipal law of Salpensa (BrunsFontes) c. 27.
[762]No instance of such a veto being exercised at Rome is known; but it is recognised in the municipal law of Salpensa (BrunsFontes) c. 27.
[763]Ordecretum. The formal difference is slight; by the end of the Republicedictumis a general,decretuma more special (and generally judicial) command.
[763]Ordecretum. The formal difference is slight; by the end of the Republicedictumis a general,decretuma more special (and generally judicial) command.
[764]Liv. iv. 55.
[764]Liv. iv. 55.
[765]Caes.Bell. Civ.iii. 20 (Caelius Rufus) “tribunal suum juxta C. Treboni praetoris urbani sellam collocavit, et si quis appellavisset ... fore auxilio pollicebatur.” For the consequent necessity of the presence of the tribunes in Rome see p. 94.
[765]Caes.Bell. Civ.iii. 20 (Caelius Rufus) “tribunal suum juxta C. Treboni praetoris urbani sellam collocavit, et si quis appellavisset ... fore auxilio pollicebatur.” For the consequent necessity of the presence of the tribunes in Rome see p. 94.
[766]Thus Verres, who waspraetor urbanus, had his decisions vetoed by Piso, who was probablypraetor peregrinus, in cases where Verres had decided contrary to his own edict. Cic.in Verr.i. 46, 119; cf. Caes. l.c.
[766]Thus Verres, who waspraetor urbanus, had his decisions vetoed by Piso, who was probablypraetor peregrinus, in cases where Verres had decided contrary to his own edict. Cic.in Verr.i. 46, 119; cf. Caes. l.c.
[767]Of the four private-law speeches of Cicero, two, those for Quinctius and Tullius, show the request for tribunician interference with the praetor’s jurisdiction. Cf. Cic.Acad. Prior.ii. 30, 97 “postulant ut excipiantur haec inexplicabilia. Tribunum aliquem censeo adeant (al.videant); a me istam exceptionem nunquam impetrabunt.”
[767]Of the four private-law speeches of Cicero, two, those for Quinctius and Tullius, show the request for tribunician interference with the praetor’s jurisdiction. Cf. Cic.Acad. Prior.ii. 30, 97 “postulant ut excipiantur haec inexplicabilia. Tribunum aliquem censeo adeant (al.videant); a me istam exceptionem nunquam impetrabunt.”
[768]Liv. xxxiii. 42.
[768]Liv. xxxiii. 42.
[769]The tribunes promise “cognituros se de quo appellati essent” (Liv. xlii. 32).
[769]The tribunes promise “cognituros se de quo appellati essent” (Liv. xlii. 32).
[770]Liv. xlii. 33.
[770]Liv. xlii. 33.
[771]Ascon.in Milon.p. 47.
[771]Ascon.in Milon.p. 47.
[772]p. 174.
[772]p. 174.
[773]Liv. iv. 50; xxv. 2.
[773]Liv. iv. 50; xxv. 2.
[774]Cic.de Leg. Agr.ii. 12, 30.
[774]Cic.de Leg. Agr.ii. 12, 30.
[775]Plut.Ti. Gracch.10.
[775]Plut.Ti. Gracch.10.
[776]Cic.ad Att.iv. 16, 6; Ascon.in Cornel.p. 58.
[776]Cic.ad Att.iv. 16, 6; Ascon.in Cornel.p. 58.
[777]Liv. xlv. 21 “cum ita traditum esset, ne quis prius intercedat legi, quam privatis suadendi dissuadendique legem potestas facta esset.”
[777]Liv. xlv. 21 “cum ita traditum esset, ne quis prius intercedat legi, quam privatis suadendi dissuadendique legem potestas facta esset.”
[778]Momms.Staatsr.i p. 285.
[778]Momms.Staatsr.i p. 285.
[779]Liv. xxvii. 6.
[779]Liv. xxvii. 6.
[780]Cic.pro Sest.31, 68.
[780]Cic.pro Sest.31, 68.
[781]ib. 34, 74.
[781]ib. 34, 74.
[782]Cic.ad Fam.x. 12, 3 and 4.
[782]Cic.ad Fam.x. 12, 3 and 4.
[783]Liv. xxx. 43. Consular intercession against the praetor was unnecessary, since the praetor did not usually summon the Senate while the consul was at Rome.
[783]Liv. xxx. 43. Consular intercession against the praetor was unnecessary, since the praetor did not usually summon the Senate while the consul was at Rome.
[784]Val. Max. ii. 2, 7 “Illud quoque memoria repetendum est, quod tribunis plebis intrare curiam non licebat, ante valvas autem positis subselliis decreta patrum attentissima cura examinabant, ut, si qua ex eis improbassent, rata esse non sinerent. Itaque veteribus senatus consultis C. litera subscribi solebat, eaque nota significabatur illa tribunos quoque censuisse.” InS.C.C.translated into Greek it appears as ἔδοξεν (S.C.C. de Thisbaeis, BrunsFontes). In those given in Cic.ad Fam.viii. 8, 6, the letters “i. n.” (sometimes interpreted “intercessit nemo”) are probably a corruption forcensuere.
[784]Val. Max. ii. 2, 7 “Illud quoque memoria repetendum est, quod tribunis plebis intrare curiam non licebat, ante valvas autem positis subselliis decreta patrum attentissima cura examinabant, ut, si qua ex eis improbassent, rata esse non sinerent. Itaque veteribus senatus consultis C. litera subscribi solebat, eaque nota significabatur illa tribunos quoque censuisse.” InS.C.C.translated into Greek it appears as ἔδοξεν (S.C.C. de Thisbaeis, BrunsFontes). In those given in Cic.ad Fam.viii. 8, 6, the letters “i. n.” (sometimes interpreted “intercessit nemo”) are probably a corruption forcensuere.
[785]Momms.Staatsr.i. p. 282 n. 7; combated by WillemsLe Sénatp. 200 n. 2.
[785]Momms.Staatsr.i. p. 282 n. 7; combated by WillemsLe Sénatp. 200 n. 2.
[786]Liv. xxvi. 26; xxx. 40; cf. xlii. 10 “Popillius ... prae se ferens si quid decernerent, intercessurum, collegam deterruit.”
[786]Liv. xxvi. 26; xxx. 40; cf. xlii. 10 “Popillius ... prae se ferens si quid decernerent, intercessurum, collegam deterruit.”
[787]Val. Max. ii. 2, 7.
[787]Val. Max. ii. 2, 7.
[788]Cic.ad Fam.x. 12, 3.
[788]Cic.ad Fam.x. 12, 3.
[789]Liv. xxxvi. 40.
[789]Liv. xxxvi. 40.
[790]Cic.ad Fam.viii. 8, 6 “qui impedierit prohibuerit, eum senatum existimare contra rem publicam fecisse.”
[790]Cic.ad Fam.viii. 8, 6 “qui impedierit prohibuerit, eum senatum existimare contra rem publicam fecisse.”
[791]Cic.de Prov. Con.8, 17;pro Domo9, 24. Intercession in jurisdiction and administration is sometimes forbidden in municipal laws:Lex Rubriai. 50;Lex Ursonensisc. 72 (BrunsFontes).
[791]Cic.de Prov. Con.8, 17;pro Domo9, 24. Intercession in jurisdiction and administration is sometimes forbidden in municipal laws:Lex Rubriai. 50;Lex Ursonensisc. 72 (BrunsFontes).
[792]Varro ap. Gell. xiii. 13 “Qui potestatem neque vocationis populi viritim habent neque prensionis, eos magistratus a privato in jus quoque vocari est potestas.” The context shows that they were practically as exempt as the higher magistrates.
[792]Varro ap. Gell. xiii. 13 “Qui potestatem neque vocationis populi viritim habent neque prensionis, eos magistratus a privato in jus quoque vocari est potestas.” The context shows that they were practically as exempt as the higher magistrates.
[793]Nothing is known of the early history ofpeculatus. The word itself, “the misappropriation of cattle,” which had been collected as fines, shows the antiquity of the offence described by Varro (L.L.v. 95) aspeculatus publicus. For the early procedure see MommsenStrafrechtp. 768.
[793]Nothing is known of the early history ofpeculatus. The word itself, “the misappropriation of cattle,” which had been collected as fines, shows the antiquity of the offence described by Varro (L.L.v. 95) aspeculatus publicus. For the early procedure see MommsenStrafrechtp. 768.