Chapter 33

[925]ib. xxvii. 5.[926]ib. xliii. 14.[927]ib. xlii. 21; see p. 199.[928]e.g. in thedilectus(ib. xxv. 22, xxxix. 20, xlii. 35).[929]After Cannae the two urban praetors summoned the Senate (ib. xxii. 55). In 197B.C., on the news of troubles in Spain, “decreverunt patres ut, comitiis praetorum perfectis, cui praetori provincia Hispania obvenisset, is primo quoque tempore de bello Hispaniae ad senatum referret” (ib. xxxiii. 21).[930]Theprovinciaeassigned to the four praetors areurbana,peregrina, Sicilia, Sardinia (ib. xxviii. 10), to the six praetors the same with the addition of the two Spains (ib. xxxii. 28, xl. 1).[931]ib. xxv. 3 (212B.C.) “Et praetores provincias sortiti sunt; P. Cornelius Sulla urbanam et peregrinam, quae duorum ante sors fuerat.” Cf. ib. xxxvii. 50 (189B.C.).[932]ib. xxix. 13 (204B.C.) “M. Marcio urbana, L. Scribonio Liboni peregrina et eidem Gallia.”[933]ib. xxiv. 9 (215B.C.) “comitiis praetorum perfectis, senatus consultum factum ut Q. Fulvio extra ordinem urbana provincia esset.”[934]GaiusInst.iv. 30 “per legem Aebutiam et duas Julias sublatae sunt istae legis actiones; effectumque est ut per concepta verba, id est, per formulas, litigaremus”; Gell. xvi. 10, 8 “cum ... omnis ... illa duodecim tabularum antiquitas nisi in legis actionibus centumviralium causarum lege Aebutia lata consopita sit.”[935]Marcian inDig.1, 1, 8 “nam et ipsum jus honorarium viva vox est juris civilis.”[936]Cic.de Leg.i. 5, 17 “Non ergo a praetoris edicto, ut plerique nunc, neque a XII Tabulis, ut superiores ... hauriendam juris disciplinam putas.” Cf.de Leg.ii. 23, 59 “discebamus enim pueri XII, ut carmen necessarium: quas jam nemo discit.”[937]Papinian inDig.1, 1, 7, 1 “jus praetorium est, quod praetores introduxerunt adjuvandi vel supplendi vel corrigendi juris civilis gratia propter utilitatem publicam.”[938]For the edict as the expression of customary law see Cic.de Invent.ii. 22, 67 “Consuetudine autem jus esse putatur id, quod voluntate omnium sine lege vetustas comprobarit.... Quo in genere et alia sunt multa et eorum multo maxima pars, quae praetores edicere consuerunt.”[939]Cic.in Verr.i. 42, 109 “qui plurimum tribuunt edicto, praetoris edictum legem annuam dicunt esse.”[940]Ascon.in Cornel.p. 58; Cic.in Verr.i. 44, 114.Perpetuummeans “continuous,”tralaticium“transmitted.”[941]Cic.in Verr.i. 46, 119. Cf. p. 178.[942]Ascon.in Cornel.p. 58 “Aliam deinde legem Cornelius, ... tulit, ut praetores ex edictis suis perpetuis jus dicerent, quae res ... gratiam ambitiosis praetoribus, qui varie jus dicere assueverant, sustulit.” Cf. Dio Cass. xxxvi. 23.[943]p. 202.[944]Cic.in Verr.Act. i. 8, 21;pro Mur.20, 42. The fullest account that we possess of the distribution of such functions amongst the members of the college refers to the year 66B.C.(ib.pro Cluent.53, 147; Ascon.in Cornel.p. 59).[945]e.g. thelex Cornelia de sicariis et veneficistook cognisance of murder, poisoning, and arson, thatde falsisof the forgery of documents and of wills as well as of coining.[946]After thesortitiofor 62B.C.the praetor Q. Metellus Celer was given the province of Cisalpine Gaul (Cic.ad Fam.v. 2, 3, and 4). During his praetorship (63B.C.) he had been summoned to a command in northern Italy.[947]Cic.de Leg.iii. 3, 7 “Suntoque aediles, curatores urbis, annonae ludorumque sollemnium: ollisque ad honoris amplioris gradum is primus ascensus esto.” Cf.lex Jul. Munic.l. 24.[948]p. 122.[949]Cic.in Verr.v. 14, 36.[950]Livy (iii. 55), in stating the ineffectiveness of thesacrosanctitasgranted by law and not by oath, says “itaque aedilem prendi ducique a majoribus magistratibus, etc.” Cf. Gell. xiii. 13.[951]Cic.de Leg.iii. 3, 7, cited p. 208.[952]p. 98.[953]Dio Cass. liv. 36.[954]Lex Jul. Munic.ll. 20, 32-45, 29, 46.[955]Suet.Vesp.5;lex Jul. Munic.l. 68.[956]Cic.ad Fam.viii. 6, 4 (Caelius Rufus, curule aedile in 50B.C., says) “nisi ego cum tabernariis et aquariis pugnarem, veternus civitatem occupasset.”[957]ib.in Verr.v. 14, 36 “mihi sacrarum aedium procurationem, mihi totam urbem tuendam esse commissam.”[958]Liv. xxv. 1 (on the spread of foreign superstitions in Rome in 213B.C.) “incusati graviter ab senatu aediles triumvirique capitales, quod non prohiberent.” Cf. Cic.de Har. Resp.13, 27.[959]Macrob.Sat.ii. 6 “lapidatus a populo Vatinius cum gladiatorium munus ederet, obtinuerat ut aediles edicerent ne quis in arenam nisi pomum misisse vellet.”[960]SenecaEp.86, 10 “hoc quoque nobilissimi aediles fungebantur officio intrandi ea loca quae populum receptabant exigendique munditias et utilem ac salubrem temperaturam.” Cf. Suet.Claud.38; Tac.Ann.ii. 85.[961]Tac.Ann.xiii. 28 (56A.D.) “cohibita artius et aedilium potestas statutumque quantum curules, quantum plebei pignoris caperent vel poenae inrogarent.”[962]Dig.21, 1, 40-42 (from the edict of the curule aediles) “ne quis canem, verrem vel minorem aprum, lupum, ursum, pantheram, leonem ... qua vulgo iter fiet, ita habuisse velit, ut cuiquam nocere damnumve dare possit.”[963]p. 208 n. 4.[964]Liv. xxiii. 41; xxxi. 50; xxxiii. 42. Cic.de Off.ii. 17, 58 “ne M. quidem Sejo vitio datum est, quod in caritate asse modium populo dedit: magna enim se et inveterata invidia, nec turpi jactura, quando erat aedilis, nec maxima liberavit.”[965]Cic.ad Fam.viii. 6, 5 (from Caelius Rufus in 50B.C.) “alimentariam (legem), qua jubet aediles metiri, jactavit (Curio).”[966]Liv. xxvi. 10 (211B.C., when Hannibal was at the gates of Rome) “Fulvius Flaccus ... inter Esquilinam Collinamque portam posuit castra. Aediles plebis commeatum eo comportarunt.”[967]For this there is no direct evidence, but the aediles complain about the transgression of sumptuary laws in Tac.Ann.iii. 52-55.[968]Momms.Staatsr.ii. p. 499. He takes “cum tabernariis pugnarem” (Cic.ad Fam.viii. 6, 4, cited p. 209) in this sense.[969]Dig.21, 1, 1; Gell. iv. 2.[970]Cic.in Verr.v. 14, 36.[971]Liv. x. 47; xxvii. 6. They were shared by both colleagues (Suet.Caes.10).[972]Liv. xxiii. 30.[973]Dio Cass. xliii. 48 (44B.C.). Here by a decree of the Senate the Megalesia are celebrated by the plebeian aediles.[974]When during the first Punic war Clodia uttered her ill-omened wish about the Roman people, “C. Fundanius et Ti. Sempronius, aediles plebei, multam dixerunt ei aeris gravis viginti quinque milia” (Gell. x. 6). Cf. Suet.Tib.2.[975]Cicero promises, as aedile, to prosecute those “qui aut deponere aut accipere aut recipere aut pollicere aut sequestres aut interpretes corrumpendi judicii solent esse” (in Verr.Act. i. 12, 36).[976]An instance is furnished by Clodius’ prosecution of Milo in 56B.C.(Cic.pro Sest.44, 95;ad Q. fr.2, 3). A prosecution by the aedile in defence of his own dignity or person is an outcome of hiscoercitio. An instance is furnished by Gell. iv. 14.[977]Liv. viii. 22; xxv. 2.[978]ib. xxxv. 41.[979]ib. xxxviii. 35. Here the offence wasannona compressaby the corn-dealers.[980]Condemnation “quia plus, quam quod lege finitum erat, agri possiderent” (ib. x. 13). Condemnation ofpecuarii(x. 47). Cf. xxxiii. 42.[981]ib. xxxviii. 35; x. 23.[982]p. 63.[983]p. 80.[984]p. 81.[985]p. 117.[986]Tac.Ann.xi. 22 “post lege Sullae viginti creati supplendo senatui.”[987]C. Gracchus served as quaestor for three years; one was spent in Rome and two in Sardinia (Plut.C. Gracch.2).[988]Cic.in Verr.Act. i. 4, 11 “quaestura primus gradus honoris.”[989]ib. i. 13, 34 “quaestor ex senatus consulto provinciam sortitus es.”[990]Liv. xxx. 33 “Laelium, cujus ... eo anno quaestoris extra sortem ex senatusconsulto opera utebatur” (Scipio in 202B.C.); Cic.ad Att.vi. 6, 4 “Pompeius ... Q. Cassium sine sorte delegit, Caesar Antonium; ego sorte datum offenderem?”[991]The first trace of aquaestio de sicariisis in 142B.C.(Cic.de Fin.ii. 16, 54).[992]Polyb. xxiv. 9a, 1.[993]Liv. iii. 69 “signa ... a quaestoribus ex aerario prompta delataque in campum.”[994]Cic.de Leg.iii. 20, 46.[995]Liv. xxxix. 4. It was the duty of the quaestors to see that they were genuine. Cato the younger required the oath of the consuls that a certain decree had been passed (Plut.Cat. Min.17).[996]Cic.Phil.v. 5, 15.[997]ib.in Verr.iii. 79, 183 “eorum hominum (thescribaeof the quaestors) fidei tabulae publicae periculaque magistratuum committuntur.”[998]The security was given to theaerarium(“subsignare apud aerarium” Cic.pro Flacco32, 80); hence the money was probably paid into that treasury.[999]Liv. xxxviii. 58 “Hostilius et Furius damnati (forpeculatusin 187B.C.) praedes eodem die quaestoribus urbanis dederunt.” In thelex Acil. Rep.(l. 57) it is said of the man convicted “q(uaestori) praedes facito det.”[1000]Plaut.Capt.i. 2, 111; ii. 3, 453.[1001]Hygin.de Cond. Agr.p. 115.[1002]Auct. ad Herenn.i. 12, 21 “Cum L. Saturninus legem frumentariam de semissibus et trientibus laturus esset, Q. Caepio, qui per id temporis quaestor urbanus erat, docuit senatum aerarium pati non posse tantam largitionem.”[1003]p. 117.[1004]p. 213. If the quaestor was lacking through death or any other cause, the governor appointed one of hislegatiaspro quaestore(Cic.in Verr.i. 36, 90).[1005]Cic.pro Planc.11, 28 “morem ilium majorum qui praescribit in parentum loco quaestoribus suis praetores esse oportere.”[1006]ib.in Verr.i. 15, 40 “Tu, cum quaestor ad exercitum missus sis, custos non solum pecuniae sed etiam consulis, particeps omnium rerum consiliorumque fueris.”[1007]Lydusde Mag.i. 27 κρινάντων Ῥωμαίων πολεμεῖν τοῖς συμμαχήσασι Πύρρῳ τῷ Ἠπειρὼτῃ κατεσκευάσθη στόλος καὶ προεβλήθησαν οἱ καλοὺμενοι κλασσικοὶ (οἱονεὶ ναυάρχαι) τῷ ἀριθμῷ δυοκαίδεκα κυαίστωρες. Lydus may be right about the original number, although it has been sometimes thought a confused reminiscence of the raising of the number from four to eight.[1008]Vell. ii. 94; cf. Cic.pro Mur.8, 18 “tu illam (provinciam habuisti), cui, cum quaestores sortiuntur, etiam acclamari solet, Ostiensem non tam gratiosam et illustrem quam negotiosam et molestam.”[1009]Tac.Ann.iv. 27. In 24A.D.a rising near Brundisium was repressed by “Curtius Lupus quaestor, cui provincia vetere ex more calles evenerant.” Mommsen (Staatsr.ii. p. 571), following Lipsius, would read Cales, the oldest Latin colony in Campania, and therefore supposes that this quaestor’s functions extended over the whole of South Italy. The woods and forests was theprovinciawhich the Senate destined for Caesar as proconsul (Suet.Caes.19 “opera optimatibus data est ut provinciae futuris consulibus minimi negotii, id est, silvae callesque, decernerentur”).[1010]Plut.Sert.4.[1011]The last to remain were the Gallic and Ostian, which, as Italianprovinciae, were abolished by the Emperor Claudius in 44A.D.(Suet.Claud.24).[1012]So Sertorius, as Gallic quaestor in the Marsic war, was instructed στρατιώτας ... καταλέγειν καὶ ὅπλα ποιεῖσθται (Plut.Sert.4).[1013]Cicero speaks of Vatinius, when holding this post, being sent to Puteoli on some other business (in Vat.5, 12), but this does not show that he was holding an Italian quaestorship. See Momms.Staatsr.ii. p. 573 n. 3.[1014]Liv. iv. 8; see p. 115.[1015]ib. vii. 22 (C. Marcius Rutilus); cf. x. 8.[1016]ib. viii. 12 “ut alter utique ex plebe, cum eo [ventum sit] ut utrumque plebeium fieri liceret, censor crearetur.” Madvig and Mommsen would omit “ventum sit,” and so make the Publilian law open both places in the college to Plebeians.[1017]ib.Ep.lix. “Q. Pompeius Q. Metellus tunc primum utrique ex plebe facti censores lustrum condiderunt.”[1018]Messala ap. Gell. xiii. 15, 4.[1019]Cic.de Leg. Agr.ii 11, 26 “majores de singulis magistratibus bis vos sententiam ferre voluerunt: nam cum centuriata lex censoribus ferebatur, cum curiata ceteris patriciis magistratibus, tum iterum de eisdem judicabatur.”[1020]Messala ap. Gell. xiii. 15.[1021]Polybius (vi. 53) says that theimagoof the censor at a funeral was clad in purple. As all theinsigniaof the other magistrates that he mentions are those of their lifetime, this should be true of the censors. Perhaps the complete purple was worn for certain ceremonial purposes. Mommsen (Staatsr.i. pp. 411 and 446) thinks they were only buried in it.[1022]ἁρχὴ ἀνυπεύθυνος (Dionys. xix. 16).[1023]Liv. xxix. 37; Val. Max. vii. 2, 6.[1024]Ascon.in Pison.p. 9.[1025]Hence the helplessness of the tribune against censorial animadversion. Cf. Liv. xliv. 16 “multis equi adempti, inter quos P. Rutilio, qui tr. pl. eos violenter accusarat: tribu quoque is motus et aerarius factus.”[1026]Cic.ad Att.iv. 9, 1.[1027]For the later mode of regarding this limitation see Liv. iv. 24 “grave esse iisdem per tot annos magna parte vitae obnoxios vivere.” But, if the tenure was fixed by thelex Aemilia(of the dictator Mamercus Aemilius, 434B.C., Liv. l.c.), it originated before the censorship had become a dangerous power.[1028]Liv. xxiii. 23 “nec censoriam vim uni permissam et eidem iterum.” The prohibition is attributed to a law of Marcius Rutilus Censorinus, censor 294 and 265B.C.(Plut.Cor.1; cf. Val. Max. iv. 1, 3); but it could not have been his work, at least as censor, for this official had not thejus rogandi. See Momms.Staatsr.i. p. 520.[1029]It is Cicero’s business in thepro Cluentio(43, 122) to represent this divergence of view as a weakness in the censorship; cf. Liv. xlii. 10 (173B.C.) “concors et e re publica censura fuit ... neque ab altero notatum alter probavit.” But it was a necessary condition of the continuance of the office in a free state.[1030]Liv. ix. 34 “cum ita comparatum a majoribus sit ut comitiis censoriis nisi duo confecerint legitima suffragia, non renuntiato altero comitia differantur.”[1031]Tradition attributed the origin of this role to a religions scruple, “quia eo lustro (in which asuffectuswas appointed) Roma est capta: nec deinde unquam in demortui locum censor sufficitur” (Liv. v. 31).[1032]Cicero mixes up the earlier and later functions in his pseudo-law, which expresses all the activities of the censors (de Leg.iii. 3, 7), “Censores populi aevitates, suboles, familias pecuniasque censento: urbis, tecta, templa, vias, aquas, aerarium, vectigalia tuento: populique partes in tribus discribunto: exin pecunias, aevitates, ordines partiunto: equitum peditumque prolem discribunto: caelibes esse prohibento: mores populi regunto: probrum in senatu ne relinquunto.”[1033]Liv. ix. 30.[1034]ib. xxiii. 22; see p. 193.[1035]In the greatsublectioafter Cannae (216B.C.) the ex-curule magistrates not already on the list were chosen in the order of their tenure of power; then the ex-aediles, ex-tribunes of theplebsand thequaestorii, lastly men of distinction who had held no magistracy (Liv. xxiii. 23).[1036]Festus p. 246 “Ovinia tribunicia intervenit, qua sanctum est ut censores ex omni ordine optimum quemque jurati (Cod.curiati,Mommsencuriatim) in senatum legerent.” If “ex omni ordine” means “from every grade of the magistracy,” the second interpretation is necessary.[1037]Theoratioof Cato as censor against L. Quinctius Flaminius was deliveredpost notam(Liv. xxxix. 42); but it suggests that the censors felt themselves bound at times to give reasons for their actions.[1038]The phrases for rejection and omission aremovere,ejicere,praeterire. The last applies both to existing and to expectant senators, and has reference to the public reading of the list (recitatio) (Cic.pro Domo32, 84 “praeteriit in recitando senatu”).[1039]Liv. xli. 57 “retinuit quosdam Lepidus a collega praeteritos”; cf. Cic.pro Cluent.43, 122.[1040]For a type ofsubscriptiosee Ascon.in or. in Tog. Cand.p. 84 “Antonium Gellius et Lentulus censores ... senatu moverunt causasque subscripserunt, quod socios diripuerit, quod judicium recusarit, quod propter aeris alieni magnitudinem praedia manciparit bonaque sua in potestate non habeat.”[1041]Usually the praetorship or quaestorship. Momms.Staatsr.i. p. 521 n. 3.[1042]See the formula of summons in Varro (L.L.vi. 86), “omnes Quirites pedites armatos, privatosque curatores omnium tribuum, si quis pro se sive pro altero rationem dari volet, vocato in licium huc ad me.”[1043]Mommsen believes in a special summons to thecapite censi(Staatsr.ii. p. 366).[1044]Liv. xliii. 14.[1045]Cato in 184 assessed articles of luxury at ten times their value (Liv. xxxix. 44; Plut.Cat. Maj.18).[1046]Liv. iv. 24 “Mamercum ... tribu moverunt octuplicatoque censu aerarium fecerunt”; Val. Max. ii. 9, 1 “Camillas et Postumius censores aera poenae nomine eos, qui ad senectutem caelibes pervenerant, in aerarium deferre jusserunt.”[1047]See p. 69.[1048]Cic.de Leg.iii. 3, 7 “familias pecuniasque censento”;lex Jul. Munic.l. 147 “rationem pecuniae ... accipito.”Pecuniahere applies to bothres mancipiandnec mancipi.[1049]Cic. l.c. “aevitates suboles ... censento”;lex Jul. Munic.l. 145 “eorum ... nomina, praenomina, patres ... et quot annos quisque eorum habet ... accipito.”[1050]p. 68.[1051]Liv. ix. 46 “forensis factio App. Claudi censura vires nacta, qui ... humilibus per omnes tribus divisis forum et campum corrupit.” Cf. Diod. xx. 46 (App. Claudius) ἔδωκε τοῖς πολίταις ὅποι προαιροῖντο τιμήσασθαι. Mommsen imagines that it was in this year that the landless citizensfirstfound a place in the tribes (Staatsr.ii. 392 sq., 402 sq.).[1052]Liv. l.c. “aliud integer populus ... aliud forensis factio tendebat.... Fabius simul concordiae causa, simul ne humilimorum in manu comitia essent, omnem forensem turbam excretam in quattuor tribus conjecit urbanasque eas appellavit.”[1053]Sexagenarius de ponte.Cf. Cic.pro Rosc. Amer.35, 100 “Habeo etiam dicere, quem contra morem majorum, minorem annis LX de ponte in Tiberim dejecerit”; Festus p. 334 “quo tempore primum per pontem coeperunt comitiis suffragium ferre, juniores conclamaverunt ut de ponte dejicerentur sexagenari, qui jam nullo publico munere fungerentur, ut ipsi potius sibi quam illi deligerent imperatorem.” Ifponscould be taken literally, a curious parallel is furnished by early Slavonic procedure. “The vechés passed whole days in debating the same subjects, the only interruptions being free fights in the streets. At Novgorod these fights took place on the bridge across the Volchov, and the stronger party sometimes threw their adversaries into the river beneath” (KovalevskyModern Customs and Ancient Laws of Russia, p. 138).[1054]p. 221.[1055]“Eorum qui arma ferre possent” (Liv. i. 44), τῶν ἐχόντων τὴν στρατεύσιμον ἡλικίαν (Dionys. xi. 63), τῶν ἐν ταῖς ἡλικίαις (Polyb. ii 24).[1056]Momms.Staatsr.ii. p. 411.[1057]p. 72.[1058]Belochder Italische Bundp. 78.[1059]p. 73.[1060]The change is put by tradition at the time of the siege of Veii (403B.C., Liv. v. 7 “quibus census equester erat, equi publici non erant adsignati ... senatum adeunt factaque dicendi potestate equis se suis stipendia facturos promittunt”). Livy here assumes a census as existing for theequites equo publico, but it is questionable whether it was not transferred from these newequites(equo privatoas they are called by modern historians) to the old equestrian centuries.[1061]Polyb. vi. πλουτίνδην αὐτῶν γεγενημένης ὑπὸ τοῦ τιμητοῦ τῆς ἐκλογῆς.

[925]ib. xxvii. 5.

[926]ib. xliii. 14.

[927]ib. xlii. 21; see p. 199.

[928]e.g. in thedilectus(ib. xxv. 22, xxxix. 20, xlii. 35).

[929]After Cannae the two urban praetors summoned the Senate (ib. xxii. 55). In 197B.C., on the news of troubles in Spain, “decreverunt patres ut, comitiis praetorum perfectis, cui praetori provincia Hispania obvenisset, is primo quoque tempore de bello Hispaniae ad senatum referret” (ib. xxxiii. 21).

[930]Theprovinciaeassigned to the four praetors areurbana,peregrina, Sicilia, Sardinia (ib. xxviii. 10), to the six praetors the same with the addition of the two Spains (ib. xxxii. 28, xl. 1).

[931]ib. xxv. 3 (212B.C.) “Et praetores provincias sortiti sunt; P. Cornelius Sulla urbanam et peregrinam, quae duorum ante sors fuerat.” Cf. ib. xxxvii. 50 (189B.C.).

[932]ib. xxix. 13 (204B.C.) “M. Marcio urbana, L. Scribonio Liboni peregrina et eidem Gallia.”

[933]ib. xxiv. 9 (215B.C.) “comitiis praetorum perfectis, senatus consultum factum ut Q. Fulvio extra ordinem urbana provincia esset.”

[934]GaiusInst.iv. 30 “per legem Aebutiam et duas Julias sublatae sunt istae legis actiones; effectumque est ut per concepta verba, id est, per formulas, litigaremus”; Gell. xvi. 10, 8 “cum ... omnis ... illa duodecim tabularum antiquitas nisi in legis actionibus centumviralium causarum lege Aebutia lata consopita sit.”

[935]Marcian inDig.1, 1, 8 “nam et ipsum jus honorarium viva vox est juris civilis.”

[936]Cic.de Leg.i. 5, 17 “Non ergo a praetoris edicto, ut plerique nunc, neque a XII Tabulis, ut superiores ... hauriendam juris disciplinam putas.” Cf.de Leg.ii. 23, 59 “discebamus enim pueri XII, ut carmen necessarium: quas jam nemo discit.”

[937]Papinian inDig.1, 1, 7, 1 “jus praetorium est, quod praetores introduxerunt adjuvandi vel supplendi vel corrigendi juris civilis gratia propter utilitatem publicam.”

[938]For the edict as the expression of customary law see Cic.de Invent.ii. 22, 67 “Consuetudine autem jus esse putatur id, quod voluntate omnium sine lege vetustas comprobarit.... Quo in genere et alia sunt multa et eorum multo maxima pars, quae praetores edicere consuerunt.”

[939]Cic.in Verr.i. 42, 109 “qui plurimum tribuunt edicto, praetoris edictum legem annuam dicunt esse.”

[940]Ascon.in Cornel.p. 58; Cic.in Verr.i. 44, 114.Perpetuummeans “continuous,”tralaticium“transmitted.”

[941]Cic.in Verr.i. 46, 119. Cf. p. 178.

[942]Ascon.in Cornel.p. 58 “Aliam deinde legem Cornelius, ... tulit, ut praetores ex edictis suis perpetuis jus dicerent, quae res ... gratiam ambitiosis praetoribus, qui varie jus dicere assueverant, sustulit.” Cf. Dio Cass. xxxvi. 23.

[943]p. 202.

[944]Cic.in Verr.Act. i. 8, 21;pro Mur.20, 42. The fullest account that we possess of the distribution of such functions amongst the members of the college refers to the year 66B.C.(ib.pro Cluent.53, 147; Ascon.in Cornel.p. 59).

[945]e.g. thelex Cornelia de sicariis et veneficistook cognisance of murder, poisoning, and arson, thatde falsisof the forgery of documents and of wills as well as of coining.

[946]After thesortitiofor 62B.C.the praetor Q. Metellus Celer was given the province of Cisalpine Gaul (Cic.ad Fam.v. 2, 3, and 4). During his praetorship (63B.C.) he had been summoned to a command in northern Italy.

[947]Cic.de Leg.iii. 3, 7 “Suntoque aediles, curatores urbis, annonae ludorumque sollemnium: ollisque ad honoris amplioris gradum is primus ascensus esto.” Cf.lex Jul. Munic.l. 24.

[948]p. 122.

[949]Cic.in Verr.v. 14, 36.

[950]Livy (iii. 55), in stating the ineffectiveness of thesacrosanctitasgranted by law and not by oath, says “itaque aedilem prendi ducique a majoribus magistratibus, etc.” Cf. Gell. xiii. 13.

[951]Cic.de Leg.iii. 3, 7, cited p. 208.

[952]p. 98.

[953]Dio Cass. liv. 36.

[954]Lex Jul. Munic.ll. 20, 32-45, 29, 46.

[955]Suet.Vesp.5;lex Jul. Munic.l. 68.

[956]Cic.ad Fam.viii. 6, 4 (Caelius Rufus, curule aedile in 50B.C., says) “nisi ego cum tabernariis et aquariis pugnarem, veternus civitatem occupasset.”

[957]ib.in Verr.v. 14, 36 “mihi sacrarum aedium procurationem, mihi totam urbem tuendam esse commissam.”

[958]Liv. xxv. 1 (on the spread of foreign superstitions in Rome in 213B.C.) “incusati graviter ab senatu aediles triumvirique capitales, quod non prohiberent.” Cf. Cic.de Har. Resp.13, 27.

[959]Macrob.Sat.ii. 6 “lapidatus a populo Vatinius cum gladiatorium munus ederet, obtinuerat ut aediles edicerent ne quis in arenam nisi pomum misisse vellet.”

[960]SenecaEp.86, 10 “hoc quoque nobilissimi aediles fungebantur officio intrandi ea loca quae populum receptabant exigendique munditias et utilem ac salubrem temperaturam.” Cf. Suet.Claud.38; Tac.Ann.ii. 85.

[961]Tac.Ann.xiii. 28 (56A.D.) “cohibita artius et aedilium potestas statutumque quantum curules, quantum plebei pignoris caperent vel poenae inrogarent.”

[962]Dig.21, 1, 40-42 (from the edict of the curule aediles) “ne quis canem, verrem vel minorem aprum, lupum, ursum, pantheram, leonem ... qua vulgo iter fiet, ita habuisse velit, ut cuiquam nocere damnumve dare possit.”

[963]p. 208 n. 4.

[964]Liv. xxiii. 41; xxxi. 50; xxxiii. 42. Cic.de Off.ii. 17, 58 “ne M. quidem Sejo vitio datum est, quod in caritate asse modium populo dedit: magna enim se et inveterata invidia, nec turpi jactura, quando erat aedilis, nec maxima liberavit.”

[965]Cic.ad Fam.viii. 6, 5 (from Caelius Rufus in 50B.C.) “alimentariam (legem), qua jubet aediles metiri, jactavit (Curio).”

[966]Liv. xxvi. 10 (211B.C., when Hannibal was at the gates of Rome) “Fulvius Flaccus ... inter Esquilinam Collinamque portam posuit castra. Aediles plebis commeatum eo comportarunt.”

[967]For this there is no direct evidence, but the aediles complain about the transgression of sumptuary laws in Tac.Ann.iii. 52-55.

[968]Momms.Staatsr.ii. p. 499. He takes “cum tabernariis pugnarem” (Cic.ad Fam.viii. 6, 4, cited p. 209) in this sense.

[969]Dig.21, 1, 1; Gell. iv. 2.

[970]Cic.in Verr.v. 14, 36.

[971]Liv. x. 47; xxvii. 6. They were shared by both colleagues (Suet.Caes.10).

[972]Liv. xxiii. 30.

[973]Dio Cass. xliii. 48 (44B.C.). Here by a decree of the Senate the Megalesia are celebrated by the plebeian aediles.

[974]When during the first Punic war Clodia uttered her ill-omened wish about the Roman people, “C. Fundanius et Ti. Sempronius, aediles plebei, multam dixerunt ei aeris gravis viginti quinque milia” (Gell. x. 6). Cf. Suet.Tib.2.

[975]Cicero promises, as aedile, to prosecute those “qui aut deponere aut accipere aut recipere aut pollicere aut sequestres aut interpretes corrumpendi judicii solent esse” (in Verr.Act. i. 12, 36).

[976]An instance is furnished by Clodius’ prosecution of Milo in 56B.C.(Cic.pro Sest.44, 95;ad Q. fr.2, 3). A prosecution by the aedile in defence of his own dignity or person is an outcome of hiscoercitio. An instance is furnished by Gell. iv. 14.

[977]Liv. viii. 22; xxv. 2.

[978]ib. xxxv. 41.

[979]ib. xxxviii. 35. Here the offence wasannona compressaby the corn-dealers.

[980]Condemnation “quia plus, quam quod lege finitum erat, agri possiderent” (ib. x. 13). Condemnation ofpecuarii(x. 47). Cf. xxxiii. 42.

[981]ib. xxxviii. 35; x. 23.

[982]p. 63.

[983]p. 80.

[984]p. 81.

[985]p. 117.

[986]Tac.Ann.xi. 22 “post lege Sullae viginti creati supplendo senatui.”

[987]C. Gracchus served as quaestor for three years; one was spent in Rome and two in Sardinia (Plut.C. Gracch.2).

[988]Cic.in Verr.Act. i. 4, 11 “quaestura primus gradus honoris.”

[989]ib. i. 13, 34 “quaestor ex senatus consulto provinciam sortitus es.”

[990]Liv. xxx. 33 “Laelium, cujus ... eo anno quaestoris extra sortem ex senatusconsulto opera utebatur” (Scipio in 202B.C.); Cic.ad Att.vi. 6, 4 “Pompeius ... Q. Cassium sine sorte delegit, Caesar Antonium; ego sorte datum offenderem?”

[991]The first trace of aquaestio de sicariisis in 142B.C.(Cic.de Fin.ii. 16, 54).

[992]Polyb. xxiv. 9a, 1.

[993]Liv. iii. 69 “signa ... a quaestoribus ex aerario prompta delataque in campum.”

[994]Cic.de Leg.iii. 20, 46.

[995]Liv. xxxix. 4. It was the duty of the quaestors to see that they were genuine. Cato the younger required the oath of the consuls that a certain decree had been passed (Plut.Cat. Min.17).

[996]Cic.Phil.v. 5, 15.

[997]ib.in Verr.iii. 79, 183 “eorum hominum (thescribaeof the quaestors) fidei tabulae publicae periculaque magistratuum committuntur.”

[998]The security was given to theaerarium(“subsignare apud aerarium” Cic.pro Flacco32, 80); hence the money was probably paid into that treasury.

[999]Liv. xxxviii. 58 “Hostilius et Furius damnati (forpeculatusin 187B.C.) praedes eodem die quaestoribus urbanis dederunt.” In thelex Acil. Rep.(l. 57) it is said of the man convicted “q(uaestori) praedes facito det.”

[1000]Plaut.Capt.i. 2, 111; ii. 3, 453.

[1001]Hygin.de Cond. Agr.p. 115.

[1002]Auct. ad Herenn.i. 12, 21 “Cum L. Saturninus legem frumentariam de semissibus et trientibus laturus esset, Q. Caepio, qui per id temporis quaestor urbanus erat, docuit senatum aerarium pati non posse tantam largitionem.”

[1003]p. 117.

[1004]p. 213. If the quaestor was lacking through death or any other cause, the governor appointed one of hislegatiaspro quaestore(Cic.in Verr.i. 36, 90).

[1005]Cic.pro Planc.11, 28 “morem ilium majorum qui praescribit in parentum loco quaestoribus suis praetores esse oportere.”

[1006]ib.in Verr.i. 15, 40 “Tu, cum quaestor ad exercitum missus sis, custos non solum pecuniae sed etiam consulis, particeps omnium rerum consiliorumque fueris.”

[1007]Lydusde Mag.i. 27 κρινάντων Ῥωμαίων πολεμεῖν τοῖς συμμαχήσασι Πύρρῳ τῷ Ἠπειρὼτῃ κατεσκευάσθη στόλος καὶ προεβλήθησαν οἱ καλοὺμενοι κλασσικοὶ (οἱονεὶ ναυάρχαι) τῷ ἀριθμῷ δυοκαίδεκα κυαίστωρες. Lydus may be right about the original number, although it has been sometimes thought a confused reminiscence of the raising of the number from four to eight.

[1008]Vell. ii. 94; cf. Cic.pro Mur.8, 18 “tu illam (provinciam habuisti), cui, cum quaestores sortiuntur, etiam acclamari solet, Ostiensem non tam gratiosam et illustrem quam negotiosam et molestam.”

[1009]Tac.Ann.iv. 27. In 24A.D.a rising near Brundisium was repressed by “Curtius Lupus quaestor, cui provincia vetere ex more calles evenerant.” Mommsen (Staatsr.ii. p. 571), following Lipsius, would read Cales, the oldest Latin colony in Campania, and therefore supposes that this quaestor’s functions extended over the whole of South Italy. The woods and forests was theprovinciawhich the Senate destined for Caesar as proconsul (Suet.Caes.19 “opera optimatibus data est ut provinciae futuris consulibus minimi negotii, id est, silvae callesque, decernerentur”).

[1010]Plut.Sert.4.

[1011]The last to remain were the Gallic and Ostian, which, as Italianprovinciae, were abolished by the Emperor Claudius in 44A.D.(Suet.Claud.24).

[1012]So Sertorius, as Gallic quaestor in the Marsic war, was instructed στρατιώτας ... καταλέγειν καὶ ὅπλα ποιεῖσθται (Plut.Sert.4).

[1013]Cicero speaks of Vatinius, when holding this post, being sent to Puteoli on some other business (in Vat.5, 12), but this does not show that he was holding an Italian quaestorship. See Momms.Staatsr.ii. p. 573 n. 3.

[1014]Liv. iv. 8; see p. 115.

[1015]ib. vii. 22 (C. Marcius Rutilus); cf. x. 8.

[1016]ib. viii. 12 “ut alter utique ex plebe, cum eo [ventum sit] ut utrumque plebeium fieri liceret, censor crearetur.” Madvig and Mommsen would omit “ventum sit,” and so make the Publilian law open both places in the college to Plebeians.

[1017]ib.Ep.lix. “Q. Pompeius Q. Metellus tunc primum utrique ex plebe facti censores lustrum condiderunt.”

[1018]Messala ap. Gell. xiii. 15, 4.

[1019]Cic.de Leg. Agr.ii 11, 26 “majores de singulis magistratibus bis vos sententiam ferre voluerunt: nam cum centuriata lex censoribus ferebatur, cum curiata ceteris patriciis magistratibus, tum iterum de eisdem judicabatur.”

[1020]Messala ap. Gell. xiii. 15.

[1021]Polybius (vi. 53) says that theimagoof the censor at a funeral was clad in purple. As all theinsigniaof the other magistrates that he mentions are those of their lifetime, this should be true of the censors. Perhaps the complete purple was worn for certain ceremonial purposes. Mommsen (Staatsr.i. pp. 411 and 446) thinks they were only buried in it.

[1022]ἁρχὴ ἀνυπεύθυνος (Dionys. xix. 16).

[1023]Liv. xxix. 37; Val. Max. vii. 2, 6.

[1024]Ascon.in Pison.p. 9.

[1025]Hence the helplessness of the tribune against censorial animadversion. Cf. Liv. xliv. 16 “multis equi adempti, inter quos P. Rutilio, qui tr. pl. eos violenter accusarat: tribu quoque is motus et aerarius factus.”

[1026]Cic.ad Att.iv. 9, 1.

[1027]For the later mode of regarding this limitation see Liv. iv. 24 “grave esse iisdem per tot annos magna parte vitae obnoxios vivere.” But, if the tenure was fixed by thelex Aemilia(of the dictator Mamercus Aemilius, 434B.C., Liv. l.c.), it originated before the censorship had become a dangerous power.

[1028]Liv. xxiii. 23 “nec censoriam vim uni permissam et eidem iterum.” The prohibition is attributed to a law of Marcius Rutilus Censorinus, censor 294 and 265B.C.(Plut.Cor.1; cf. Val. Max. iv. 1, 3); but it could not have been his work, at least as censor, for this official had not thejus rogandi. See Momms.Staatsr.i. p. 520.

[1029]It is Cicero’s business in thepro Cluentio(43, 122) to represent this divergence of view as a weakness in the censorship; cf. Liv. xlii. 10 (173B.C.) “concors et e re publica censura fuit ... neque ab altero notatum alter probavit.” But it was a necessary condition of the continuance of the office in a free state.

[1030]Liv. ix. 34 “cum ita comparatum a majoribus sit ut comitiis censoriis nisi duo confecerint legitima suffragia, non renuntiato altero comitia differantur.”

[1031]Tradition attributed the origin of this role to a religions scruple, “quia eo lustro (in which asuffectuswas appointed) Roma est capta: nec deinde unquam in demortui locum censor sufficitur” (Liv. v. 31).

[1032]Cicero mixes up the earlier and later functions in his pseudo-law, which expresses all the activities of the censors (de Leg.iii. 3, 7), “Censores populi aevitates, suboles, familias pecuniasque censento: urbis, tecta, templa, vias, aquas, aerarium, vectigalia tuento: populique partes in tribus discribunto: exin pecunias, aevitates, ordines partiunto: equitum peditumque prolem discribunto: caelibes esse prohibento: mores populi regunto: probrum in senatu ne relinquunto.”

[1033]Liv. ix. 30.

[1034]ib. xxiii. 22; see p. 193.

[1035]In the greatsublectioafter Cannae (216B.C.) the ex-curule magistrates not already on the list were chosen in the order of their tenure of power; then the ex-aediles, ex-tribunes of theplebsand thequaestorii, lastly men of distinction who had held no magistracy (Liv. xxiii. 23).

[1036]Festus p. 246 “Ovinia tribunicia intervenit, qua sanctum est ut censores ex omni ordine optimum quemque jurati (Cod.curiati,Mommsencuriatim) in senatum legerent.” If “ex omni ordine” means “from every grade of the magistracy,” the second interpretation is necessary.

[1037]Theoratioof Cato as censor against L. Quinctius Flaminius was deliveredpost notam(Liv. xxxix. 42); but it suggests that the censors felt themselves bound at times to give reasons for their actions.

[1038]The phrases for rejection and omission aremovere,ejicere,praeterire. The last applies both to existing and to expectant senators, and has reference to the public reading of the list (recitatio) (Cic.pro Domo32, 84 “praeteriit in recitando senatu”).

[1039]Liv. xli. 57 “retinuit quosdam Lepidus a collega praeteritos”; cf. Cic.pro Cluent.43, 122.

[1040]For a type ofsubscriptiosee Ascon.in or. in Tog. Cand.p. 84 “Antonium Gellius et Lentulus censores ... senatu moverunt causasque subscripserunt, quod socios diripuerit, quod judicium recusarit, quod propter aeris alieni magnitudinem praedia manciparit bonaque sua in potestate non habeat.”

[1041]Usually the praetorship or quaestorship. Momms.Staatsr.i. p. 521 n. 3.

[1042]See the formula of summons in Varro (L.L.vi. 86), “omnes Quirites pedites armatos, privatosque curatores omnium tribuum, si quis pro se sive pro altero rationem dari volet, vocato in licium huc ad me.”

[1043]Mommsen believes in a special summons to thecapite censi(Staatsr.ii. p. 366).

[1044]Liv. xliii. 14.

[1045]Cato in 184 assessed articles of luxury at ten times their value (Liv. xxxix. 44; Plut.Cat. Maj.18).

[1046]Liv. iv. 24 “Mamercum ... tribu moverunt octuplicatoque censu aerarium fecerunt”; Val. Max. ii. 9, 1 “Camillas et Postumius censores aera poenae nomine eos, qui ad senectutem caelibes pervenerant, in aerarium deferre jusserunt.”

[1047]See p. 69.

[1048]Cic.de Leg.iii. 3, 7 “familias pecuniasque censento”;lex Jul. Munic.l. 147 “rationem pecuniae ... accipito.”Pecuniahere applies to bothres mancipiandnec mancipi.

[1049]Cic. l.c. “aevitates suboles ... censento”;lex Jul. Munic.l. 145 “eorum ... nomina, praenomina, patres ... et quot annos quisque eorum habet ... accipito.”

[1050]p. 68.

[1051]Liv. ix. 46 “forensis factio App. Claudi censura vires nacta, qui ... humilibus per omnes tribus divisis forum et campum corrupit.” Cf. Diod. xx. 46 (App. Claudius) ἔδωκε τοῖς πολίταις ὅποι προαιροῖντο τιμήσασθαι. Mommsen imagines that it was in this year that the landless citizensfirstfound a place in the tribes (Staatsr.ii. 392 sq., 402 sq.).

[1052]Liv. l.c. “aliud integer populus ... aliud forensis factio tendebat.... Fabius simul concordiae causa, simul ne humilimorum in manu comitia essent, omnem forensem turbam excretam in quattuor tribus conjecit urbanasque eas appellavit.”

[1053]Sexagenarius de ponte.Cf. Cic.pro Rosc. Amer.35, 100 “Habeo etiam dicere, quem contra morem majorum, minorem annis LX de ponte in Tiberim dejecerit”; Festus p. 334 “quo tempore primum per pontem coeperunt comitiis suffragium ferre, juniores conclamaverunt ut de ponte dejicerentur sexagenari, qui jam nullo publico munere fungerentur, ut ipsi potius sibi quam illi deligerent imperatorem.” Ifponscould be taken literally, a curious parallel is furnished by early Slavonic procedure. “The vechés passed whole days in debating the same subjects, the only interruptions being free fights in the streets. At Novgorod these fights took place on the bridge across the Volchov, and the stronger party sometimes threw their adversaries into the river beneath” (KovalevskyModern Customs and Ancient Laws of Russia, p. 138).

[1054]p. 221.

[1055]“Eorum qui arma ferre possent” (Liv. i. 44), τῶν ἐχόντων τὴν στρατεύσιμον ἡλικίαν (Dionys. xi. 63), τῶν ἐν ταῖς ἡλικίαις (Polyb. ii 24).

[1056]Momms.Staatsr.ii. p. 411.

[1057]p. 72.

[1058]Belochder Italische Bundp. 78.

[1059]p. 73.

[1060]The change is put by tradition at the time of the siege of Veii (403B.C., Liv. v. 7 “quibus census equester erat, equi publici non erant adsignati ... senatum adeunt factaque dicendi potestate equis se suis stipendia facturos promittunt”). Livy here assumes a census as existing for theequites equo publico, but it is questionable whether it was not transferred from these newequites(equo privatoas they are called by modern historians) to the old equestrian centuries.

[1061]Polyb. vi. πλουτίνδην αὐτῶν γεγενημένης ὑπὸ τοῦ τιμητοῦ τῆς ἐκλογῆς.

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